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Department of Physics,
Federal University of Technology,
Minna, NG
Nigeria
PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM
MECHANICS
BY R. SHANKAR
SECOND EDITION
SOLUTIONS
COMPILED BY YEMI BUKKY (jjbukky@yahoo.com)
Department of Physics,
Federal University of Technology, Minna, NG
Nigeria
+2348057474928
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Physics 710-712
Problem Set 4
Problem 1: Do exercise 2.5.3 of the text.
Solution: The problem asks us to get the equations of motion using the Hamiltonian method
for the system shown in Figure 1.5 (p. 46) of the text. Using x1 and x2 shown there as
the generalized coordinates, the kinetic energy and potential energy are
T =
m 2 m 2
x + x 2 ,
2 1
2
V =
k 2 k
k
x + (x1 x2 )2 + x22 ,
2 1 2
2
p2
T
L
=
= mx 1 ,
x 1
x 1
L
T
=
= mx 2 ,
x 2
x 2
p1
,
m
p2
x 2 = ,
m
x 1 =
so the Hamiltonian is
H=T +V =
p2
k
k
k
p21
+ 2 + x21 + (x1 x2 )2 + x22 ,
2m 2m 2
2
2
x 2
H
p1
= ,
p1
m
p2
H
= ,
p2
m
H
= 2kx1 + kx2 ,
x1
H
=
= 2kx2 + kx1 .
x2
p1 =
p2
(i):
X
X qi qj
qi qj
qi
qj
{qi , qj } :=
=
0 0
=0
qk pk
pk qk
qk
qk
k
k
X
X pi pj
pi pj
pj
pi
=
0
0 = 0
{pi , pj } :=
qk pk
pk qk
pk
pk
k
k
X
X qi pj
qi pj
{qi , pj } :=
=
(ik jk 00) = ij ,
qk pk
pk qk
k
and
X
X qi H
qi H
H
H
H
{qi , H} :=
=
ik
0
=
= qi ,
qk pk
pk qk
pk
qk
pi
k
k
X
X pi H
pi H
H
H
H
{pi , H} :=
=
0
ik
=
= pi ,
qk pk
pk qk
pk
qk
qi
k
34
If a = b, H has a
symmetry under simultaneous rotations in the x-y and px -py planes, under which `z (the
generator) is conserved. Therefore {`z , H} = 0.
We check this as follows:
X `z H
`z H
`z H
`z H
`z H
`z H
{`z , H} =
.
qk pk
pk qk
x px
y py
px x
py y
k
But
H
= 2pk ,
pk
`z
(xpy ypx )
`z
`z
=
=
,
= (y , x) ,
pk
pk
px
py
H
H
H
=
,
= (2ax , 2by) ,
xk
x
y
`z
`z
`z
=
,
= (py , px ) ,
qk
x
y
so
{`z , H} = py 2px + (px )2py (y)2ax x2by = 2xy(a b)
which vanishes if a = b.
g
= 0,
x1
g
p2 =
= 0.
x2
p1 =
x1 = +
p1 = p1 ,
x
2 = x2 + ,
p2 = p2 ,
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Physics 710-711-712
Problem Set 5
Problem 1: Do exercise 4.2.1 of the text.
(1)
The possible outcomes are Lz = {1, 0, 1}, which are the eigenvalues of Lz .
Solution:
(2)
Lz |i = 1 |i implies
Solution:
1
|i = 0 .
0
(Note that I have normalized |i!)
Then
0 1 0
1
0
1
1
hLx i = h|Lx |i = 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 = 1 0 0 1 = 0.
2
2
0 1 0
0
0
0 1 0
0 1 0
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
hLx i = h|Lx |i = 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 = .
1 0 1
1 0 1
0 =
2
2
2
0 1 0
0 1 0
0
0
s
q
1
1
2
Lx =
hL2x i hLx i =
02 = .
2
2
(3)
Solution:
0
12
0 = det(Lx ) = det 12 12 = 3 ,
1
0
{1, 0, 1}.
12
a + b2
0 a
0 = (Lx )|i = 12 12 b = a2 b + c2
1
b a
c
0
2
2
where we have parameterized the components
of |i by (a b c). For = 1, we can solve
a
| = 1i = 2a ,
a
1 = h = 1| = 1i = a
52
2a
a 2a = 4|a|2 ,
a
a=
1
2
1
1
| = 0i = 0 ,
| = 1i = 2 ,
2
2
1
1
1
| = 1i = 2 .
2
1
(4)
Solution: The possible outcomes are Lx = {1, 0, 1}, which are the eigenvalues of Lx .
|i is the normalized eigenstate of Lz with eigenvalue Lz = 1, which is
0
|i = 0 .
