1

V SN DU
S lc lch s v k thut

 Nguyn nh ng, 2009 Tc gi gi bn quyn. Bi ny c vit vi mc ch ph

bin kin thc v truyn t kinh nghim. c gi c th ti xung, lu gi s dng cho c
nhn mnh. Mi cch s dng khc nh in n hoc sao chp li bi vit ny, d l mt phn hay
ton b, pht hnh trong cc n phm nh sch, bo ch, gio trnh, lu n vn, v.v. u vi
phm bn quyn nu khng nhn c s ng bng vn bn ca tc gi.
c gi c th xem tranh ca tc gi ti:
http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/page1VN.htm (ting Vit)
hoc
http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/page1.html (ting Anh)
v cc bi vit ca tc gi ti:
http://ribf.riken.go.jp/~dang/art_articles.html
Mi kin xin gi ti email ca tc gi:
ndinhdang@gmail.com hoc dang@riken.jp

Ti liu ny c bin tp bi Duy Nguyen vi mc ch s dng c nhn v ph bin

kin thc bng hnh thc phi li nhun. Khng s dng vi mc ch thng mi v cc vn
lin quan n php l. Bt c mc ch s dng khc vui lng lin h ng Nguyn nh ng
nhn c s ng t chnh tc gi. Ngi bin tp khng chu trch nhim lin quan.
Ti liu c bin tp vo thng 5 nm 2015.

NGUYN NH NG

V SN DU
S lc lch s v k thut
Bin tp v chnh sa: Duy Nguyen

Mc Lc
Li ni u
S lc v lch s sn du
Thnh v Suy

Phng php v sn du
T vt liu n k thut

Nn mng tranh sn du
Mu sn du
Mu trng
Mt s mu thng dng
Dng sn du nhn hiu no?
Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du
I. Du kh
II. Nha
III. Dung mi
IV. Cht trung gian
V. Du bng
Bt v sn du
nh sng trong studio
K thut v sn du
Phng php v sn du nhiu lp
K thut v trc tip
Cc cng thc b mt
Ti v nh th no?

ng gi tranh sn du

ng gi tranh cng trn stainer

Cun tranh vn chuyn

Ph Lc

K thut Silverpoint
Trao i v pha mu v

Ch Thch

12

50
51
70
85
98
112
121
122
129
135
138
138
139
157
159
159
178
184
196

200
204

206
212
247

Li ni u
Xut x ti chu t 10 15 th k trc, song dng nh b b qun
ti y, k thut v sn du lan truyn sang chu u, pht trin rc r t
th k 15, ri sau lan ra khp th gii, c ti du nhp vo chu ch t
cui th k 19 u th k 20. Hi ha sn du thc s c du nhp vo Vit
Nam cch y cha y 100 nm, nh du bi s ra i ca trng M thut
ng Dng - tin thn ca i hc M thut Vit Nam ngy nay. iu c
ngha l, mc d c th thnh thc k thut v sn du, chng ta vn thiu hn
mt truyn thng hng th k ca hi ha sn du. Truyn thng ny c
phn nh s thm nhun vn ho chu u, s tao nh trong th hiu thm
m, s tinh t v su sc trong vic thng thc ci p v nh gi ci mi
trong hi ha sn du, mi trng ngh thut bao bc ngi chu u t khi
h mi lt lng, c lm l ra ti ti nh th vi y bch ha ca cc bc
thy c in treo trn tng trong ting n i phong cm hng v v m u
chi mt prelude ca Bach. Lm th no lp c khong trng trong hi
ha sn du Vit Nam? Khng c cch no khc ngoi vic hc tp v thc
hnh. Th gii m ngy nay vi thng tin a dng hng ngy trn ngp internet
v s t do i li cho chng ta kh nng lm iu nhanh hn ngi xa rt
nhiu.
K thut v sn du c trnh by rt k trong nhiu cun sch cng
nh trn internet [1] [4]. Tuy nhin, theo hiu bit ca ti, hin vn cha c
mt cun sch bng ting Vit dy k thut v sn du c in km chi tit v
tnh cht ca mu sn du, cc dung mi, v du to mng v.v. nh mt cm
nang cc sinh vin hi ha, cc ha s v gii chuyn mn trong nc c th
tin s dng, tra cu. Bi vit s lc ny ch l mt gi cho mt cch trnh
by nhm tin ti vic bin son mt cun sch nh vy bng ting Vit.
Ch n gi, to c o gic rt ging tht trong tranh, cha c k
thut no vt c k thut v nhiu lp ca cc ha s Flemish, Phc Hng,
v Baroque. L d nhin, hnh ha (drawing = dessin) ng vai tr r t quan
trng to nn hnh khi (form). V th, bn cnh vic thc hnh k thut v
sn du, cc sinh vin hi ha cn luyn cho mnh mt kh nng v hnh ha
tht gii. ng qun rng cc bc thy ca ho sc nh Leonardo da Vinci,
Titian, Caravaggio, Rubens, Rembrandt, v.v. trc ht u l nhng bc i
cao th v hnh ha. Ngoi ra vic quan tm ti cc lnh v c khc nh vn
chng, m nhc, khoa hc, trit hc s ch lm phong ph v su sc thm cc
tng ngh thut trong sng to hi ha.

K thut quan trng nh th no?

S l mt sai lm khi ni rng sn du l cht liu ca nn dn ch
ri ai cng bit v m khng nht thit thnh ha s . ng, khng ai cm
bn dng bt lng hay dao v bi mu sn du ln toile (ca bn). Nhng
7

iu khng c ngha l bn bit v sn du. Cng vy, dng ngn tay g,

thm ch ci tay nn ln phim n piano pht thnh ting, thm ch thnh
mt giai iu no khng c ngha l bn bit chi n, v ci th m thanh
pht ra khng phi bao gi cng l m nhc.
C l chng ta khng nn qun rng, trong lch s - theo Aristotle (384322 TCN) t ngh thut ( ars ting Latin, [tekhne] ting Hy Lp) vn
c dng ch nhng hat ng ca con ngi da trn cc quy tc v kin
thc. Thc s, trong thi C i (th k VI TCN th k IV) v Trung c (th
k V th k XV) ngi ta chia ng h thut lm 7 ngnh ngh thut t do :
Trivium (tam khoa): Vn phm, Hng bin, Logic, v Quadrivium (t khoa):
S hc, Hnh hc, Thin vn, v m nhc (lc l mn duy nht ca m
thut). Hi ha v iu khc lc ch c coi l ngh th cng. Dn d n cc
ha s v nh iu khc xut chng c ngng m nh nhng ngi rt gii
quy tc v k thut c th nh hnh hn mang, to nn sn phm c gi tr
thm m t s hn lon. Ti khong nm 1500 cc nh nhn vn Phc hng
ti thnh cng trong cuc u tranh a hi ha, iu khc v kin trc
thnh cc mn ca ngh thut t do.
Dng sn v nh th no l iu rt quan trng i vi ha s, lin
quan n vic to ra mt hin thc bng tranh. iu ny c th snh ngang
k thut chy ngn tay, dng c tay, c th lm pht ra m thanh i vi
mt ngh s piano, hay ton hc v k thut lp chng trnh i vi nh vt
l l thuyt, bi thiu n mi cm xc, trc cm ca ngh s hay nh khoa hc
s ch dng mc nghip d, o ut, khng my gi tr . Tnh t do trong biu
hin ch tr thnh ngh thut chng no cm xc c ch ng bi kin thc,
l tr v kinh nghim.
Chng nhng cc ha s m cc nh l lun ph bnh m thut, hay tt
c nhng ai vit v hi ha nh cc nh bo cng cn bit v k thut v sn
du, cho d mc phi thc hnh. L do tht n gin: Nu khng hiu k
thut v sn du th khng th khen ng ho c ch ng mt bc tranh sn
du cng nh tc gi c a n c.
Ngi ta thng cho rng cc i danh ha bao gi c ng hay v m i
phng din trong ngh. l mt s nhm ln. Cc thin ti cng tng mc
li. Th d in hnh l Leonardo da Vinci :

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) Ba ti cui cng (1495 1498), 460 x 880 cm, Nh th
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan.

Bc Ba ti cui cng (Il Cenacolo hay lUltima Cena), hng ngay sau
khi v xong, v i danh ha Phc Hng khng hiu k thut v tranh bch
ha. ng dng tempera (mu trn lng tr ng g) v bc Cenacolo ln
tng c ph bng gesso, mastic v hc n, khin tc phm b hng rt
nhanh.

Peter Paul Rubens, bn chp li (nm 1603) (Louvre) da theo mt phin bn khc nm 1558
ca Lorenzo Zacchia: Nhm cp c trong Trn nh Anghiari ca Leonardo da Vinci (1505)

Sau tht bi ny, ng rt kinh nghim. Ln ny ng dng sn du v bc

Trn nh Anghiari ln tng. ng th nghim v lp lt bng encaustic
mu trn vi sp ong - m ng c c trong bch khoa ton th Lch s
t nhin ca Pliny (vit nm 77) [Xem [5]: Book 35, Chapter 41]. Theo k
thut ny, lp lt sp ong phi c h nng mu ph pha trn c th d
dng ho vi nhau. Leonardo cho t mt l than gn bc tng, song sc
nng lm sp ong chy ra, r t xung sn cng vi mu. Tht vng, ng b d
bc bch ha. Leonardo dng nh b qua cnh bo c a Pliny rng
9

encaustic l th khng dng v ln nn m (tng) c [Xem [5]: Book

35, Chapter 31(7)], trong khi tri li m a to trong ngy u tin khi
Leonardo v mu ln lp lt. V vy, sinh vin hi ha cn qun ci mc
thin ti i, m cn hiu cn k cc v n c th c tnh c h t thc hnh trong
ngh.
Mc ch ca ti:
K thut hon ho
B cc a chiu

(khng gian, thi gian, ng hc)

ng & Ty kt hp
B n ni ti

(mi bc tranh u nh c cu chuyn n ng sau)

10

Tc phm v i, ch thc, phi thng ch c th c lm ra chng no tc gi ca n b

qua phng php, cc t tng, v quan im ca nhng ngi ng thi, v lng l lm vic,
bt chp s ph phn ca h, t mnh khinh b ci m h tn dng. Khng ai tr thnh v i m
li thiu s ngo mn kiu ny. Nu cuc i v tc phm ca anh ta li ri vo mt thi i khng
th cng nhn v nh gi anh ta, anh ta d sao cng v n trung thc vi chnh mnh; ging nh mt
ngi du hnh cao qu buc phi ngh qua m trong mt nh tr ti tn; khi bnh minh n anh ta
li vui v ln ng.
Arthur Schoenhaue

11

S LC V LCH S SN DU
Thnh v Suy
Huyn thoi v s ra i ca sn du
Nn vn minh c xa nht vng a Trung Hi, bao gm La M, Hy Lp
v Ai cp (th k VI TCN th k IV) bit trn cc ht mu tm thy trong
thin nhin v i sp ong (encaustic) v. T cui thi La M c i (th k IV)
cho n u thi Phc Hng (th k XV ), k thut c dn dn c thay th
bng sn du v tempera (tc bt mu dng lng trng g lm cht kt
dnh). Lc u, Hy Lp v ngi ta d ng du oliu, c nhc im l rt lu
kh.

Chn dung tng trn xc p (98 117), encaustic trn g

Kt qu nghin cu gn y nht cho thy sn du c dng v t

th k V VII ti Ty Afghanistan (12 trong s 50 hang ti Bamiyan ) [6]. Cc
nh khoa hc t 3 trung tm nghin cu ca Nht, Php v M dng cc
phng php khc nhau phn tch hng trm mu th. H pht hin ra rng
nhng bc ha trn tng hang Bamiyan c v bng mu, trong c
vermillion (sulfide thy ngn) v lapis lazuli (gn Bamyian c m lapis lazuli),
trn vi du ht thuc phin v du walnut (ht cy c ch), vi mt k thut
v nhiu lp, c c lng mu, tng t nh k thut v sn du ca thi Trung
C sau ny [7]. D vy, hi ha sn du b qun lng t i chu lc ny trong
khong 14 th k. C gi thuyt cho rng cht liu sn du theo con ng
12

t la sang chu u. Theo mt gi thuyt khc, chu u c lp pht hin

sn du, khng ph thuc vo chu . Trong bt k trng hp no, r rng
cc ha s chu u mi chnh l nhng ngi pht trin cht liu thnh
mt k thut thuyt phc trong hi ha.

Trch on ph tch tranh Pht c v bng s n du t th k V - VII (phi v di) tm thy

nm 2001 trong hang Bamiyan (Afghanistan) (tri) (theo kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh
khoa hc Nht - Php - M cng b 4/2008

Trong cun Cuc i cc ha s, nh iu khc v kin trc s xut sc

nht (Le vite de piu eccelenti pittori, scultori e architetori) [8], Giorgio Vasari
(1511 1574) k li huyn thai sau y:
Vo th k XIV tt c cc ha s u v bng mu gc nc. Tranh trn
g v canvas c v ch yu bng tempera. Cimabue (1240 1302) danh
ha x Florence c cho l ngi du nhp k thut v tempera t Hy Lp
vo vo khong nm 1270. Giotto (1266/7 1337) v cc ha s khc noi
theo Cimabue, khin tempera tr thnh cht liu ph bin trong hi ha .
Nhng cc ha s dn dn nhn thy cc nhc im ca tempera nh ng
nt thng sc v cng. H cng cm thy mt mi mi khi din khi li phi
dng u bt nhn gch. H mun mt k thut v cht liu mi cho php
ha mu d hn, ng nt mm mi sng ng hn, v mu sc lung linh rc
r hn.
Nhiu ha s chu u lao vo nghin cu v th nhiu cch, nhng
cha ai tm c mt phng php hay cho d l dng varnish [9] hay pha
13

trn nhiu loi mu keo hoc tempera. Cc kt qu nghin cu khng lm h

tho mn. V nu c ai t c hiu qu mu sc nh th mu li khng
bn, khng kt dnh tt vi nn, khng th lau ra c m khng b h hi,
khng chu c cc chn ng khi vn chuyn.

Cimabue
c M trn ngai vng (1280 1285)
tempera trn vn g, 385 x 233 cm, Bo tng Uffizi, Florence

Lc by gi, vo khong 1410, thnh ph Bruges ti Flanders [10], mt

ha s tn l Johann (tc Jan Van Eyck (1395 1441) (hay John of Bruges)
(pht m: [yan van aik])), lng danh trong vng v ti ngh ca mnh, t th
nghim vi nhiu loi mu khc nhau. Vn ng thi l mt nh gi kim thut
[11], ng ch ra nhiu loi du pha varnish. Mt hm, sau khi qut
varnish ln mt bc ha rt cng phu m ng va v xong bng tempera trn
vn g, Van Eyck, nh thng l, em bc tranh ra phi di nh nng mt tri
cho kh. Nhng, khng r do tit tri qu n ng, vn g khng c ghp kho,
hay g cha kh hn, m cc ch ghp vn ca bc tranh b nt toc.
Tht vng, Van Eyck bt u th tm kim mt th varnish c th kh
trong bng rm, khng cn phi phi nng. ng pha ch nhiu cht, trn chng
vi nhau v lm nhiu th nghim. Sau nhiu tht bi, cui cng ng pht hin
14

ra rng du lanh v du ht c ch kh nhanh hn tt c cc du khc. Sau khi

trn hai th du ny vi ht thy tinh, than xng ri un si lu cho n khi
c mt hp cht c snh, Van Eyck thu c th varnish m ng cng
nh tt c cc ha s trn th gii ny hng mong mi.
ng cn pht hin ra rng khi em bt mu nghin vi nhng th du
ny, ng c mt hp cht rt c v bn, chng nhng rn li sau khi kh,
nc khng ra i c, khng cn quang du m vn rc r v sng bng.
iu khin Van Eyck kinh ngc nht l cht liu mi ny c th ha quyn
tt hn hn tempera.
Dng cht liu mi, Van Eyck v nn cc tc phm khin mi ngi
thng ngon v cng mn nguyn v em v cho ng nhiu thu nhp. Vi kinh
nghim dn dn c tch ly, Van Eyck v tranh cng ngy cng p.

Jan Van Eyck (1395 1441):

tri: Ngi n ng i khn (t ha?); phi: Giovanni Arnolfini v v (1434)
81.8 x 59.7 cm, sn du trn g, London National Gallery

Minh ha ni ting nht cho k thut ca Van Eyck (k thut Flemish hay
Flamand) l bc tranh Giovanni Arfnolfini v v . Van Eyck vn dng cc ht
mu khong cht nh cc ha s , song du lanh khin cc ht mu tr nn
rc r hn, mu trng trong hn v cc ht mu c treo l l ng trong lp du
lanh, to nn hiu qu quang h c, v thit l p mt tiu chun trong hi ha m
cho n tn ngy nay cha c mt cht liu v no khc c th vt qua c.

15

Jan Van Eyck

Maria ng Trinh
(Trch on t b tranh th 24 tm ti Ghent) (1432)
sn du trn vn g.
Cui nm 2012 vng quc B quyt nh chi 1.3 triu USD phc ch b tranh th ny.

Ting lnh n xa. Tin v pht minh ca Van Eyck lan truyn khng ch ti
x Flanders m cn sang tn v cc nc khc. Cc ha s va kinh ngc,
thn phc khi nhn thy cc tc phm ca Van Eyck, li va ghen t, nng lng
mun bit lm th no Van Eyck c th v c nhng bc ha hay nh vy.
Nhng Van Eyck gi kn b mt nh ngh, khng h h cho ai bit, tr vi hc
16

tr tin cy ca mnh. Mc d cc bc tranh ca Van Eyck sau c cc

thng gia mua i bn li, lan truyn ra khp x Flanders v c mi rt c bit
nhng khng ai bit c b mt ca cht varnish cng nh k thut v tranh
ca Van Eyck.
Th ri tranh ca Van Eyck theo cc nh bun ti Florence v Naples
. Mt bc c gi ti Vua Alfonso I x Naples (tc Alfonso V x Aragon) khin
v vua ny m mn, mi tt cc cc ngh s trong x ti xem. Trong s cc ha
s ny, c Antonello da Messina tc Antonello sinh ti Messina (Sicily), khi
ang Naples. Kinh ngc v v p v cht liu mi ca bc tranh, Antonello
gc mi cng vic, ln li t sang Flanders, ti Bruges gp Johann Van
Eyck, biu ng ny nhiu hnh ha v theo phong cch v nhiu qu cp.
Quan h gia hai ngi tr nn rt thn tnh. Van Eyck khi gi, cm kch
v s ngng m ca Antonello, cui cng ch dn cho Antonello cch pha
varnish cng nh k thut v.
t lu sau, Van Eyck qua i, v Antonello quay tr v . Sau mt thi
gian sng qu nh ti Messina, Antonello ti Venice. Ti y Antonello v
nhiu tranh theo phong cch v k thut mi, hc c t Van Eyck. Cc bc
ha ca Antonello da Messina khin ting tm ca ng lan khp Venice v ng
c nhn hp ng v mt bc tranh th ln trn g cho tu vin San Cassiano.
Sau khi bc ha ra mt cng chng, v p ca hnh ha v s mi m ca
mu sc c cc ha s cng nh cng chng nh gi rt cao. Nh thnh
cng ny cng vi tin n l ngi nm gi b mt k thut tranh sn du x
Flanders, Antonello da Messina tr thnh ha s c ngng m v trng
vng ti Venice trong sut qung i cn li ca mnh.

17

Antonello da Messina (kh.1430 1479)

Phn gia bc tranh th t tu vin San Cassiano
sn du trn vn g
(Bo tng Lch s M thut Vienna)

B cc ti to ca bc tranh th t tu vin San Cassiano

Cng theo Giorgio Vasari, Antonello da Messina truy n li b mt ny

cho mt ngi c gi l S ph Domenico x Venezia (Maestro Domenico da
Venezia). T k thut sn du lan truyn ra khp nc .
Trong cun tiu s cc ha s Venice, Carlo Ridolfi (1594 1658) co
c
danh
ha Giovanni Bellin i (1430 1516) nh cp b mt sn du t
bu
Antonello da Messina. Cu chuyn ca Carlo Ridolfi c i vn ho
Alexandre Dumas (1802 1870) ti to li vo nm 1846 nh sau:
18

Thnh Venice xn xao v s xut hin ca Antonello da Messina m ting

tm lan truyn ti y t trc . Cha bao gi ngi ta c thy hi ha
mu sc rc r v hi ha nh vy.
Mt hm mt v khch tr tui, v qu phi, n vn lch lm ti xng v
ca Antonello. Anh ta t gii thiu mnh t Padua n t 3 hm trc, v t
ha s v chn dung cho mnh vi gi c tha thun l 20 ducats. Ngy v
c hn vo hm sau.
Trong khi ngi mu, chng thanh nin qu phi rt t m theo di ha s
v mc d anh ta ni rng cha bao gi quan tm ti hi ha. Bui sng tip
theo, v khch li n ngi mu nh thng l. Khi bui v va mi bt u,
thng nh vo bo Antonello rng c c ngi mu cho cc ha s hng u
Venice mun gp. Antonello bo thng nh ra ni vi c gi rng anh hn c ta
vo bui chiu ch khng phi bui sng. C gi tr li qua thng nh rng c
mun ha s ngm th c nu khng c s khng n na. Antonello lu bu
i ra gp c gi, sau khi xin li v khch l ang ngi mu. Khch rt nh
nhn chp thun.
Ngay sau khi Antonello va khp ca bc ra , v khch l nhy vt t ch
ang ngi ti chic chai ng dung dch thn diu, nghing chai rt y mt l
nh mang theo, ri chai v ch c, tr li gh ngi vi v im tnh mt cch
rt t nhin n ni khi Antonello quay v phng, anh thy v khc h vn
nguyn trong t th m anh thy khi ri phng trc 5 pht.
V khch l tr tui chnh l ha s Giovanni Bellini.

Tri: Antonello da Messina, Chn dung mt thanh nin (~1478)

sn du trn vn g, 20.4 x 14.5 cm.
C gi thuyt cho y chnh l chn dung Giovanni Bellini ci trang ti nh cp b mt k thut
v sn du t Antonello da Messina.

