H THNG L THUYT HA HC HU C LP 12

CHNG1: ESTE - LIPIT

A. TM TT L THUYT:

Este
Khi thay nhm OH nhm cacboxyl
ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR
th c este.
- Cng thc chung ca este n chc:
RCOOR ( To ra t axit RCOOH v
ancol ROH).
RCOOH + ROH H 2 SO 4c RCOOR+ H2O
CTPT ca Este n chc: CnH2n 2kO2 (n 2)
CTPT ca Este no,n chc,mch h:
CnH2nO2 ( n 2 )
-

Khi
nim

Tnh
cht
ha
hc

1/ Phn ng thy phn:

+) Mi trng axit:
RCOOR + H2O H 2SO 4 RCOOH + ROH
+) Mi trng baz ( p/ x phng ha):
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
2/ Phn ng kh:
LiAlH 4
RCOOR + H2 RCH2OH + ROH
3/ Phn ng gc hirocacbon khng no:
+) Phn ng cng:
VD: CH2 = CH COO CH3 + Br2
CH2Br CHBr COO CH3
+) Phn ng trng hp. Mt s este c lin kt
i C = C tham gia phn ng trng hp nh
anken. V d:
CH3
CH3
|

n CH2 =

xt ,t

( - CH2 -

COOCH3
( metyl metacrylat)

- )n

COOCH3
(Knh kh v)

Lipit Cht bo
Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo
sng, khng ha tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong
dung mi hu c.
Cht bo l Trieste ca glixerol vi axit bo ( axit
bo l axit n chc c mch cacbon di v
khng phn nhnh).
C H 2 O CO R1
|

CTCT: C H O CO R2 ; ( RCOO ) 3 C 3 H 5
|

CH 2 O CO R3
1/ Phn ng thy phn:
( R COO)3C3H5 +3H2O 3 R COOH + C3H5(OH)3
2/ Phn ng x phng ha:
( R COO)3C3H5 +3NaOH 3 R COONa + C3H5(OH)3
3/ Phn ng hiro ha cht bo lng(iu ch b):
Ni
(C17H33COO)3C3H5+3H2 (C17H35COO)3C3H5
Triolein (Lng)
Tristearin (Rn)
4/ Phn ng oxiha( s i thiu ca lipit):
Du m ng thc vt lu thng c mi kh chu, ta
gi l hin tng i m. Nguyn nhn ch yu l s oxi
ha lin kt i bi O2, khng kh, hi nc v xc tc
men, bin lipit thnh peoxit, sau peoxit phn hy to
thnh nhng anehit v xeton c mi v c hi.
H