1
So (here P stands for "probability of"):
2
0
1
P(Lx = 1)
1 0 = ,
4
1
2
0
1
1
2
P(Lx = 0) = |h = 0|i| = 1 0 1 0 = ,
2
2
1
2
0
1
1
2
P(Lx = 1) = |h = 1|i| = 1 2 1 0 = .
2
4
1
1
= |h = 1|i| = 1
2
2
2
(5)
Solution:
1
L2z = 0
1
An eigenbasis of the L2z = 1 eigenspace is {|ai, |bi} with
1
0
|ai = 0 ,
|bi = 0 .
0
1
Therefore, upon measuring L2z = 1, the state collapses to
|i | 0 i =
(|aiha| + |bihb|)|i
.
|(|aiha| + |bihb|)|i|
But
1
[|aiha| + |bihb|] |i =
0 1
0
0
0 + 0 0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
= 0
+ 0 =
1
1
0 ,
2
2
2
2
0
1
2
2
53
has norm
v
u
u
u1
t 1
2
1
1
3
=
,
0
2
0
2
2
2
so
1
1
1
1
1
0 = 0 .
| 0 i =
3/2 2
3
2
2
The probability of L2z = +1 is
P(L2z = 1)
= 1 0 0
1 + 0 0 1 1 = + = .
2
2
4
2
4
2
2
If we measured Lz the posible outcomes are the eigenvalues Lz , {0, 1}, with probabilities
2
0 2
1
1
1
P(Lz = 1) =
1 0 0 | i = 1 0 0 0 = .
3
3
2
P(Lz = 0)
= 0
P(Lz = 1)
= 0
0 2 1
0 | i = 0
3
0 2 1
1 | i = 0
3
2
1
0 0 = 0.
2
2
1
2
1 0 = .
3
2
(6)
Solution:
In the Lz eigenbasis
1
|Lz = 1i = 0 ,
0
0
|Lz = 0i = 1 ,
0
0
|Lz = 1i = 0 ,
1
|i = b .
c
Then
1
P(Lz = 1) =
4
P(Lz = 1) =
1
2
P(Lz = 1) =
1
4
2
a
b = |a|2 ,
0 0
c
2
a
2
= |hLz = 0|i| = 0 1 0 b = |b|2 ,
c
2
a
2
= |hLz = 1|i| = 0 0 1
b = |c|2 .
c
2
= |hLz = 1|i| = 1
54
1
b = ei2 ,
2
1 i1
e ,
2
c=
1 i3
e ,
2
P(Lx = 0)
i1 2
i
2
e 1
1 e i
ei3
2 =
0 1
2e
2 2 2 2
2
ei3
1
1 ei(3 1 ) ei(3 1 ) + 1
ei3 =
8
1
2
= |h = 0|i| = 1
2
=
=
1 i1
e ei3 ei1
8
1
(1 cos(3 1 )) ,
4
hP i = h|P |i =
dxh|xihx|P |i
Z
Z
d(x)
d
(x) = i~
dx (x)
=
dx (x) i~
dx
dx
Z
i~
i~
d
=
(x)2 = 2 = 0
dx
2 dx
2
if 0 as |x| .
Alternatively, use the k-basis:
Z
Z
hP i = h|P |i =
dkh|kihk|P |i =
But
1
(k) =
2
dx eikx (x),
So
Z
hP i =
dk ~k (k)(k) =
dk ~k (k)(k).
1
(k) = hk|i =
dx hk|xihx|i =
2
therefore
dk ~k h|kihk|i =
dk ~k(k)(k).
and so hP i = 0.
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E Z
d ip0 x/~
dx eip0 x/~ (x) (i~)
dx heip0 x/~ |xihx|P eip0 x/~ =
e
(x)
dx
Z
ip
d
0 ip0 x/~
= i~
dx (x)eip0 x/~
e
(x) + eip0 x/~
~
dx
Z
Z
d
dx (x)
dx (x) p0 (x) i~
=
dx
Z
Z
dx h|xihx|P |i = p0 h|i + h|P |i = p0 + hP i.
dx h|xihx|i +
= p0
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Problem 2
In[3]:=
yHxL2
0.5
0.4
0.3
Out[4]=
0.2
0.1
-20
-10
x
10
20
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Physics 710-711-712
December 4, 2009
Problem Set 7
Problem 1: Exercise 5.3.1
The Hamiltonian is
1 2
P + Vr (X) iVi
2m
where Vr is a real function and Vi a real constant. Therefore
H=
H =
1 2
1
(P )2 + Vr (X ) (i) Vi =
P + Vr (X) + iVi 6= H,
2m
2m
so H is not Hermitian.