19

Phi: Giovanni Bellini, T ha (kh. 1500)

sn du trn vn g, 34 x 26 cm.

Huyn thai ca Giorgio Vasari c nhng chi tit v l cn cu chuyn ca

Carlo Ridolfi qua vn ca Alexandre Dumas c th hon ton l ba t.
Jan Van Eyck mt nm 1441, khi Antonello da Messina cn l mt cu b
11 tui, v ch tr thnh hc tr ca ha s Niccol Colantonia Naples 9 nm
sau . Nh vy Antonello khng th no gp c Jan Van Eyck khi Van Eyck
cn sng. Cc s gia cng khng tm c bng chng no cho thy Antonello
da Messina tng sang Flanders.
Ngy nay, nhiu ngi cn gn cho Giorgio Vasari ti mo nhn Jan Van
Eyck l ngi pht minh ra sn du. Nhng nu c k Vasari, ta thy ng ch
vit rng Van Eyck l ngi tm ra mt th varnish c bit, khi trn vi bt
mu th to nn nhng phm cht tuyt diu:
Th varnish c bit ny ca Van Eyck l g n nay ta ch c th
phng on da trn cc bn tho c, cc nghin cu ca khoa hc phc
ch ngy cng hin i. V d trong cun sch v y hc nhan Tuyn tp
cc trc tc y hc (Fasciculus Medicinae)do Johannes Ketham ng tn
tc gi (nhng thc ra ng ny ch l tc gi ca mt cng trnh trong
tuyn tp), xut bn nm 1491, tc 50 nm sau khi Van Eyck qua i, c
mt cng thc pha dung dch pha mu sn du ca cc ha s Flanders
qu hng ca Van Eyck, nh sau:
Nguyn liu c dng gm khong 454 gram du lanh, 114 gram
bt h phch, 454 gram nha thng. un nng h phch ha tan vi
mt t du lanh. Sau khi h phch tan th nt ch du cn li vo dung
dch cn ang nng. Sau thm nha thng vo ri l i un c dung dch
mt cht l xong. C nhiu cch pha ch th varnish ny sau ny. Cch
pha ch ni trn s to ra mt varnish mu rt ti, m khi dng cn c
pha long bng du ht c ch hoc mt loi du khc .
Xavier de Langlais (1905 1975) tc gi cun K thut hi ha
sn du (1959) [12] cho rng varnish ca Van Eyck gm du lanh c,
du lanh sng, nha copal hoc h phch, Venice turpentine v du oi
hng.
Mt nghin cu mi y [13] cng tm thy Venice turpentine v du
lanh trong bc tranh c M cng Cha Hi ng v cc thin thn
(1470 1475) ca Antonello da Messina.

T tempera sang sn du
Thc ra hi ha sn du khng xut hin bt thnh lnh t Van Eyck
nh trong huyn t ha i ca Vasari. Trc Van Eyck, sn du c dng ti
chu u. K thut v sn du c nhc n ln u tin trong cun sch
20

nhan Schedula diversarum artium (Danh mc cc ngh thut khc

nhau) hoc De diversibus artibus (V cc ngh thut khc nhau ) [14] do tu s
Theophilus (~1070 1125) xut bn vo khong nm 1125, tc khong 3 th
k t rc Van Eyck. Cun sch vit bng ting Latin, gm 3 tp. Tp 1 vit v
cch ch to v s dng ha phm nh sn du, mc, k thut hi ha. Tp 2
vit v ch to knh mu v k thut v trn knh. Tp 3 vit v k thut kim
hon, v cch ch to n i phong cm. Trong th k 19 v 20 cun sch
c dch ra 9 th ting (Anh, Php, Ba Lan, Hung, c, , Nht, Rumania, v
Nga):
Vi on trong Quyn I trong cun sch nhan V cc ngh thut khc
nhau ca tu s Theophilus xut bn vo khong nm 1125.
Chng XX. Sn son ca g v du lanh
Nu bn mun sn son vn g, hy dng du lanh m bn ch ra theo cch sau
y. Rang ht lanh trong cho trn la, sau cho vo ci, dng chy gi cho thnh bt mn.
Sau cho bt vo cho rang, mt t nc vo, v un cho ti khi rt nng. ton b
vo mt ti vi sch, v cho vo my thn g dng p du olive, du ht c ch, hay
du ht thuc phin, v cng p theo cch nh vy. Dng du ny nghin bt ch
(minium), hay bt thn sa trn , khng pha nc, ri dng bt qut ln ca hay vn
g m bn nh sn , sau phi nng. Cui cng ph mt lp varnish c lm theo
cch sau. Nh vy, thc cht trong chng ny Theophilus m t cch nghin mu sn
du.
Chng XXI. Dung dch varnish
du lanh vo mt l nh, v thm vo th nha trong, gi l varnish, c tn
rt mn, nhng khi c tn nh th rt sng lng lnh. un cn thn, trnh si, cho
n khi cn ch cn li 2/3, v phi canh chng du khi bt la bi nu khng rt kh
dp tt. Mi bc tranh, c ph bi lp varnish ny, s va p li va bn lu.
Chng XXVII. Mu nghin vi du v keo
Mi th mu u c th c nghin v ph ln g vi cng mt th du c th
kh di nng; v mi ln v mt lp mu, bn khng th v ln mt lp khc chng no
lp trc cha kh hn, c bit khi v hnh ngi, cc lp mu kh rt lu. Nu mun
nhanh, bn hy dng keo t cy anh o hay cy mn, gi nh, cho vo niu t,
nhiu n c vo ri em phi nng, ho c em t trn l than nu vo ma ng, cho n
khi keo ho lng; v khuy u bng mt que g nhn. Sau lc qua vi ri dng dung
dch keo va lc trn bt mu. (y thc cht l cch trn mu gouache ND.) Mi
th mu v cc hp cht ca chng u c th c nghin bng th keo ny, tr bt ch
, ceruse (tc carbonate ch ND), v son (carmine), phi dng lng trng trng
nghin.

Cennino Cennino (khong 1370 1440) (ngi ) vit cun Il libro

delarte (Cm nang ngh thut), vo khong nm 1437 [15], tc 3 nm trc
khi Van Eyck tit l b quyt v sn du ca mnh (c cho l vo nm 1440).
Sch gm 6 chng, 128 mc, gii thch chi tit v cc ht mu, bt lng, bng
g, vi dn trn bng g, ngh thut bch ha, cc th thut, v l t, v ph
bng tempera trng, k thut v sn du, c bit, trong chng 4 mc 91 v
92, ng m t kh k cch ch to du lanh un trn la v dng nng mt
21

tri. ng cng m t cch nghin ultramarine vi du lanh, sp ong, v nha

mastic.
Theo kt qu nghin cu mi y ca Bo tng M thut Quc gia
London, cho ti gia th k XIV sn du c dng trong hi ha , tuy
mc rt hn ch. Du lanh c pht hin trong cc lp v lng ln trn b mt
thip vng trong cc tranh th ca cc ha s Goth ic nh ha s x Sienna c
bit hiu S ph v Thnh Mu ti Cung in Venice (Maestro della Madonna di
Palazzo Venezia) v vo khong gia th k XIV.

Maestro della Madonna di Palazzo Venezia

Thnh Catherine x Alexandria (tri) v thnh Victor (phi) (1310 1350)

Vo thi Trung C cht liu ph bin nht trong hi ha gi v ti l

tempera. Sau s chp nhn v thc hnh sn du din ra t t, dai dng,
vi nhiu e ngi, do d t na cui th k XV ti hai thp nin u th k XVI.
22

Cc phn tch hin i cho thy vo thi k ny rt ph bin hai loi k thut
kt hp tempera vi sn du. K thut th nht l v cc lp di bng
tempera ri lng sn du ln. K thut th hai c tn l tempera grassa, tc
tempera bo (v c trn vi du).
S chn ch e ngi ca cc ha s l c c s. Kin thc v kinh nghim
m h c c trong v tempera cn tr h chp nhn sn du. So vi
tempera, sn du kh rt chm. Cc cht bt kim loi nh ch, ng,
manganese c th tng tc kh song li gy nt v, ti mu nu dng qu
nhiu. Du lanh ng vng cng khin nhiu ha s nn ch. Chnh v th, cc ha
s thi thch dng du ht c ch hn du lanh. H cn pht hin ra rng
thm nha cy vo s tng kt dnh, lm sn du trong v bng hn.
Cennini cng vit trong sch ca mnh rng dng du lanh c hoc du lanh
un thay du lanh sng s gim thiu c hin tng du lanh ng vng. Cui
cng, so vi sn du th mng phim ca tempera rn v c tui th cao hn.
Bng chng l nhiu bc ha bng tempera t thi Trung C ti nay mu sc
vn lng ly rc r.
Nhng gii qu tc thi li rt a chung tranh sn du ca cc ha s
Bc u, c bit l ca cc ha s Flande rs, bi k thut v v t thc rt
cao. Gii qu tc l nhng nh bo tr ngh thut ti . H chnh l nhng
ngi to ra ng lc khin sn du dn chim v th c tn trong hi ha.
Triu nh Milan tng ti tr cho cc ha s cung nh sang Flan ders hc v sn
du t trng phi ca Rogier van der Weyden (1399/1400 1464). Ren
Anjou vua Php tr v x Naples vo nhng nm 1438 1442 bn thn cng
l mt ha s tng nghin cu hi ha Flemish. Vua Alfonso V x Aragon ni
ngi Anjou t nm 144 2 ti 1458 cng l ngi say m hi ha. Niccol
Colantonia ha s trong triu nh Alfonso l ngi thy u tin dy
Antonello da Messina v sn du khi Antonello lm hc tr ti xng ha ca
ng vo nhng nm 1440. Chnh ti y cu thiu nin A ntonello ln u
tin c nhn thy cc bc ha ca Jan Van Eyck.
Tuy nhin c tnh ca sn du mi l nhn t quyt nh, khin cc ha
s cui cng t b tempera chuyn hn sang sn du cht liu hn hn
tempera trong vic m phng t nhin. Cc ha s thy rng phn quang,
do, trn, v tnh ho qu yn d dng cng vi s chm kh, kh nng lng mu
ca sn du gip ha s d m t t nhin hn so vi khi dng tempera .

23

Rogier van der Weyden

Maria Magdalena (~1450)
sn du trn vn g, 41 x 43 cm. Louvre.
Bc tranh ny c v cc k ti tnh,
vi mt git nc mt trn m tri m phi n tn ni mi nhn thy r.

T vn g s ang canvas
Thi Trung C vi ch c dng lm hng trang tr. Na cui th k XV
ti u th k XVI chng kin mt s chuyn i quan trng trong hi ha ti .
Ha s chuyn dn t v trn g v trn tng sang v trn vi (canvas).
Lc u, k thut v trn vi khng khc my so vi v trn g. Mt lot
cc tc phm c v bng tempera hoc mu keo trn canvas, trong c
kit tc S ra i ca Venus ca Sandro Botticelli, v nhiu tc phm ca
Andrea Mantegna danh ha a dng bt mu trn vi ke o ng vt (guazzo,
hay gouache). Mu keo trn canvas khng c mng phim, ht m mnh, rt
24

khng bn vng. V th a s cc tc phm c v bng mu keo b thi

gian hy hai. Nhng bc cn st li n ngy nay u trong tnh trng xung
cp trm trng.

Sandro Boticelli (~1445 1510)

S ra i ca Venus (~1486)
tempera trn canvas, 172.5 x 278.5 cm, Bo tng Uffizi (Florence)

Andrea Mantegna (~1430/1 1506)

Rc tng thn Cybele ti La M (~1505/6)
mu keo trn canvas, 76.5 x 273 cm

V sao s mng dng canvas v sn du li ri vo cc ha s ?

Trong lun vn tin s nhan Giovanni Bellini, kinh nghim v th
nghim trong hi ha trng phi Venice, ~1460 1516 [16], J. Yang a
ra l gii nh sau.
Ti Flanders, ni cc ha s u l hi vin cc hi ngh nghip hi ha,
u
l
cc hi ny ch cho php ha s v sn du ln vn g. iu l nm 1463
i
ti Bruges thnh ph ni Van Eyck tng sng quy nh r rng cc ha s v
trn vi khng c dng sn du. Kt qu l cc tranh trn canvas ti chu u
vo th k XV u c v bng mu gc nc. Ti Flanders tranh sn du trn
canvas ch xut hin t na u th k XVI.

25

Trong khi , kh hu m t cha nhiu mui t bin ti Venice hy

hai mi c gng ca cc ha s v bch ha trn tng (fresco) bng mu gc
nc. Venice thi li l trung tm sn xut vi lanh lm bum cho tu
bin. V vy s au khi sn du c du nhp vo Venice, cc ha s v cc nh
bo tr tm thy t sn du v vi lanh mt s thay th tuyt vi cho bch
ha. Khc vi g, vi lanh nh, mm, c th c can thnh nhng kch thc
cc ln treo ln tng cc cung in.
Tuy t na cui th k XV cc ha s Venice khng phi l nhng ngi
duy nht v ln canvas, song h l nhng ngi i u trong cc d n ln
v sn du trn canvas lm tranh tng. Cc th nghim ca h, tip din ti
u th k XIV, khin sn d u trn canvas tr thnh cht liu thng tr ton
b cc tranh th. S thng tr ca sn du trn canvas t lan ra ton
chu u.

Vai tr ca Antonello da Messina

Vy huyn thai Antonello da Messina l ngi em k thut sn du ca
Jan Van Eyck vo ng tin ti mc no?
Tr nhng chuyn cha bao gi xy ra nh Antonello da Messina gp Jan
Van Eyck, hay c th c dng ln nh v Giovanni Bellini ci trang nh
cp dung dch thn diu ca Antonello da Messina, huyn t hai ny c da
trn mt s tht: Antonello da Messina rt c th l ha s u tin nm
c v p dng xut sc phong cch ca Jan Van Eyck. Cc bc sn du
Antonello da Messina v sau khi ti Venice vo nm 1475 hon ton chinh
phc cc ha s ng thi, khin h t t in hn trong vic khai thc cht liu
mi.
Antonello da Messina cha bao gi gp Jan Van Eyck. C nhiu kh nng
ng cng cha bao gi ti Bruges. Vy ng hc c k thut ca Van Eyck t
u ngoi nhng tip cn u tin khi ng cn l hc tr ca Colant onio ti
Naples?
C gi thuyt cho rng, Antonello gp Petrus Christus (1410/20
1475/6) ngi cng s v tha k xng v ca Jan Van Eyck ti Milan vo
khong nm 1456, khi Antonello l mt ha s 26 tui. Sau cuc gp g gi
nh ny, Antonello tr thnh ha s u tin nm c phong cch ca Van
Eyck cn Christus tr thnh ha s Bc u u tin p dng lut vin cn tuyn
tnh ca , do Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 1446) pht minh vo nm 1400.
K thut sn du ca trng phi Flemish vi 3 i din xut sc l Jan
Van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden v Robert Campin gm cc qu trnh cht
ch, bt u t vic chun b vn g, bi nn bng gesso tr uyn thng (thng
c mu sng), can hnh, v lt n sc bng tempera v/hoc sn du, ph
mu c, ri v lng cc lt mu trong bng sn du. Cui cng l qut
varnish bo v.
26

Trong vng 20 nm sau cuc gp g ny, Antonello da Messina tr

thnh mt ha s thng tho k thut v sn du theo phong cch Flemish. Khi
ti Venice nm 1475, Antonello da Messina em theo bc ha Thnh
Jerome trong th phng ng v trc t lu. Bc ha trung thnh vi phong
cch Flemish ti mc, trong nhiu nm ngi ta tng l tranh ca Van
Eyck. Trong khi cc ha s ng thi t cc vt di nh sng ngoi tri,
Antonello da Messina v mt b cc vi nh sng trong phng, kt hp ti
tnh phong cch ca Van Eyck vi lut vin cn tuyn tnh ca , to ra o gic
kinh ngc v su khng gian. Cc bc ha ca Antonello da Messina thi
mt lung sinh kh mi, tc ng mnh ti cc ha s ti Venice thi nh
Giovanni Bellini.

Antonello da Messina
Thnh Jerome trong th phng (~1474 1475)
sn du trn vn g, 45.7 x 36.2 cm
Bo tng Quc gia London

27

Vy l, cho d c s l thuyt cng nh thc hnh k thut v cht liu v

s du c Theoph ilus vit ra t th k XII, thm ch sn du c th
xut hin 7 th k trc ti chu , trong nhiu th k khng ha s no t
c tm c ca Jan Van Eyck. Phi i n khi cc bc ha bng sn du trn
vn g ca Van Eyck xut hin, ngi ta mi hiu rng sn du l cht liu
hon ho nht trong tt c cc cht liu hi ha con ngi tng dng m
phng t nhin. Cn ti , Antonello da Messina l ha s u tin hc c
phng php ca Jan Van Eyck.
Chnh cc tc phm ca Jan Van Eyck v nhng ngi noi theo ng, c
bit l Antonello da Messina , ng vai tr quan trng sn du c
hoan nghnh, vt qua mi ngn ngi ban u, tr thnh cht liu bao trm hi
ha chu u cng nh ton th gii.
S pht trin ca k thut sn du gn lin vi s tin trin ca hi ha
phng Ty. Thng thng s pht trin ny, c trnh by theo trnh t thi
gian, i t Phc Hng, Mannerism, Baroque, C in, Tn C in, n Lng
mn, n t ng, Hu n t ng, Hin i, H u Hin i . Cun sch ca Brian
Thomas Vision and tecniques in European painting (Longmans, Green & Co. ,
London, 1952) xem xt s pht trin ca k thut sn du trn 4 ph ng
din: ng nt, to hnh, sc , v mu. Ti nhc ti cun sch l v khi
tr chuyn vi ha s L Huy Tip, ng than phin vi ti v mt s bi vit
v k thut sn du ng trn Tp ch M thut gn y. Trong c mt bn
dch ting Vit (s 191, thng 11/2008, tr. 10 13) t bn gc ting Anh tm
t t cch trnh by ca Brian Thomas [17]. Bn dch , tic thay, m c rt
nhiu li thng thng, c v ting Anh ln ting Vit, cha ni n cc thut
ng chuyn mn. Ngoi ra chnh bn gc cng mc mt s li v lch s hi
ha khi nhn nh v nhiu danh ha.
Khng th bc tch s tin trin ring bit ca ng nt, hnh khi, sc
, v mu. Song, c th ni, k thut v lt v nhiu lp ca cc ha s x
Flemish c pht trin rt phong ph. Nh th gii trong tranh tr
nn ngy cng ging thc v nhn bn hn. Di y ti ch nu cc i din
tiu biu nht cho vic minh ha s pht trin ca k thut sn du. a s
tranh m ti chn ti nhn thy bn gc.

28

Van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (trch on) (1432)

Jan Van Eyck (k thut Flamand): (s ni k phn sau)

-

v ln bng g lt gesso

dng tempera to khi v ln sng ti n sc

lng nhiu l p sn du m ng

Tri: Giovanni Bellini (1430 1516), Ni khc khoi trong vn , tempera trn g (~1465), 81.3
x 127 cm. Phi : Andrea Mantegna (1431 1506), Ni khc khoi trong vn , tempera trn g
(~1460), 62.9 x 80 cm, London National Gallery

Giovanni Bellini (1430 1516) v Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506) u

tng l hc tr ca Jacopo Bellini cha ca Giovanni. Song, trong khi
Mantegna c cch tip c n mang nng tnh iu khc, vi ng chn tri
thp, v dng lut vin cn tuyn tnh to ra o gic v khng gian v i
phong cnh kh lnh nh kim loi, th Bellini dng mu m t kh quyn
trong tranh, lm mm cc ng vin i, to nn s thay i ln trong hi ha
Venetian, nh hng su sc ti 2 hc tr l Giorgione v Titian.
29

Leonardo da Vinci: La Joconda hin nay (tri) v La Joconda c g o varnish (phi)

Leonardo da Vinci p d ng k thut sfumato trong hnh h a m ng hc

c t Andrea del Verocchio vo sn du lm bin m t ng nt, to nn
o gic v chiu su. (Ting : sfumare = bin mt , c lin quan n fumo =
khi). Verocchio dy Leonardo rng: Hy v sao cho ch sng v ti ho
vo nhau m khng cn gch hoc vn, sao cho trng nh khi vy. ng ch
trng vic tm hiu cu trc hnh, nhp iu trong t nhin, dng sng ti p
o mu.
Cu hi 500 nm: Leonardo dng mu g v mt Mona Lisa?
Thng 4/2008 hai nh nghin cu Php l M. Elias v P. Cotte cng b
kt qu phn tch ph nh sng phn chiu t 100 triu im khc nhau tr n
mt Mona Lisa (La Joconda) [18 ]. H phn loi c hiu ng khc x nh
sng gy bi lp varnish, lp sn pha trn v lp lt pha di. Nh h ch ra
c chnh xc pigment no c dng. H pht hin ra rng lp ph pha
trn c bo ha rt cao ca pigment umber (nu en). iu c ngha l
lp mu pha trn c v bng lng umber - k thut Flemish trc cha
c dng . Sau h so snh ph o c vi ph mu thu c trn
cc pigments dng trong th k 16 c ph vanirsh c lm c i bng
phng php nhn to. Nh h c th ra o lp varnish bng k thut s,
v xc nh chnh xc rng lp mu pha di cng c v lng vi t l 1%
vermillion v 99% trng ch. y l cng thc lng cc ho s thi thng
dng, song ch v lp b mt ch khng lng lp di.
Ngi ta cho rng Leonardo v cc ho s ng thi hc c k
thut lng sn du t Atonello da Messina, ngi ph bin k thut Flemish vo
nc vo khong 1450. Cc nh khoa hc Php cng dng phng php ni
trn phn tch bc Ngi n b v con chn c Leonardo v trc
(1490), song khng tm thy lp lng no.

