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CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the foreign and local related literature and studies,
conceptual framework and definition of term.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
The research included the following related literature and studies which
also tackled regional approach, curriculum and instrumental development which
reiterate the researchers study.
Related Literature. According to Cabrera (2012) education has been
regarded as a means toward economic stability and progress. The increase
productivity of the workforce is due mainly to the increase in the education and
training of the people. The success and development of the country would greatly
depend in the productivity of its human resources- which is considered as one of
the vital asset of the nation. And to have a good and competent manpower
resource; quality education and intensive training are necessary for the students
to become skilled and productive workers when they become part of the labor
force.
According to Dominguez and Romero (2009) employers believed that
applicants who have undergone job training are assumed to be more
knowledgeable and production. Also, they are competent enough in connection

to the job for there are respondents who had a problem with their co-workers in
terms of their differences in terms of principles and ideas which are expected in
an agency.
According to GOPINOY.com provide a list of good work habit to develop
such as: 1.) Set up a goal or a mission and apply a strong work ethic to provide
you that sense of direction needed to accomplish quality tasks in the shortest
time possible. 2.) Think positive. Do not think of the complexities of your job
instead, consider these difficulties as a challenge. Deal with the problem, do not
avoid them. Youre going to have to face the same problem eventually. 3.) It is a
good work habit to give importance to good attendance and punctuality. Doing so
can get you off to agood start and it can be a positive asset on your part. 4.)
Apply neatness, orderliness and speed by cleaning up and getting organized. It
allows you to work faster since it's easy to find things when the workplace is
clean and sorted out properly. 5.) Plan your day ahead of time. This is one of the
most important among the good work habits you should develop. List things that
you should prioritize to work the next day. This could guide you whenever you get
side tracked and forget what your original purpose was.
6.) Work smarter, not harder. Manage your time well; segregate activities into
time wasters or maximum use of time. Time wasters such as telephone calls and
dealing emails can just be kept short and on topic as well as keeping email
accounts separate for personal and work use. Focus on the list of priorities you
make and set limits for each task. 7.) Become self-employed psychologically.
Think of yourself as your own boss. You would want to make things happen in

the business, do good quality output and receive bigger income from it. Putting
yourself on the situation can motivate you to do great results. 8.) Play the inner
game of work. Know your purpose at work and do it with your own best innate
desires and abilities. These will help you to acquire all the ideas, successful
habits and best practices you will need in accomplishing tasks. 9.) Reduce
procrastination by motivating yourself with rewards or punishments. Postponing
or delaying one's work can cause career sabotage so be aware of its
consequences and try to be more positive.
Mendoza as cited by Bahian (2008) asserted that the students level of
achievement in significantly related to the on the job training what the students
learn from the classroom is what the students apply during OJT. The school
provided related instruction ad related skills; the role of industries is to sharpen
the students competencies ad activities. Thus, cooperating industries should
provide the student trainees the necessary reserves needed to improve their
performance level of proficiency and specific skills and field of specialization.
According to Koontz (2007) many opportunities for development can be
found on-the-job. Trainees can learn as they contribute to the aims of the
enterprise. However, because this approach requires competent higher level
managers who can teach and coach trainees, there are limitations to do on-thejob training. Planned progression is a technique that gives managers a clear idea
of their path of development. It may be perceived by trainees as a smooth path to
the top, but it really is a step-by-step approach which requires that task to be
done well at each level. Trainees learn about different enterprise functions by job