Derivation of the continuity equation. Schrodingers equation and its complex conjugate in this case read
~2 2
=
+ Vr iVi ,
t
2m
~2 2
i~
=
+ Vr + iVi .
t
2m
i~
Multiplying the first by and teh second by and taking the difference, then dividing
by i~ gives
P
~ ~j 2 Vi P,
=
t
~
~ )/(2mi)
~
where, as before, P = ||2 and ~j = ~(
are the probability density
~ ~j term vanishes (by
and current, respectively. Integrating this over all space, the
the divergence theorem, since we assume ~j 0 at infinity), giving
2
dP
= Vi P,
dt
~
R
where P = d3 xP is the total probability. (I can pull Vi out of the integral since it is
assumed constant in the problem.) Integrating this differential equation gives
P(t) = P(0) e2Vi t/~ .
83
~
[ 0 ( )0 ]
2mi
~ ixp/~
(A e
+ B eixp/~ )(Aeixp/~ + Beixp/~ )0
2mi
(Aeixp/~ + Beixp/~ )(A eixp/~ + B eixp/~ )0
1 ixp/~
(A e
+ B eixp/~ )(ipAeixp/~ ipBeixp/~ )
2mi
(Aeixp/~ + Beixp/~ )(ipA eixp/~ + ipB eixp/~ )
p 2
|A| + AB e2ixp/~ A Be2ixp/~ |B|2
2m
+ |A|2 + A Be2ixp/~ AB e2ixp/~ |B|2
p 2
|A| |B|2 .
m
~2 00
+ V0 a(x) = E.
2m
(1)
Since the potential has an infinite jump in it, will be continuous, but 0 may
have a finite jump. To see how big the 0 jump is, integrate (1) from x = to
x = + to get
Z
~2 0
0
[ () ()] + V0 a(0) = E
dx .
2m
In the limit as 0, the right hand side vanishes since is continuous, from
which we learn that
0
0
(0) <
(0) = (2maV0 /~2 )(0).
>
Applying this boundary condition along with continuity of to < and >
gives the two conditions
A+B = C
ikC ikA + ikB = (2maV0 /~2 )C.
84
Dividing through by A, and solving for B/A and C/A gives B/A = maV0 /(ik~2
maV0 ) and C/A = ik~2 /(ik~2 maV0 ). Since R = |B/A|2 and T = |C/A|2 , we
get
k 2 ~4
m2 a2 V02
,
T
=
.
R= 2 4
k ~ + m2 a2 V02
k 2 ~4 + m2 a2 V02
(b) Call x < a region I, |x| < a region II, and x > a region III. Then solving for the
energy eigenstates, ~ 00 = 2m(E V (x)), of energy 0 < E V0 in each region
ikx
x
gives I = Ae
+ Beikx , II = Ce
+ Dex , and III = Eeikx + F eikx ,
p
with ~ = 2m(V0 E) and ~k = 2mE. Scattering boundary conditions
means we set F = 0 (no incoming particles from x = +). The incoming wave
has amplitude A, the reflected has amplitude B, the transmitted amplitude E.
Therefore R = |B/A|2 and T = |E/A|2 , so we only need to solve for B/A and
E/A.
The boundary conditions at x = a are that and 0 are continuous, implying
Aeika + Beika
ikAeika ikBeika
Eeika
ikEeika
=
=
=
=
Cea + Dea ,
Cea + Dea ,
Cea + Dea ,
Cea + Dea .
(e4a 1)2 (k 2 + 2 )2
,
(e4a 1)2 (k 2 2 )2 + 4(e4a + 1)2 k 2 2
and T = 1 R.
85
Physics 711
Problem Set 8
Problem 1: Exercise 7.3.1
P
n
00
2
Plug the power series expansion =
n=0 cn y into the equation +(2y ) = 0
to get
X
cn n(n 1)y n2 + (2 y 2 )y n = 0.
n=0
n=0
cn2
2cn
(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)
for all n 0.
1 2
m 2 2 00
p (p)
~ (p) = E(p).
2m
2
Compare this to the position-basis equation
m 2 2
1 2 00
x (x)
~ (x) = E(x).
2
2m
These are the same equations with the substitutions x p and m 1/(m 2 ).
86
dx n (x)xn (x)
hn|X|ni =
Z
=
d
dx n (x)(i~) n (x)
dx
i~
= n2 = 0
2
Z
h1|X |1i =
= 0
hn|P |ni =
dx 1 x2 1 =
Z
2 m 3/2
Z
= (i~)
dx n n0
i~
=
2
dx (n2 )0
since n 0 as |x| .
m 1/2 Z
4~
dx x
2x
m 1/2 2
2 /~
emx
2 m 3/2 3 m 5/2
=
4
~
~
=
dx x4 emx /~
~
3~
=
.
2m
Z
m 3/2 Z
00
2
2
2
2 00
2 2
h1|P |1i =
dx 1 (i~) 1 = ~
dx xemx /2~ xemx /2~
~
Z
h m
i
3/2
m
m
2
2
dx x2
x2 3 emx /~
= ~2
~
~
~
2 m 5/2
3 m 3/2
3m~
.
