Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 - The Structure of the Atom 2.1 Analysing matter 2.2 Synthesising atomic structure 2.3 Understanding isotopes and assessing their importance 2.4 Understanding the electronic structure of an atom 2.5 Appreciate the orderliness and uniqueness of the atomic structure Page 24 | update: Jan 2017 [eflgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 - The Structure of the Atom 2.1: Analysing Matter A student is able to: describe the particulate nature of matter state the kinetic theory of matter define atoms, molecules and ions relate the change in heat to the change in kinetic energy of particles, ‘relate the change in the state of matter to the change in heat explain the inter-conversion of the states of matter in term of kinetic theory of matter A. The Particulate Nature of Matter 1. Our world is made up of matter. 2. What is matter? Matter is anything that 3. Theory of matter stated that Matter is made up of 4. The tiny particles may be .... 5. An atom is the a chemical reacti 6.A molecule bonded together. 7. An ion is ion. group of two or more .. .. particle of an element that can .. . which are . .. particles. There are spaces between these particles. and ... and has a .. or negatively ~ charged particle Activity 2.1: Determine the type of particles in table below. Substances | TYP®Of | substances | TYPE! | substances | TPC of particles particles particles Argon Carbon Zinc Chioride (ar) dioxide (CO2) (ZnCl.} Tron (Il) Copper ‘Ammonia sulphate (Cu) [NH] (FeSOs) ‘Oxygen gas Carbon ‘Acetamide (0,) (C) CHsCONH, Page 22 | update: Jan 2011 [eflguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom MATTER Elements ‘Compound a pure a substance that cannot be a substance that contains two or more separated into any simpler substances by elements that are chemically bonded physical or chemical process together. ‘Atom Molecules Molecules Ton ‘The smallest particle | A neutral particle | A neutral particle _| Positively or ofanelement that _ | consists of consists of negatively charged can participate in particles. chemical reaction. | non-metal atoms —_| non-metal atoms _| [Metal atom donate Metal and some which are which are electron, formed non-metals such as_| covalently-bonded. | covalently-bonded. | positive ions carbon and helium exist as atoms Non-Metal atom receive electron, Examples : Examples : Examples : formed negative ion] The force of Figure : attraction between Figure : Figure : the two oppositely charged ions is an ionic bond. Examples : Figure Page 23 | update: Jan 2017 [eflgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom B. Physical State of Matter 1. Matter has 3 physical states. There are solid, liquid and gas. State of Solid Liquid Gas matter Draw the arrangement of particles The particles are |The particles are __| The particles are packed . .. but . apart Arrangement i, ” . together in an not in from each other. of particles manner Particles can only | Particles can Particles can and Movement of about and and particles _| their fixed positions . freely throughout the liquid Particles are Particles are The attraction Attractive | attracted by very | attracted by forces between forces particles are between the forces. particles _| forces forces Energy content of particles Page 24 | update: Jan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom C. Kinetic Theory of matter 1. Matter consists of small particles that always move and collide among each other. 2. The kinetic theory of matter stated the particles move when energy is and move when energy is , then they are cooled 3. This theory used to explain the change physical state of matter. 4. The energy used by the particles to move, we called it kinetic energy. D. Changes in the states of matter with heat changes Es Heated SS Kinetic energy of particles increases Solid a Liquid Gas Cooled GGG Kinetic energy of particles decreases is a process solid change to liquid. is a process liquid change to gas. is a process gas change to liquid. is a process liquid change to solid. Aen Melting points is the temperature at which a .. become a . with standard pressure. 6. Boiling points is the temperature at which a ...become a . with standard pressure. 7. Freezing points is the temperature at which a... . become a . with standard pressure. Page 25 | upate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 8. The explanation of the changing of matter: Solid > liquid > gas Graph Temperature °C Time (minh Point | State of Explanation mater .. more . The Heating causes the particles to .... A> B energy and vibrate .. temperature of the substance and the kinetic energy Continuous heating does not cause the temperature of the substance to increase. The heat energy absorbed is BOC used to ... the forces of attraction between the .. . The constant temperature is called the Continuous heating causes the temperature of the cop liquid to . . The particles move . Because their kinetic energy is Continuous heating does not cause the temperature of on the substance to increase. The energy absorbed is used to... the forces of attraction . The constant between the .. temperature is called the Page 26 | update: tan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom EOF Continuous heating causes the particles to .. more . energy and vibrate more ‘The temperature of the substance and the kinetic energy ... 