B. CC DNG BI TP:
1. Tm CTPT da vo phn ng chy:
V d 1: t chy hon ton 7,4 gam hn hp hai este ng phn, thu c 6,72 lt CO2 ( ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O.
CTPT ca hai este l
A. C3H6O2
B. C2H4O2
C. C4H6O2
D. C4H8O2
GiI: n C = n CO2 = 0,3 (mol); n H = 2 n H2O = 0,6 (mol); n O = (7,4 0,3.12 0,6.1)/16 = 0,2 (mol).
Ta c: n C : n H : n O = 3 : 6 : 2. CTG ng thi cng l CTPT ca hai este l C3H6O2.
Chn p n A.
2. Tm CTCT thu gn ca cc ng phn este:
V d 2: S ng phn este ca C4H8O2 l:
A. 4
B. 5.
C. 6.
D. 7.
GII: Cc ng ph`n este ca C4H8O2 c CTCT thu gn l:HCOOCH2CH2CH3;HCOOCH(CH3)2;
CH3COOC2H5; C2H5COOCH3.
Chn p n A.
V d 3: Mt este c CTPT l C4H6O2, khi thy phn trong mi trng axit thu c axetanehit. CTCT thu gn ca
este l:
A. HCOOCH=CHCH3
B. CH2=CHCOOCH3.
C. CH3COOCH=CH2.
D. HCOOC(CH3)=CH2
GII: CH2=CHOH khng bn b phn hy thnh CH3CHO( axetanehit).
Chn p n C.
3. Tm CTCT ca este da vo phn ng thy phn trong mi trng kim:
Ghi nh: Khi x phng ha mt este
* cho mt mui v mt ancol n chc(anehit hoc xeton) th este n chc: RCOOR.
*cho mt mui v nhiu ancol th este a chc: R(COO R )a( axit a chc)
*cho nhiu mui v mt ancol th este a chc: ( R COO)aR ( ancol a chc)
*cho hai mui v nc th este c dng: RCOOC6H4R.
V d 4: X phng ha hon ton 22,2 gam hn hp hai este n chc, no, mch h l ng phn ca nhau cn dng
300 ml NaOH 1M. Cng thc cu to ca hai este l:
A. CH3COOC2H5 v C2H5COOCH3.
B. HCOOC2H5 v CH3COOCH3.
C. CH3COOC2H3 v C2H3COOCH3.
D. C2H5COOC2H5 v CH3COOC3H7.
GII: CTPT ca este no, n chc mch h l CnH2nO2 ( n 2).
Ta c: n este = n NaOH = 1.0,3 = 0,3 ( mol) Meste = 22,2/0,3 = 74 14 n + 32 = 74 n = 3.
Chn p n B.
V d 5: X phng ha mt hp cht c cng thc phn t C10H14O6 trong dung dch NaOH (d)
thu c glixerol v hn hp gm ba mui ( khng c ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc ca ba mui l:
A. CH2=CH-COONa, HCOONa v CH C-COONa.
B. CH3-COONa, HCOONa v CH3-CH=CH-COONa.
C. HCOONa, CH C-COONa v CH3-CH2-COONa.
D. CH2=CH-COONa, CH3-CH2-COONa v HCOONa.
( Trch TSH A 2009 )
GII: CTTQ ca este l ( RCOO ) 3 C 3 H 5 .Phn ng:
( R COO)3C3H5 +3NaOH 3 R COONa + C3H5(OH)3. Ta c: tng 3 gc axit l C4H9.
Chn p n D.
V d 6: X phng ha 2,76 gam mt este X bng dung dch NaOH va , thu c 4,44 gam hn hp hai mui ca
natri. Nung nng hai mui ny trong oxi d, sau khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 3,18 gam Na 2CO3, 2,464 lt kh CO2
( ktc) v 0,9 gam nc.Cng thc n gin cng l cng thc phn t ca X. Vy CTCT thu gn ca X l:
A. HCOOC6H5.
B. CH3COOC6H5
C. HCOOC6H4OH.
D. C6H5COOCH3
GII: S phn ng:
2,76 gam X + NaOH 4,44 gam mui + H2O (1)
4,44 gam mui + O2 3,18 gam Na2CO3 + 2,464 lt CO2 + 0,9 gam H2O (2).
nNaOH = 2 n Na2CO3 = 0,06 (mol); m NaOH =0,06.40 = 2,4 (g). m H2O (1) =m X +mNaOH mmui = 0,72 (g)
mC(X) = mC( CO2) + mC(Na2CO3) = 1,68 (g); mH(X) = mH(H2O) mH(NaOH) = 0,12 (g);mO(X) = mX mC mH = 0,96
(g). T : nC : nH : nO = 7 : 6 : 3.
CTG v cng l CTPT ca X l C7H6O3.
Chn p n C.

4. Hn hp este v axit cacboxylic tc dng vi dung dch kim:

V d 9: Cho hn hp X gm hai hp cht hu c no, n chc tc dng va vi 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,4M, thu
c mt mui v 336 ml hi mt ancol ( ktc). Nu t chy hon ton lng hn hp X trn, sau hp th ht
sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d) th khi lng bnh tng 6,82 gam. Cng thc ca hai hp cht
hu c trong X l
A. CH3COOH v CH3COOC2H5.
B. C2H5COOH v C2H5COOCH3.
C. HCOOH v HCOOC2H5.
D. HCOOH v HCOOC3H7.
( Trch TSH B 2009 )