= ~2
(1)
=
4
~
2
~
= h0|X |0i =
= h0|P |0i = ~
X P =
2 mx2 /~
dx x e
m 1/2 m 3/2
~
=
=
.
~
2
~
2m
Z
00
m
2
2
dx emx /2~ emx /2~
~
m 3/2 Z m
2
2
dx
x 1 emx /~
~
~
m 3/2
m~
m 1/2
(1)
=
.
~
2
~
2
~2
2
~
=
m
~
r
~
m~
~
= .
2m
2
2
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Physics 828
Shankar 12.3.7
(1) The two-dimensional harmonic oscillator is obviously invariant under rotations
about the z-axis: the magnitude of the position and momenta are unaltered by rotations around the z-axis. Therefore, the Hamiltonian commutes with the generator of
rotations about the z-axis, Lz .
(2) So we write (, ) = eim REm () where m is an integer, positive or negative.
In two dimensions since we know the Laplacian we have
h
2
1 0
00
REm
+ REm
2
1
h
m2
+ 2 2
2
2
2
REm () = EREm .
For small assuming that REm () k (derivatives decrease the power by unity
increasing its importance for small etc.) we can neglect the potential energy term
and the constant term on the right-hand side. Thus we have
00
REm
+
0
m2
REm
2 REm [k(k 1) + k] = m2 k 2 = m2 .
R
0
2
d REm
() to be finite at the lower
(3) For large , terms with inverse powers of including the centrifugal term and
also the constant term on the right-hand side can be neglected. So we have
2 2 2
REm ;
h
2
this is identical to the one-dimensional oscillator equation. See the careful analysis on
page 191. Up to powers of the solution is1
00
REm
=
REm () e 2h .
So we write as instructed
1
2
2 2
00
e 2h and REm
1 +
e 2h .
=
h
h
h
00
Thus we can neglect the constant term in R and recover the solution. One can use this to check
that terms we have neglected are indeed small compared to the terms we have retained. When you
neglect terms it is a good idea to substitute the solution you have obtained and check that the terms
you have neglected are indeed smaller.
0
REm
=
185
REm () = Um () |m| e 2h .
(4) Use the dimensionless variable = hE and y 2 =
equation by h
we have dropping the annoying subscripts
"
d2
1 d
m2
+
dy 2
y dy
y2
2
.
h
1
+ y 2 R(y) = R(y) .
2
(5) We do the substitution and do elementary calculus and obtain the result given:
"
00
U +
2|m| + 1
y
2y U 0 + (2 2|m| 2) U = 0 .
r
r
(6) We substitute U (y) =
r=0 Cr y and collect the coefficient of y . The second
derivative reduces the power by two and so we use the Cr+2 term etc.
This implies that U (y) grows as ey which overwhelms the ey /2 in R pushing it out
of the Hilbert space. So the series must terminate. Thus the boundary condition at
infinity leads as usual to energy quantization.
What about the odd terms? A series only with odd terms (set C0 = 0 so that all even
terms vanish) is inconsistent since then U (y) y for small y and thus R() |m|+1
inconsistent with our earlier result in (2). This appears to be suggested as an argument. What if one starts with C0 and C1 non-zero? Substituting into the equation for
U we find that the (1/y)(dU/dy) leads to the term C1 /y and there is no other source
of y 1 terms. Thus C1 = 0 and therefore, all odd terms vanish.
186
h
2 00
R = ER(r) .
2m
2
(c) Clearly the R00 term and the energy term cancel for all r. If the equation is
valid for all r we must have
h
2 2 0
R + V (r) R(r) = 0 .
2m r
Substituting R(r) = er/a0 we obtain
h
2
h
2
+ V (r) = 0 V (r) =
.
ma0 r
ma0 r
Shankar 13.1.1 and 13.1.3 You should be able to fill in the steps. Here are some
steps dropping some subscripts for notational simplicty.
v =
Ck k+`+1 .
k=0
187
Substituting into
00
v 2v +
`(` + 1)
e2
v = 0
(1)
we extract the coefficient of k+l carefully. Since two derivatives reduce the power of
by two we should start from the term with k+`+2 with coefficient Ck+1 for the first
term and similarly for the last term. For the second and third terms which reduce the
power of by unity we can start with the k+`+1 term with coefficient Ck . Thus we
have
(k + ` + 2)(k + ` + 1)Ck+1 2(k + ` + 1)Ck + e2 Ck `(` + 1)Ck+1 = 0
which yields
Since 2 =
q 2 + 2(k + ` + 1)
Ck+1
=
Ck
(k + ` + 2)(k + ` + 1) `(` + 1)
2m
2W
h
(2)
(3)
2me2
= 4(k + ` + 1)2 .
2
h
E
d2 L
dL
+ [2(` + 1) z]
(` + 1 n)L = 0 .