Titian kt hp ti tnh ca mu sc cc b (local color) vi sng ti

30

(chiaroscuro) to nn s hi ho gia ci p (beauty) (th hin qua mu sc)

v s hng v, b n (sublimity and mystery) (th hin qua sng ti). Joshua
Reynolds coi trng phi Venetian l trng phi lng ly nht v v tao nh
[19].

Tri: Giorgione (1477-1510) V N ng (1510), sn du trn vi, 108.5 x 175 cm, Bo tng m
thut Dresden
Phi: Titian (1485 1576) V N Urbino (1538), sn du trn vi, 119 x 165 cm, Galleria degli
Uffizi
Bc Venus Urbino th hin mt ph n tr nm trong quang
cnh ni tht mt cung in thi Ph c Hng. Tuy th nm kh ging
Venus ng ca Giorgione (1510) bc tranh u tin trong lch s v
nude nm nh mt ch th duy nht (Titian l ngi v nt b c tranh ca
Giorgione sau khi ng ny cht) , song khc vi v xa xm ca Venus ca
Giorgione, Venus ca Titian khng c mt t g l thn thnh, m trng
y v khu gi nhc dc, mt nhn thng vo ngi xem. Con ch
thng l biu tng ca lng trung thnh, nhng Titian v con ch
ng nh mun t du hi v s chung thy ca ng i ph n trong
tranh.
Mark Twain khi nhn thy b c tranh ny vo nm 1880 cho
rng y l bc ho tc tu nht th gii, rng c l n c v cho
mt nh cha, nhng ri b t chi v qu nng k, rng n qu mnh
treo ti bt c a im cng cng no tr bo tng m thut.
Bc Venus Urbino gy cm h ng cho Manet v Olympia vo
nm 1863 trong n thn i tnh c m t c gi im th chn.

31

Caravaggio, Ba ti ti Emmaus (1601)

sn du, 141 x 196.2 cm, London National Gallery

Caravaggio (1571-1610) m mn cho hi ha baroque vi phong cch v

hin thc n mc kinh ngc, a sng ti (chiaroscuro) thnh mt k thut
xc nh, to nn bi k ch v b mt trong tranh (tenebrism) [tenebra (ting ) =
s ti tm]. ng v rt nhanh, lun t mu thc, khng bao gi v hnh ha
chun b m dng cn bt lng phc lun hnh ln toile. Rt nhiu ha s tr
ng thi bt ch c Carravaggio. H c gi l caravaggisti hay tenebrosi.
Caravaggio c nh hng ln ti ton b hi ha sau ng vi Rubens,
Rembrandt, Vermeer, Velasquez, Georges de La Tour, Delacroix, Courbet, v
Manet.

32

Rembrandt (1606-1669) i tun m (1642)

sn du, 363 x 437 cm, Rijksmuseum, Ansterdam

Rembrandt y cht bi kch v cht th ca Caravaggio ln nh im,

m
th
c
v hnh rt su sc.

Tri: Jan Vermeer (1632-1675) Ngi n b rt sa , sn du, 45.5 x 41 cm, 1660,

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Phi: Joshua Reynolds (1723 -1792) Thn i tnh ci dy lng Venus , sn du, 127.5 x 101 cm,
1788, Hermitage

Jan Vermeer (pht m [yan phmia]) l trng hp c bit ca hi ha

baroque, ngi tin thn ca hi ha n tng v hin i [ 20].
Reynolds c bit ti dng sc trang tr, ho sc trng giu c, phong
ph. Cch ng dng mu nguyn cht m ng cho Constable v cc ha s
Php sau ny. Tuy nhin cc th nghim v k thut sn du ca ng phn ln
tht bi v ng b mang ting l mt ha s kit xut nhng li dt v cht liu.
Cc tranh ca ng v b nt rt nhiu .

Tri: J. Turner (1775-1851) Nc cn trn bi bin Calais (1835), sn du, 73 x 107 cm,

33

London National Gallery

Phi: C. Monet (1840 -1926) n tng Mt tri mc (1872-1873), 48 x 63 cm, bo tng
Marmottan, Paris

Sang th k 19, cc ha s dn dn hy sinh s chnh xc ca ng nt

v sc . H t hi ho (harmony) lm mc tiu, v t mc tiu bng
cn bng trong ho sc, mu nng mu lnh, mu cng mnh v i cng
yu. Cc bc tranh v ni tht ti tm dn dn nhng ch cho cc tranh
phong cnh sng sa. Turner c th c coi l tin phong cho tro lu ny.
Tip theo l Constable, cc ha s Pre-Raphaelites, Corot, Courbet, Manet, cc
ha s n tng v hu n tng. C th ni, vi cc bc tranh phong cnh
ca mnh, nh bc Nc cn trn bi bin Calais, Turner mi xng ng l
ngi khai sinh ra phong cch n tng, trc Claude Monet gn 4 thp k.

Edouard Manet (1832-1883) Olympia (1863), sn du, 130.5 x 190 cm, bo tng Orsay.

34

Olympia ca Manet: iu gy schock i v i ngi ng thi khng phi l

s trn trung c a c mu, m l ci nhn tr c din, v mt l cc chi tit
chng t c gi l mt gi bao hay gi im. Trong khi Venus ca Titian che
ch kn ca mnh mt cch thanh nh, Olympia ca Manet bo v c a qu ca
mnh mt cch cng quyt nh th kh ng nh tnh c l p v u th tnh
d c ca mnh i v i n ng. Manet thay con ch - biu t ng ca s chung
thy - trong tranh ca Titian bng con mo - biu tng ca mi dm .
Olympia khng thm n b hoa trong tay ngi hu, c th do mt
khch hng no tng. Mt s ngi cn suy di n rng c ta nhn v pha
ca, ni ng i khch ang xng vo m khng bo trc . L do su xa c a
phn ng quyt lit ca cng chng l s s hi t nn im trong x h i.
i vi h, Olympia l mt s s nhc v o c.
Manet l ho s c o to hn lm, song ng t b li v ca ho
vin thi , m v Olympia b ng nhng vt bt r ng. Cng chng thi coi
kiu v ny l ca tr con, v hc. Nh vy bc tranh gy sc v c 3 phng
din: hnh thc, ti, o c. Vi Olympia, Manet bc qua vch gii hn
ca nhng g c ch p nhn trong ngh thu t ng thi ch cha ni trong
x h i.
iu ng ngc nhin l hi ng m thu t ca Salon nm 1 865 li ch p
nhn bc tranh. Nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng l do hi ng khng mun
b mang ting l kim duyt do b c tranh n sng trn c ca Manet b ch
trch mnh 2 nm trc. Ngc li, h mu n cho bc tranh v ho s ch u
ba ru d lun.

Th k 20
n u th k 20 c v nh s pht trin v k thut sn du ht .
Nhng ha s thi thng by gi khng cn ni gt tin bi na, coi lm nh
th l t m thng, thiu c tnh (derivative), l th cp. V m t k thut sn
du, thc s khng c g nhiu h c y, ngoi tr xu hng lm sng li
k thut ca cc bc thy c in nh trong cc tc phm ca Salvador Dal, k
thut ca mt s t ha s thu c fauvism (d th) [21] nh Georges Rouault
y impasto n dy ti a - hay photorealism (v d Richard Estes).

T tri sang:
Salvador Dal (1904-1989), Gic m gy bi con ong bay quanh qu lu mt giy trc khi tnh
gic , 1944, 51 x 40.5 cm;
Georges Rouault (1871-1958), Sarah, 1956, 55 x 42 cm;
Richard Estes (1932), Hnh phn chiu ca xe bus, 1972, 101.6 x 132.1 cm

35

S du nhp hi ha sn du vo chu
Mc d xut hin ln u tin ca sn du cc vch hang Afghanistan
t th k V-VII v s pht trin cc thnh chu u t th k XIV, mi ti cui
th k XIX, hi ha sn du mi ln u tin c d u nhp t chu u vo chu
, t chu vo v th i sau chu u trong truyn thng hi ha sn du.
1. Nht Bn
Ti Nht Bn, nh chnh sch canh tn v m ca ca Nht hong Minh
Tr, trng M thut Cng nghip ( ) c thnh lp nm 1876 v
tr thnh trng dy m thut phng Ty u tin. Mt trong cc ha s chu
u u tin c chnh ph Nht Bn mi sang ging dy ti trng l Antonio
Fontanesi(1818 1882) ha s ngi , v theo phong cch ca trng
phi Barbizon. Trng phi ny c cc ha s Php khi xng ti lng
Barbizon (gn Fontainebleau), trong giai on 1830 1870, khi hi ha chuyn
t tro lu Lng mn sang Hin thc. Cc ha s n tng Php lc u cng
gia nhp nhm Barbizon.
Ti Nht, tranh v theo phong cch chu u c gi l Yga ( =
dng ha) tc tranh Ty, phn bit vi Nihonga ( = Nht Bn ha),
tc tranh theo phong cch Nht Bn.

Antonio Fontanesi
Bui sng (1861)
sn du trn canvas, 60.3 x 91.7 cm
Bo tng Ngh thut Hin i Genova

Ti nhng nm 1880 tinh thn dn tc bi phng Ty li ni ln khin

trng M thut Cng nghip Tokyo phi ng ca. Ba nm sau, trng M
thut Tokyo tin thn ca i hc Ngh thut Tokyo () ngy nay 36

c thnh lp v ch dy Nihonga. Nm 1889 cc ha s v tranh Ty thnh lp

hi M thut Minh Tr (Meiji Bujutsukai).
Nm 1893 ha s 27 tui Seiki Kuroda (1866 1924) t Paris v Nht.
ng vn l mt t tc dng di samurai, c gia nh cho sang Php hc lut
nm 1884, nhng 2 nm sau b lut hc v. Ti Nht, cc bc tranh theo
phong cch n tng v trc ha t t nhin (pleinairism) ca Kuroda
gy ting vang v tranh ci. Bt ng quan im vi cc ha s v theo phong
cch Barbizon v h thng quan liu ca hi M thut Minh Tr, nm 1896
Kuroda khi xng thnh lp hi m thut Hakubakai. Hi ny khng c iu
l cng nhc m ch nhm to c hi cho cc ha s cng ch hng trin lm
cc tc phm ca mnh. Cng nm khoa tranh Ty c thnh lp ti trng
M thut Tokyo v Kuroda c mi lm trng khoa. ng a mn hnh
ha nghin cu c th ngi (anatomy), v mu kha thn v lch s hi ha
vo chng trnh ging dy sinh vin. Nm 1922 Kuroda c b nhim lm
ch tch vin Hn lm M thut Hong gia.

Seiki Kuroda
Tam bnh: (t phi) Tr (), Cm (), Tnh () (1897)
sn du trn canvas, 180.6 x 99.8 cm
huy chng Bc ti Trin lm quc t (Paris) nm 1900

Kuroda l ngi c nhiu cng ph bin hi ha chu u ti qung i

qun chng, nh Yga c chp nhn nh mt thnh phn ca hi h a ti
Nht Bn. ng c coi l cha u ca hi ha hin i Nht Bn.
2. Trung Quc
Ti Trung Quc sn du c du nhp mun hn, vo nhng nm 1920
1930. T Bi Hng (1895 1953) l mt trong nhng ha s i u trong vic
truyn b hi ha sn du ti Trung Quc. T Bi Hng hc m thut ti Tokyo
nm 1917, sau quay v dy v ti Bc Kinh. Nm 1919 T Bi Hng sang hc
sn du v hnh ha ti ha vin Paris. Tr v Trung Quc nm 1927, h T dy
v ti nhiu trng khc nhau. Sau 1949 h T c b nhim chc ch tch hi
37

ha s v ch tch vin Hn lm M thut Trung ng ca CHND Trung Hoa. ng

c coi l mt trong nhng ngi t nn mng cho hi ha hin i ca
Trung Quc.

T Bi Hng
Chn dung Tn a T (1936)
sn du trn canvas, 132 x 107 cm

Trong 3 nm 1954 1957, Trung Hoa Cng sn mi ha s Lin x

Konstantin Maximov (1913 1993) sang dy sn du v phong cch hin thc
XHCN. Cc ha s Tu hc kha o to ca Maximov tr thnh nhng ha s
u tin v theo phong cch hin thc XHCN Nga c Tu ha.
3. Vit Nam
Ti Vit Nam hi ha ni chung v hi ha sn du ni ring c khai
sinh ti trng M thut ng Dng do Victor Tardieu thnh lp nm 1925.
Victor Tardieu (1870 1937) v Joseph Inguimberty (1896 1971) trng
khoa hi ha ca trng ny l cc ha s chu nh hng ca tro lu n
tng Php.

38

Victor Tardieu
Trm x qun i ngoi mt trn trong Nht Th Chin (1915)
sn du trn vn g, 21.6 x 27.3 cm

Joseph Inguimberty
Xng ha (1933)
trn
canvas, 155 x 167 cm
sn du

Nh vy, so vi truyn thng 600 nm ca chu u, hi ha sn du Vit

Nam cn rt non tr, mi 88 tui. Gn na s thi gian ngn ngi (40 nm)
li lm vo thi chin v hu chin (1945 1985). Trong thi k ny hi ha
cng nh vn hc ngh thut ni c hung phi phc v tuyn truyn chnh tr. Ch
t 1986 ti nay (27 nm) mi trng ngh thut Vit Nam mi tr nn thng
thong hn.

39

Li v sn du c dy ti Vit Nam t thi trng M thut ng Dng

ti nay l v trc tip ( alla prima, hay t tr n t). K thut sn du nhiu
lp ca cc bc thy c in cha bao gi c ging dy v thc hnh.
Trong thi mt k ca sn du liu hi ha Vit Nam c tm c ch
ng ca mnh trn bn ngh thut th gii?

S suy vong ca hi ha sn du
Trit gia Gianni Vattimo (sinh 1936) ch ra 3 kha cnh bc l ci cht
ca ngh thut ni chung v hi ha ni ring trong thi i ngy nay:
i)
Ngh thut b truyn thng i chng v hiu ha;
ii)
Tham vng a ngh thut hi nhp vi cuc sng l khng
tng;
iii)
Xu hng hach nh ngh thut phn ng chng li x
xm lng ca vn ho i chng (hay kitsch) t dn ngh thut vo
chn tng, dn n mt ci cht do t vn.
Tuy nhin, theo Vattimo, ngh thut khng cht ti, m suy vong. Ngh
thut vn r a cc tc phm trong khi chim ngng ci cht ca chnh mnh.
C l mt phn b dn vt bi mt k ca ngh thut m Salvador Dal

ra s mng gii cu hi ha . Trong cun B mt cuc i Salvador Dal

t
(1942), ng tuyn b: Thay v Phn ng, h ay Cch mng, hy Phc hng!
Cng nh Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres danh ha tng coi cc bc thy
Phc Hng t ti gii hn vnh hng khng th chi ci v s siu phm
trong ngh thut, Dal ghi bn l trang 22 trong cun sch ca mnh: Nu bn
l mt trong s nhng ngi tin rng hi ha hin i vt ln trn Vermeer
v Raphael th ng c cun sch ny, m hy i thng vo s ngu si cc lc
ca bn .
Trong tiu lun Hi ha cht hi ha mun nm: Nhn nh v Dal
v Leonardo (2006) [22], David Lomas gio s lch s m thut ti H
Manchester cho rng ni bt hnh ca Dal l lm mt ha s say ngh sau khi
hi ha ch t.
Ni bt hnh ny l khng ch ca ring Dal.
i vi nhiu ha s v ngi yu hi ha ti Vit Nam, tn tui ca
Salvador Dal thng c gn vi hi ha siu thc. C l t ai rng, t
sau Nh Th Chin, Dal on tuyt vi ch ngha si u thc v tm l hc
ca Sigmund Freud. Trong Hin chng phn vt cht (Anti-matter manifesto,
1958), ng vit: Trong thi k Siu thc, ti mun to ra mt s m t
bng hnh tng th gii bn trong, th gii ca iu k diu, ca cha ti Freud.
Ngy nay th gii bn ngoi v th gii ca vt l vt ln trn th gii ca
tm l hc. Ngy na y cha ti l tin s Heisenberg [23].
40

Nm 1948 Dal quyt nh t b siu thc tr thnh c in. Cng

trong nm Dal xut bn cun 50 b mt ca tay ngh ma thut (1948),
trong ng than: K t ch ngha n tng ti nay, ngh thut hi ha
suy tn tht n tng.
thy r, trn phng din k thut sn du, Dal nhn nh chnh
xc nh th no, ta hy cng ngc dng lch s ti cui th k XIX [24].
Vo giai on ny, Vin Hn lm M thut Php, thnh lp t th k XVII,
tr thnh mt h thng gio iu thng tr mi mt trong nn m thut
Php. Mt nhm nh cc vin s hn lm, gi chc danh trn i, ng thi l
gio s Ha vin Paris, bm cht vo h thng o to cng nhc, nng v
hnh ha hn lm [25], bp cht c tnh, nh ra phong cch m cc ha s tr
phi v theo nu mun tin thn. Thi , cch duy nht mt ha s c th by
tranh ca mnh, bn tranh v sng bng ngh l lt c vo cc trin lm
chnh thng hng nm do nh nc t chc gi l Salon. Gim kho Hi ng
M thut ca Salon phn ln l cc vin s ni trn. H loi thng tay tc phm
no khng hp vi quan nim ca h.
Ti ha vin Paris, ha s c o to theo truyn thng tn th cc bc
thy . H c dy phi thm nhun ch ngha nhn vn trong phong cch
Phc Hng, kt hp sng to phong cch ny vi ti nng ca chn h mnh
to nn nhng tc phm c o. Bt k mt ha s nghim tc no cng cn
phi c ot gii Rome ca ha vin Paris c ti tr sang tu nghip ti
mt thi gian.
Cch dng mt bc sn du theo k thut hn lm c dy ti ha vin
Paris thi tun th nghim ngt nhng bc sau.
Lm phc tho. Da trn phc tho ny, ha s v mu cho
tng hnh ngi, mu chi tit np vi, v.v. Bc ny thng mt hng
tun l, hng thng, c khi ko di vi nm. Cui cng hnh ha ton b
b cc c can ln canvas.
Mu c ln sao cho b cc cng ging tht cng tt, nh
t
bc
nh
chp. t c mc tiu ny, qu trnh v mu thng
m
gm 3 bc c bn:
i)
V n sc bng mu nu long trn ton b b cc ln
sng ti, din khi, to su v.v.;
ii)
V lt bng mu, thng l mu c;
iii)
V lng, ta chi tit, xa cc vt bt. Nhn cc im sng bng
v c (impasto) to cm gic tc thi, ti mi, che giu s mt mi
ca qu trnh v.
Bc tranh phi c v k, khng ch no b d, nn canvas khng c
l ra, da tht phi ging tht, khng c thy vt bt. v mt bc tranh
nh vy, ha s phi mt hng thng c khi ti vi nm tri, v cn c k nng
rt cao th mi c th chuyn c tng thnh hin thc mt cch trong
41

sng v thuyt phc nht. Cc cm xc bt pht, tc thi, thot ra ngoi s

kim sot ca l tr kh m c t sng vi li v nh vy.
Cc ha s n tng tng lai Claude Monet, Pierre -Auguste Renoir,
Frdric Bazille, v Alfred Sisley gp nhau trong bi cnh ny khi h v o hc
ti xng ha ca Charles Gleyre gio s ha vin Paris vo nm 1862. Ti
y h phi hc hnh ha hng gi mi ngy, v khng c s dng bt lng,
mu v chng no h cha nm vng hnh ha theo khun mu m thut Hy
La c i. S ph Gleyr e tng ni vi tr Monet rng: Anh bn tr, mi khi v
mt hnh ngi, phi lun lun ngh ti C i. Frdric Bazille cm cnh,
than: Cn lu ti mi v c hnh ha cho t t. Ti cha c ng vo sn
du v cng khng hy vng c iu chng no ti cha th v rt gii.
Bc bi v khun mu g b ca ha vin, chn ngn phong cch v ca
cc ha s ng thi, tc ti v nhng li ph bnh lin tc ca s ph Gleyre,
ng thi c khch l bi cc ha s n anh khc i nh Delacroix,
Courbet, Manet, Corot, Millet, cc thanh nin U25 ny dn bt ra khi li v
truyn thng ca ha vin.
Trong lc , cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut th k XVIII tc ng
mnh ti ngh thut.
Nm 1839 nh ho hc Php Michel Chevreul gii thch hin tng mu
tng phn v quy lut mu b, c s ca l thuyt khoa hc v ho sc v
phi mu trong hi ha, m cc ha s tin bi ch cm nhn qua kinh nghim
v bng trc gic. L thuyt cng mu nh sng cng c nh vt l Anh
James Clerk Maxwell thit lp. Trong khong t 1700 ti 1850 ngi ta pht
hin c 40 nguyn t ho hc mi. Ch trong vng 70 nm (1800 1870)
hn 20 loi bt mu mi ca cc sc , da cam, vng, lc v lam c tng
hp, cha cc nguyn t mi c pht hin nh chrom e, cadmium, cobalt.
Bng mu ca ha s t nhin c m rng cha tng thy trong lch s.
Nhiu mu tng hp mi nh xanh bin sm (ultramarine) ca Php li c gi
r khng ng, 10 ln thp hn mu t nhin c ch t lapiz lazuli. iu ny
cho php cc ha s, v mt vt l, c th v khc vi tin bi. iu ny cn
gip ngi t tin cng c th tr thnh ha s.
Thm vo , nm 1841 ha s M John Goffe Rand pht minh ra tube
bng ch ng mu, khin c th d dng mang mu sn du theo ngi ,
gi c lu, trnh c c mi ln v li phi nghin nh trc hay phi tr
mu trong bao lm t bng quang ln, bo nho v d thng. Nm 1842
Winsor & Newton (1832) sn xut cc tube sn du u tin c np y bn
cho ha s.

42

Tri: Ti ng sn du bng bng quang ln.

Ly kim chm bp mu ra khi dng.
Phi: Hnh v ng kim loi ng mu in trong bng sng ch nm 1841 ca J.G. Rand.