GII: Ta c: nKOH = 0,04 (mol) > nancol = 0,015 (mol)

hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxilic no, n chc v mt este
no n chc. naxit = 0,025 (mol); neste = 0,015 (mol).
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh trong hn hp X. Cng thc chung C n H 2 n O2. Phn ng:
C n H 2 n O2 + ( 3 n -2)/2 O2 n CO2 + n H2O
Mol:
0,04
0,04 n
0,04 n
Ta c: 0,04 n ( 44 + 18) = 6,82 ; n = 11/4.Gi x; y ln lt l s nguyn t C trong phn t axit v este th: (0,025x
+ 0,015 y)/0,04 = 11/4 hay 5 x + 3y =22.T : (x;y)=(2;4).
Chn p n A.
V d 10: Hn hp M gm axit cacboxylic X, ancol Y (u n chc, s mol X gp hai ln s mol Y) v este Z c
to ra t X v Y. Cho mt lng M tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,2 mol NaOH, to ra 16,4 gam mui v 8,05
gam ancol. Cng thc ca X v Y l
A. HCOOH v CH3OH.
B. CH3COOH v CH3OH.
C. HCOOH v C3H7OH.
D. CH3COOH v C2H5OH.
( Trch TSH B 2010 )
GII: Gi nX = 2a (mol); nY = a (mol); nZ = b (mol).Theo gt c: nMui = 2a+b = 0,2 mol Mmui = 82
Gc axit l R = 15 X l CH3COOH.
Mt khc: 0,1 =(2a+b)<nancol = a + b < 2a + b = 0,2 40,25<Mancol < 80,5. Chn p n D
5. Bi tp tng hp:
V d 11: Thy phn este Z trong mi trng axit thu c hai cht hu c X v Y (M X < MY). Bng mt phn ng c
th chuyn ha X thnh Y. Cht Z khng th l:
A. metyl propionat.
B. metyl axetat.
C. etyl axetat.
D. vinyl axetat.
( Trch TSH B 2010 )
GII: p n A.
V d 12: Tng s hp cht hu c no, n chc, mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C 5H10O2, phn ng c vi
dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc l:
A. 4.
B. 5.
C. 8.
D. 9.
( Trch TSH B 2010 )
GiI: Axit c 4. Este c 5. p n D.
V d 13: Hp cht hu c mch h X c cng thc phn t C6H10O4. Thy phn X to ra hai ancol n chc c s
nguyn t cacbon trong phn t gp i nhau. Cng thc ca X l:
A. CH3OCO-CH2-COOC2H5.
B. C2H5OCO-COOCH3.
C. CH3OCO-COOC3H7.
D. CH3OCO-CH2 CH2- COOC2H5.
( Trch TSH B 2010 )
GII: p n A.
Ch c este to thnh t hai ancol CH3OH v C2H5OH tc dung vi axit CH2(COOH)2.
V d 14: Hn hp M gm ancol no, n chc X v axit cacboxylicY, u mch h v c cng s nguyn t C, tng
s mol ca hai cht l 0,5 mol (s mol ca Y ln hn s mol ca X). Nu t chy hon ton M th thu c 33,6 lt
kh CO2 (ktc) v 25,2 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu un nng M vi H2SO4 c thc hin phn ng este ha (hiu sut
l 80%) th s gam este thu c l:
a. 34,20.
B. 27,36.
C. 22,80.
D. 18,24.
( Trch TSH A 2010 )
GII: nM =0,5 mol; nCO2 = 1,5 mol X v Y u c 3C trong phn t X l C3H7OH, Y l C3H8-2kO2.
P/ chy: C3H8O O 2 3CO2 + 4H2O v C3H8 -2kO O 2 3CO2 + ( 4-k)H2O.
Mol: x
4x
y
(4-k)y

x y 0,5

0,5 >y =
Vi: x y
4 x (4 k ) y 1,4

0,6
> 0,25
k

1,2 <k < 2,4 k =2; y = 0,3 mol Y l C2H3COOH.

Este thu c l C2H3COOC3H7 v nEste = 0,2 mol. Vy khi lng mEste = 0,2. 114.80% = 18,24 g.
Chn p n D.