2
dz
dz
We know (with a good mathematical methods course) that the general solution to
zw00 + (c z) w0 aw = 0
is given by the confluent hypergeometric function w = 1 F1 (a; c; z). Thus we find that
the solution L() is 1 F1 (`+1n; 2`+2; 2) . The particular terminating (for integer n)
4
188
me2
r
2mW
r
=
2
2 r =
2a0
h
h
U (r)
r
= C e 2a0 r
r
q
3
cos from 12.5.39 which is
where C is an overall constant. We know that Y10 = 4
r/(2a0 )
normalized. So all we need is that Ce
r is notmalized when integrated over the
radial coordinate. We have
Z
0
ar
dr r2 r2 e
= C 2 24 a50 .
1
Thus C = 24a
3 1/a0 and including the normalization from the spherical harmonic
0
yields the quoted answer.
Shankar 13.5
Since we are asked to compute hi for stationary states |n`mi its time derivative
vanishes. Thus we have h[, H]i = 0 by Ehrenfests theorem. So we compute the
~ P~ as ordered. We calculate (using the summation convention)
commutator for = R
Pi Pi
Rj P j ,
2m
Pi Pi
P~ P~
= Rj ,
Pj = 2ih
= 2ih T .
2m
2m
We have used
[Rj , Pi Pi ] = Pi [Rj , Pi ] + [Rj , Pi ]Pi = 2ih Pj .
We consider the potential energy term next:
189
d
V (R) .
i
h
dRj
Note that [Pi , V (R)] can be evaluated in the coordinate representation (in Cartesian
coordinates) by acting on a function f (r):
~ V.
~
[Pi , V (r)]f (r) = i
h
V (r)f (r) V (r)
V (r)f (r) = ih
V (r) = i
hR
ri
ri
ri
Thus we can write formally [Pi , V (R)] = ihV (R)/Ri . So we need to evaluate
~ V
~ (R). In the coordinate representation using spherical coordinates for central
R
potentials this is just rV 0 (r). For the Coulomb potential we obtain V (r) and including
the factor of ih we obtain ih V (r). Substituting into the basic relation we have
h2T + V i = 0
as asserted. If V (R) Rn , rV 0 (r) = nV and thus we obtain hT i =
190
n
2
hV i.
Physics 710
Problem Set 15
Problem 12.6.1: E = Aer/a0 .
(1) No (, )-dependence implies E Y00 , so we must have ` = 0 and m = 0.
(2) Therefore E = RE,`=0 = 1r UE,0 which satisfies eqn. (12.6.5) with ` = 0:
(rE )00 +
2
[E V (r)](rE ) = 0.
~2
(1)
~2
.
a0 r
Problem 12.6.4:
R
(1) 3 (r r0 ) is defined by the property that d3 r 3 (r r0 )f (r) = f (r0 ). So simply
check:
Z
1
r2 dr sin dd 2
(r r0 )( 0 )( 0 )f (r, , )
r sin
Z
= drdd(r r0 )( 0 )( 0 )f (r, , ) = f (r0 , 0 , 0 ).
1
(2) If r 6= 0 then 2 ( 1r ) = r12 r
(r2 r
( r ))+(angular parts) = r12 r
(r2 ( 1
)) = r12 r
(1) =
r2
0. When r = 0 the above calculation breaks down since terms are singular
So consider an Rarbitrary
R 3there.
R continuous function f (r) and the integral
d x2 ( 1r )f (r) = lim0 0 r2 dr d2 ( 1r )f (r), since 2 ( 1r ) = 0 for r > 0.
Then, integrating by parts we get
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1
3
2
2
~
~
~
~
d x
f (r) = lim
r dr d f (r)
f (r)
.
0 0
r
r
r
191
~ = rb + b1 + b 1 , implying
Now recall that in spherical coordinates
r
r
r sin
~
r/r2 , so
that (1/r)
= rb (1/r) = b
r
Z
Z
Z
1
1
f
2
3
2
~ b
~
r dr d
f = lim
r 2 + rbf
.
d x
0 0
r
r
r2
~ = (f /r)|r=0 =
The second term on the right side vanishes, because as 0, rbf
const., so:
Z
Z
Z
Z
1
1
2
2
~
lim
r dr d rbf 2 = const. lim
r dr d 2 = const. lim 4 = 0.
0 0
0 0
0
r
r
Therefore,
Z
Z
Z
Z
f
f
1
2
2
3
2
~ b
r 2
r dr d
r 2 = lim dr rb b
f = lim
d x
0 0
0
r
r
r
r=
Z
Z
= lim d f |r= = f (0) lim
d = f (0) lim 4
0
0
0
= 4f (0).