Nhng yu t ny gip cc ha s n tng Php lm cuc cch mng

trong hi ha. T nay, palette ca h s ch c nhng mu ca quang ph. T
nay, h c th chui ra khi cc xng ha ti tm, thot khi cnh lng ln nh
h trong chung khi ch cc lp mu kh. T nay cc kit tc hi ha s c
v ngoi tri (en plein air) mt pht xong ngay (alla prima), khng phi kh
s vi mu trong mu c, vi imprimatura, lt, v lng. T nay con ng ti
vinh quang tng chng s ngn v nhanh hn con ng ca Van Eyck v
Antonello da Messina. Auguste Renoir tng ni: Nu khng c mu trong ng
kim loi th khng c Czanne, Monet, Pissarro, v khng c tro lu n
tng.
Ci mi m ca tro lu n tng c th c tm tt ngn gn bng
nhn nh ca mt trong nhng ngi khi xng ra n, Claude Monet: T khi
tro lu n tng xut hin, cc phng tranh chnh thng trc kia thng c
mu nu, nay tr thnh c mu lam, lc v . Nh ph bnh ng thi Jules
Laforgue ch r bn cht ca tro lu ny nh sau: Ha s n tng nhn v
th hin t nhin c sao nh vy tc l, ton b trong s rung rinh ca mu
sc. Khng cn hnh ha, nh sng, din khi, lut vin cn, hay sng ti,
khng cn tt c nhng tr phn loi tr con .
Cn y l mt tri ca tm huy chng.
Trong khi s bt mu mi c tng hp tng ln rt nhiu so vi trc
kia, trn thc t cc ha s n tng dng rt t mu so vi cc tin bi ca h.
Bng mu truyn thng ca cc ha s Php trc h c xy dng t palette
ca cc bc thy c in, thng c khong 15 sc l [24]:
1) trng ch
2) vng Naples
3) vng n
43

4) vng t
5) t
6) thn sa
7) hng thin tho
8) son
9) nu Sienna chy
10) nu thin tho
11) hc n
12) nu t umber
13) en ng voi
14) lam Ph
15) xanh bin sm t nhin

Bn mu truyn thng ca ha s nhng nm 1800 (m phng)

(theo Perry Hurt [13])

Bng mu ca cc ha s Phc Hng v Baroque, c ting l t mu, cng

c trn 12 mu.
Lc mi khi u, cc ha s n tng vn dng bng mu vi 13 15
mu nh ca cc tin bi. Dn dn h loi ht cc mu t v mu en, ch gi
li khong 8 10 mu [24]:
1) trng ch
2) vng chrome, 1820
3) thn sa
4) t
5) alizarin crimson
(mu tng hp thay hng thin tho, 1868)
6) xanh bin sm Php, 1826
7) lam cobalt, 1802
8) lc chrome, 1838
9) lc ngc bch, 1814
10) en ng voi

44

Bn mu ca ha s n tng (m phng)
(theo Perry Hurt [13])

Nm 1878 Pissarro chng minh rng mnh c th v mt phong cnh

mun mu mun v m ch dng 6 mu l lc ngc bch, xanh bin sm, hng
sm (tc alizarin crimson), thn sa, vng chrome v trng ch. Vo kho ng
nm 1905, Monet cng ni ng ch dng vn vn c 6 mu l lc chrome, lam
cobalt, hng sm, thn sa, vng cadmium v trng ch.

Camille Pissarro,
Phong cnh v trn palette (1878)
sn du v trn palette, 24.13 x 34.29 cm

Cc ha s n tng b qua ton b k thut v sn du nhiu lp ca

cc bc thy c in. c bit, h b hn ha sc quang hc bng lng mu,
v ch cn dng cc ha sc pha trn trn palette, thm ch trn thng trn
canvas trong qu trnh v. Cc ha s Tn n tng sau ny nh Georges
Seurat v Paul Signac cn pht minh ra li v cc chm mu nguyn cnh nhau
vi hy vng to hiu ng cng mu quang hc. Vic pha trn g ch vo tt c cc
mu lm sng ha sc chung ca bc tranh khin cc mu ca cc ha s
n tng u c nh mu bt.

45

Cc lp mu dy v c c rt t sc thi. Mu pha trn trn palette bao

gi cng mt tinh khit, v b bn nu pha trn nhiu hoc pha cc mu b
nhau vi t l nh nhau. Trong khi cc lp mu trong c rt nhiu sc thi,
ty thuc dy v cng nh sng chiu vo. V vy, vic b qua cc mu
trong v k thut sn du c in khin ha sc trn tranh ca cc ha s n
tng thiu su thm, trong sut v huyn b gn nh siu phm trong cc
bc ha c. Nhiu sc ti v bng trong tranh ca cc ha s n tng b
bn v c v bng ha sc trn t cc mu b nhau trn palette.
Hnh ha trong tranh ca cc ha s n tng cng dn dn bin mt.
Monet ni ng khng bao gi v hnh ha tr dng bt lng v sn du. Chn
ngn li v hn lm, cc ha s n tng coi nhng bc tranh v trong xng
di nh sng nhn to ca tin bi l gi di, l bt chc qu kh m t cch
tuyt vng. Thay vo h i tm chn l ngoi kia, di nh sng thin
nhin. Mt khi ha s chy ua vi bin i ca nh sng, bng k nng hnh
ha trung bnh ha s s khng thi gian v nn cc hnh chi tit. Cc vt
mu dn dn tha y th cc hnh ngi trong tranh. y nn canvas trng cn
l ra, tr thnh mt phn ca b cc mt iu khng th chp nhn c
trong tranh ca cc bc thy c in.
Thc cht cc ha s n tng vn lm mt vic m phng thin nhin
nh cc tin bi, nhng tuyt vng hn, bi h b tt c cc tr tr con
nh hnh ha , chiu sng, din khi, lut vin cn, hay sng ti. H thay tt
c cc thnh phn nn tng ny bng o gic do nh sng gy nn khi phn x
t vt, m h c m phng bng cc v t sn du alla prima trn canvas. Nhng
cuc ui bt hiu ng nh sng bng mu nh vy sinh ra series cc ng
rm hay nh th ca Monet, v ti cc thi im khc nhau trong ngy, hay
series ao hoa sng, tng t nh mt chui slides sc s chiu tr n mn hnh.
Bn thn Monet cng vit: Mi ngy ti li pht hin ra nhng th ti khng
nhn thy hm trc. Rt cuc ti ang c lm mt iu bt kh. Ha sc knh
vn hoa ca Monet ngc 180 so vi quan nim m tin bi Ingres tng
cn dn hc tr: Th xm cn hn sc s.

46

Claude Monet
Chui tranh v nh th Rouen (1892 1894).
Monet dng lu trc nh th ui bt hiu ng nh sng p hn x trn tng nh th v
v ti 30 bc sn du mt tin nh th.

Hai th k trc Monet hiu ng ma qui ca nh sng c din t rt

ti tnh trong tranh ca Johannes Vermeer.

47

Johannes Vermeer
Phong cnh Delft (1660 1661)
sn du trn canvas, 98.5 x 117.5 cm
Mauritshuis, The Hague

Cui cng, v lo tranh b nt v, do v nhanh v tranh phi kh nhanh,

cc ha s n tng loi hn nha cy (nh dammar , mastic, copal, v.v.) ra
khi dung dch pha mu, ch dng du lanh v du thng. Cc chuyn gia phc
ch cho bit cc ha s n tng dng qu nhiu dung mi (du thng) v
trn nn thm, v t chi qut varnish bo v v lo varnish ng vng s lm ti
tranh [26]. Mt trong nhng hu qu ca k thut v ny phn li mc ch
ca h: Trng ch, do khng c varnish hoc nha pha vo dung dch che
chn, tip xc thng vi lu hunh trong kh ng kh v chuyn thnh mu
en [27].
Danh ha Hu n tng Vincent Van Gogh (1853 1890) thm ch cn

thn sa, v t tin, v ch dng hng yn chi lm t bt mu phm

loi
nhum (lake), b qua cnh bo ca nh ha hc Sir Arthur Herbert Church
(1834 1915): D mu ch t v rp son c p n u i chng na, khng
mu no c xut hin trn palette ca ha s. Ha s no coi trng v hy vng
vo s bn vng ca tranh mnh v th ng bao gi nn dng nhng mu
ny. Van Gogh cng dng nhiu cht tng tc kh cha mui ch, km. Mu
hng yn chi trong bc chn dung mt ph n Van Gogh v nm 1885 i
sang mu lc sau 44 nm. Mu hng sng trn nn bc tnh vt hoa din v Van
Gogh v nm 1890, theo nh m t ca Van Gogh trong th gi em trai Theo,
sau mt th k chuyn sang mu be [28].

48

Vincent Van Gogh

Hoa din v (1890)
sn du trn canvas, 73.7 x 92.1 cm.
Tri: Bc ha sau khi va hon thnh (m phng bng k thut s).
Phi: nguyn tc hin nay ti Bo tng MT New York.
(Hnh t chuyn kho ca A. Daish [19])

Van Gogh cng thay mu vng Naples v vng cadmium bng vng ch
chromate. Vng ny khi c pha vi trng km, gp nh sng mt tri dn dn
ng sang mu lc. Kt hp vi mu du lanh b oxy ha, mu ny cui cng
chuyn thnh mu nu [29].

Vincent Van Gogh

Hoa hng dng (1888)
sn du trn canvas, 92 x 73 cm,
c
ha
sau
khi va hon thnh (m phng bng k thut s).
Tri: B
i:
nguy
Ph
n tc hin nay ti Neue Pinakothek, Munich.
(Hnh t chuyn kho ca A. Daish [28])

Nhng tro lu n tng mi ch l m mn cho mt k ca hi ha.

49

Thi k m ngh thut ni chung v hi ha ni ring vn l biu hin ca

chn l nay khng cn na. Ngh thut khng cn l mn n tinh thn, khng
cn hu x t nhin hng. Ngh s ngy nay phi t bin minh, phi ng
u vi cc nh ph bnh ngh thut v cch din gii. Rt nhiu tro lu sinh
ra nhng ch l s thay i, m dng nh khng c tin tri n. T cc l tng
cao c ca Flemish, Phc Hng, Baroque, ngh thut t ti mc khng ch
ai cng c th tr thnh ngh s m bt c ci g cng c th tr thnh ngh
thut.
Trong bi cnh , hi ha tr thnh lc lng. Ngi ta khng cn
quan tm ti cht liu, vn l vn trung tm ca sn du, m ch dng sn
du nh mt phng tin th hin tng, khng khc g dng mu bt,
mu nc, collage, acrylic, v.v.
Nu nh nhng s xut cu Van Gogh c th l bt kh khng do tnh
cnh tng thi u, th cc ngh s sau ny cn tin xa hn, bi h hnh ng c
ch ch ch khng nht thit do hon c nh kinh t b buc. Trong cun 50 b
mt ca tay ngh ma thut thng dn, Dal vit v Picasso: ng tha bit ci
th nc men trng dng sn c a mua t ca hiu gc ph m ng dng
qut ln canvas s ng vng trong vng mt nm, tng t nh t bo trong
cc tranh ct dn ca ng. iu ny cng ht nh mt tay v chnh ph bit rt
r, khi chm la vo nh th, rng hiu qu hnh ng ca h n khng phi l
nhm gn gi nh th m l nh th ng ng bc chy.
mt vi ni khc chu , ni hi ha sn du mi c du nhp t
chu u cch y ch khong mt th k, ch ngha thc dng cn gy hu qu
t hi hn. Tham vng mun pht n hanh, mun ni danh nh cn, cng vi
s ng nhn v cm xc, coi khinh l tr trong ngh thut, khin khng t
ngi nng vi, b qua kin thc v k nng m cc tin bi dy cng xy
dng hng trm nm nay. Hu qu ca li v chp git sinh ra nhng tc
phm c ngay khi va ra l. Thm ch tui th ca mt s bc ha ch ko
di khng ti 10 nm, ch cha ni vi chc nm [ 30].

PHNG PHP V SN DU
T vt liu n k thut
Gia nhng nm 1980 c ln ti hi mt danh ha Vit Nam, nay q u
c, rng ng chun b nn cho tranh sn du ca mnh th no. ng ni ch cn
ly mt ming carton bnh vin, qut mt lt sn trng ln, kh l v c.
Ti hi sc v chnh mnh cng tng lm nh vy khi t my m v sn du
vo u nhng nm 1970. Hu qu thm hi ca kiu pr-pa-r ny [prparer
(ting Php): chun b nn v tranh ln] nh th no ti c tri
nghim.

50

Song, thi y nn kinh t Vit Nam cn rt kh khn, cuc sng thiu

thn ng, c c mt tube trng to v l sng lm ri, u c th
kn chn trng ch, km hay titanium. V th vic chun b nn s si trong
hon cnh nh vy u cng l iu c th thng cm.
Cn by gi, sau hn 30 nm tri qua, vi cc iu kin v kinh t v
s du nhp cht liu t b n ngoi vo d dng, t hn trc, chng ta cn
phi bit r mnh ang v trn ci g.

Nn mng tranh sn du
Vt liu (support) v nn (ground) v sn du l nhng phn thuc
hng quan trng nht, nh hng trc tip ti s trng tn ca bc tran h,
tng t nh mng ca mt ngi nh. V tranh trn mt vt liu v nn
khng tt cng v nh xy nh trn mt ci mng ti li chn trn ct.
Mt trong nhng tiu chun quan trng nht ca vt liu v nn l
phi bn vng, khng b bin dng theo n hit , m, thi gian, khi lm
bong nt cc lp mu v trn, khng ht mu qu nhiu mu khng b
xung, to lp ngn sn du thm vo lm hng vt liu .
Vt liu
Thng support c chia lm 3 nhm:
> bng g
b (gai).
-

Vt liu c mt trung bnh: bng g p tt hn > bng g

dn.
Vt liu nh: vi (toile hay canvas): linen > cotton > vi bao
Vt liu mng: giy si bng > giy thng > ba > giy bi

Mt phi rp sn dnh vo nhng li khng c ht sn khi b

xung mu, khng c co gin nhiu qu khi nhit thay i sn khi nt
v. V th vt liu phi c x l (preparer, hay size (ph) v prime (lt)).

Support theo thi gian cng c s pht trin a dng v cht liu nhng
ch yu vn l cc vt liu chnh sau:
Nn gesso truyn thng trn vn g
Nhng bc sn du u tin c v t th k V IX trn tng hang
Bamyian
(Afghanistan). Hng trm nm sau, hi ha sn du mi c ti
ti
pht hin ti chu u. Vo th k 14 15, cc ha s chu u ch yu v ln
vt liu bng g.
51

Tri: Jan van Eyck, Chn dung Margaret van Eyck (v ha s), 1439,
sn du trn g, 41.2 x 34.6 cm, Groeningemuseum, Bruges (B). Phi: trch on bc tr anh.

Vn g (wood panel) c gia c np ng sau trnh cong vnh, c

nh nhn, phng, sau c dn kn (seizing) bng mt lp keo da th
(rabbit-skin glue, vit tt l RSG). Keo da th sau khi kh cng c tc dng nh
mt lp cch li, ngn du la nh thm vo vn g. Trn lp keo dn kh, ngi
ta lt (priming) vi lt dung dch keo da th pha vi phn trng (calcium
carbonate: CaCO3) lm nn. ngi ta thng dng gesso bi nn. Nn
gesso ca ngi thng dy hn nn keo phn ca cc h a s Bc u v cc
ha s Bc u thng dng vn g si, vn cng v nhn hn vn g thch,
bch dng, liu m cc ha s vng a Trung Hi thng dng. Gesso trong
ting c ngha l va, bt ngun t mt t Hy Lp l gypsum tc thch cao.
Gesso l mt hp cht lng gm phn, thch cao (calcium sulphate
dihydrate: CaSO42H2O), trng ch (carbonate ch: PbCO3), v cht kt dnh l
keo da th. V thch cao khin nn gesso b gin, d nt nn sau ny ngi ta
b thch cao, nhng vn gi tn gesso theo th i quen. Nn gesso sau khi
kh c nh nhn nh mt . Trn cc ha s (nh Jan Van Eyck, Hans
Memling) ph mt lp sn mng gi l imprimatura, thng gm trng ch pha
long vi mu t (nu, , vng t, en, v.v.) v du thng (turpentine).
Imprimatura ngn sn thm vo nn gesso (khin mt sn bng khng u).
Lp imprimatura cn to ra mt ha sc chung cho ton b cc. Sau ha s
v lt bng tempera ri v cc lp sn du ln. Gesso v sn du sau khi
kh tr nn rt cng v gin, v t h vt liu phi cng (nh vn g hay kim
loi), khng bin dng, sn v nn khi nt gy.
Keo ng vt khc nh t da nga, la, tru, b, xng ng vt, v c
t c cng c dng thay keo da th, tuy khng do bng. Keo da th tt c
sn xut t da th ti, cha h bc mi. Da th c thuc tch keo. Keo
ny c phun thnh ht mn trong mt bung sy. Keo da th tinh khit c th
chu c vt th ng knh khong 12.5 cm nng chng 500 gr lm ln
xung ti 4 mm m b mt keo khng b nt v (php th theo phng php
ca Bloom), c gi l c sc Bloom bng 500. Trong khi keo da thng
thng c sc Bloom cha ti 400. Sc Bloom cng thp keo ng cng chm
52

v co cng mnh. Dn canvas m dng keo c sc Bloom thp th khi kh, keo
co li c th ko gy khung cng canvas.

Keo da th (tri) v keo da thng thng (phi).

Ngy nay cc vn g dn, vn g p ( medium density fireboard, vit tt

MDF) c sn xut, nh v r hn thay cc vn g si, g thch khi xa.

Cu trc gin mt sau vn g tranh c (tri),

v vn g dn hin i c 1.3 x 1.62 m (phi).

Nn sn trn kim loi

Kim loi c dng lm vt liu t th k XIV. Mt s tranh v trn
ng vn trng tn rt tt n tn ngy nay. C th chn cc tm ng dng
in, dy 1 mm. Tm ng cn c dn bng keo epoxy ln mt vn g p
gi cho khi bin dng. Cn ph varnish tt c cc pha ca vn g chng
m lm r tm kim loi. Mt vn ng cn c nh giy rp mn sau lau
sch bng cn, ri ph mt lp nc ti ln. Nn gm trng ch pha vi mt t
nu t, vng ochre v en. Dng lng bn tay (mang gng gii phu) x oa sn
ln mt tm ng. Sau khi nn bi sn kh (t nht 2 tun, tt nht l 3 thng),

53

cn nh giy rp mn tm du (Khng bao gi nn nh giy rp kh v bi

trng ch rt c).

Jan Van Kessel, Nghin cu bm v cn trng , 1655,

ng, 11 x 14.8 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
trn
sn du

54

Valentin Serov,
Chn dung N.Ya. Derviz b con , 1888 1889
sn du trn st, 142 x 71 cm,
Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.

Nn sn trn canvas
S bt tin ca vt liu cng (g, kim loi) l ch rt kh lm cc tranh
kch thc ln m khng cong vnh, li khng nh nhng khi vn chuyn. V th
sang th k 15 16, cc ha s chuyn sang dng vi thay vn g v cc
t hng kch thc ln. Vo thi by gi Venice l thnh ph sn xut vi v
ni ting tt nht. Bc thy trng phi Venetian Paolo Veronese v bc ha
trn vi ln nht th k 16 i tic t i nh Levi (5.55 x 12.8 m).[31]

55

Paolo Veronese, i tic ti nh Levi, 1573

sn du trn canvas, 5.55 x 12.8 m, Gallerie dellAcademia, Venice

Hu ht cc ha s Phc Hng v Baroque v trn vi gai du (hemp). Cy

gai du ting Hy Lp l (cannabis), ting Php c l chanevas (grosse
toile = vi th dt bng gai), cn ting Anh c l canevaz. V th ting Anh ngy
nay gi vi v l canvas, cn ting Php gi tt l toile (vi) m ngi Vit din
nm thnh toan. Gai du c con ngi trng t 12 ngn nm trc.
Ngi Trung Quc trng gai du t 8 ngn nm trc v hin l nc trng gai
du nhiu nht (chim khong 80% tng sn lng trn th gii). V gai du
cn l nguyn liu ch ra ti m (hay cn sa tc marijuana) nn Hoa K cm
trng gai du t 1950 ti nay, song vn cho php nhp khu nguyn liu. Si
gai du di 100 200 cm, ng knh khong 16 50 micron, l mt trong
nhng loi si t nhin dai nht v bn nht, khng b mc, v ngn c tia
cc tm.
Sang th k 18 vi gai du dn dn nhng ch cho vi dt bng si lanh.
T th k 19 cc ha s v ch yu trn vi lanh. Vi lanh c ngi Ai Cp
dng t khong 5 ngn nm trc. Trc khi vi bng ra i (th k 18) phn
ln ngi phng Ty dng vi dt t si lanh hoc len. Si lanh di t 15
100 cm, ng knh 11 20 micron, rt dai, khng b nhim khun, rt bn. T
linge (qun o lt, vi), ligne (ng nt) trong ting Php, line (ng
nt) trong ting Anh u c gc t lanh (lin trong ting Php, linen trong ting
Anh) v ngi xa dng si ch lanh ny mc v ng thng . Canvas lanh
hp vi du lanh dng trong sn du v cng t mt loi cy lanh m ra.

56

Tit din ca si lanh (tri) v gai du (phi) di knh hin vi [32].

Thng thng canvas gai du c mu ng vng cn canvas lanh c mu

xm nh bc. Tuy nhin rt kh phn bit canvas gai du v canvas lanh nu
khng soi knh hin vi. Canvas lanh ca hng Claessens (B) (thnh lp nm
1906) hin c coi l loi canvas lanh cht lng tt hng u th gii.
Sang th k XX vi bng c dng lm canvas (cotton canvas) v si
bng c sn xut nhiu, vi bng r hn vi lanh. Si bng mng, ch di ti
6 cm. Vi bng nhn hn, khng c b mt rp phong ph nh lanh hay gai
du. Nhc im ln nht ca vi bng l khng bn bng vi lanh hay vi gai
du (lanh dai hn bng gp 3 ln), ht m mnh, cng m th cc yu, co gin
nhiu khin mt sn d nt , d b acid trong mi trng lm h hi, d nhim
khun dn n mc, v b tia cc tm lm thoi ho v th khng nn dng cho
nhng tc phm quan trng.
Canvas cht lng km nht c dt t si ay (jute), va tha va yu,
ch nn dng cho cc bi tp v.
Ngy nay cn c canvas dt t si tng hp polyester. Canvas loi ny
thng c dt rt cht, mt vi thng u v nhn. Tuy cc nh sn xut
khng nh canvas si tng hp bn v trng tn hn canvas vi lanh v vi
bng, khng b mc, khng b vi khun, m, nhit , nhim khng kh lm
thoi ho, nhiu ha s vn e ngi canvas si tng hp, cho l r tin.