V d 15: Thy phn hon ton 0,2 mol mt este E cn dng va 100 gam dung dch NaOH 24%, thu c mt
ancol v 43,6 gam hn hp mui ca hai axit cacboxylic n chc. Hai axit l:
A. HCOOH v CH3COOH. B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
C. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH.
D. HCOOH v C2H5COOH.
( Trch TSH A 2010 )
GII: nE =0,2 mol; nNaOH = 0,6 mol = 3nE este E c 3 chc to ra bi ancol 3chc v hai axit.
(R1COO)2ROOCR2 + 3NaOH 2R1COONa + R2COONa + R(OH)3.
Mol:
0,2
0,4
0,2
Khi lng mui: 0,4(R1+67) + 0,2(R2 +67) = 43,6 2R1 + R2 = 17 R1 =1; R2 =15.
Chn p n A.
V d 16: t chy hon ton mt este n chc, mch h X (phn t c s lin kt nh hn 3), thu c th tch
kh CO2 bng 6/7 th tch kh O2 phn ng (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin). Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton
vi 200ml dung dch KOH 0,7M thu c 12,88 gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 7,20.
B. 6,66.
C. 8,88.
D. 10,56.
( Trch TSH A 2010 )
GII: X l CnH2n-2kO2 ( k<2, v c mt lin kt chc).
3n k 2
6 3n k 2
2n = 3k+6 k=0, n=3.
P/: CnH2n-2kO2 +
O2 nCO2 + (n-k)H2O , ta c: n = .
2
7
2
CTPT ca X l: C3H6O2. CTCT l RCOOR vi R l H hoc CH3-.
Phn ng: RCOOR + KOH RCOOK + ROH
T : x(R + 83) +( 0,14 x).56 = 12,88
Mol:
x
x
x
Bin lun c R l CH3-v nX= 0,12 mol.
(R+27) = 5,04 R = 15, x = 0,12
m = 0,12.74 = 8,88 gam. Chn p n C.

CHNG II: CACBOHIRAT

A.TM TT L THUYT:
Hp cht
MONOSACCARIT
Cacbohirat
Glucoz
Fructoz
Cng thc
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
phn t
CTCT thu gn CH2OH(CHOH)4 CH2OH[CHOH]3
CHO
COCH2OH
c im cu
-C nhiu nhm
-C nhiu nhm
to
OH k nhau
OH k nhau.
-C nhm CHO
-Khng c nhm
CHO
Ha tnh
1/Tnhcht
anehit

AgNO3/ NH3

2/Tnh cht
ancol a chc

C
(do chuyn ha
glucoz)

+Cu(OH)2

ISACCARIT
Saccaroz
C12H22O11
C6H11O5 O
C6H11O5
- C nhiu nhm
OH k nhau.
- Hai nhm
C6H12O5
Khng(ng
phn mantoz c
p/)

POLISACCARIT
Tinh bt
Xenlunoz
(C6H10O5)n
(C6H10O5)n
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n
- Mchxon.
-Nhiunhm
C6H12O5

-Mch thng
- C 3 nhm OH
k nhau
- Nhiu nhm
C6H12O5.

Khng

Khng

+Cu(OH)2

+Cu(OH)2
Khng

3/ Phn ng thy
phn

Khng

4/ Tnh cht
khc

Ln men ru.

Chuyn ha
glucoz

p/ mu vi I2

+ HNO3,

1.Ha tnh ca Glucoz:

a. Tnh cht anehit n chc;
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O CH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2Ag + NH4NO3.
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH t 0 CH2OH[CHOH]4COONa + 2Cu2O + 3H2O.
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + H2 Ni ,t 0 CH2OH[CHOH]4CH2OH (sobitol).
b. Tnh cht ancol a chc:
2CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + Cu(OH)2 (C6H11O6)2Cu + H2O
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + (CH3CO)2O pridin
Este cha 5 gc CH3COO ( p/ chng t glucoz c 5 nhm OH).
c. Phn ng ln men:
C6H12O6 enzim
, 30 35
2 C2H5OH + 2CO2.
2. Ha tnh ca saccaroz:
Dung dch saccaroz + Cu(OH)2 dung dch ng saccarat mu xanh lam.
C12H22O11 + H2O H ,t C6H12O6 (glucoz) + C6H12O6 (fructoz).
3. Ha tnh ca tinh bt v xenluloz:
H ,t
(C6H10O5)n (tinh bt hoc xenluloz) + n H2O n C6H12O6 ( glucoz).
H tinh bt + dd I2 hp cht mu xanh ( du hiu nhn bit h tinh bt)
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n ( Xenluloz) + 3n HNO3 [C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3n H2O.
B. CC DNG BI TP:
DNG 1 Phn ng trng gng ca glucoz (C6H12O6)
C6H12O6 2Ag
m: 180 g 316 g
VD1: un nng 37,5 gam dung dch glucoz vi lng AgNO 3 /dung dch NH3 d, thu Nng % ca dung dch
glucoz l
A. 11,4 %
B. 14,4 %
C. 13,4 %
D. 12,4 %
0