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rotations. They may rotate through: non-supervisory work, observation

assignments (observing what managers do, rather than managing themselves)
and therefore has positive aspects and should benefits the trainees. Assistant to positions are frequently created to broaden the viewpoint of trainees by
allowing them to work closely with experienced managers who can give special
attention to the developmental needs of the trainees.
On-the-job training is a never-ending process. Patience and wisdom are
required of superiors, who must be able to delegate authority and give
recognition and praise for jobs well done. Effective coaches will develop the
strength and potentials of subordinates and help them overcome their
weaknesses. As mentioned by on-the-job training is one of the oldest and most
used types of informal training. It is considered informal because it does not
necessarily occur as part of a training program and because managers or peers
can serve as trainers. He further stated that if on-the-job training is too informal,
learning will not occur. On-the-job training has several advantages over other
training methods. It can be customized to the experiences and abilities of
trainees. Training is immediately applicable to the job because OJT occurs on the
job using actual tools and equipment. As a result, trainees are highly motivated to
learn. There are several disadvantages in the OJT approach. Managers and
peers may not use the same process to complete the task. They may pass on
bad habits as well as useful skills. Also, they may not understand that
demonstration, practice and feedback are important conditions for effective onthe-job training.

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Effective OJT program include: 1. A policy statement that describes the

purpose of OJT and emphasizes the companys support for it. 2. A clear
specification of who is accountable for conducting OJT. 3. A thorough review of
OJT practices at other companies in similar industries. 4. Training of managers
and peers in the principles of structured OJT. 5. Availability of lesson plans,
checklists, procedure manuals, learning contracts and progress report forms for
use by employees who conduct OJT. 6. Evaluation of employees level of basic
skills before OJT.
Principles of On-the-Job Training Preparing for Instruction 1. Break down
the job into important steps. 2. Prepare the necessary equipment, materials and
supplies. 3. Decide how much time you will devote to OJT and when you expect
the employees to be competent in skill areas. Actual instruction 1. Tell the
trainees the objective of the task and ask them to watch you demonstrate it. 2.
Show the trainees how to do it without saying anything. 3. Explain the key points
or behaviors. (Write out the key points for the trainees, if possible.) 4. How the
trainees how to do it again. 5. Have the trainees do one more single parts of the
task and praise them for correct reproduction (optional). 6. Have the trainees do
the entire task and praise them for correct production. 7. If mistakes are made,
have the trainees practice until accurate reproduction is achieved. 8. Praise the
trainees for their success in learning the task.
Related Studies. Cristobal (2008), conducted a study entitled The Onthe-Job Training Program of Urdaneta City University. The research respondents
were the students enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Major in

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Management, Management accounting, Banking in finance, Bachelor of Science

in accountancy and computer secretarial and who are currently enrolled in their
practicum course S.Y 2007-2008. The respondents overall perception toward
relevance and suitability along OJT are: 1.) The students practices weighted
mean of 2.94; 2.) The problems encountered by the students in the OJT program
were slightly serious as shown by the weighted mean 2.14; 3.) The problem
encountered by the supervisor in the OJT program was slightly serious as
evidenced by weighted mean of 1.78; 4.) The problems encountered by the
instructor in OJT program were slightly serious as shown by the weighted mean
of 2.11.
According to Cristobal the OJT program is a good program for augmenting
the knowledge skills and competencies of the task and activities included in the
OJT are routine that do not really require the application of the higher knowledge,
skills and competencies learned in the classroom. Initially the respondents are
not familiar and have difficulties in using the modern devices and equipment
used in their OJT.
Jaso (2007), proposed on the training for automotive technology at
Sorsogon State College. In his study he include the problems not by students
along the in the job training. It was disclosed that non-congruence between the
acquired level of competence is an automotive technology of their in job work
experience. The following are the problem encountered: 1.) Lack of congruency
between competencies learned in automotive. 2.) Lack of coordination between
ILDO and the partner industry. 3.) No work plan clearly presented to the OJT