57

Vi loi canvas cho sn du

Ni chung khng nn dng canvas pha gia si lanh v si bng, hay si

lanh v si tng hp, v tnh cht ca si khc nhau, tr khi si c pha rt
u c si ngang v si dc.
Canvas nh (di 200 gr/m 2) thng ch dng cho cc tranh kh khng
qu ln v khi ko cng c th rch, theo thi gian d chng, gy nt, v, bong
sn, c bit khi v dy. Canvas hng trung nng khong t 20 0 gr/m2 ti 300
gr/m2. Trn 300 gr/m2 l canvas loi nng dng cho cc tranh kch thc ln.
Khi v tranh kch thc trn 2 m nn dng canvas dt kp (dt p: t hai lp
si dc tr ln dt xen mt lp si ngang tr ln) v dy hn v chc chn hn.
Gi canvas mn c gi cao nht, k n canvas va, ri canvas th.

58

Mt dt ca canvas .

Phng php truyn thng vn dn mt canvas bng keo da th ngn

linolenic acid, chim ti 60% acid bo trong du lanh, thm vo lm hng si
vi. Sau nn c bi bng gesso. Nhng nn gesso p dng cho vn g
vn cng v gin khi kh khng thch hp cho canvas na v vi l vt liu
mm, s lm gesso nt v. V th ngi ta thm du lanh, h bt, ng vo
gesso lm do, nh c th cun canvas li m khng lm bong cc lp
sn. Mc d vy lp bi gesso v lp dn bng keo da th vn ht m, co gin
mnh theo m, khin cc lp sn cng pha trn d b nt v. l cha
k keo da th cn b mc ra v mc v vi khun.

Tit din phng to ca mt phn mt mt bc tranh trn canvas c dn v bi theo phng

php truyn thng (th k XIX ca ).
on mu lc pha trn c di 1 mm [ 33].

59

V th khi chuyn sang v trn canvas, cc ha s th h t sau Titian tr

i b hn lp nn gesso, m dng sn bi thng ln canvas c dn
bng keo da th. Nhiu ha s nh Tintoretto thm ch cn dng mu co t
palette v mu lng xung sau khi ra bt lm lt sn th nht. Lt sn
th hai, gm trng ch pha vi du lanh (i khi c thm mt s mu khc),
c ph ln sau khi lt th nht kh. Nn sn nh vy c gi l nn sn
kp (double ground), rt ph bin vo th k XVI XVII. Sn kh do b oxy
ha, to thnh cc chui cao phn t (polymer), ta nh nhng si spaghetti
rt di. m si polymer spaghetti ny ri vo nhau, lm thnh mt mng
n hi. Qu trnh polymer ha dn dn to nn cc im dnh cc si ny vo
nhau, gi l cc lin kt ngang (cross-linking). Qu trnh lin kt ngang din ra
rt chm v khng bao gi ngng. S im dnh (lin kt ngang) cng tng th
mng polymer cng cng, ti khi ch cn b bin dng nh l gy. V sn du
kh chm nh vy nn phi i 6 thng mi c th coi nn sn l tm kh v
ln m khng s b nt. Tng t nh th, tranh sn du sau khi hon thnh
phi kh t nht 6 thng mi c ph lp varnish bo v. Nu khng mu
sn ca tranh s lin kt ngang vi varnish, dn n khng th no g c lp
varnish ng vng sau ny ph lp mi m khng lm h hi tranh. Cc cht
ph gia tng tc kh u c th gy nt v ca nn v mu sn du pha
trn. Nn sn, c bit l trng ch, c nhc im l n g vng theo thi gian,
khi cng li d bong khi lp dn. Nn sn tt nht l trng ch (carbonate ch)
nhng trng ch rt c, nn ngy nay ngi ta thay bng trng titanium
(titanium dioxide) pha trng km (zinc oxide). Oxide km to ra x phng kim
loi, l nguyn nhn gy ra nt v v bong ca sn du [34, 35]. Gn y cc
nh sn xut nn sn ng lot loi hn trng km ra khi nn. Ngi ta cn
ang bn ci liu ha s c nn vt hn trng km i khng. Hin thi trng
km vn l th trng trong dng lng rt p. Nhng khng nn v dy
bng trng km, c bit khng bao gi nn dng nhiu trng km v lt v
s nt.

60

Trch on vi bc sn du: (a) v (b) b nt v bong v trng km;

(c) v (d): nt do nhit thp [ 34].

Theo cc ti liu t cui th k XVIII, ngi ta bit nn sn nu cha

qu nhiu du lanh s b vng v ti i. khc phc, ngi ta dng cc nn
thm v bn thm. Nn thm ht du tha khin mu khng b ti i. l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn v sao tranh ca Van Eyck v trn nn gesso qua
6 th k vn trong sng. Cc ha s n tng Php a dng nn thm v sn
du kh nhanh, tin cho vic v d ngoi.
Cc ha s Nga coi hp cht keo du lanh trng g l cht bi tt nht
cho canvas v sn du v tempera. Hp cht ny c gi l nh tng
() gm lng trng g, du lanh, keo casein, bt trng, du thu
du (castor oil) hoc mt ong ( lm do), phenol ( dit khun) v n c
[36]. Vo nhng nm 1970 1990 canvas lanh c bi bng nh tng l mt
trong vi loi canvas tt nht c bn ti cc ca hiu ha phm Moscow.
Sau ny, khc phc cc nhc im ca keo da th v keo da ni
chung, ngi ta thng dng nha PVA (polyvinyl acetate) dn canvas.
trnh thy phn khin PVA b phn hy thnh ru polyvinyl v acetic acid, PVA
phi trung tnh ( pH bng 7) tc khng c c tnh acid ( pH n h hn 7) ln
base ( pH ln hn 7).
Nn sn alkyd
61

Alkyd l mt trong hai sng ch quan trng nht trong vt liu nn ca

th k XX. (Sng ch kia l sn acrylic.) Alkyd l nha polyester ha vi acid
bo v mt s cht khc t c tn alkyd (ghp t a l = alcohol, tc ru v
cid = acid hu c). Sn alkyd trng thng gm nha alkyd, du lanh (hoc
thu du, hng dng, rum, tng) v trng titanium.
Sn alkyd bt u c dng bi nn canvas t nhng nm 1960 tuy
th trng sn alkyd khng l n nh th trng acrylic. Nn sn alkyd c nhiu
im tng t nh nn sn du, nhng kh nhanh hn nhiu (trong vng mt
ngy m), ng vng t hn, v cng bn khng km. Cng nh nn sn du,
nn sn alkyd cn c bi ln canvas c dn bng keo da . Nn sn alkyd
cng tr nn gin, d nt v theo thi gian, v cng b mc mt nh sn du.
Mc mt (efflorescence) l hin tng mt s acid bo nh palmitic v stearic
trong du khng tham gia vo cc lin kt ngang xy ra khi sn du b oxy ha.
Cc acid tha ny ni ln, tc dng vi kh quyn, to thnh nhng m trng
c nh nm mc trn mt tranh. Du lanh c t l acid bo palmitic v stearic
thp (khong 1.7) trong khi trong sn alkyd dng du tng t l ny cao
gp 3 ln ri [37].
Nn acrylic gesso
T khi ra i vo gia nhng nm 1950 ti nay, cng ngh lm cht kt
dnh v mu acrylic c nhng tin b vt bc. Nha acrylic thu c loi nha
polymer c chit t acrylic acid, mt dng n gin nht ca carboxylic acid
khng bo ha. Khc vi sn du dng du lanh lm cht kt dnh bt mu,
mu acrylic dng nha acrylic lm cht kt dnh. Nha acrylic ha tan c
trong nc v khi kh cc si polymer ha vo nhau ch khng lin kt ngang
nh trong qua trnh du lanh b oxy ha trong sn du. V th khi kh acrylic
to nn mt mng phim do, khng gin nh mng sn du. Mng acrylic sau
khi kh khng b nc ha tan, t co gin v m v nhit , kh nng chu
lc ko v nn cao hn keo da, v c bit l khng b vi khun lm mc v
nhim kh quyn lm thoi ha. T acrylic ngi ta ch ra acrylic gesso(ln u
tin vo nm 1955 do hng Liquitex (M) sn xut).

62

Liquitex primer

Khng nn nhm acrylic gesso vi gesso keo da truyn thng. Acrylic

gesso l mt hp cht lng dng bi nn gm phn (calcium carbonate
CaCO3), trng titanium (titanium dioxide), nha acrylic, v mt s cht khc
nh dung dch ammonia. Ngi ta cng pha cc bt mu khc vo to ra
acrylic gesso c mu. Cng khng nn nhm acrylic gesso vi sn acrylic. Sn
acrylic khi kh c b mt bng nhn, gi l mt ng, sn du v ln s
bm khng tt nn dn dn s bong. Cn acrylic gesso khi kh c mt m,
thm ht tt tng t nh gesso truyn thng, rp mn c nhiu rng to ra
lin kt c hc cho sn du bm vo. V acrylic gesso thm nh vy nn
ngn sn du khi thm vo canvas, thng phi qut 3 4 lt acrylic gesso
trc khi v ln bng sn du.
Khc vi nn sn du rt lu kh, acrylic gesso kh rt nhanh (trong vng
30 pht), khng c mi, v ch cn dng nc l ra c bt nn bi canvas
rt d, sch s, nhanh v tin. Nn acrylic gesso sau khi kh c th nh giy
rp ti nhn bng nh gesso truyn thng nhng li c th dng bi canvas
m khng s b nt v. Acrylic gesso c th dng cho c dn canvas ln bi
nn. Thc cht iu ny c ngha l ch cn qut vi lp mng acrylic gesso ln
canvas l c th v sn du ln. Nn acrylic gesso cng v xp sn du
bm tt, ng thi li do tranh c th cun li c m lp sn du pha
trn khng b nt v.
C hai quan im gy tranh ci trong vic dng canvas bi acrylic gesso
v sn du. Nhng ha s theo phe truyn thng l lun rng acrylic khc
sn du v tnh cht ha hc, khng c lin kt ngang, m ch c lin kt c hc
vi sn du nn h lo sn du v trn nn bi acrylic gesso v lu di s bong.
Mt s chuyn gia phc ch cng ng v phe ny n gin l v cc tnh cht
ca sn acrylic, acrylic gesso v phng php phc ch tranh sn du trn nn
acrylic gesso cng nh tranh v bng sn acrylic ch mi bt u tr thnh
ti nghin cu khoa hc c h thng t khong 10 nm nay, nn c rt nhiu
63

iu cc nh phc ch cn cha bit cch gii quyt. Ngc li, cc ha s a

dng acrylic gesso cho rng lin kt c hc gia sn du v nn acrylic gesso
cng ta nh lin kt c hc gia nn sn v lp dn bng keo da, nn vn
bong hay khng bong ny khng c g mi. N ph thuc vo k thut v ca
ha s v cht lng ca ha phm, c ngha l nu k thut km v ha phm
ti th v trn nn no cng bong hoc nt ht. Nhn li 600 nm lch s hi ha
sn du, ta thy tuy c v trn canvas c bi cng mt kiu nn sn
truyn thng nhng tranh ca Goya nt nhiu hn tranh ca Rubens mc d
Goya ra i mt th k sau khi Rubens mt. Acrylic gesso mi c sn xut v
p dng cch y khong 60 nm. Tuy ngi ta cha c bng chng no cho
thy sn bong l do v trn nn bi acrylic gesso, khong thi gian cn cha
di c mt khng nh chc chn. Hin ti, nhng u im ca acrylic
khin canvas c bi bng acrylic gesso l loi canvas ph bin nht hin nay,
dng c c cho sn du, acrylic, v nhiu cht liu mu khc.

Acrylic gesso ca hng Holbein (Nht Bn) c 4 loi: mn (S), trung bnh (M), th (L), v siu
th (LL).
Holbein Acryla Gesso c coi l mt trong cc loi acrylic gesso thng hng dnh cho ha s.

*
Ni tm li, canvas tt nht l canvas bng si lanh (linen canvas), v
cch bi nn d dng, nhanh chng, hi sc kho, v c l bn nht t trc
n gi l bi bng acrylic gesso. tng bm ca s n du trn nn bi
acrylic gesso v trnh cho sn thm vo canvas, nn qut thm 3 4 lp acrylic
gesso ln canvas bi acrylic gesso mua t hiu (i lp trc kh hn mi
qut lp sau), v nh giy rp (t) to xp v rng cho mt bi. Sau
lau tht sch, tht kh (t nht mt ngy m), ri ph ln mt lt du
thng. Sau khi lp du thng kh hn th c th bt u v sn du ln.
64

nhn hay rp ca mt nn acrylic gesso ph thuc vo k thut v. Nu v theo

k thut nhiu lp, bo t rn gy, lp sau chng ln lp trc kh, ta chi tit,
nh k thut ca cc bc thy c in, th mt nn cng mn cng tt. Tuy
nhin nu v theo k thut v trc tip t trn t, vi nhng mng sn du
p dy th mt nn cn rp tng lin k t c hc gia nn v sn du.
Ch : Khng dng acrylic gesso bi ln canvas c nn sn du v
acrylic khng dnh vo nn sn du.
Sizing (ph):
C th dng acrylic priming dng cho mi b mt v cho mi cht liu.
Nu khng c th t chun b theo cng thc sau:
-

t l: 45 ~ 60 gr keo da tru (hay da th) / 1 lit nc lnh

va un nh la va quy trong ni, nhng khng si
khi keo tan ht c dung dch lng nh thch, th
ngui n nhit trong phng (24 25 C)
hm ln cho thnh lng
dng bt bt to bn pht ln toile cng trn khung sao
cho cht ph chui vo tt c cc ch lm
kh

Lm lt (priming) (ground)

65

Cng thc n gin lm gesso:

- Ngm qua m 85 gr keo keo da tru vo 0.8 lit nc.
- un cch thy, khng si, quy t t trnh si bt, cho n khi
c mt dung dch sn st. Thm nc cho c 1 lit dung dch.
- Trong khi vn tip tc un, rc vo khong 450 ~ 500 gr bt phn
(thch cao)
- C th thm bt trng titanium hay mu khc vo theo t l:
Bt trng titanium : phn = 1: 9.
- Khi dung dch cn m, dng bt bt to bn ph mt lt ln toile.
* Ch : Qut bt v mt hng
- kh (t nht 1 ting). nh giy rp. Lau sch bi.
- Ph lt hai (Qut theo hng vung gc vi hng lt trc).
- C th ph ti 5 lt ty theo (nu dng trng titanium: 2 lt, nu
dng trng km: 3 5 lt) .
- kh (qua m).
Ch : Trn y l cng thc cho support cng, v d g. dng cho toile
phi thm vo, khi un cch thy, khong 20% du lanh c ( qua x l
nhit).
Cng thc n gin lm lp lt sn du:
- Dng dao v trn bt sn trng vi du lanh p lnh c mt hp
cht snh lng.
- Thm gesso vo v trn n dng nho c.
- Pha long bng du thng ty theo mun.

Ph lc:
So snh mt s tnh cht ca keo da, sn du, acrylic, gesso
truyn thng v acrylic gesso
Di y l 3 biu c tng hp [38] t kt qu cng trnh nghin
cu nm 2007 ca Marion F. Mecklenburg [33, 34], chuyn gia thuc Vin Bo
tn Ngh thut Smithsonian ti Washington D.C.

66

Hnh 1. Biu s ph thuc m ca gin ( trng dng) v co ( trng m) ca

keo da, sn du, gesso truyn thng v acrylic.

Biu hnh 1 cho thy, trong mt khong m trun g bnh bin i

rt rng, sn acrylic 20 nm tui ch co gin khong 1.5%, tc khng khc lm
so vi co gin 1% ca gesso phn truyn thng. Keo da co gin nhiu nht,
ti 4%, trong khi trng ch co gin t nht, ch khong 0.5%.

Hnh 2. Biu s ph thuc nhit ca gin ( trng dng) v co ( trng m) ca

keo da, sn du v acrylic gesso.

Biu Hnh 2 cho thy c keo da, sn du v acrylic u co gin rt t

(di 0.5 %) khi nhit thay i trong khong t -29 ti +27C.
67

Hnh 3. Biu so snh chu lc ca acrylic gesso vi vi mu sn du

ti nhit 19 25C v m trung bnh 40 60%

Hnh 3 cho thy nn acrylic gesso 4 lp bt u c cng tng ng

vi sn du trng ch trn 14 nm tui, v cng hn nhiu mu sn du khc
nh vng Naples, nu t sng, vng ochre. Kt qu nghin cu ca Young v
Hagan vo nm 2008 cng cho bit acrylic gesso c tc dng gim co gin
ca vi t 31% xung cn 12%. Theo bo co t mt nghin cu ring ca
hng Golden Gesso10, sn du 2 nm tui ph trn nn acrylic gesso c th chu
c lc ko gp 100 ln thng thng v gin ti 20% m cha c du hiu
rn nt. Trong khi , cng lp sn nh vy nhng ph trn nn sn du hoc
sn alkyd th rn nt khi b ko gin 11.6%.
Cc kt qu nghin cu ca M.F. Mecklenburg cng cho thy tranh sn
du cn c bo qun trong vng nhit t 13 t i 23C. Di 13C l vng
nguy him v sn tr nn rt gin. Trn 23C l vng ng lo ngi v cc phn
ng ha hc vi mi trng tr nn mnh hn. m trung bnh bo qun
tranh sn du l trong khong 40 60%.
Khung cng canvas (stretcher bars, chssis):
- Dng khung ghp mng, c nm th cng tt.

68

 cc nc pht trin nh chu u, M, Nht, chssis (st-xi) c bn

sn theo kch thc thng nht quc t (xem bng bn di, trong n v o
kch thc l cm). Cc kh c phn loi thnh F (figure = hnh), P (paysage =
phong cnh), v M (marine = bin) theo t s gia 2 cnh di v ngn ca
chssis. T s tng khi i t F n P ri M, tc kh tranh M th di hn P, P
di hn F. V d khi ni bc tranh ny c kch thc F100 (hay 100 F) c ngha
l ~ 162 x 130 cm, P100 tc l ~ 162 x 112 cm, M100: ~ 162 x 97 cm. Ngoi
ra cn kh vung, k hiu l S (square), vi hai chiu c di bng nhau v
bng cnh di ca c F, v d S100 tc l 162 x 162 cm.

69

Mu sn du
Sinh thi Mark Rothko (1903 1970) tng tuyn b t b truyn thng
ngn nm ca hi ha vn ti s honh trng tm linh trong ngh thut
bng nhng hnh ch nht nht nha l lng trn nn mu tng phn. Tr tru
thay, hai b tranh tng honh trng nht ca danh ha ny u xung cp
ngay trong khi ng cn sng. Trong s tranh , b 5 bc sn du trn canvas
c ln Rothko v trang tr phng n i hc Harvard bc mu ngay sau
khi c treo ln vo nm 1963, nghim trng n ni ti nm 1979 i hc
ny buc phi ct b tranh vo kho.

Tranh ca Mark Rothko khi cn treo trn tng phng n i hc Harvard

L do bc mu n gin n mc ng ngn. Rothko dng mu lit hol

(PR49), gi r, c ch t phm nhum, thng c dng trong in n, v rt
ph bin ti Hoa K nhng nm 1950 1960. Song nhc im ln nht ca
lithol l chu sng rt km, v th khng thch hp cho hi ha, tuy mt s
nh sn xut vn nht n vo mu hng sinh vin. Cho d thng tin v tnh
chu sng km ca lithol c cnh bo t nhng nm 1950, Rothko vn
dng mu ny trong b 40 tranh sn du v trong 3 thng vo nm 1958
treo ti nh hng Bn Ma ca cng ty Seagrams v b tranh tng v cho i
hc Harvard. Tt c cc bc tranh ny u phai mu nhanh, song thm hi nht
l 5 bc tranh ti Harvard v cng nh sng cao trong phng n ni b
tranh tng c treo. Cc nh phc ch chu cht khng lm th no cha li
c 5 bc tranh ny na [39].

70

Mt trong 5 bc tranh bc mu ca Mark Rothko ti i hc H arvard

S c vi b tranh Harvard ca Rothko cng nhiu v d khc t c ch

kim [40] l nhng minh chng r rng rng, trong hi ha, ch ti nng v nhit
huyt thi th vn cha . tc phm ca mnh trng tn cho ngi i nay
v i sau thng ngon ha s cn cn kin thc v cht liu na.
Cho d khng th v ng cho bt k ai tr thnh Mark Rothko, bi ny
c vit khng ngoi mc ch gip cc ha s v sinh vin m thut c thm
hiu bit v mu sn du, t nht cng gim thiu kh nng xy ra nhng s
c ng tic nh va k trn.
a.

Bt mu

a s mu sn du c nghin t bt mu (hay ht sc t, pigment).