HD: % =

6,48.180
.100% = 14,4%.Chn p n B.
108.37,5.2

DNG 2: Phn ng ln men ca glucoz (C6H12O6)

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Mol: 1
2
2
Lu : Bi ton thng gn vi gi thit cho CO2 hp th hon ton dd nc vi trong Ca(OH)2 thu c khi lng
kt ta CaCO3 hocs mol hn hp mui...T tnh c s mol CO2 da vo s mol mui.

VD2: Ln men m gam glucoz vi hiu sut 75%. Ton b CO2 thot ra c dn vo dung dch NaOH thu c 0,4
mol hn hp mui. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 36.
B. 48.
C. 27.
D. 54.
HD: m = 0,2.180 : 75% = 48( gam). Chn p n B
DNG 3: Phn ng thy phn saccaroz (C12H22O11)
C12H22O11 (saccaroz) C6H12O6 (glucoz) + C6H12O6 (fructoz)
C12H22O11 (mantoz) 2C6H12O6 (glucoz)
VD 3: Mun c 162 gam glucoz th khi lng saccaroz cn em thu phn hon ton l
A. 307,8 gam.
B. 412,2gam.
C. 421,4 gam.
D. 370,8 gam.
HD:
C12H22O11(Saccaroz)
C6H12O6
342 g
180 g
m=?
162g

162.342 9.342
msacaz =
=
=307,8(g). Chn p n A.
180
10
DNG 4: Phn ng thy phn tinh bt hoc xenluloz (C6H10O5)n
( C6H10O5)n H n C6H12O6 (glucoz) H 2n C2H5OH + 2n CO2.
m:
162n
180n
92n
88n

VD4: Thy phn m gam tinh bt , sn phm thu c em ln men sn xut ancol etylic, ton b kh CO 2 sinh ra
cho qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c 750 gam kt ta. Nu hiu sut qu trnh sn xut ancol l 80% th m c
gi tr l:
A. 486,0.
B. 949,2.
C. 759,4.
D. 607,5.
7,5.162n 100
.
HD: nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 7,5 mol. Vy m =
= 759,4 (g). Chn p n C.
2n
80
DNG 5: Xenluloz + axitnitrit xenluloz trinitrat
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nHNO3 [C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3nH2O
m:
162n
189n
297n
VD 5: T 16,20 tn xenluloz ngi ta sn xut c m tn xenluloz trinitrat (bit hiu sut phn ng tnh theo
xenluloz l 90%). Gi tr ca m l
A. 26,73.
B. 33,00.
C. 25,46.
D. 29,70.
HD: [C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nHNO3 [C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3nH2O
162n
3n.63
297n
16,2
m=?
1

