Myers PSYCHOLOGY

(7th Ed)

Chapter 7

States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

Waking Consciousness
Consciousnes
s
our
awareness of
ourselves and
our
environments

Sleep and Dreams

Biological Rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations

Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur
on a 24-hour cycle, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature

Premenstrual
Syndrome
3

Recalled mood is
worse than
earlier reported

Negative mood
score

Premenstrual

Actual

Menstrual Intermenstrual

Menstrual phase
Recalled mood

Sleep and Dreams

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
paradoxical sleep
muscles are generally relaxed, but other
body systems are active

Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

Measuring sleep activity

Brain Waves and

Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain

Delta Waves
large, slow waves
of deep sleep

Hallucinations
false sensory
experiences

Stages in a Typical
Nights Sleep
Sleep
stages

Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0

4
Hours of sleep

Stages in a Typical
Nights Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM

Decreasing
Stage 4

25
20
15

Increasing
REM

10
5
0

Hours of sleep

Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep
Loss
fatigue
impaired
concentration
depressed
immune system
greater
vulnerability to
accidents

Sleep Deprivation
Accident
frequency

Less sleep,
more accidents

More sleep,
fewer accidents

2,800
2,700

4,200

2,600

4000

2,500

3,800

2,400

3,600

Spring time change

(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change

Fall time change

(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change

Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep

Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks

Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
momentary reawakenings

Night Terrors and

Nightmares
Night Terrors

Sleep
stages
Awake

1
2
3

REM

4
0

Hours of sleep

occur within 2
or 3 hours of
falling asleep,
usually during
Stage 4
high arousal-appearance of
being terrified

Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
persons mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering

Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings

Manifest Content
remembered story line

Latent Content
underlying meaning

Dreams
As Information Processing
helps facilitate memories

REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation

Sleep Across the

Lifespan

Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur

Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotists suggestion

Hypnosis
Unhypnotize
d persons
can
also
do this

Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to pretend
unhypnotized subjects performed the
same acts as the hypnotized ones

Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the
subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control
undesired symptoms and behaviors

Hypnosis
Dissociation
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others

Hidden Observer
Hilgards term describing a hypnotized
subjects awareness of experiences, such
as pain, that go unreported during
hypnosis

Explaining Hypnosis

Drugs and
Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters
perceptions and mood

Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms

Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and
Addiction
Big
effect

Drug
effect

Tolerance
diminishing effect
with regular use

Response to
first exposure

Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small

Large

Drug dose

discomfort and
distress that
follow
discontinued use

Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs that
distort perceptions and
evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory
input
LSD

Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the
activity of the central
nervous system, reducing
anxiety but impairing
memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily
lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing
speeded-up body functions
and associated energy and
mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and

Crash

Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA)
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
both short-term and long-term health risks

LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid

THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations

Psychoactive Drugs

Trends in Drug Use

80%
70
High school
seniors
reporting
drug use

60
50

Alcohol

40

Marijuana/
hashish

30
20
10

Cocaine

0
1975 77 79

81

83

85

87 89

Year

91 93

95

97 99

Perceived Marijuana
Risk
100%

Percent
of
twelfth
graders

Perceived great risk of

harm in marijuana use

90
80
70
60
50
40

Used marijuana

30
20
10
0
75

77

79 81 83

85

87 89 91 93

Year

95 97 99

Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death
Experience
an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a
close brush with
death
often similar to
drug-induced
hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities
that interact

Monism
the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of
the same thing