Mt s t c ch t phm nhum (dye).
Bt mu l cc ht vt cht kh ring bit c mu t cht v c
(inorganic) hoc hu c (organic), dnh vi nhau thnh cc kt tp (aggregate)
to nn cc kt t (agglomerate). Cc cht v c trong bt mu thng l cc
khong cht cha oxide hay sulfide ca cc nguyn t kim loi hay t him.
Hu ht bt mu hu c cha cc chui carbon trong cc lin kt vi hy -r
(hydrogen), ni-t (nitrogen), v -xy (oxygen). Cc ht bt mu ny thng
khng c tnh thm thu hoc thm thu rt yu trn cc b mt vt cht m
chng tip xc. V th cn cht kt dnh gi chng trn cc b mt (trn
giy, toile, g, v.v.). Dung mi ph v cc kt t nhng ch phn tn cc ht
bt mu ch khng ha tan chng treo l lng trong dung mi, to nn th vn
(suspension). Nu cu trc tinh th ca bt mu b dung mi ph v, tc bt
mu b ha tan, s xy ra hin tng nhe mu hay mu b thi. Mt s bt
mu c ngun trong thin nhin (v d umbers and siennas l t). Cc ht
khc l do ch to (v d cc mu cadmiums).

71

Cn phn bit bt mu vi phm nhum. Phm nhum ho tan c v

thm thu c. Phm nhum b cht kt dnh v dung mi lm mt cu trc
tinh th tc b ho tan, to nn dung dch (solution), c trong khng thay
i.

Bt mu khng ha tan m ch b phn tn trong cht kt dnh v/hoc dung mi (a). Phm
nhum b dung mi ha tan (b).

C th bin phm nhum thnh cc bt mu bng phng php ha hc,

tc tch chng ra khi dung mi sau hm chng bng mt cht v c khng
mu (thng l mui kim loi nh barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, aliminium
hydroxide, aluminium oxide) chng khng b ho tan. Nhng ht bt mu t
phm nhum nh vy c gi l bt mu lake hay bt phm nhum. V d:
Indigo (chm) lake c ch to t nhng Ai Cp c i t l
cy tng lam (woad), sau c nhp t n ;
Hng madder lake c ly t cy thin tho (madder). Mu
tng hp (synthetic) c gi l Azarin crimson;
Carmine lake c chit t xc kh con rp son (phm yn
chi) (c cc nc nhit i, cn nhit i, Nam M v Mexico)
Cc bt mu ch t phm nhum thng b phai mu.
Cc bt mu hu c thng nh, trong, c nhum cao (high tinting
strength). Cc bt mu v c thng l cc hp cht kim loi, c (opaque),
nng, v c (nh cobalt, iron, zinc, ).
Cc bt mu v c trong t nhin nh ochre, umber, sienna c
trong t c mu do oxide st, hydroxides, kt hp vi t st, phn, v
silica to ra.
Cc bt mu v c c tng hp trong cng nghip thng l
kim loi. Cng c cc h t mu v c tng hp thay th cho cc mu t
nhin nh mars v vng mars.
Cc bt mu hu c trong t nhin thng c chit t tho
mc hoc ng vt (thin tho, ng voi, xng, cy nho)
Cc bt mu hu c tng hp l cc hp cht cha carbon nh
quinacridone ( - tm)
72

Nh vy, ty theo ngun gc v phng php ch to, c th phn ra 4

loi bt mu sau:
i) Bt mu v c t nhin c ch t khong cht t nhin,
ngy nay t c sn xut v gi thnh cao v kh to c mu nht
qun.
ii) Bt mu v c nhn to c ch bng cch dng cng
ngh lin kt cc ha cht, chim khong 80% bt mu c sn xut
trn ton th gii.
iii) Bt mu hu c t nhin c chit t ng thc vt, ngy
nay hu nh khng c ch to na v chu sng km.
iv) Bt mu hu c nhn to c ch t cc sn phm tinh
ch du m [41].
Cc ht bt mu c phn tch theo:
nhum (tinting strength): c th bng trn mu vi mu
trng theo t l 1:10. Cc bt mu hu c, c bit hu c tng hp,
thng c nhum cao hn cc ht mu v c;
c trong: Mt s bt mu hu c hon ton trong do
cu trc phn t, v th c dng lm mu lng;
bn i vi nh sng: Mt s bt mu bn khi v c,
nhng li khng bn khi v long;
tc kh: Vermillion ( son, thn sa, sulfide thy ngn
HgS) khi ho vi du th lm du kh chm hn, trong khi cobalt lm du
kh nhanh hn.
hp th du: Mt s bt mu cn nhiu du hn. Cng
nhiu du th cng d nt.
Bng mu ca ha s ngy hm nay phong ph hn thi Phc Hng,
Baroque rt nhiu. Sn du hng cho ha s chuyn nghip ca cc hng ni
ting u c trn 100 sc . Old Holland Classic v Holbein Artists c ti trn 160
sc.
Phn ln mu sn du ny nay c nghin t bt mu tng hp nhn
to. Mu tng hp nhn to hin i mn hn mu thi xa nhiu ln. V d ht
bt mu t khong cht thi xa c kch thc trung bnh vo khong 100
micrometre (m, 1 m bng 1 phn triu m), tc gp i kch thc nh nht
mt ngi c th nhn thy m khng cn knh phng i. Ht bt mu v c,
tc khng cha carbon, c tng hp nhn to c kch thc khong 0.5
1m, cn kch thc ht mu hu c tng hp l khong 0.01 0.1m, tc bt
mu tng hp nh hn ht bt mu khong cht t nht l 100 ln (ch bng
mt na kch thc hng cu), thm ch nh hn siu vi trng (kch thc trung
73

bnh 0.1m). Trng titanium c kch thc ht bt mu khong 0.22 0.24 m

[42]. Bt mu nh vy thot ra khi l trng ta nh m khi.
Kch thc ht bt mu nh hng ti trong c, v bn trong kt
dnh ca cc ht bt mu. Mu nhn to thng bn hn, c chu sng cao
hn (c bit l cc mu tng hp v c), bo ho ln hn, t c hn v r
hn mu thi xa.
Cc thng tin in trn tube mu
Mi sc mu c sn xut by bn hiu c mt tn ring. Nhng ch
ci tn ca mu ca cc hng thng m m, khng cho bit mu c nghin
t nhng bt mu no. Trong khi mu t hay r, p hay xu, bn hay
khng, l do cht lng bt mu quyt nh. Mt s hng ni ting: Lefranc &
Bourgeois (1720) [43], Winsor & Newton (1832) [44], Talens (1899) [45],
Holbein (1900) [46], Kusakabe (1996), Matsuda.
sau:

Trn tube mu do cc hng ni ting sn xut thng c ghi cc thng tin

i) Tn hng sn xut, v d Royal Talens, v tn hng mu, v d

Rembrandt;
ii) Tn mu, v d cadmium red ( cadmium);
iii) trong / c.
Mu trong: hnh vung hoc trn trng, mu c: hnh vung hoc trn
en, mu bn c: hnh vung hoc trn na trng na en, mu bn trong:
hnh vung hoc trn trng c gch cho. C hng dng ch ci: T = trong
(transparent), O = c (opaque), ST = bn trong (semi -transparent), SO: bn
c (semi-opaque) (xem di).
Mu trong
Mu c
Mu bn trong
Mu bn c
Ring hng Old Holland dng sao () k hiu trong / c:

74

bn c

 bn trong

trong

trong / c c quyt nh ch yu bi ch s khc x nh sng

(chit xut) ca ht bt mu, nhng kch thc ca ht bt mu, tinh khit
ca bt mu, tnh cht ca du to mng c dng nghin m u, cc cht
ph gia cng c nh hng ti trong / c. Nhiu mu sn du c c loi c
ln trong ty theo cch sn xut:
Chit sut ca mt cht l kh nng lm lch hng
nh sng khi nh sng chiu vo cht . i vi mu trng, chit
sut cng cao v kch thc ht mu cng gn kch thc ti u
th mu cng c. Ht bt mu trng titan c chit sut cao nht,
v th c nht, sau n ch ri km. Tuy nhin, khi trn vi cc
du to mng c chit sut khc nhau, ngi ta c th bin mu
c ht bt mu c thnh trong, v c by gi c o bng
hiu s gia chit sut ca ht mu v chit sut ca cht kt
dnh. Cc ht mu v c (khng cha carbon) c chit sut cao,
trong khi cc ht mu hu c (cha carbon) c chit sut thp hn
nhiu, v th cc mu v c thng c, trong khi cc mu hu c
thng trong.
dnh:

Di y l bng chit sut ca mt s bt mu v cht kt

Cht trung gian:

Chit sut

Khng kh

Nc

1.33

Du to mng

1.4 - 1.6

Ht mu:
Talc (magnesium silicate)

1.55

Calcium carbonate (thch cao)

1.58

Oxide km (trng km)

2.01

Carbonate ch (trng ch)

2.09

Titanium dioxide (trng titan)

2.55 2.76

Kch thc ca ht mu cng l mt nhn t quan

trng nh hng ti c ca mu. Khi kch thc ca ht mu
tng ln, u tin kh nng tn x nh sng ca mu tng ln, t
75

n cc i ti mt kch thc nht nh - gi l kch thc ti u.

Sau kh nng tn x nh sng li gim xung khi kch thc
ht mu tip tc tng. V vy c ca mu u tin tng theo
kch thc ht mu, t ti gi tr cc i (c nht) ti kch thc
ti u, sau gim xung khi kch thc ht mu to hn na.

tn x

Kch thc

V th, trong khi khng th thay i chit sut ca ht mu

v cht kt dnh, nh sn xut cn c th iu chnh c trong bng cch thay i kch thc cc ht mu.
V d, hng Winsor & Newton c 2 loi trng: (a) trng bc
(silver white) 242, v (b) trng trong (transparent white) 655. C
hai loi u c thnh phn l trng titanium (PW6) v trng km
(PW4) trong du rum (safflower oil hay huile de carthame),
nhng loi th nht (a) th c cn loi th hai (b) th bn trong.
Trng bc H411 (s cp trong phn sau) ca Holbein c lm
t carbonate ch (PW1) l bn trong, cn trng bc ca hng
Maimeri (Italia), cng c lm t carbonate ch (PW1), th li
c.
Ngoi ra, trng bc 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 gm khong 70%
carbonate ch PbCO3 v 30% hydrate ch Pb(OH)2. Hydrate ch
lm cho du lanh bin thnh linoleate ch thng c gi l xphng ch, lm cho sn tr nn trong hn theo thi gian.
Nh vy, mc d titanium dioxide v carbonate ch l c,
song do cch nghin vi du to mng, cht trung gian khc
nhau, v thay i kch thc cc ht mu, ngi ta c th lm ra
cc mu bn c hoc bn trong t cc pigment . V vy khi
mua mu phi ch n cc k hiu trong, c, bn trong, v
bn c ghi trn tube mu.

76

T tri sang: trng titan (dioxide titanium: PW6, c) ca Holbein, trng bc (carbonate ch:
PW1 v oxide km: PW4, c) ca Maimeri, trng v lt (kh nhanh) (PW6 v PW4, c) ca
Winsor & Newton, trng trong (PW6 v PW4, bn trong) ca Winsor & Newton, trng ng nh
(x c) (mica v PW6, bn c) ca Winsor & Newton.

Mt s mu c, trong v bn trong:
Mu cht (mu v lt) (dead colors):
Dng ph cc vng rng trn tranh, trc khi v chi tit:
en mars
, trng titanium
, n (Indian red)
, vng t
(ochre)
, vng Naples sng
, lc ngc (emerald green) , xanh lam
Sevres (Sevres blue) .

Mu cht trong bc
Thnh Jerome (~1480) ca Leonardo da Vinci, 102.8 x 73.5 cm,
sn du & tempera trn g, Vatican

77

Mu lng (glazes):
Trong hoc bn trong: Alizarin crimson hay madder lake , gold
ochre , nu raw sienna , vng chanh , vng n (Indian yellow) , lc
t (terre verte) , burnt umber (nu en chy) , raw umber (nu en sng)
, trng trong v trng km.
Mu trong:
-

Aureolin (vng cobalt)

Permanent rose (hng)
Permanent magenta (tm hng)
Scarlet lake ( ti)
Lam cobalt (cobalt blue)
Ultramarine (xanh nc bin thm)
Viridian (xanh lc chrome)
Light red ( nu)
Gold ochre (vng t kim)
Burnt sienna (nu Sienna nung)
Burnt umber (nu en chy)

Mu c:
-

Naples yellow (vng Naples)

Cadmium yellow light (vng cadmium sng)
Cadmium yellow (vng cadmium)
Cadmium orange (da cam cadmium)
Cadmium red ( cadmium)
Cadmium red deep ( cadmium ti)
Cerulean blue (xanh tri)
Chromium oxide green (lc oxide chrome)
Indian red ( n )
Yellow ochre (vng t)
Mars black

iv) chu sn g (lightfastness):

Tr mt s t bt mu nh en than, hu ht c cc mu u bin i
di tc dng ca nh sng. Cng tng t trong/c, chu sng ca
cng mt loi bt mu c th thay i ph thuc vo kch thc ht bt mu,
tinh khit ca bt mu, du to mng, cc cht ph gia, v.v.
Thang k hiu chu sng ca cc hng c th khng ng nht. Cc
hng sn xut mu ca M dng American Standard Test Measure (ASTM, tc
Thang th theo chun ca M) t I , II, III, IV, v V tng ng vi xu t sc,
tt, kh, trung bnh, v km. Nhiu hng theo h thng Anh dng Blue Wool
Standard (BS, tc php th chu sng bng cc bng len mu lam), cn c
78

gi l mc ISO (International Standard Organisation = T chc Tiu chun Quc

t). Theo BS hay m c ISO [47]:
7, 8: (I, Xut sc) Mu khng thay i trong vng t nht 100 nm trong
iu kin bo tng
6: (II, Tt) Mu khng i trong vng 50 100 nm (tng ng 3 sao,
hay 2 du cng)
4, 5: (IV, Trung bnh III, Kh) Mu khng i trong vng 15 20 nm
(tng ng 2 sao, hay 1 du cng)
2, 3: (V, Km) Mu i trong vng 2 15 nm (tng ng 1 sao)
1: (Rt km) Mu bc trong vng 2 nm

chu sng theo chun bng len mu lam (Blue Wool Standard)

Hng Winsor & Newton cn c thm xp hng bt bin (permanence)

bn ca mu di tc dng ca nh sng, ho cht, nhit , m v

tc
cc nh hng khc t mi trng. bn c cc hng AA: cc bn, A: bn, B:
bn trung bnh, C: khng bn:
(i):
A c th b bc mu nu dng vi mu c (i)
(ii):
Khng chc chu c m
(iii):
B ty i khi tip xc vi mi trng c acid (v d trong
khng kh)
(iv):
Mu dao ng: ra sng th b bc i, nhng khi
vo ch ti th li hi phc li.
(v):
Khng dng c vi trng ch pha long v s bc i
(vi):
Loi A vi mu hm
79

Mt s hng nh Lefranc & Bourgeois, Holbein dng hoa th (*) trn tube
mu sn du k hiu bn, theo [48]:
**** Tuyt i bn vng
***

Bn vng

**

Tng i bn vng

D bin i

Hng Royal Talens dng du cng k hiu chu sng (+) [49]:
+++ chu sng t nht 100 nm trong iu kin bo tng
++

chu sng t nht 25 100 nm trong iu kin bo tng

chu sng t nht 10 25 nm trong iu kin bo tng

chu sng t nht 0 10 nm trong iu kin bo tng

Cn hng Matsuda li dng sao k hiu chu sng ( ), tng t
nh du cng ca Royal Talens:

= +++

= ++
= +
kt hp vi 2 mc bn v tng i bn [50].
Cn lu rng cc mc nu trn ch c gi tr tng i nh hng
cho ha s.
chu sng v s bn vng ca mu sc trn mt bc sn du cn c
th thay i ph thuc k thut v ca ha s.
Mt b quyt tng chu sng ca sn du l pha nha cy (nh
dammar, Venetian turpentine) vo dung dch pha mu. Nha cy tng bo
v cho ht bt mu. Mc in phai mu nhanh hn sn du v mc in khng c
nha hay du kh che ch khi tc dng trc tip ca nh sng, li cn chu
phn x mnh t b mt giy trng. Cng v l do ny, ha s sn du nn thn
trng khi dng trng titanium, bi phn quang rt mnh ca trng titanium
y nhanh qua trnh bc mu ca cc mu khc ha v i n. Tuy nhin bn thn
mt s nha cy cng ti i theo thi gian nn nu thm qu nhiu nha cy s
gy ti mu cha k nt v. V mt ny, nha acrylic (polymer) trong dung
dch pha mu c u th hn nha cy truyn thng.
80

Ngc li, cc mu t nh v ng t (ochre), nu t (umber), nu

Sienna, Mars, Venetian, lc t v.v. cha oxide st (Fe 2O3) gip lm tng
chu sng ca cc ht mu hu c v oxide st l cht hp th tia cc tm (UV).
Phi chng cng l mt trong nhng l do khin mu sc ca mt s
kit tc hi ha c v bng dung dch c pha nha cy v dng nhiu mu
t sau hng th k vn rc r.
v) Tn bt mu theo m s mu quc t. M s ny dng k hiu vit tt
gi tn cc loi bt mu nh sau [51]:
bt = PR (pigment red),
bt da cam = PO (pigment orange),
bt vng = PY (pigment yellow),
bt lc = PG (pigment green),
bt lam = PB (pigment blue),
bt tm = PV (pigment violet),
bt nu = PBr (pigment brown),
bt en = PBk (pigment black),
bt trng = PW (pigment white),
cc bt khc (t kim loi) = PM (pigment metal) (nh kim nh, bc, v.v.).
Trong trng hp mu c ch t ngun t nhin khng c ch s mu,
v d nh mu ultramarine t lapis lazuli, carmine t con rp son, v.v.,
ngi ta dng ch N (natural) thay th P (pigment) trong k hiu vit tt.
Mi loi bt mu li c nh s, v d: trng ch: PW1, trng km:
PW4, trng titanium: PW6 v.v.
vi) Du to mng: lanh (linseed oil), thuc phin (poppy oil), hay rum
(safflower), v.v.
vii) S (hay ch ci) series tng ng vi gi ca tng loi bt mu c
dng, t 1 n 6. S cc cao hay ch ci cng cui bng mu cng t. Mu
sn du cht lng cao nht, v gi thnh cng t nht, thng c gi l
Artists Oil Color.
viii) Tc kh (tnh bng ngy).

81

Kh nhanh (trong vng 2 ngy):

-

Umber (nu en): bn, do lng (flexible)

Aureolin (vng cobalt)
Burt sienna (nu Sienna nung): kh mnh
Trng ch: d ho hp

Kh va (khong 5 ngy):
-

Cerulean (xanh tri): kh do lng

Raw sienna (nu Sienna sng): bn, kh mnh
Xanh cobalt (cobalt blue): gin
Tm colbalt (cobalt violet): kh gin
oxide st: mnh
Lc chromium oxide: kh do lng
Vng Naples: mnh

Kh chm (nhiu hn 5 ngy 1 tun):

-

Lc t (terre verte): mm, do lng

Vng t (yellow ochre): kh mnh
en ng voi (Ivory black): mm, gin
Vng cadmium: do lng
Trng titanium: gin

Kh rt chm:
-

Trng km: gin

en mui n (Lamp black): mm

Trnh dng en ng voi (ivory black) v lt hoc phc v rt

lu kh;
Nhng mu c cha ch, cobalt, manganese lm tng tc kh,
v th c th trn vi cc mu khc lm kh nhanh ln, v d
khi v lt;
ng bao gi tranh kh trong ti v mng du b ni ln
trn b mt v b vng.

ix) Cnh bo mu c hay khng c.

x) Lng mu trong tube (ml hay Oz. tc ounce: 1 Oz. = 29.57 ml)
Cc mu cht lng cao nht thng l cc mu n sc t (mono
pigment) tc c nghin t mt loi bt mu. Cc mu n sc t thc cht l
cc mu c bn trong hi ha bi khng c cch g to ra c mu n sc t
t cc sc t khc. Mt s mu ch c th c to ra do trn vi loi bt mu
vi nhau. Theo quy tc tr mu, cng trn nhiu loi bt mu, mu cng xn.
82

Cc mu r tin thng l pha tr n ca vi bt mu r tin m phng mu

n sc t t tin hoc c trn thm ph gia gim lng bt mu, nh
c gi thnh thp hn. Cc mu n sc t cng tn ca cc hng khc nhau
thng c tnh cht ging nhau, v d cadmium (PR108), trn g titanium
(PW6). Trong khi cc mu cng tn t cc hng khc nhau nhng li c
nghin t hn hp cc bt mu khc nhau thng c tnh cht khc nhau, thm
ch sc khng ging nhau, v d sc vng Naples ca mi hng mt khc. Li c
nhng mu c tn khc nhau nhng u c nghin t mt loi bt mu.
Cc ph gia ph bin trn vi bt mu l:
i) phn (calcium carbonate CaCO 3) ,
ii) baryte (tc barium sulfate BaSO4),
iii) thch cao (tc calcium sulphate ngm nc CaSO 42H2O),
iv) t st trng (kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4),
v) silica (SiO2),
vi) magnesium silicate.
Thng tin v ph gia (filler, extender) v du tng tc kh (siccative)
thng khng c ghi trn tube mu. Thm ch c hng cn gi tn mu l
trng ch, nhng li sn xut t sulfate ch ( PbSO4), ch khng phi basic
carbonate ch (2PbCO3Pb(OH)2) [52].
Quy nh v an ton
Quy nh ca EU:
c hi (ch thp cho hoc u lu v hai xng)
D chy (ngn la)
Nguy him cho mi trng (ci cy kh v con c cht)
Quy nh ca M:

83

AP (approved product): khng c

CL (caution label): cn thn

Ngoi ra trn cc tube mu u c ghi r cnh bo v d:

nguy him nu ht phi dnh vo da, hoc nut (Harmful by

inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed).

gy kh chu trong mt hoc trn da (irritating to the eyes and

skin).

c th gy phn ng vi da (may cause sensitisation by skin

contact).

c th lm hng phi nu nut (may cause lung damage if

swallowed).

cch li vi tr em (keep out of reach of children).

mc qun o bo h v i gng (wear suitable protective

clothing and gloves).
Cc cht c hi:
Nhng cht cha dung mi (white spirit, turpentine, damar
varnish, v.v.)
Nhng cht cha carbonate ch (trng ch), oxide km, xanh
tri (cerulean blue), trng titan, trng km.
Nhng cht cha cadmium, cobalt ho tan
Cc dung dch hm (fixative)
V vy:
Trong xng (phng) v:
m bo khng kh trong lnh, thng xuyn thng gi;
khng ng trong studio trc khi ct k v, cc dung
mi tha v vt cc d lau sn du i, hoc ct k trong cc thng chng
chy;
y cht tt c cc du pha, tube mu, v.v. khi khng dng;
ng mu du gn nhng ch d bt la.
Trong khi v:
84

khng n, ung, ht.

hn ch tip xc da vi du v
ng ngm bt, mt bt dnh sn

hn ch dng ngn tay xoa mu trn tranh (Hy dng bt

xoa). Nu v bng ngn tay th nn eo bao tay cao su (gng tay gii
phu)
ng qu nhiu dung mi ra hn mc cn thit cho mt ln
v, v du s bay hi nhiu vo khng kh
nu chng may sn hay du bn vo mt th phi ra ngay
bng nc sch
hn ch. ht hi du
lau sch tt c nhng ch du ra
cch li ha phm vi tr em, sc vt, v thc phm
Sau mi ln v:
-

ra sch bt v palette, vt d lau i, hoc git sch.

eo gng tay cao su khi ra bt v lau palette
ra tay tht sch
ng bao gi dng dung mi chi hoc ra tay

b.

c tnh ca mu sn du:

c tnh ca sn du ph thuc vo hng sn xut. V vy cn c ch dn

trn tng tube mu.