m=

16, 2.297 n 90
.
= 26,73 tn
162n
100

DNG 6: Kh glucoz bng hyro

C6H12O6 (glucoz) + H2 C6H14O6 (sobitol)
VD 6: Lng glucoz cn dng to ra 1,82 gam sobitol vi hiu sut 80% l
A. 2,25 gam.
B. 1,80 gam.
C. 1,82 gam.
D. 1,44 gam.
1,82
100
.180.
HD: m =
= 2,25 (g). Chn p n A
182
80
DNG 7: Xc nh s mt xch (n)
VD 7:. Trong 1kg go cha 81% tinh bt c s mt xch C6H10O5 l :
A. 3,011.1024.
B. 5,212.1024.
C. 3,011.1021.
D. 5,212.1021.
3
1.10 .81
HD: S mt xch l:
.6,022.10 23 = 3,011.1024. Chn p n A.
100.162
DNG 8: Ton tng hp
VD 8: Phn ng tng hp glucoz trong cy xanh cn c cung cp nng lng t nh sng mt tri:
6 CO2 + 6H2O + 673 Kcal ASMT
C6H12O6
C trong mt pht, mi cm2 l xanh nhn c 0,5 cal nng lng mt tri, nhng ch c 10% c s dng vo phn
ng tng hp glucoz. Thi gian mt cy c 1000 l xanh (din tch mi l 10 cm2) sn sinh c 18 gam glucoz
l:
A. 2 gi 14 pht 36 giy.
B. 4 gi 29 pht 12.
C. 2 gi 30 pht15.
D. 5 gi 00 pht00.
HD: sn sinh 18 gam glucoz cn: 673.18/180 = 67,3 (kcal)= 67300 (cal).
Trong mi pht, cy xanh nhn c: 1000.10.0,5 = 5000 (cal).
Nng lng c s dng sn sinh glucoz l: 5000.10% = 500 (cal).
Vy thi gian cn thit l: 67300/500 = 134,6(p)= 2 gi1436
Chn p n A.

VD 9: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt Cacbohirat (cacbohidrat) X thu c 52,8gam CO 2 v 19,8 gam H2O. Bit X
c phn ng trng bc, X l
A. Glucoz

B. Fructoz

HD: nC nCO2 1,2mol ;

C. Saccaroz

n A 2n H 2O 2,2mol Cng thc cacbohirat l C12H22O11.

M X c phn ng trng bc. Vy X l mantoz . Chn p n D.

Ch :

1) A
H
mA = m B.
2) A

B ( H l hiu sut phn ng)

100
H
; mB = mA.
H
100

B
C ( H1, H2 l hiu sut phn ng)
H2
100 100
H1 H 2
.
.
mA = mC.
; mC = mA.
.
H1 H 2
100 100
H1

D. Mantoz

CHNG III: AMIN AMINO AXIT - PROTEIN

A.TM TT L THUYT:
Khi
nim

CTPT

Ha tnh

HCl

Amin
Amin l hp cht hu c coi nh c
to nn khi thay th mt hay nhiu
nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 bng gc
hidrocacbon

Aminoaxit
Aminoaxit l hp cht hu c
tp chc, phn t cha ng
thi nhm amino -NH2 v nhm
cacboxyl -COOH.

TQ: RNH2( Bc 1)
VD: CH3 NH2
CH3 NH CH3
CH3 N CH3
|
CH3

TQ: H2N R COOH

VD: H2N CH2 COOH
(glyxin)
CH3 C H COOH
|
(alanin)
NH2

Tnh baz:
CH3 NH2 +H2O
[CH3NH3]+OH To mui
R NH2 + HCl
[R NH3]+Cl -

C6H5 NH2
( anilin )

khng tan

To mui
[C6H5
NH3]+Cl -

Kim
NaOH
Ancol
Br2/H2
Cu(OH)2
Trng
ngng

- Lng tnh
- p/ ha este
- p/ trng gng
To mui
H2N - R- COOH + HCl
ClH3N R COOH
To mui
H2N R COOH + NaOH
H2N RCOONa + H2O
To este

Peptit v Protein
Peptit l hp cht cha t 2
50 gc - amino axit
lin kt vi nhau bi cc
lin kt
peptit CO NH
Protein l loi polipeptit
cao phn t c PTK t vi
chc nghn n vi triu.

p/ thy phn.
p/ mu biure.

To mui hoc thy phn

khi un nng
Thy phn khi un nng

trng

v - aminoaxit tham d

To hp cht mu tm

p/ trng ngng

1/ Ha tnh ca Amin:
a)Tnh baz:
R NH2 + H OH R NH3+ + OH
+) Lc baz ca amin c nh gi bng hng s baz Kb hoc pKb :
Kb =

[ RNH 3 ][OH ]
v pKb = -log Kb.
[ RNH 2 ]

+) Anilin khng tan trong nc, khng lm i mu qu tm.