R 3
~ g =
In
the
second
step
I
used
the
divergence
theorem
which
states
d x~
R
R
2
d an
b~g where R is any region, R is its boundary, n
b is the normal unit vector
R
2
to R (pointing out of R) and d a is the surface area element. In our case
R = {r < }, d2 a = d, n
b = rb, and ~g = b
rR(f /r2 ). Thus we have shown that
2 (1/r) = 0 for r 6= 0 and for any f (~r) that d3 x2 (1/r)f = 4f (0). This is
the definition of the delta function, so
1
2
= 4 3 (r).
r
Problem 12.6.9: Since ` = 0, = R(r)Y00 (, ) = R(r). So the radial equation
becomes, with (r) = (1/r)U (r),
r
2
d
2(E + V0 )
2
+
k
U
=
0
r
r
,
k
,
in
0
dr2
~2
r
2
d
2E
2 Uout = 0
r r0 ,
,
2
dr
~2
where k and are defined to be the positive root. The solutions of these equations are
e cos kr,
Uin = A sin kr + A
e +r .
Uout = Ber + Be
192
e = 0, and Uout 0
The boundary conditions are that Uin 0 at r = 0, implying A
e
at r = , implying that B = 0. The matching conditions at r = r0 are the continuity
of and its first derivative:
in = out
0
0
in
= out
(2)
(3)
d
[(A/r) sin kr
dr
(4)
A
B r0
Ak
B
= 0.
sin kr0 +
cos kr0 + 2 er0 +
e
2
r0
r0
r0
r0
Plugging (4) into this gives (Ak/r0 ) cos kr0 + (A/r0 ) sin kr0 = 0, or
tan kr0 =
k
,
(5)
193
194
195
196
197
Physics 710-712
April 2, 2010
Problem Set 16
Problem 13.3.1: To say the pion has a range of ' 105 angstroms is to say that
a single pion can be localized on this scale: X . From the uncertainty principle
X P & ~, we then deduce P & ~/. Since we assume is the smallest scale
on which we can localize the pion, it is plausible that the inequality is saturated, so
P P ~/. The relation between the energy and momentum is (from special
relativity) E 2 = m2 c4 + c2 P 2 m2 c4 + c2 ~2 /2 . Now, for the notion of a single
2
pion to exist, we must have E . 2mc
. (See discussion in text on p. 363). So
4m2 c4 & m2 c4 + c2 ~2 /2 , or mc2 & c~/( 3). Again, since is the smallest scale, it is
plausible that the inequality is saturated, giving
2000 eV A
c~
mc
100 MeV.
3
1.7 105 A
2
2~c
2~c
2~
2(2000 eV A)
2
=
=
'1A.
=
'p
=
A
p
pc
10
(0.5 106 eV)(200 eV)
2mc2 T
Problem 13.3.3: Recalling En = Ry/n2 ' 13eV/n2 , we have
P (n = 2)
5
= 4e(E2 E1 )/kT = 4e[(1/4)(1)]13 eV/(kB T ) ' 4e10 /(T /K)
P (n = 1)
where I used (kB /eV) 9 105 K1 . So it is clear that we need T & 105 K so that
the exponent is not very small. For example, if T = 6000 K, then
P (n = 2)
5
' 4e10 /(6000) ' 4e16 2 107 1.
P (n = 1)
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
Physics 710-712
Problem Set 21
Problem 17.2.1: With H 0 =
p
X = ~/(2m)(a + a ), we have:
(1):
En1 = hn|H 1 |ni =
1
P2
2m
~2
hn|(a + a )4 |ni
4m2 2
~2
hn|(a2 a2 + aa aa + a a2 a + aa2 a + a aa a + a2 a2 )|ni
4m2 2
~2
=
hn|(6a2 a2 12aa + 3)|ni
4m2 2
~2
{6hn + 2|(n + 1)(n + 2)|n + 2i 12hn + 1|(n + 1)|n + 1i + 3hn|ni}
=
4m2 2
~2
3~2
=
{6(n
+
1)(n
+
2)
12(n
+
1)
+
3}
=
(2n2 + 2n + 1),
4m2 2
4m2 2
=
where in the first line we dropped the zero superscripts from the unperturbed eigenstates; in the second line we kept only terms with equal numbers of as
and a s; in the
third line we used [a, a ] = 1; and in the fourth line we used a |ni = n + 1|n + 1i.
(2): For any finite value of , as n gets large
~2 n2 /(m2 2 )
En1
~
n2 2 3 1.
E
~
m
Physically, at large x, no matter how small is,
V (x) =
m 2 2
x + x4 x4
2
for 6= 0.