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along training requirements, expected behavior and placement. 4.) Lack of

supervision on the OJTs work performance. 5.) Lack of identified local shops
and industries where OJTs area of competencies in the areas AT-51, AT-52 and
AT-53 are needed. 6.) Work assignments of OJTs include menial and unrelated
jobs. 7.) Lack of options for OJTs to choose their work assignments in the
partner industry. 8.) Financial difficulties among OJTs. 9.) Lack of administrative
support to OJTs.
Another problem is the absence of work plan where training requirements,
expected behavior and replacement are identified the OJTs trainees are not
always supervised in their work performance. They also disclosed that local
shops are not identified where they could apply their competencies in AT-51-52
and AT-53. Some of the on the job trainees are asked to do menial jobs unrelated
to their training. They do not have options wherein to choose their work
assignments. Most of the OJT trainees felt the lack of administrative support in
the outside school training and many experienced financial problems. From the
disclosed problems among on the job training could be deduced that the
objective of this training program for students in automotive technology is
defeated. It means that there is a need to look into these problems for the benefit
of these students. The revealed problems imply that the success of the on the job
training programs depends on the collaborative efforts of the college and the
partner industry where students are assigned. The solutions to these problems
rest on the persons concerned for the welfare of the students.

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Mamadra (2005), also conducted a study to find out the impact of the onthe-job training programs on the skills and values development of students in the
four areas of specialization such as automotive, electronics technology, computer
technology and electrical technology as well as the students values development
in terms of work attitude, self-reliance, self-discipline, resourcefulness, honesty
and patience among selected vocational-technical tertiary institutions in
Mindanao. In her study it was found out that the impact of the on-the-job training
program on skills and values development of the students depend on the
approaches of the skilled mentors to supplement the student trainees
competence in the classroom as well as the concepts that both the school and
the industries work together in the training of technological students as future
industrial workers.
The study of Decena (2005), entitled On the job training program of the
two year trade Technological University in Iba,Zambales give emphasis to some
items in the assessment instruments where the response of cooperating trainees
ad student trainees are not different such as: a. For objectives (to enable the
students to work a sophisticated equipment ad to prepare students for social ad
personal). b. For the assessment instrument on linkage (Inform the head of
educational institution of developments in the establishments whether positive or
negative). c. For the assessment instruments on industrial policies (Help student
trainees for advancement opportunities in the cooperating establishments); and
(Observe general rules and regulations of the company such as filing of leave,
working hours, use of uniform, good grooming, safety housekeeping). d. On

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monitoring of trainees (OJT coordinators meet with industrial trainer and student
trainees during work site visitation); (Keeps records of all activities related to
industrial training); and (Participates in the evaluation of student trainees). e. On
problems encountered (tools are just enough for regular workers). f. On remedies
of problems (Requested some regular workers to bring extra hand tools)
Sony and Kim (2005) conducted study entitled Changes in attitude toward
work and workers identity in Korea. They summarize the conceptualization of
work ethic to the fact that the concept of work ethic has multiple meanings and
implication, pertaining to a variety of aspects related to work, including work
commitment, work value, attitude toward work, occupational value, organizational
commitment, perception of career development, ad work achievement.
According to the General Accounting Office (GAO) conducted a nationwide survey of Title III JTPA programs between 1982 and 1985. The survey
indicated that 80 percent of program participants received job search assistance,
compared with only 26 percent who received classroom training and 16 percent
who received on-the-job training. The low proportion of participants actually
receiving training resulted from the fact that trainers were largely funded on the
basis of job placement, not long-term labor market preparedness or earnings
improvement. Based on the General Accounting Office survey and an additional
year of study, the U.S. Department of Labor recommended greater emphasis on
job training to meet the needs of specific employers and particularly on on-thejob rather than classroom training.

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In the statistical analysis in the study of Sirota et. al (2005) showed that a
level of achievement has six primary sources : 1. Challenge of the work itself
the extent to which the job uses an employees intelligence, abilities and skills. 2.
Acquiring of new skills; 3. Ability to perform having the training, direction,
resources authority, information and cooperation needed to perform well. 4.
Perceived importance of the employees job the importance to the organization,
to the customer and to the society; 5. Recognition received from performance
non financial (such a simple thank you from the boss or a customer) and
financial (compensation and advancement that are based on performance.); and
6. Working for a company of which the employee can be proud because of its
purpose, its products ( their quality and their impact on customers and society),
its business success, its business ethics (treatment of customers, employees,
investors, and community), and the quality of its leadership.