+) Tc dng vi axit: RNH2 + HCl RNH3Cl
+) Cc mui amoni tc dng d dng vi kim: RNH3Cl + NaOH RNH2 + NaCl + H2O.
b) So snh tnh baz ca cc amin:
Tnh baz ca amin ph thuc vo s linh ng ca cp electron t do trn nguyn t nit:
+) Nhm y e s lm tng linh ng ca cp electron t do (n) trn nguyn t N nn tnh baz tng.
+) Nhm ht e s lm gim s linh ng ca cp e t do trn nguyn t N nn tnh baz gim.
+) Khi c s lin hp n - ( nhm chc amin gn vo cacbon mang ni ) th cp e t do trn nguyn t N cng
km linh ng v tnh baz gim.
+) Tnh baz ca amin bc 3 cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc trong c nh hng hiu ng khng gian ca
cc gc R.
c) Phn ng th gc thm:
+) Halogen ha: Tng t phenol, anilin tc dng vi nc Br2 to thnh kt ta trng 2,4,6- tribrom anilin.
+) Sunfo ha: un nng anilin vi H2SO4 1800C s xy ra mt chui phn ng m sn phm cui cng l axit
sunfanilic.Cc amit ca axit sunfanilic gi l sunfonamit hay sunfamit c tnh cht st trng khng sinh, c dng
nhiu lm thuc tr bnh.
d) Phn ng vi axit nitr:
+) iu ch HNO2 : NaNO2 + H+ Na+ + HNO2.
+) Phn ng ca amin vi HNO2:
Amin bc 1 s c hin tng si bt kh: R-NH2 + HO NO R OH + N2 + H2O.

Amin bc 2 s to hp cht nit z mu vng:

R
R'

N H + HO N = O

R
R'

N N = O + H2O.

Amin bc 3 khng phn ng.

2/ Ha tnh ca Aminoaxit:
a) Tnh cht lng tnh:
+) Phn ng vi axit mnh: HOOC- CH2NH2 + HCl HOOC CH2 NH3 +Cl
+) Phn ng vi baz mnh: NH2- CH2- COOH + NaOH H2N CH2 COOONa + H2O
+) Tnh axit- baz ca dung dch amino axit ( R(NH 2)a(COOH)b )ph thuc vo a,b.
- Vi dung dch glyxin: NH2- CH2- COOH +H3N- CH2 COODung dch c mi trng trung tnh( a = b = 1) nn qu tm khng i mu
- Vi dung dch axit glutamic ( a = 1, b= 2)lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu
- Vi dung dch Lysin ( a=2, b =1)lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh.
b) Phn ng este ho ca nhm -COOH

H 2N -CH 2-COOH +C 2H 5OH

khHCl

H 2N -CH2 -COOC2H5+H 2O

c) Phn ng trng ngng

- Cc axit-6-aminohexanoic v 7-aminoheptanoic c phn ng trng ngng khi un nng to ra polime thuc loi
poliamit.

n H-NH-[CH 2]5 CO-OH t

( NH-[CH 2]5CO ) n +n H 2O
policaproamit (nilon-6)

3/ Ha tnh ca peptit v protein:

a) Phn ng thy phn:
H ,t
NH2 - C H-COOH + NH2- C H-COO
+) Vi peptit: H2N- C
H-CO-NH- C
H-COOH+H2O hay
enzim
|
|
|
|

R1
R2
R1
+) Vi protein: Trong mi trng axit hoc ba z, protein b thy phn thnh cc aminoaxit.
b) Phn ng mu biure
Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 cho hp cht phc mu tm
. a s cc aminoaxit trong thin nhin l -aminoaxit.
Sau y l s liu lin quan n 15 aminoaxit thng gp trong cu trc ca protein:

R2

CNG THC
A. Axit monoaminomonocacboxylic
1/ C H2 COOH

TAN

TN GI

VIT TT

pHI

Gly

25,5

5,97

2/ CH3 C
H - COOH
|

Glyxin
M= 75
Alanin
M= 89

Ala

16,6

6,00

NH2
C
3/ CH3 | H C
H COOH
|

Valin
M= 117

Val

6,8

5,96

CH3 NH2
4/ CH3 C
H CH2 C
H COOH
|
|

Leuxin
M= 131

Leu

2,4

5,98

Iso leuxin
M= 131

Ile

2,1

6,00

Lysin
M= 146

Lys

Tt

9,74

Axit aspactic
M= 133

Asp

0,5

2,77

Axit glutamic

Glu

0,7

3,22

NH2

CH3

NH2
5/ CH3 CH2 C
H C
H COOH
|
|
CH3 NH2
B. Axit iaminomonocacboxylic
6/ C
H2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C
H COOH
|
|
NH2
NH2
C. Axit monoaminoicacboxylic
7/ HOOC CH2 C H COOH
|

