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MN:QU TRNH V THIT B

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 TI

THIT B LC
1. Thit b lc khung bn
2. Thit b lc tm
3. Thit b lc ng
Mc lc:

 Khi nim v phn loi:

Thit b lc c thit kch to nhiu dng, nhiu kiu khc nhau, ph hp vi cc iu
kin c th ring bit. Theo qu trnh lc ngi ta thng s dng thit b lc gin on v
thit b lc lin tc.
Thit b lc gin on thng s dng gm lc p khung bn v lc p loi ngn (phng),
ngoi ra cn thit b lc tm, thit b lc ng.
Thit b lc lin tc thng gm cc loi, lc ti cho h bi, cc thit b lc chn khng nh:
lc thng quay, lc a hoc lc bng ti.
Ngoi ra cn c cc my lc ly tm lm vic gin on v lin tc.
Thit b lc p (p lc):
Thit b lc p lc rt a dng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ha cht, thc
phm.Thit b lc p lc lm vic gin on ( ngha l huyn ph nhp vo lin tc, nc
tan chy ra lin tc, cn tho b theo chu k) hoc lin tc. p sut lm vic thng
khong 4-5 kp/cm2 (ti a 15kp/cm2).Cc khung lc p lc c lm t g, kim loi, hp
kim nhm, thy tinh hoc compozit. Gia cc tm lc c vch lc (thng bng vi) to
thnh bung cha b.
Loi thit b lc p lc thng dng c:

My lc khung bn

My lc tm

My lc ng

1. Thit b lc khung bn:

a) Cu to:
My lc khung bn gm mt dy cc khung v bn c cng kch thc, xp lin nhau.
Khung v bn c tay ta trn hai tanh nm ngang, gia khung v bn c vi lc. Gii hn
hai u gm tm c nh, u kia l tm di ng, di chuyn c nh tay quay. p cht
khung bn vi lc P bng c cu vt ai c c thc hin bi tay quay. Ton b thit b
lc khung bn c t trn b . L dn huyn nhp liu ca khung v bn ni lin to
thnh ng dn nh ra ghp vi hn thng cp liu. Nc lc t bn chy xung ly
ra theo van.

b) Nguyn l hot ng:

Huyn ph c a vo rnh. Kh ra, nc ra a vo rnh. Trn b mt ca bn
ngi ta x cc rnh thng ng song song nhau v hai rnh nm ngang hai u. Rnh
nm ngang bn di c thng vi van tho nc lc v nc ra. khung rng to
thnh cc phng cha cn.
Huyn ph di tc ng ca p sut c a vo rnh ri vo khong rng ca khung,
cht lng chui quavi lc sang cc rnh ca bn ri theo van ra ngoi, cn b b gi li
trong khung. ra b ngi ta ngng cho huyn ph v cho nc ra vo. Nc ra
chui qua lp vi lc, qua ton b b dy lp b ko theo cht lng cn li trong b qua
lp vi lc th hai sang bn ben cnh ri theo ng ra ngoi. Do khi ra b c mt van
ng, mt van m.
Khi ra xong ngi ta m tay quay, khung v bn tch xa nhau, b s ri xung mng
di ri ly ra ngoi.

Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lc p khung bn

c) u, nhc im:
u im:
B mt lc trn mt n v din tch sn xut ln
ng lc qu trnh lc (hiu s p sut) ln
C th kim tra quy trnh lm vic c
C th ngng khng cho mt vi bn lm vic (khi thy nc lc chy ra qua van
ca bn no b c th ta ng van li).
Nhc im:
Thao tc bng tay nhiu
Ra b cha tht tt
Vi lc nhanh b rch
d) Cng thc tnh ton:
Khi tin hnh lc ngi ta thng phi p cht cc khung bn gi p sut lc khng b
r r ra ngoi. Lc p khung bn cn t c:

P Q1 Q2
Q1- lc p sut ca huyn ph
Q2- lc p ti b mt tip xc ca khung v bn: Q2 = pt . Ft
pt p sut tip xc, thng ly pt 3 p1 , (p1 p sut lc)
F1- din tch b mt tip xc.
Thit b lc p (p lc) lm vi gin on, nn thi gian t lc bt u lc cho n khi
tho b xong gi l chu k lc, v c tnh:

k r p

(1)

, r , p - tng ng thi gian lc, thi gian ra b v cc thi gian thao tc ph ( tho b

ti sinh vi lc, lp khung bn.).

