Professional Documents
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Fundamentals
Tenth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 1
2008 Pearson
Education
2009 Pearson Education,Upper
Saddle River,
NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Analog Quantities
P.M .
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Analog and Digital Systems
10110011101
Digital data
Digital-to-analog
converter
Linear amplifier
Analog
reproduction
of music audio
signal
Speaker
Sound
waves
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
HIGH
VH(min)
Invalid
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH
HIGH
Rising or
leading edge
LOW
Falling or
trailing edge
t0
t1
Falling or
leading edge
LOW
Rising or
trailing edge
t0
t1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude
tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line
Undershoot
tr
tf
Rise time
Fall time
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1
f
T
1
T
f
1
1
313 ps
f 3.2 GHz
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms
are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Amplitude (A)
Pulse
width
(tW)
Time
Period, T
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Timing Diagrams
A
B
C
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel
transfer.
1
t0
t1
t2
t3
t 4 t5
t6
t7
Computer
Modem
1
Computer
Printer
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
t0
t1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic Logic Functions
True only if all input conditions
are true.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
Comparator
A> B
Two
binary
numbers
A= B
B
A< B
Adder
A
Two
binary
numbers
B
Carry in
Outputs
Cout
Sum
Carry out
Cin
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
HIGH
7
4
+/
9
6
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Encoder
Binary code
for 9 used for
storage and/or
computation
Calculator keypad
Binary input
7-segment display
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
Demultiplexer
Data from
A to D
Data from
B to E
Data from
C to F
Data from
A to D
t1
t2
t3
t 1
D
t1
E
t2
C
t2
t3
t3
Switching
sequence
control input
Switching
sequence
control input
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
2
3
4
Input pulses
Parallel
output lines
Binary
code
for 1
Binary
code
for 2
Binary
code
for 3
Binary
code
for 4
Binary
code
for 5
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Basic System Functions
0101
010
01
0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:
Chip
Plastic
case
Pins
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Integrated Circuits
Other surface mount packages:
End view
SOIC
End view
PLCC
End view
LCCC
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
CH 2
HORIZONTAL
TRIGGER
BOTH
SLOPE
POSITION
POSITION
VOLTS/DIV
VOLTS/DIV
+
LEVEL
POSITION
SEC/DIV
SOURCE
CH 1
CH 2
5V
2 mV
5V
2 mV
5s
5 ns
EXT
LINE
COUPLING
COUPLING
AC-DC-GND
AC-DC-GND
TRIG COUP
DC
DISPLAY
PROBE COMP
5V
CH 1
CH 2
AC
EXT TRIG
INTENSITY
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Vertical section
Signal coupling
Volts/Di v
AC
DC
Ch 1
GND
Amp
Display section
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
DC
GND
Vertical
position
Amp
Analog
only
Intensity
Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Digital
only
Horizontal
section
Trigger section
External trigger
coupling
External
trigger
Trigger
source
AC
DC
Ch 1
Ext
Line
AC
Power supply
Trigger
level and
slope
Ch 2
Trigger
circuits
Time base
Horizontal
position
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
0.01 V
V
Hz
V
mV
Range
Autorange
Touc h/Hold
1s
1s
10 A
V
Voltage
40 m A
COM
Fused
Resistance
Current
In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power
supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Programmable Logic
Fixed OR
array and
output logic
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Evaluation Strategy
03 Quiz (Q)
01 Assignment (A)
01 Exercises (E)
Final Exam (FE)
of
contact
hours
30 %
20 %
10 %
40 %
Total score
30% (Q) + 20% (A) + 10% (E) + 40% (FE)
Pass
Total score 5 and Final Examination 4 (of 10)
Every Quizzes, Assignment, and Exercises > 0