9. The explanation of the changing of matter: gas > liquid > Solid Graph: ‘Temperature/°C ‘Time { min) ‘State of Point Explanation mater — As cooling continues, particles lose kinetic energy, move and the temperature The stronger bonds during condensation release energy. This energy released is the same as the E>D energy to the surroundings during condensation. Thus the temperature remains unchanged. This constant temperature is called The temperature . as the cooling pec continues. The particles became closely to each other but the arrangement not in orderly manner. Page 27 | update: Jan 2071 [elleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya COB BOA Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom .. during freezing ‘The stronger bonds .. release energy. This energy released is the same as the energy . to the surroundings during cooling. ‘Thus the temperature remains unchanged. This constant temperature is called . . as the cooling ‘The temperature . continues. The particles became closely to each other and arrange in orderly manner. 10. The evidence of theory of matter and kinetic theory of matter for particles are: a. For a matter is made up of small and dis crete particles are experiment diffusion in solid, liquid and gas. b. For a matter consists of moving particles are experiment for determine melting point and freezing point for acetamide or naphthalene. c. For a matter are constantly colliding is experiment Brownian Movement Page 28 | update: Jan 2071 [eflgguadura wordpress comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom E. Determine the physical of matter based on the melting point and boiling point. Example: Given the melting point of water is 0 °C and the boiling points of water is 100 °C. What the physical of water when the temperature: (i) at 30°C (ii) and 110 °C Answer: (i) at 30°C, (ii) at 110 °C, Activity 2.2: Answer all the questions below: 1. The table shows the melting point and boiling point of four substances, W, X, Y and Z. Substance | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) wi -187 -126 x 75 130 Y 114 444 Zz -79 68 Page 29 | upate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom Which of the substances is a liquid at 60 °C? A WwW BX c sy D Z 2. The diagram shows the particle arrangement of substance X at 100 °C. O O Particle of X| ‘S) Which is the most probable melting and boiling points for X? Melting point/ °C Boiling point /°C A ~123 “78 B -17 135 iC 0 | 78 D i 400 Quick Review A (from Text Book page 15) 1. A crystal of potassium manganate (Vil) is placed at the bottom of a beaker of water. The beaker is left until there is no further change. (a) What do you observe in this experiment? Explain your answer. (b) What process has occurred? Page 30 | update: tan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2. Solid X has a melting point of 50 °C. If a test tube of molten X at 110 °C is allowed to cool at room temperature, (a) Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the cooling of molten X. (b) Mark the fr ing point at your’s graph. (c) Explain the shape of the graph. Page 31 | update: Jan 2017 [eflgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2.2: Synthesizing Atomic Structure A student is able to: ‘© Describe the development of atomic model, State the main subatomic particles of an atom, Compare and contrast the relative mass and the relative charge of the protons, electrons and neutrons, Define proton numbers, Define nucleon numbers, Determine the proton number, Determine the nucieon number, Relate the proton number to the nucleon number Relate the proton number to the type of element, Write the symbol of elements, Determine the number of neutrons, protons and electrons from the proton number and the nucleon number and vice versa, © Construct the atomic structure. A. The History of Development of Atomic Models Scientist Atomic model Explanation Dalton’s atomic del ; i ane ars ‘The atom was imagined as a small ees a indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball. 1805 ) Thomson’s J.J Thomson discovered the atomic model a. coseeeecharged particle, (proposed by J.J ‘The atom was described as a sphere of ‘Thomson in positive charge embedded with 1897 ) electrons. Rutherford’s Ernest Rutherford discovered . a. .