T y nng sut ca thit b:
Vs

V
q.S

k
k

V- lng nc lc thu c trong thi gian lc

(2)

Mun tng nng sut thit b lc p, cn gim thi gian ph p , do vy ngi ta ly o

hm ca nng sut Vs theo lng nc lc ring v cho bng khng ri gii ra tm c
iu kin nhn V smax
Din tch b mt lc trong thit b lc p khung bn:
S = 2n (a)2

(3)

n - s khung ca thit b
a kch thc ca khung (lng trong)
Gii phng trnh lc v tm din tch b mt S, ri theo quan h (3) tnh ra s lng
khung, trn c s chn kch thc a
S lng bn gm: (n-1) bn hai mt, bn di ng mt mt v bn c nh mt mt.
Tnh ton thit b c tin hnh theo cc bc:

 Nghin ca c tnh dch huyn ph, nhm xc nh khi lng ring pha lng, nht,
kch thc hnh dng ht pha rn, khi lng ring, nng v c tnh ca b lc v ca
huyn ph.
Trn c s ch loi vch ngn lc v quyt nh tr s p sut lc, tt nht theo s liu
thc nghim hoc theo kinh nghim sn xut. Theo tr s p sut lc bit c m ca
b lc to thnh.
Tnh cn bng vt cht theo yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut, tc l nng cho php cn
li trong nc lc.
Chn cc gii php k thut thc hin thnh cng cc yu cu ca cng ngh v s
lng v cht lng, v d: gia nhit cho huyn ph, b sung bt tr lc, lp t thm
cnh sy chng sa lng, chn phng thc to p sut.
Gii phng trnh lc, tm thi gian lc
Chn phng thc ra b v tnh thi gian ra b
Cc gii php gim thi gian thao tc ph ri quy nh p
Tnh chu k lc
Theo (2) tnh th tch nc lc, t suy ra din tch b mt lc S
Chn kch thc khung bn v theo (3) tnh s lng khung bn
B tr kt cu thit b v tnh bn cc chi tit b phn
Tnh tn tht sp sut v chn my bm vi cng sut cn thit
Thit k chi tit cc b phn
Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh lc.
e) Bi tp v d:
VD1: Xc nh thi gian lc 10 lt cht lng qua 1m 2 vi lc, nu tronh th nghim s b
c 1m2 vi lc thu c mt s lng nc lc: 1 lt trong khong 2,25 pht v 3 lt trong
khong 14,5 pht, sau khi bt u lc.
Gii:
Theo nhng s liu th nghim tm nhng hng s thc nghim K v C trong nhng
phng trnh lc : V2 + 2VC = K .

Mun vy chng ta vit ra hai phng trnh c hai n s:

12 2 1 C K .2,25
3 2 2 3 C K .14,5

T : K= 0,77 l6/m4 pht v C= 0,37 l3/m2

xc nh thi gian lc cn phi thay nhng tr s bit ca cc hng s v th tch
cht lng cho vo phng trnh lc : 102 2 10 0,37 0,77
T : = 140 pht (2 gi 20 pht).
VD 2: vi iu kin ca v d trn xc nh thi gian ra b, nu s lng nc ra l 2,4
l/m2 v qu trnh ra i theo ng ca nc lc ban u.
Gii:
Khng k s khc nhau v nht ca nc lc v ca nc ra, chng ta s tnh c
rng tc lc s bng tc ra thi gian cui. Chng ta xc nh tc lc thi
gian cui theo bi vi iu kin dng nhng s liu ca v d trn:
dV
K
0,77

0,037 m 3 / m 2 / pht
d
2(V C ) 2(10 0,37)

Thi gian ra:

n
p

Vnp
2,4

65 pht
dV
0,037
(
) np
d

VD3: Cn lc huyn ph vi my lc p loi khung bn v c 3 gi thu c 6m 3 nc

lc, qu trnh lc th nghim huyn ph bng my lc p phng th nghim vi cng
p sut v chiu dy ca lp b. Cho bit rng cc hng s lc i vi b mt my lc c
nhng tr s sau y: K 20 7 10 4 m 2 / h; C 1,45 10 2 m 3 / m 2
Xc nh kch thc cn thit ca my lc p?
Gii:
Tm nng sut 1m2 my lc p theo phng trnh lc:
V2 2 0,145 10 2 V 20,7 10 4 3

T : V

0,145 10 2

(0,145 10 2 ) 62,1 10 4

0,145 10 2 7,88 10 2 7,33 10 2 m 3 / m 2

Trong mt chu k lc, ngha l sau 3 gi.

2
Do i vi nng sut cho, cn c b mt lc: S 0,00773 77,5m

Theo sch thng k chn my lc p c thng s gn nht l S = 83 m2, c 42 khung bn

c kch thc 1000 1000mm
Ch thch :Cng c th xc nh b mt lc ny theo phng trnh dng cho tt c cc
my lc c b mt S v nng sut V1, m3 nc sau chu k lc:
V F2 2V F .SC KS 2
6 2 2 6 1,45 10 3 S 20,7 10 4 3S 2

T : S = 77,4 m2.
VD4: Cn ra tch NaCl trong my lc p trong mt thi gian bao nhiu t nng
cho php 5g/lt trong nc ra? Qu trnh ra bng nc sch. Cng ra 0,33
m3/m2.h. Chiu dy lp b 35mm.Hng s ra K= 5,0 cm3/lt. Trong thi k u ca qu
trihf ra nng NaCl trong nc ra l 143g/lt.
Gii:
0,035