Mu trng
Tht khng ngoa khi coi trng l m ca tt c cc mu. Vo nm 1671
Isaac Newton pht hin ra rng chm nh sng trng khi i qua mt lng knh
th ra by chm nh sng mu l , da cam, vng, lc, lam, chm v tm.
By chm nh sng mu ny sau khi i qua mt lng knh ln ngc th li hp
nht thnh chm nh sng trng [53]. Ni cch khc, theo lut cng mu ca
nh sng th trng khng phi l mt mu m l tng hp ca tt c cc mu.
Nhng theo lut tr mu ca cc mu ha cht nh mu v th khng th to ra
mu trng t bt k t hp no trong 7 mu ni trn. Trn tt c cc mu h a
cht ny vi nhau ta ch c mt mu xn bn, gn vi mu en v mu ha
cht khng tuyt i tinh khit ta c th pha ra mu en. Bi vy m trong
sn du th trng c coi l mu. Mu en cng tng t nh vy. Theo quy
lut cng mu ca nh sng th en li l s vng mt hon ton ca mu: khi
khng c bt k nh sng no, cn theo quy lut tr mu, en l kt qu ca
s pha trn tt c cc mu. Nh vy trng v en l hai i cc, l trit hc ca
mu sc. Mu trng va l biu tng cho s tinh khit, cho s thing ling,
cho cuc sng, li va tng trng cho tang tc, bnh tt v ci cht.

85

Issac Newton (1642 1727)

v s th nghim tn sc nh sng ca ng

C th loi hn mu en ra khi bng pha mu (palette) sn du nh cc

ha s n tng lm, nhng kh m loi mu trng, nu khng ni l khng
th. Mu trng l mu c dng nhiu nht trong sn du, lm sng cc
ho sc, to khi khi v lt, nhn cc im sng nht v.v. Khi mi bt u v
sn du cch y chng 40 nm, ti dng gn ht tube trng bi nn
canvas bng vi bao ti, nn n khi v th thiu, k hng tm u ra trng na.

86

Ti nh phi dng vng chanh thay trng. Kt qu l sau khi xem chn dung
c gi ti v, mt i ca k ha chn dung ku ln: Mt con m ho lao!
Khong 146 66 triu nm trc, i dng bao ph phn ln b mt tri
t. Xc cc sinh vt bin ha thnh vi cht cao hng chc thc. Tri bao
ni, lng chm, ng kh, h cn bin nhng ch cho t ni ln, cc lp ha
thch c phi by, ch yu gm calcium carbonate CaCO 3 m ta gi l phn.
Mu trng trong t nhin xut hin ln u tin nh vy, nhiu n ni c
mt thi k di 80 triu nm c gi l k Bch Phn (phn trng). Ngoi ra
cn kaolin hay t st trng tc hydrated aliminium silicate Al 2O32SiO22H2O c
trong khong cht kaolinite Al 2Si2O5(OH)4, v thch cao tc calcium sulfate
dihydrate CaSO42H2O. l ba mu trng u tin c s dng trong lch s
k t khi con ngi bt u bit v. Ngi ta tm thy phn trng trn cc bc
ha trong hang ng thi tin s. Cc b lc th dn ngy nay vn dng vi
trng v ln c th. Nhc im ca cc ht mu trng khong cht l cng
thm cht kt dnh vo lm mu lng hn th mu cng tr nn bt c,
chuyn dn sang mu trong, nn trng gim dn i. n khi thm du lanh
vo th phn, thch cao, v kaolin mt c tnh trong v bin thnh mt hp cht
c mu c nh, nhn mun nn. V th con ngi phi vt c ngh cch tng
hp mu. Trng ch (lead white) v lam Ai Cp (Egyptian blue) l hai mu u
tin c con ngi tng hp t khong hai ngn nm t rc CN. Ngy nay, bt
mu trng (pigment white, vit tt l PW) c ti trn 40 loi trong c 33 loi
c nh s t PW1 ti PW33 theo phn loi ca ch s mu quc t (Color
Index International) [54] do hi th nhum v th mu (Society of Dyers and
Colorists) ca Anh v Hi cc nh ha hc ngnh dt v mu sc (American
Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists) ca M xut. Theo bng ny
phn trng c k hiu PW18, kaolin: PW19, v thch cao: PW25. Nhng mu
trng trong sn du thng gm 9 loi:
1) trng ch (lead white) hay trng bc (silver white) (PW1),
2) trng km (zinc white) (PW4),
3) trng titanium (titanium white) (PW6),
4) trng nn (foundation white),
5) trng gm (ceramic white),
6) trng x c (iridescent white hay pearl white),
7) trng bt bin (permanent white),
8) trng kh nhanh (quick drying white),
9) trng lt nn nhanh (quick base white hay oil primer).

87

Ha s v sn du cn hiu r tnh cht ca tng loi trng ny bit

dng ng cch v ng ch, to ra hiu qu mong mun, v trnh c cc
hin tng nh bong, nt, hay i mu bt thng. Di y l tnh cht ca
cc loi mu trng thng dng trong sn du.
1)

Trng ch (Lead white)

Trng ch (PW1), cn c tn l trng bc (silver white), flake white (trng

vy), hay trng Cremnitz (Cremnitz white) (t tn ca mt thnh ph o ni
ting v lm trng ch ho hng vo th k XIX), l mu trng tng hp c xa
nht v l mu trng nht trong tt c 3 mu trng t ch. Hai mu kia l
sulphate ch (PW2) v basic sulphate ch (PW3) u ng xm. Ngi ta tng hp
trng ch bng cch ngm ch vo hi bc ln t dm (acetic acid), khin xy ra
phn ng ha hc chuyn ch thnh basic carbonate ch (alkaline lead
carbonate) 2PbCO3Pb(OH)2, tc gm 2 phn carbonate ch PbCO 3 v 1 phn
hydroxide ch Pb(OH)2, bm trn mt ch thnh mt lp ci trng. Lp ci trng
sau c co ra thnh mt ng vy trng (v th trng ch c tn t rng
vy). Cc vy trng c phi kh v tn thnh bt ri c nghin vi du
lanh to ra mu trng sn du. Vo th k XVII ngi H Lan pht trin
phng php ny thnh cng ngh ngm dm phn c tn l Dutch stack
method (Phng php nh ng kiu H Lan) (xem bn di). T th k XIX
cc phng php mi thay th Dutch stack method. Trng ch c tng hp
v nghin bng cc phng php hin i ngy nay c tinh khit cao hn,
ht mu mn hn v ng nht hn xa rt nhiu.

S th ch v l trng ch u th k XIX, cao khong 7 m

(T th k XVIII phn nga c thay bng v cy)

88

Phng php sn xut trng ch c truyn [55]

Ti tm dch phng php ny l hun dm & phn kiu H Lan (stack
Dutch method). Cc l ch c t k trn y cc th t nung c khoang y
ring cha dm (acetic acid) (ngp khong 1/3 th). Cc th ch sau c
t ngp trong phn nga v trong nh kn. Phn nga phn hy sn ra nhit
v kh CO2. Sau khong 3 thng, hi acetic acid v carbonic acid phn ng vi
ch to thnh carbonate ch v hydrate ch 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 bm trn cc l
ch d i dng mt lp ci mu trng. Lp ci ny c co ra thnh cc vy
trng ch (flakes), phi kh, v nghi n thnh bt trng.

Cc l ch

phn

Cc l ch trong th cha dm

Trng ch bm trn cc l ch

Nh phn

Vy trng ch

Trng ch c ph kh cao (opaque tc c) nh c chng 30%

hydroxide ch Pb(OH)2, mu trng m, c sc long lanh gn nh ngc trai, kh
nhanh, kt dnh tt. Mt s trng ch trn th trng, c bit l ca Tu hay n
, tuy c gi l trng ch nhng khng phi l basic carbonate ch m l
carbonate ch (PbCO3), thiu hn hydroxide ch (Pb(OH) 2), nn khng c nhng
phm cht nh ca silver white hay flake white th thit. Trng ch c trn
trong du to mng (nh du lanh) to ra x phng ch, c u im lm sn
do, d v, kh nhanh, to ra mng do dai, rt t nt . V th trng ch tng l
mu khng th thiu bi nn v v lt t khi sn du c ti pht hin ti
chu u, v l mu trng duy nht c dng cho ti th k XIX. Nhc im
ca tr ng ch l rt c, ng en khi gp kh sufure (hydrogen sulfide H 2S, mi
trng thi) v to thnh sulfide ch PbS, tr nn trong theo thi gian, v th nu
ph mt lp mng trng ch th dn dn mu hay hnh v bn di s hin ra
khi lp trng ch b mt ph. Hin tng hnh hin ra nh th c tn l
pentimento. Trn thc t, hin tng ng en ch xy ra khi trng ch khng
c du to mng hay varnish che tr. Cn nhc im tr nn trong hu nh
khng bc l khi trng ch c v dy hoc trn vi cc mu khc (nh trong
tranh ca Rembrandt chng hn). Trng ch lu trong ti b ng vng nhng
sau khi phi sng li th sc vng dn dn bin mt. Cc sch k thut v sn
du thng cnh bo mt s mu cha lu hunh (S) hay mui lu hunh nh
thn sa (vermillion tc sulfide thy ngn -HgS), tt c cc mu cadmium
89

(cha cadmium sulfide), ultramarine (sodium sulphosilicate) c th b en hay

xn i khi trn vi trng ch v to ra sulfide ch. Nhng khi trng ch c trn
vi du, hin tng en hay xn nh vy khng xy ra. Johannes Vermeer tng
pha trng ch v i ultramarine lm t lapis lazuli, t o nn nhng ha sc tuyt
p. Ngoi ra cht lng trng ch ngy nay vt xa cht lng cch y 1
2 th k. Ti thng trn trng ch (Holbein hoc Kus akabe) vi ultramarine
(Lefranc & Bourgeois) nhng cha tng thy hin tng en xn m sch
dn.

Johannes Vermeer
Ngi n b rt sa
1657 1658, sn du trn vi, 45.5 x 41 cm, Rijksmuseum

Lch s ghi nhn khng t trng hp ng c trng ch, c bit l bi

trng ch. Trong nhiu th k, c ln da trng, cc qu b chu u thng
dng phn trang im Venetian ceruse, thc cht l trng ch (carbonate ch).
Cn cc qu ng tha h hn ht ln da tm thuc . Ng c trng ch gy
xanh xao, vng da, rng tc, hng rng, to bn, tiu chy, v nu b nhim lu
di th c th cht. Trng hp in hnh l n hong Elizabeth Nht ca
Anh quc, mt nm 1603. Phn trang im Venetian ceruse m b thng
xuyn dng c cho l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nn ci cht ca
90

b. Nh son nhc lng danh Ludwig van Beethoven, ngi tng dng nhiu
ru b nh hng ln pha ch, cng c cho l b ic v cht do ng c ch.
Ngi ta tm thy hm lng ch trong tc ca Beethoven cao hn ngi thng
100 ln. Trng ch cng l mt trong cc gi thuyt gy nn bnh ic, au mt
ca danh ha Francisco Goya, ngi lun t nghin mu v cho mnh.

Paul Delaroche
Ci cht ca n hong Anh Elizabeth I
1828, sn du trn canvas, 422 x 343 cm, Louvre.

V ch c nh vy nn t nm 1977 M cm s n xut sn, mu,

chi, g nh bn gh ging t c ch. Chu u cng hn ch sn xut sn
c ch, tr s lng nh dnh cho ha s. Anh quc cm bn sn c ch t
nm 1992, tr cho cc chuyn gia, v th hng Winsor & Newton ch bn trng
ch trong hp st 250 ml ti chu u. Cc tube trng bc (silver white) v trng
vy (flake white) ca hng ny ngy nay c nghin t trng titanium (PW6)
pha vi trng km (PW4). V th khi bn mua mu trng, ch vi mng khi c
thy ci tn, m cn nhn k trn tube mu xem l PW1 (trng ch), PW4

91

(trng km), hay PW6 (trng titanium), hay l mt s pha trn cc bt trng
.
Thc ra t c nguy c b nhim c trng ch tr phi bn pht trng ch ln
bnh m n thay b, ht bi trng ch thay du khuynh dip, hay bi trng ch
ln ton thn thay kem dng da. Trng ch trong sn du c nghin trong
du to mng nn hu nh v hi. C l v bit vy nn Nht Bn vn sn xut
trng ch di di. Ti Tokyo vn mua c d dng silver white xn (PW1) ca
cc hng v Nht bn nh Holbein, Matsuda, Kusakabe. D nhin, nn trnh
n ung trong khi v, v tay c th dnh trng ch. Sau khi v cn ra tay tht
sch bng x phng. Cn i gng tay cao su khi ra bt v, chi palette c dnh
trng ch. Khng tr ng ch, du, nc ra bt gy nhim nc n. Nu
chng may trng ch bn vo mt th ngay lp tc phi ra mt bng nc sch
trong vng t nht 15 pht, ri ti bc s ngay. Nu ht phi bi trng ch, cn
sc mi sc hng ngay. Cn nu chng may nut p hi trng ch th cn nhp
vin ngay lp tc.
2)

Trng km (Zinc white)

Khng dng v lt c, nhng tt cho v trong, hoc vin cn khng

kh. Sc m, lu kh, khi kh to thnh mng gin nn d b nt nu v dy.
Trng km (PW4) tc oxide km (ZnO) c dng trong hi ha t th k
XIX. T gia th k XIX trng km c tng hp v sn xut i tr, cn c
gi l trng Trung Quc (Chinese white), bn khp chu u. Trng km tinh
khit c sc lnh (ng lam), ph yu (semi -opaque), bn vng vi nh sng
v khng c nh trng ch, nhng mt lot nhc im khin trng km ch
nn c dng lm mu lng. Trng km kh rt lu, t 6 ti 8 thng, v th
lm bn mu sc, suy yu m ng phim trn mt tranh, khi kh to ra mng gin
d nt. Vn trng km g y nt c cc ha s nhn ra t cui th k
XIX. Mt s mu nh madder lake, vng cadmium, tm cobalt hay ultramarine,
khi c trn vi trng km c th b bc mu. Nhc im ln nht ca trng
km l to ra x phng km khi c trn vi du to mn g. X phng km b
thy phn khi gp m trong khng kh, to ra mng ngn cch, lm suy gim
kt dnh ca sn v lm mng sn tr nn gin, khin tranh cun li b nt,
sn bong ra khi nn [34, 35]. Theo nghin cu gn y ca Marion
Mecklenburg thuc Vin Bo tn Smithsonian (Washington D.C.) [ 34] trng ch
v trng titanium trn vi trng km bn trn th trng ch sau 3 nm tr
nn rt gin ngay c trong iu kin l tng ca bo tng. Cc mu sng
khc cha trng km cng c chung s phn. Nm 1999 Mecklenburg qut 20
mu sn du ln 8 nn acrylic gesso, 1 nn acrylic nh tng (acrylic polymer
emulsion), v 4 nn sn acrylic. Sau 7 nm, c 4 mu b bong, l 2 mu trng
ch, 1 mu trng titanium v 1 mu verdigris. Kt qu phn tch ca
Mecklenburg [34], Maor v cng s [35 ] cho thy c 4 mu b bong ny u
cha trng km, cng cha nhiu trng km (16 20%) th cng bong mnh.
Cc mu khc khng b bong v khng mu no cha trng km.

92

Mt mu th ca M. Mecklenburg: trng ch c cha trng km qut trn nn acrylic gesso,

b bong rt sc sau khi ch b tc ng nh .

3)

Trng titanium (Titanium white)

Trng titanium (PW6) (pht hin nm 1821) c nghin t bt titanium

dioxide (TiO2) vi du to mng. Titanium dioxide c cc cng ty ca M v
Na Uy tng hp ln u tin vo nm 1916. Titanium dioxide c coi l cht
tr, khng c, tuy kh nng gy x phi ca bi trng titanium cao gp 50 ln
bi thng. Trng titanium dng trong hi ha c cng ty M sn xut bn ra
th trng ln u tin vo nm 1921. y l mu trng nht v mnh nht
trong ton b lch s hi ha (phn quang 97.2% ton b nh sng), c ph
cao nht (gp khong 6 ln trng ch), v c sc trng trung tnh, nm gia sc
m ca trng ch v sc lnh ca trng km. Bt trng titanium c phi sng
tt, t b nh hng bi nhit , khng ng vng theo thi gian, tuy trong du
th c ng vng cht t do du ng vng. Ngy nay trng titanium hu nh
thu tm ton b th trng mu trng vi sn lng ton cu khong 3 ngn
tn mi nm tr gi khong 6 t USD [56].
Trng titanium tinh khit khi kh trong du to ra mt mng yu. V th
ngi ta thng trn trng titanium vi mt hay hai mu trng khc nh trng
km hay trng ch. Trng titaniu m cng c pha vi bt mu tr nh baryte
(cha barium sulfate BaSO 4 t nhin, k hiu: PW22) trong mu bn cho sinh
vin, tuy gi r, song cht lng thp v thiu c rc r ln ph. Trng
titanium kh chm hn trng ch nhng nhanh hn trng km n hiu. Mng
trng titanium c th trng tn hng th k nu trong ti, nhng ngoi
sng trng titanium cng nh tt c cc mu khc b tia cc tm lm t hoi ho.
Tui th ca mng phim v vy ph thuc vo cht lng cht kt dnh, iu
kin phi sng , cht lng lp varnish bo v, v.v. V nhum ca trng
titanium rt mnh nn khi dng phi bit kim ch cc mu khc khng b
trng titanium ln t.
93

4)

Trng nn (Foundation white)

Trng nn c dng lt nn v/hoc v lt (underpainting). V vy

trng nn phi c ph cao (c), phi kh nhanh, v phi to c mng
phim do dai. Trng nn ca hng Holbein gm trng ch trn vi trng titanium
nghin trong du lanh v dung mi du ty tinh khit (spirit of petroleum) m
bo nhng yu cu ny. Trng nn ny kh sau 2 ngy v c bn trong tube
110 ml. Trng nn ca hng Winsor & Newton gm trng ch trn trng km.
Ngoi ra, do quy ch ngt ngho v ho cht cha ch ti chu u, Winsor &
Newton hin nay ch c php bn trng nn trong hp s t 250 ml. Du lanh
gip trng ch kh nhanh, song ng vng. V th trng nn ch nn dng v
lt. Nu dng trng ch cho cc lp bn trn, c bit l lp trn cng, nn chn
loi trng ch nghin trong du thuc phin (poppy oil), lu kh hn, song
khng ng vng.
5)
nacr)

Trng x c (ting Anh: Iridescent white; ting Php: blanc

T th k XVII ngi Php bit dng vy c lng lnh x c lm trng

ht. Cng ngh tng hp cc ht mu x c c bt u t nhng nm 1930.
Ti nhng nm 1960 ngi ta ph t hin ra phng php dng trng titanium
(titanium dioxide TiO2) ph ln cc vy mica (tc potassium aluminium silicate)
v thu c trng x c tc mica trng titanium (titanium coated mica, vit tt
TCM), c cng thc ho hc l TiO2 KAl2(AlSiO10)(OH)2. TCM c dng rng
ri trong sn trng b mt (nh sn xe hi), nha, in n, m phm [57].
Trng x c trong sn du l sn phm ca hng Winsor & Newton, gm TCM
nghin trong du rum (safflower), bn c, rt bn. Khi c dng lng,
trng x c cho cm gic ng nh ca kim loi.
6)

Trng gm (Ceramic white)

Trng gm l strontium titanate (SrTiO 3). Trong t nhin strontium

titanate c cha trong q ung tausonite (t tn nh ho a cht Nga Lev
Tauson), c pht hin nm 1982 ti Siberia. Tausonite rt him, c dng
lm kim cng nhn to, cc dng c quang hc i hi chnh xc cao, trong
k ngh gm s, thit b in t. Mu trng gm trong sn du l sn phm ca
hng Holbein Artists Colors, gm strontium titanate nghin trong du thuc
phin (poppy oil), c sc lnh, khng c bng ( ph khng cao bng) trng
titanium nhng c hn trng km.
7)

Trng bt bin (Permanent white)

Trng bt bin gm trng titanium trn vi barium sulfate (BaSO4 tng

hp, k hiu: PW21) nghin trong du thuc phin. Barium sulfate cn c gi
l blanc fixe (trng c nh). S pha trn ny hn ch c ng vng trong
giai on kh ban u, gim nhum cao c a trng titanium, v tng
trong. Trng bt bin c ph tng ng trng gm, tc khng mnh nh
94

trng titanium. Trong khi trng bt bin ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois
(Php) li l trng titanium trn vi trng km.

