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Digital

Fundamentals
Tenth Edition

Floyd

Chapter 1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2008 Pearson
Education
2009 Pearson Education,Upper
Saddle River,
NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Analog Quantities

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary


continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M .

P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more


efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Analog and Digital Systems

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to


take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101
Digital data

Digital-to-analog
converter

Linear amplifier
Analog
reproduction
of music audio
signal

Speaker
Sound
waves

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which


are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)

In binary, a single number is


called a bit (for binary digit). A
bit can have the value of either
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW.

HIGH
VH(min)

Invalid
VL(max)

LOW
VL(min)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH
levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH

HIGH

Rising or
leading edge
LOW

Falling or
trailing edge

t0

(a) Positivegoing pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

t1

Falling or
leading edge
LOW

Rising or
trailing edge

t0

t1

(b) Negativegoing pulse

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude

tW

50%

Pulse width

10%

Ringing

Base line

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Undershoot
tr

tf

Rise time

Fall time

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1
f
T

1
T
f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a


periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

1
1

313 ps
f 3.2 GHz
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms
are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Amplitude (A)

Pulse
width
(tW)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Timing Diagrams

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between


two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A
B
C

A diagram like this can be observed


directly on a logic analyzer.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel
transfer.
1

t0

t1

t2

t3

t 4 t5

t6

t7

Computer

Modem

1
Computer

Printer

0
1
1
0
0
1
0

t0

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

t1

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic Logic Functions
True only if all input conditions
are true.

True only if one or more input


conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions

And, or, and not elements can be combined to form


various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function

Comparator
A> B

Two
binary
numbers

A= B
B

A< B

Basic arithmetic functions

Adder
A
Two
binary
numbers
B
Carry in

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Outputs

Cout

Sum
Carry out

Cin

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions
HIGH

The encoding function

7
4

+/

9
6

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Encoder
Binary code
for 9 used for
storage and/or
computation

Calculator keypad

The decoding function


Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions

The data selection function


Multiplexer
A
t1
B

Demultiplexer
Data from
A to D

Data from
B to E

Data from
C to F

Data from
A to D

t1

t2

t3

t 1

D
t1
E

t2
C

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

t2
t3

t3

Switching
sequence
control input

Switching
sequence
control input

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions

The counting function


Counter

2
3
4
Input pulses

Parallel
output lines

Binary
code
for 1

Binary
code
for 2

Binary
code
for 3

Binary
code
for 4

Binary
code
for 5

Sequence of binary codes that represent


the number of input pulses counted.

and other functions such as code conversion


and storage.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions

One type of storage function is the shift register,


that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line

0101
010
01
0

0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid


data or all zeros as shown here.
First bit (1) is shifted serially into the
register.
Second bit (0) is shifted serially into
register and first bit is shifted right.
Third bit (1) is shifted into register and
the first and second bits are shifted right.
Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and
the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:
Chip

Plastic
case

Pins

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular


for laboratory experiments with logic.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits

An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit


is wired using DIP chips and tested.
DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits
DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Small outline IC (SOIC)

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits
Other surface mount packages:

End view

SOIC

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

End view

PLCC

End view

LCCC

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments

The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope


can be divided into four major groups.
VERTICAL
CH 1

CH 2

HORIZONTAL

TRIGGER

BOTH

SLOPE

POSITION

POSITION

VOLTS/DIV

VOLTS/DIV

+
LEVEL

POSITION

SEC/DIV

SOURCE
CH 1
CH 2

5V

2 mV

5V

2 mV

5s

5 ns

EXT
LINE

COUPLING

COUPLING

AC-DC-GND

AC-DC-GND

TRIG COUP
DC

DISPLAY

PROBE COMP
5V

CH 1

CH 2

AC

EXT TRIG

INTENSITY

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Vertical section
Signal coupling

Volts/Di v

AC
DC

Ch 1

GND

For measuring digital


Summary
signals, use DC coupling

Amp

Display section

Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)

Test and Measurement Instruments


AC
Ch 2

DC

GND

Vertical
position
Amp

Analog
only
Intensity

Conversion/storage
(Digital scopes only)
Digital
only

Horizontal
section

Trigger section
External trigger
coupling
External
trigger

Trigger
source

AC
DC

Ch 1
Ext
Line

AC
Power supply

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Trigger
level and
slope
Ch 2

Control and process


(Digital scopes only)
Sec /Div

Trigger
circuits

Time base
Horizontal
position

Normally, trigger on the slower of two


waveforms when comparing signals.
DC to all sec tions

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments

The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital


information or show data in tabular form.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
0.01 V

Test and Measurement Instruments


OFF

V
Hz
V

The DMM can make three basic


electrical measurements.

mV

Range
Autorange
Touc h/Hold

1s
1s

10 A
V

Voltage

40 m A

COM
Fused

Resistance
Current
In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power
supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Programmable Logic

Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to


fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a
specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less
board space that fixed function devices.
A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a
combination of a programmable AND array and a
fixed OR array:
Programmable
AND array

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Fixed OR
array and
output logic

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Evaluation Strategy

Must attend more than 80%


(if not, not allow to take exam).
Evaluating

03 Quiz (Q)
01 Assignment (A)
01 Exercises (E)
Final Exam (FE)

of

contact

hours

30 %
20 %
10 %
40 %

Total score
30% (Q) + 20% (A) + 10% (E) + 40% (FE)

Pass
Total score 5 and Final Examination 4 (of 10)
Every Quizzes, Assignment, and Exercises > 0

Retake only the Final Exam


when not passed
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

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