~ = S
~B
~ = H 0 + H 1 with H 0 = B0 Sz and
Problem 17.2.2: H = ~B
1
0
0
H = BSx . The H eigenvalues are E = B0 ~/2 with eigenstates |i0 , the Sz
eigenstates. Then
E1 = h|0 H 1 |i0 = Bh|0 Sx |i0 =
B
h|0 (S+ + S )|i0 = 0,
2
and
|h|0 H 1 |i0 |2
2 B 2 |h|0 (S+ + S )|i0 |2
=
0
E0 Em
E0 E0
4
B0 ~
m
q
B 2
B 2
~B 2
=
|h|0 S |i0 |2 =
|h|0 ~ ( 12 ( 12 ))( 32 ( 12 ))|i0 |2 =
,
4B0 ~
4B0 ~
4B0
E2 =
X0 |h|0 H 1 |mi0 |2
261
and
|i0 =
|i0 ,
0
0
E E
2
B0 ~
2B0
where we used that h|0 S |i0 = ~, as computed in the previous equation. Therefore
B0 ~
B2
B0 ~ B 2 ~
0
1
2
3
,
=
1+
E = E + E + E + O(B ) =
2
4B0
2
2B02
and
B
|i0 .
2B0
p
~ where
bS,
Now compare to the
exact
answer.
H
=
(B
B02 + B 2 n
0 Sz + BSx ) =
p
2
2
~ are ~/2 with eigenvectors |i
n
b = (B0 b
k + Bb)/ B0 + B . The eigenvalues of n
b S
with
|i = |i0 + |i1 + O(B 2 ) = |i0
|i = sin e
i/2
|+i + cos e
i/2
(1)
0
|i ,
1 + cos
=
2
1 + nz
=
2
1 cos
=
2
1 nz
2
cos 2 =
sin
sp
B02 + B 2 + B0
p
= 1 + O(B 2 ),
2
2
2 B0 + B
sp
B02 + B 2 B0
B
p
=
+ O(B 3 ),
=
2
2
2B0
2 B0 + B
and = 0, since n
b is in the x-z plane. This implies
|i = |i0
B
|i0 + O(B 2 ),
2B0
in agreement with the perturbation theory result. Similarly, the exact eigenvalues are
~
E =
2
1/2
q
~B0
B2
~B0
B2
4
2
2
B0 + B =
1+ 2
=
1+
+ O(B ) ,
2
B0
2
2B02
262
Problem 17.3.2: H = ASz2 + B(Sx2 Sy2 ) on the spin-1 Hilbert space. In the Sz
basis, |mi (m = 1, 0), we have
0 1 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
i~
~
Sy = 1 0 1
S z = ~ 0 0 0 ,
Sx = 1 0 1 ,
2 0 1 0
2 0 1
0
0 0 1
(see p. 328 of the text). This implies
A 0 B
H = ~2 0 0 0 .
B 0 A
(2)
Clearly
0
|mi = |0i = 1
0
is the eigenvector with E = 0. So we only need to look at the |mi = |1i subspace
where H = H 0 + H 1 with
1 0
0 1
0
2
1
2
H =~ A
,
H =~ B
on the |mi = {|1i} subspace.
0 1
1 0
H 0 is degenerate: H 0 |mi = ~2 A|mi for m = 1. The basis stable under H 1 is the one
which diagonalizes H 1 . Since
0 1
1
1
0 1
1
1
=
and
=
,
1 0
1
1
1 0
1
1
the eigenvectors of H 1 are
1 1 (|1i + |1i)
2
1 1 (|1i |1i) .
2
To order O(B), the energy shifts of 1 and 1 are
1
0 1
1
1 1
1
2
= ~2 B,
E1 = 1 H 1 = ~ B 1 1
1 0
1
2
2
0 1
1
1
1
1
= ~2 B.
E1
= 1H 1 1 = ~2 B 1 1
1 0
1
2
2
and
E1 = ~2 (A B),
E0 = 0.
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
Physics 710-712
Problem Set 22
Problem 18.2.2: To first order, the amplitude d2`m () for the atom to be in the
|n = 2, `, mi state is
Z
i
2
2
h2`m|(eEZ)|100iet / ei21 t dt
d2`m () =
~
~ = eZEet2 / 2 . Here 21 = (E2 E1 )/~, which from
since the potential H 1 (t) = ~E
now on well just call . So we need to evaluate h2`m|Z|100i. Z is a component
of a vector irreducible tensor operator, Z = T10 , so by angular momentum selection
rules, only the h210|Z|100i matrix element is non-vanishing. This matrix element is
easily evaluated using the wave functions for the the |210i and |100i states, and that
Z = r cos :
1/2
1/2
Z
Z
1
r r/2a0
1
2
er/a0
r dr d 5 3
e
cos (r cos )
h210|Z|100i =
3
2
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
Z
Z 1
1
dr r4 e3r/2a0 5/2 4
d(cos ) cos2
= 2
2 a0
0
1
5 Z
2 2a0
1
= 2
d 4 e 5/2 4 = 215/2 35 a0 .