NH2

8/ HOOC CH2 CH2 C

H COOH
|

M= 147

NH2
C
C
9/ H2N || CH2 | H COOH

Asparagin
M= 132

Asn

2,5

5,4

O
NH2
C
10/ H2N || CH2 CH2 C
H COOH
|

Glutamin
M= 146

Gln

3,6

5,7

Serin
M= 105
Threonin
M= 119

Ser

4,3

5,68

Thr

20,5

5,60

Xistein
M= 121

Cys

Tt

5,10

Methionin
M= 149

Met

3,3

5,74

Phenylalanin
M= 165

Phe

2,7

5,48

O
NH2
D. Aminoaxit cha nhm OH , -SH, -SR
11/ HO CH2 C H - COOH
|

NH2
12/ CH3 C
H C
H COOH
|
|
OH

NH2
C
13/ HS CH2 H COOH
|

NH2
14/ CH3S CH2 CH2 C
H COOH
|
NH2
E. Aminoaxit cha vng thm
15/ C6H5 CH2 C H COOH
|

NH2

CHNG IV: POLIME V VT LIU POLIME

A. TM TT L THUYT:
I. POLIME:
1.Khi nim: Poli me hay hp cht cao phn t l nhng hp cht c PTK ln do nhiu n v c s gi l mt
xch lin kt vi nhau to nn.
V d: ( - CH2 CH = CH CH2 - )n. vi n: h s polime ha ( polime ha).
2. Tnh cht ha hc: C phn ng ct mch ; gi nguyn mch; tng mch.
3. iu ch:
- Phn ng trng hp: l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh ( monome) ging nhau hay tng t nhau thnh
phn t ln (polime).
c im cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng hp l phi c lin kt bi hoc vng.
- Phn ng trng ngng: l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi
gii phng nhng phn t nh khc ( v d H2O).
c im cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phi c t hai nhm chc (c th ging nhau
hoc khc nhau) tr ln.
II. VT LIU POLIME:
1. Cht do l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do.
Vt liu compozit gm: Polime do (thnh phn c bn), cht ha do, cht n, cht ph.
V d:
XT ,t
1/ polietilen (PE): n CH2 = CH2 ( - CH2 CH2 - )n.
2/ Polivinyl clorua ( PVC ): n CH2 = CH XT ,t ( - CH2 CH - )n.
|
|
Cl
Cl
3/ Polimetyl metacrylat:
CH3
CH3
|
|
n CH2 = C
XT
,t ( - CH2 C ) n
|
|
COOCH3
COOCH3
4/ Nha phenolfomanehit ( PPF ).
C 3 dng: novolac; rezol;rezit.
2.T l nhng polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh.
C hai loi t: T thin nhin ( c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm, len, bng) v t ha hc (t nhn to v t tng
hp).
T nhn to c sn xut t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc, v d: t visco,
t axetat, t ng ammoniac.
T tng hp c sn xut t nhng polime tng hp, v d: t poliamit, t polieste
T nilon 6,6: n H2N-(CH2)6 NH2 + n HCOOC (CH2)4 COOH XT ,t
( - HN (CH2)6 NH C (CH2)4 C - )n + 2n H2O.
||
||
O
O
T nilon tng hp: n CH2 = CH( CN) xt ,t ( - CH2 CH(CN) - )n.
3.Cao su l loi vt liu polime c tnh n hi.
Cao su thin nhin: ( - CH2 C(CH3) = CH CH2 - )n
Cao su tng hp: ( - CH2 CH = CH CH2 - )n.
4. Keo dn l loi vt liu c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu rn.
VD: Nha v xm, keo dn epoxi v keo dn ure fomanehit.
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