-charged particle in an atom. ‘The central region of atom has a very atomic model (proposed by Ernest Ee y Rutherford in small positively-charged particle, which 1911) contains almost all the mass of the atom, ‘The electrons in an atom move in (proposed by around the nucleus which contains Neils Bohr in protons. 1913) Chadwick’s . Chadwick proved the existence of atomic model pomcers : , the . particle (pr ne in the nucleus. The .. of the atom contains Chadwick in isso protons and neutrons, and the nucleus is surrounded by electrons. Page 32 | update: Jan 2011 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom The modern atomic model: Tips! To memorize the scientist and atomic model: B. The Subatomic Particles of an Atom. 1. An atom is made up of three smaller particles. There are: Particle | Symbol | Charge | Relative Mass Position Proton Neutron. Electron C. Proton Number and Nucleon number 1, Scientists use proton number and nucleon number to describe an atom. 2. Proton number is the number of proton in the nucleus an atom. 3. Nucleon number is the total number of proton and number of neutron in the nucleus an atom. Page 33 | update: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 4, The numbers of electrons is equal to numbers of protons for the neutral atom. 5. The nucleon number is also the mass of an atom. 6. The mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus because it contains proton and neutron. Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron 7. Different atom, different number of protons. Each element has a specific proton number. D. Symbols of elements 1. Each element has a name and a symbol. 2. The symbol consists of one or two letters. 3. For the elements with one letter, we use capital letter to represent. 4. For the elements with two letters symbols, the first capital is capital letter. The second letter is small letter. 5. Example: Element | Symbol | Element | Symbol] Element | Symbol] Element | Symbol Hydrogen Carbon Sodium Sulphur Helium Nitrogen. Magnesium Chlorine Lithium Oxygen Aluminium ‘Argon Beryllium Fluorine | Silicon | Potassium | Boron Neon Phosphorus Calcium | E. Standard representation for an atom. 1, Used by scientists to represent an atom of element in periodic table. A +——— Nucleon number <——— Symbol of element Zz f= _ proton number Page 34 | uplate: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2. Example: Fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 neutrons. So Symbol of Fluorine is Proton number nucleon number 9 1 F 9 So the standard represent fluorine atom is: 3. By using the information below, complete the table below: number of protons + number of neutron 9+10 Element Name Hydrogen Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons Proton, number Nucleon number Standard represent Oxygen Calcium Magnesium Sodium Beryllium Page 35 | update: Jan 2011 [elleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom Work This Out 2.3: Calculation (from Text Book page 19) 1, Atom Q has a proton number of 11 and a nucleon number of 23. How many protons, electrons and neutrons are present in the atom? Answer: 2. Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons. What are the proton number and nucleon A number of the atom? Represent the atom form of | X z Answer: Quick Review B (from Text Book page 20) 1. Protons, neutrons and electrons are the subatomic particles that make up an atom. Which particles (a) Have the smallest mass? (b) Have positive charges? (c) Are found outside the nucleus? (d) Are found in the nucleus of an atom but have no charge? Page 36 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in an atom with symbol? “Cl 3. Atom X has 4 protons and 5 neutrons. (a) Find the proton number and nucleon number of element X A (b) Represent atom X in the form of | X z Page 37 | update: tan 2011 [elleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2.3 Understanding isotopes and assessing their importance A student is able to: * state the meaning of isotope, ‘* list examples of elements with isotopes ‘ determine the number of subatomic particles of isotopes 4 justify the uses of isotope in daily life. A. The Isotopes 1. Complete the table below: a. Element Name b. Proton number ¢ .Nucleon number d. Number of neutron. 2. Based the information above, we can conclude: The atom of . clement, . proton number, . - nucleon number because have different number of 3. Then the definition for isotopes is atoms of the same elements with different number of neutrons. 4. The isotopes have the same chemical properties, but different physical properties because the have the same number of electrons. Page 38 | uplate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom B. Uses of isotopes in our daily life Name element Uses: Field Used Cobalt-60 1. Used in radiotherapy for the treatment of __| I. Medical decay then cancer. 2. Industrial produce gamma | 2. used to destroy bacteria in food without ray changing the quality of food Carbon-14 1. To estimate the age of fossils and artefacts. 