; 0,33m 3 / m 2 .h

; K 520 0,001m 3 / m 2

2,3 0,035

Lc : 520 0,001 0,33 (lg 143 lg 5) 0,638 gi = 41 pht

VD5: Vi iu kin ca v d trn, tnh nng Nacl trong nc ra sau khi c 50
pht?
Gii:
Tm nng mui trong nc ra :
C 2 143e

5200 , 0010 , 3350

0 , 03560

143e 4, 08

Tnh logarit biu thc ny ta c:

lg C 2 lg 143

4,08
2,516 1,75 0,406
2,3

Do : C2 = 2,53g/lt
f) Bi tp t lm:
1. My lc p c 26 khung kch thc 62 62 cm chiu dy khung 25mm.Thi gian lc
tnh n khi y khung l 2 gi. Lng nc dng ra b bng 10% th tch cht lng.

p sut trong thi gian lc v ra b l ging nhau v khng i. Hi thi gian cn dng
ra b l bao nhiu? B ng nht, khng b p, th tch b chim 5% th tch nc
lc.Cho bit C= 0.
2.Thi gian lc 20m3 dung dch vi vi mt my lc p khung b mt 2,5 gi. Tm s b
thi gian ra b vi 2m3 nc, cho bit tc ra b hn 4 ln so vi tc lc trong
thi gian cui, khng tnh sc cn ca vi lc. nht nc lc v nc ra bng nhau.

2. Thit b lc tm:
a) Cu to:

My lc tm lm vic p sut d gm c thn hnh tr, bn trong t cc tm hnh ch

nht c gn cht vo np.Np v tm c th di ng c nh hai con ln chy trn hai

ng ray t bn trong thn hnh tr.Mi tm c ng tho v van tho nc lc. C

ca huyn ph vo, ca y khng kh.

Ngoi ra cn c thit b lc tm lm vic p sut chn khng. Loi ny dng lc

huyn ph c pha rn nh. Cu to gm nhiu tm lc lp trn mt khung , b cha
huyn ph, b ra, b tho b c vt ti tho b. Ton b khung lc treo trn con chy

b)

Nguyn l lm vic:
My lc tm lm vic p sut d:
Huyn ph c bm hay nh khng kh nn a vo thit b qua ng, khng kh trong
thng b y ra ca qua van t ng.
Khi thng cha y huyn ph th van t ng ng li, trong thng c p sut d, di
tc dng ca p sut cht lng chy qua vch lc, theo ng tho ra ngoi. Khi lp b t
n chiu di yu cu ngoi ta dng khng kh nn y huyn ph d ra ngoi. Mun ra
b ngi ta cho nc vo thng, sau dng khng kh nn y nc ra ngoi ri sy
kh b cng bng khng kh. tho b ngi ta tho np, ko tm lc ra ngoi, dng
nc ra hay khng kh tch b.
My lc tm lm vic p sut chn khng:
Khi nhng vo b huyn ph khung c ht chn khng, nc trong qua vi lc, i vo
pha trong khung ri theo ng ng dn n b phn cha, cn b bm trn vi v t
n b dy cn thit (khong 5 n 33mm), khung c a sang b ra nhng vn tip
tc ht chn khng. Sau khi ra xong chuyn khung sang tho b bng khng kh
hoc cht lng.
c) u nhc im:

 u im:
Tn t nc ra
Vi lc t b hao mn
Nng sut cao
Nhc im:
Gi thnh thit b cao
Kh kim tra b dy b
Kh thay vi lc.

3. My lc ng
a) Cu to:
Gm cc hnh ng tr xp, y kn. Bn trong c lng khung thp c g v l. ng lc
c lm bng thch anh, thy tinh hay snh s xp.
b) Nguyn l hot ng:
Huyn ph vo ca cha y trong my lc. p sut khong 8 at, nc lc thm qua
tng xp ca ng tr theo l chy vo rnh ri ra ngoi. Phn huyn ph cn d i qua
rnh khc ca ng kim loi ri theo ca tr v b cha. khi lp b t n b dy quy
nh th ngng cung cp huyn ph, ri dng khng kh nn y huyn ph d ra ca
huyn ph vo.
Mun ra b ngi ta cho nc ra vo ca huyn ph vo , nc ra i nh nc lc.
Sau khi ra sy kh bng khng kh hoc kh nn cng cho vo ca v theo rnh ra ngoi.
tho b ngi ta dng khng kh thi vo rnh, b s ti ra v ri xung.
Theo nh k ngi ta phi lm sch cc l trong ng bng cch ra chng bng dung
mi thch hp hoc bng cch thi khng kh nn vo.
My lc loi ny thng c din tch lc t 0,01 n 52 m 2, xp t 40%, chiu di
ng lc 2 m, s ng t 1 n 69 ng. B dy lp b khi lc 1 ng t 40 n 60 mm v
lc nhiu ng t khong 15 n 20 mm.
c) u, nhc im:

 u im:
Gn gng
Lm vic chc chn
Ra v sy b n gin
C th lc c cc huyn ph n mn ha hc
Lc sch
C th t ng ha qu trnh
Nhc im:
L mao qun ca cc ng d b bt kn bi cc ht
Khng quan st c qu trnh lc.