3
3
2 a0
0
Therefore
Z
i
2
2
15/2 5
d2`m () = `1 m0
eE2 3 a0
et / eit dt
~
ieE
2 2
= `1 m0
215/2 35 a0 2 e /2 ,
~
279
the typical velocity of an electron bound in the hydrogen atom is vs /c = , the fine
structure constant. Therefore, T , and the sudden approximation is appropriate.
In the sudden approximation, right after emission the 1s electron will be in the same
state, the |100i(Z=1) state of hydrogen. Therefore, the amplitude for the electron to be
in the |100i(Z=2) state of (He3 )+ is given by the overlap
Z
(Z=2) h100|100i(Z=1)
Z3
a30
1/2
rZ/a0
r dr d
e
Z
23/2 2 3r/a0
27/2
= 4 3
r dre
=
a0 0
a30
1/2
1
er/a0
a30
a 3 Z
0
2 de = 29/2 33 ,
3
0
where in the first line Z = 2 and I used the fact that under changing the hydrogen
nucleus charge from 1 to Z, all that changes is a0 a0 /Z.
Finally, (Z=2) h16, 3, 0|100i(Z=1) = 0 since ` = 3 states are orthogonal to ` = 0 ones
(and the radial part, and therefore Z, does not affect this).
280
281
282
283
284
0( r , t ) = c (r , t )dt
gives 1( r , t ) = 0 and A1(r , t ) = A 0 0
Solution:
(2)
(1.1)
1 i A1(r , t ) 3
d r
4 r r
(1.2)
then i A 2 (r , t ) = 0 .
Solution:
A2 (r , t ) = A1 (r , t ) +
d r
4
r r
(1.3)
Note that the integrand is the gradient of a scalar function, which produces a vector. If
we now take the divergence of this, we get
i A1 (r , t ) 3
1
i A2 (r , t ) = i A1 (r , t ) +
2
(1.4)
d r
4
r r
Since the only r-dependence in the integrand comes from the denominator, we can use
the identity
2 (1/ r r ) = 4 3 ( r r )
(1.5)
Substituting this into (1.4) and doing the integrals over d 3r gives
1
i A2 (r , t ) = i A1 (r , t ) +
[ 4i A1 (r , t )]r=r = i A1 (r , t ) i A1 (r , t ) = 0
4
(3)
(1.6)
Solution:
2 (r , t ) = 1 +
1
1 i A1 (r , t ) 3
= 1
d r
c t
4 c t r r
285
(1.7)
A (r , t )
i 0
+ c0 ( r , t )
1
1
t
d 3 r
= 0
2 (r , t ) = 1 +
4 c t
c t
r r
(1.8)
1 i cE0 ( r , t ) 3
=
d r
4 c t
r r
If we are in free space, so = 0 (a condition that was implied but not explicitly stated),
then Maxwells first equation tells us that the numerator of the integrand is zero; so
2 (r , t ) = 0 .
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
Shankar 20.1.1
Derive the continuity equation
P
+j =0
t
where P = and j = c
The Dirac equation takes the equivalent forms
|i
= c P + mc2 |i
t
i
= c mc2
t
~
i~
c +
i
mc2
~
P
=
+
t
t
t
= c + ( )
j = c +
1
317
2
Show that the probability current j of the previous exercise reduces in the nonrelativistic limit to Eq.(5.3.8) [which is the same as Sakurai Eq.(2.4.16)].
0
function =
in terms of its relativistic and non-relativistic components,
and respectively.
0
j = c
(0.1)
0
= c +
(0.2)
In the non-relativistic limit (20.2.13)
2mc
p
p
+(
)
2m
2m
which is the non-relativistic current (5.3.8)
j =
j=
~
( )
2mi
Shankar 20.2.1
Show that
=
where = P
iq~
B
c
qA
c .
=P P
qA
qA qA qA
P P
+
c
c
c
c
q
= (A P + P A)
c
iq~
=
(A + A)
c
2
318
iq~
B
c
Shankar 20.1.1
Solve for the 4 spinors w that satisfy Shankar Eq. 20.3.3. You may assume that
the 3- momentum p~ is along the z-axis. Normalize them to unity, and show that
they are mutually orthogonal.
Equation (20.3.3) is
Ew = ( p + m)w
In terms of the relativistic and non-relativistic components,
E m p
0
=
p E + m
0
The
solutions
are given in equations (20.3.7) and (20.3.8). Choosing the basis
1
0
and
for and letting p be in the z direction,
0
1
0
p/(E m)
p/(E m)
w
=
w1,3 =
2,4
0
0
1
Orthogonality of the spinors is easy to see using E 2 = p2 + m2 .
5
The five terms in 20.2.28 are
P2
2m
V
Hermitian
Hermitian
P
8m3 c2
i P [P, V ]
4m2 c2
P [P, V ]
4m2 c2
Hermitian
Hermitian
anti-Hermitian
3
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327