1. Archaeology 2. Added to carbon dioxide to study the 2. Agriculture photosynthesis in plants Phosphurus-32 | Used to study the metabolism of phosphorus in | Agriculture plants Sodium-24 Used to identify the location of leaks in Industrial underground pipes (to detect the leakage) Quick Review C (from Text Book page 21) 1, What is the meaning of the term ‘isotopes’? 2. 12w 35x, ™y and?°Z are symbols of four atoms. 6 76 8 (a) Which atom has the greatest mass? (b) Which two atoms are isotopes? 3. 32P and31P are two isotopes of phosphorus. Compare the number of subatomic particles that are present in the atoms of these isotopes. 4. Give two uses of isotopes. Page 39 | update: tan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2.4 Understanding the electronic structure of an atom A student is able to: Describe electron arrangements of elements with proton numbers 1 to 20. ‘+ Draw electron arrangement of atoms in an element, State the meaning of valence electrons. + Determine the number of valence electrons from the electron arrangement of an atom, 1. Based on the idea Neils Bohr, the electrons orbit around the nucleus. But how the electrons was arrange around the nucleus? 2. The orbit for electrons moves around the nucleus we called it . 3. The shells of an atom numbered starting from the one closes to the nucleus. And each shell can only occupy a limited number of electrons. shells 1: shells 2 : shells 3 : .. electrons (minimum = .....; maximum = electrons (minimum ; maximum electrons (minimum ; maximum 4. The number of electrons, equal to its number of proton or proton number. 5. Example: chlorine atom. Symbol 2c Proton number 217 number of electron _:_ same with proton number = 17 Electron arrangement: 2.8.7 Draw : Page 40 | update: tan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 6. Try this: a. Hydrogen, H; proton number is 1b. Lithium, Li; proton number is 3 Electron arrangement: Electron arrangement Draw : Draw : c. Sodium, Na; proton number is 11. Potassium, K; proton number is 19 Electron arrangement: Electron arrangement: Draw : Draw : 7. Based on the drawing, we have the electron at outermost shell (the last shells). This electron at the last shells we called it electron valence. 8. Then the valence electron for [determine valence electron from no. 6: a, Hydrogen is b. Lithium is . d. Pota: c. Sodium is .. Page 41 | update: tan 2077 [efleguadura wordpress comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom Quick Review D (from Text Book page 22) 1. Draw the electron arrangement of atom ,X and 5, Y. State one similarity and 2, Element Z has a proton number of 20. What is the electron arrangement of atom Z? State the number of valence electrons of atom Z. Poorer Review Questions (from Text Book page 26) Subjective Questions 2. Iodine is a black solid. When iodine is heated to 200 °C, it turns directly into a purple vapour at 180 °C. (a) Name the process that describes the change in states of matter above. (b) Sketch the arrangement of particles of iodine at 30 °C and at 190 °C, Page 42 | upate: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom ()Sketch a graph of temperature against time during the heating. (d)Deduce the physical state(s) of iodine at 180°C. 3. Table 1 shows the number of protons and neutrons of four atoms. Atom | Number of proton | Number of neutrons W 3 4 x 16 17 Y 16 16 Z 19 20 (a)(i) What is meant by the proton number and nucleon number of an atom? (ii) What is the proton number and nucleon number of atom W? A (b) Represent atom X in the form of |X. (c) Write down the electron arrangement of atom X? Page 43 | update: tan 2011 [eflgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom (d)Which atoms have the same number of valence electrons? (e) (iWhich atoms are isotopes? (ii) State a reason for your answer in (e)(i) ()Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of atom Z Page 44 | update: jan 2011 [eikguadnra wordpress comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom ESSAYS 1. (a) Describe briefly the arrangement and movement of particles in a solid, liquid and gas. (b)Using the kinetic theory of matter, explain what happens when (i) A solid melts and becomes a liquid (ii) A vapour condenses into a liquid Page 45 | update: tan 2017 [ellgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom 2. (a) Chlorine- 35 and chlorine-37 are two isotopes of chlorine. (i) What is meant by ‘isotopes’ ? (ii) Compare and contrast the two isotopes. (b) Diffusion occurs slower in solid than in liquid. Design a laboratory experiment to prove the above statement. Your answer should include the following: * Diagram showing the set-up of apparatus * Chemicals required * Procedure of the experiment * Observations Answer : Diagram Page 46 | uplate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 02 ~ The Structure of the Atom Page 47 | update: Jan 2017 [efleguadura wordpress.com