T tri: trng bc (Kusakabe), trng km (Holbein), trng titanium (Holbein), trng nn

(Holbein), trng nn (Winsor &Newton),
trng gm (Holbein), trng x c (Winsor & Newton), v trng bt bin (Lefranc & Bourgeois)

8)

Trng kh nhanh

y l hn hp ca trng titanium vi calcium carbonate (phn trng)

nghin trong du thuc phin v nha alkyd. V c phn nn y l mu bn
trong (semi-transparent). Nha alkyd tng tc kh, nn trng ny kh sau 2
ngy. Nhc im ca tube trng kh nhanh (ca Matsuda) l vi nm th
kh cng nh , trong khi cc tube trng khng c alkyd trn 15 nm vn
mm do nh mi.
9)

Trng lt nn nhanh (Quick base white)

y l tn mt dung dch lng (trong hp st 300 ml) do h ng Holbein

xut
gm trng titanium ha vi nha alkyd trong du lanh v du ty, bn
sn
trong (semi-transparent), kh trong vng 24 gi, c dng bi nn canvas
sau khi dn canvas bng keo da th hoc acrylic gesso. Ngoi trng, sn lt
Quick base cn c vi mu khc nh ng lc, ng h phch, xm, ht d, vng
t v lc t (terre verte). Cc hng khc cng c nhng loi trng lt nn
tng t, c gi chung l oil primer, v d dung dch sn lng Cansol ca
hng Matsuda Oil Colour (Nht) (hp 25 0 ml) gm trng titanium, nha alkyd
v du lanh, kh sau 3 ting vo ma h v 6 ting vo ma ng. Khi bi
canvas cn qut Quick base white hoc Cansol thnh nhng lt mng, lt sau
chng ln lc trc ch sau khi lt trc kh hn.

95

Sn lt nn Quick Base White ca Holbein Artists Colors v Cansol ca Matsuda Oil Colour Co.
Ltd.

Gn y cc nh sn xut ha phm ng lot loi trng km ra khi

trng lt nn cho canvas (foundation white v quick base white). Trng lt nn
ngy nay gm trng ch v/hoc trng titanium trong du lanh. Hng lm
canvas ni ting ca Nht Funaoka Canvas Products Corporation thm
lithopone (PW5) v t st trng (kaolin) vo nn sn tng ph, dai v
kh nng chu nhit. Lithopone l hp cht ca khong 30% barium sulfate
(BaSO4) v 70% zinc sulfide (ZnS), c tng hp ln u tin vo nm 1870
thay th trng ch. Lithopone ng xm di snh sng mt tri nhng khi
vo ti th trng li.
*
Nu mi bt u v sn du, c th bn thy trng no cng nh nhau.
Nhng khi i su vo sn du, c bit nu v theo k thut v nhiu lp
ca cc bc thy c in, bn s nhn ra s khc nhau rt ln v ph,
trong, do, h t du, nng lnh, cc chuyn sc v.v. gia trng ch
(trng bc), trng titanium v trng km.
Trng ch l mu trng cc k quan trng, tuy c. Trng ch khng c
nh trng titanium, va xp, m li trong cn thit, nn khi v c th
c, nhng khi chuyn sang mng th li trong, cho php to nhng chuyn i
ho sc rt p khi v da tht, ln khi v v cc phn quang mt cch d dng,
m khng th trng no c th thay th c. c bit, nu v theo k thut
nhiu lp th trng ch l mu trng khng th thiu, nht l khi v lt (trng
nn). Trng titanium rt c hiu qu khi v cc im nhn sng v c ph v
trng mnh nht. Nhng nu dng qu nhiu trng titanium, mu s nh b
tm vi v bt. Trng km (oxide km) l mu tro ng, kht ting v l nguyn
nhn gy bong nt khi v dy, nn ch nn c dng v lng. Thm ch nu

96

bn c loi hn trng km ra khi bng pha mu th bn cng khng mt g

nhiu.
Ph lc
Tnh cht mt s mu trng sn du ca hng Holbein Artists
Colors

trong (transparency) ca mt s mu trng

(c o bng cch ph mt lp mu trng dy 0 .1mm ln giy th v

c th hin bng hiu s gia mu trn nn en v nn trng, hiu s cng
ln th mu cng trong)

97

Di y l mt s mu sn du nn c trn palette ca ha s, ngoi

mu trng.

Mt s mu thng dng
Vermilion (PR106)

Vermilion

Vermilion c nghin t sulfide thy ngn (HgS), c mu ng da cam

rc r. T vermilion c xut x t gc Latin vermiculum, bt ngun t kermes
vermilio, tn mt trong hai loi rp cy c v c dng lm thuc nhum
[58].
Mu c ch t qung sulfide thy ngn t nhin HgS c tn l
thn sa (cinnabar). T cinnabar c xut x t ting Hy Lp
(kinnabarites) c ngha l vermilion. thn sa (hay vermilion) c con
ngi s dng t thi Mi cch y hn 12 ngn nm. thn sa en i
theo thi gian v HgS chuyn ha thnh metacinnabar, HgS, c mu en.
Vo th k VIII ngi Tu tm ra cch tng hp sulfide thy ngn t thy
ngn (Hg) v lu hunh (S). Ti chu u bt vermilion c tng hp t th k
XII.

B kermes (a) v b cochineal (b)

98

Tinh th cinnabar

Mu sn du vermilion c ph cao (c), d ha qun vi du to

mng, v ch ht khong 15 20 % du, v chm kh. Vermilion nhn to c
ht mn v ng u hn thn sa ch t qung t nhin v t tp cht, nh
t i mu hn.
thn sa c cc ha s t thi Phc Hng rt a dng v ngoi rc
r, ph, n cn cho chuyn sc rt phong ph. V l cht c nn sang th
k XX vermili on c thay th bng cadmium.
Ngy nay, mt s hng nh Holbein vn sn xut vermilion xn, dng
t
mu
PR106, v c ti 3 sc: vermilion, vermilion Php v vermilion Trung
b
Quc. C iu c 3 u c chu sng thp, ch c 1 sao. Nhiu nh sn xu t
khc nh Old Holland Classic, Rembrandt hay Lefranc dng cc bt mu khc
m phng vermilion, nh PR251(Old Holland Classic), PO73 (Rembrandt),
PR168 v PV9 (Lefranc) hay PR255 v PO72 (vermilion Php ca Lefranc). Mu
vermilion m phng c chu s ng tt hn, ti 3 sao.
cadmium (PR108)

cadmium

Cadmium v selenium c pht hin vo nm 1817. l hai nguyn t

to nn cadmium, tc cadmium sulfide (CdS) + cadmium selenide (CdSe).
Vic tng hp c cadmium vo nm 1919 l mt trong nhng thnh tu
ln ca cng ngh th k XX. Nhng y l mt cng ngh tn km v phc
tp, s dng nguyn liu him v phi rt tinh khit. V th cadmium l mu
t tin.
99

 cadmium trong sn du l mu c, c sc phong ph t da cam ti

sm v tm. Trong vng tia (bc sng 630 670 nm), cadmium c
phn quang cao hn vermilion khong 7%, v th rc hn vermilion.
Trong vng tia lc vng da cam (bc sng 550 - 630 nm) cadmium
thua vermilion v phn quang, ti khong 50%. Ti bc sng 630 nm (
ng da cam) v trong vng sng ngn cadmium v vermilion c phn
quang nh nhau. Do cadmium ng da cam c th thay th vermi lion,
li chu sng cao v bn hn.

Biu ph thuc ca phn quang vo bc sng nh sng i vi cadmium v vermilion

Tuy cadmium l cht c, gy mm xng v suy thn, gy au ct sng

v khp nghim trng, nhng bt mu cadmium, cha cadmium seleno sulfide, li khng b xem l cht c v hm lng cadmium rt thp.
Vng cadmium (PY35)

Vng cadmium

Vng cadmium c ch t cadmium sulfide (CdS), c trong khong cht

greenockite. Nhng bt vng cadmium c lm t cadmium sulfide nhn to,
c tng hp nm 1820, v c a vo sn xut nm 1840.
Mu sn du vng v da cam cadmium c, khng c, rt bn, chu sng
tt, rc r v c nhum cao.
100

Vng Naples (PY41)

Vng Naples l hp cht antimonate ch (II) Pb(SbO3)2/Pb3(Sb3O4)2, v th
cn c tn ting Php l jaune dantimoine (vng ng-ti-moan). Bt vng
antimony c dng bt u t khong 3500 nm trc v c tng hp nhn
to t khong th k XVI. Vo nm 1631 mu vng tng t c tm thy
trong khong cht t nham thch ni la Vesuvius ti Naples (), v th m
thnh tn.

Vng Naples

Vng Naples c, c chuyn sc rt phong ph t vng sng nht, ng lc

ti ng , chu sng cc tt, c dng trong hi ha t thi Phc Hng.
Salvador Dal gi l mu vng khng kh, v gip to hiu qu khng kh
trong ho sc vng rt nh v xp.
Ngy nay, v antimonate ch c, ch cn rt t nh sn xut ch vng
Naples xn (PY41), v d Michael Harding. Hu ht vng Naples sn du trn
th trng l m phng:
- Old Holland Classic ch t chromium titanate (PBr24) hoc vng oxide
st (PY42) trn vi trng titanium (PW6) v trng km (PW4);
- Winsor & Newton: t PBr24 trn vi trng ch (PW1), PW6 v PW4;
- Royal Talens Rembrandt:
benzimidazolone (PY154) v PW6;

chromium

tintanate

(PBr24),

- Lefranc: PY42, vng irgazin (PY129), v PW4;

- Holbein: t PY35, PY42, v PW6
- Matsuda: t PY35, PY42, v PW4.
Vng n (NY20)
Vng n c xut x t Ba T, c dng ti n t th k XV cho
n
cui
th k XIX. Trong mt bc th gi ti Hi M thut London nm 1883,

mt ngi tn l T.N. Mukarji t Calculta cho bit vng n c lm t nc

tiu ca cc con b b p n l xoi [59]. Sang th k XX, vng n b cm
sn xut v sc vt b hnh h, c bit b l ng vt thing ling ti n .

101

Ngy nay mu mang tn vng n (Indian yellow) l mu m phng. V

d hng Holbein lm vng n t cc mu tng hp hu c, vng
isoindolinone PY110, v vng diazo PY128, c tng hp hp cht mui diazo.
Vng n ca Lefranc c ch t vng irgazin PY129 v vng isoindoline
PY139.
Vng n nhn to c nhu m cao, bn trong, v chu sng tt.

Vng n tng hp

Lam cobalt (PB28)

Lam cobalt

Lam cobalt gm cobalt oxide v oxide nhm, c tng hp ln u tin

vo nm 1802, rt bn vng, chu sng rt tt, bn trong, khng c v rt
t tin. Bt lam cobalt cn rt t du lanh khi c nghin, nu khng s ng
vng. Lam cobalt cn c gi l cadmium ca cc mu lnh, v to ra mt ph
rng cc sc lng t tm, ti lam, lc tng t nh cadmium c cc sc trong
vng mu nng t vng, ti da cam v .
Trong th gi em trai Theo, danh ha Vincent Van Gogh coi lam cobalt l
mu siu phm v to ra kh quyn bao quanh vt th th khng c g p
bng lam cobalt.
Lam manganese (PB33)

102

Lam manganese

Lam magnese l mu tng hp bng trn barium maganate vi barium

sulfate. Lam manganese l mu trong, chu sng cao (I II theo ATSM), rt
p khi c dng v tri xanh l gia cc m my.
V manganese c, ngy nay ch vi hng nh Old Holland l cn ch lam
manganese xn. Cc hng khc ch lam manganese m phng, v d lam
manganese ca Winsor & Newton c ch t chlorinated copper
phthalocyanine (PG7) v copper phthalocyanine (vn l phm nhum, PB15),
trong, c chu sng cao nht (I theo ATSM), v bn (A); hng Holbein c
mu manganese blue nova, c ch t lam colbalt (PB28), trong v tuyt i
bn (4 sao ****)
Nm 2009 cc nh ha hc thuc i hc Oregon (M) tnh c pht
hin ra rng, khi c nung ti 1200 C, manganese oxide chuyn t mu
en sang mu lam rc r, bn, khng c, chu c nhit v acid. Theo mt s
nh nghin cu, c l y l bt lam p nht v tt nht trong lch s.
Lam sapphire

Lam sapphire

Lam sapphire ca hng Mastuda c ch t lam phthalocyanine (PB15).

Mu lam sapphire ca Lefranc ch t lam phthalocyanine PB15:3 trn vi
chlorinated copper phthalocyanine (PG7).
Lam sapphire trong, bn v c nhum cao, nu c dng hn ch s
cho hiu qu p v qu gi. Ngc li, lam sapphire c th lm ha sc tr
thnh sng hoc r mt khi b lm dng.
Lam ultramarine
Ultramarine l bt mu khong cht phc tp nht, cha lu hunh v
natrium silicate Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4, tng c coi l mu lam p nht t th i c
xa, vn c ch t lapis lazuli mt loi qu t tin, c nhiu ti
Bamiyan (Afghanistan) ni bt ngun ca hi ha sn du t th k V VII.
103

Thi xa, lapis lazuli c xut khu sang Ai Cp v chu u qua Venice
lm trang sc v nghin lm bt mu v. Ngi chu u gi th bt mu v
t tin nht ny l mu t vin dng (ultramarine l t gc Latin,
ultramarinus c ngha l bn ngoi, hay bn kia bin). V vy, vo thi Phc
Hng v Baroque, ultramarine ch c dng trong c c hp ng v tranh t
tin do gii giu c t hng, dng v mu o ca Cha Jesus v c M.
Danh ha Johannes Vermeer thng pha ultramarine lapis lazuli vi trng ch,
to nn cc ha sc lam rt p trong cc kit tc ca mnh.

Tinh th lapis lazuli

T th k XIX ultramarine c ch bng phng php tng hp nhn

to, c tn pigment l PB29. Nh ha hc Php Jean -Baptiste Guimet l ngi
u tin tm ra cch tng hp ultramarine vo nm 1826, c tn l mu lam
Guimet, gi r hn ultramarine t nhin khong 10 ln. Lam Guimet mn hn,
bn khng km ultramarine t nhin, c sc ti hn, v khng rc r bng
ultramarine t lapis lazuli.

th s ph thuc ca phn quang vo bc sng nh sng i vi ultramarine t lapis

lazuli (A) v ultramarine tng hp (B)

104

Ngy nay ultramarine tng hp (PB29) c hai loi, tn l ultramarine v

ultramarine Php. Ultramarine Php c sc , ht to hn ultramarine.

Ultramarine tng hp: Ultramarine Php (trn) v ultramarina lam sm (di)

Khng nn nhm ultramarine tng hp vi ultramarine c ch t

lapis lazuli.
en ng voi (PBk9)
en ng voi thc t l en xng, c ch t t xng ti nhit 400
500C khin xng bin thnh than. en ng voi bn c, c sc m, khng
en nh en than (carbon black, PBk6) v cha nhiu calcium phosphate, v
kh nhanh hn en than n (lam black, PBk7). en ng voi c chuyn sc rt
phong ph, nn thng c cc bc thy c in dng v bn g ti.

en ng voi hay en xng

en lam
en lam l mu bn trong, c ch bng pha trn ultramarine (PB29)
vi en ng voi (PBk9).
105

en lam cho mu xm rt p, th ng c dng v chuyn sc gia

sng v ti trn c th ngi, np vi. Mt s ha s dng en lam v bng
trn da tht. Velasquez dng rt t mu, trong c en ng voi v en lam. Hai
mu ny khi kt hp vi nhau cho php to mt ph rng chuyn sc t lnh ti
m [60].
Salvador Dal khuyn dng en ng voi v lt v en lam lng.
Trong khi nu lng en ng voi ln trn en lam th s c mu xm bn,
Dal coi l b mt th 28 trong 50 b mt ca tay ngh ma thut ca mnh
[61].

en lam

Cc mu t:
Cc bt mu t c ch t t c cha oxide st (Fe2O3). Cc mu t
ngy nay c tng hp t oxide st. Di y l mt s mu t thng dng.
-

Sepia

Bt sepia t nhin (NBr9) c mu nu ti, gn nh en, vn c chit t

mc ca cuttlefish hay sepia loi ng vt thn mm, trng ging con mc c
ln. Bt sepia hoc mc t ti mc ca cuttlefish tng c dng lm mc vit
t thi c i vng a Trung Hi (khong th k VIII tr. CN) v c cc ha s
dng lm mc v cho ti th k XIX.

Cuttlefish (sepia)

106

Ha s ngi c C.J.J. Seydelmann (1750 1829) c cho l ngi u

tin chit c phm nhum sepia, lc, v kt ta cht ny bng
hydrochloric acid, nh thu c sepia c nng cao.
Ngy nay cc mu c tn sepia u l mu t tng hp, cha oxide st,
v sepia t nhin c chu sng km. Sepia tng hp l mu c, bn c
hoc bn trong, c chu sng rt tt. Hng Holbein ch mu sepia t nu t
t nhin (NBr7) v en ng voi (PBk9), bn trong. Mu sepia ca Rembrandt
(Royal Talens) l pha trn ca 3 bt mu: oxide st vng (PY42), oxide st
( Venetian) (PR101), v en Mars (PBk11), bn c.

Sepia ca Royal Talens Rembrandt

Venetian (PR101)

Venetian l 1 trong 6 mu t. Nm mu cn li l Anh, n

, ochre, terra rosa (bole) v caput mortu um ( thm, nu Ai Cp, hay
nu xc p). Venetian tng l mu rt ph bin vo thi Phc Hng, khi
mu ny c ch t sinopia t ti vng Sinop thuc Th Nh K.
Venetian rt c (chit xut 2.8, cao hn c trng titanium 2.7), chu sng rt
tt, c chuyn sc rt phong ph khi ha vi trng, v c bit p khi c
dng v mu da, mu mi.

Venetian

107

Vng t (ochre) (PY42)

Vng t c nghin t t c silica v t st cha oxide st ngm

nc (Fe(OH)3), c ph mu rng t sc vng ng xn ti vng nu ng da
cam xn. Vng t t nhin l mt trong nhng mu c xa nht, c con
ngi dng t cch y 100 ngn nm. Bt mu vng t c tng hp nhn
to t nm 1920, c dng nghin cc mu vng t sn du ngy nay.
Vng t khng c, c, kh nhanh, v l mt trong nhng mu bn nht
trong bng mu ca ha s.

Vng t (ochre)

Lc t (PG23)

Lc t c dng t th k III tr. CN (thi ch La M), ly t t st

oxide
st, magnesium, silicate nhm, kali. Lc t cn c gi l lc
cha
Verona, theo a danh ti bc ni c nhiu t ny. T thi Trung c lc t
c dng v lt cho da tht, nhm trung ha cc mu nng nh hay
hng ph ln trn.

Lc t

108

Nu Van Dyke (NBr8)

Peter Paul Rubens (1577 1640) thng dng mu nu ny v lt.

Hc tr ca ng, danh ha Anthony Van Dyck (hay Van Dyke) (1599 1641)
dng mu ny lng nn cc chn dung, to ra ha sc nu trm ln xm bc
c trng cho phong cch ca mnh, v th m mu ny c tn nu V an Dyke.

Anthony van Dyck

T ha (khong 1622 1623)
sn du, 116.5 x 93.4 cm
Bo tng Hermitage

Nu Van Dyke l mu c ch t t cha c h yu cht hu c, nh

than nu hoc than bn (NBr8).
Thnh phn ha hc ca nu Van Dyke gm oxide st (III) ngm nc,
oxide maganese ngm nc v mt s humic acid (do xc ng thc vt phn
hy trong t mn to thnh).
Nu Van Dyke l mu bn trong, c chu sng tt, sc trung ha,
khng nng nh nu umber, hoc lnh nh sepia. Nu Van Dyke c th bn hn
nu c trn vi nha cy khi v.

109

Nu Van Dyke

Trong lch s, nguyn liu ch mu ny l t vng Cologne v Kassel

(c) v th nu Van Dyke cn c tn l mu t Kassel (Cassel earth) hay t
Cologne (Cologne earth). Tuy nhin, ngy nay c hng, nh Maieri, sn xut
cng mt lc c nu Van Dyke (bn c) v t Kassel (c), trong nu Van
Dyke c sc ng nu khi c trn vi mu trng, cn t Kassel ng xm lnh,
song trn thc t c hai mu ny u c ch t nu ti nung (burnt umber)
(PBr7), en xng (PBk9), v en than n (PBk7). V th s phn bit cht
lng gia nu Van Dyke v t Kassel, nh Salvador Dal tng vit trong cun
50 b quyt ca tay ngh ma thut l mt trong vi nhm ln (hay li xui di)
ca Dal trong cun sch .
-

Sienna

Mu sienna c sc nu , vn c ch t t vng Si enna (), v th

trong ting c tn terra di Sienna (t Sienna) hay terra rossa (t ), c
cc ha s thi Phc Hng v Baroque a dng cng vi vng ochre v umber.
Bt Sienna cha oxide st v khong 5% mangenese oxide ( -xit mng-gan), v
th c mu sm hn vng ochre. Bt sienna sng (PY43) khi c nung ln
(thnh burnt sienna, PR102) th c mu nu sm, sau khi nc b loi ra khi
oxide st.

Sienna sng (a) v sienna nung (b)

110

Umber

Mu umber c sc nu ti, l mu ti nht sau mu en. C hai gi thuyt

v ngun gc tn mu ny. Gi thuyt th nht cho rng umber c xut x t
terra di ombra (ting , c ngha l t ca bng ti). Theo gi thuyt th hai,
mu umber vn c ch t t vng Umbria (), v th m thnh tn.
Umber gm mu nu ti nung (burnt umber, PBr7) v nu ti sng (raw
umber, PBr8), c to bi oxide st ngm nc, oxide manganese ngm nc
v oxide nhm, Fe2O3 ( H2O) + MnO2(n H2O) + Al2O3.
Umber l mu kh nhanh nht trong cc mu t, v th thng c cc
ha s, c bit l vo thi Baroque nh Caravaggo, Rembrandt, v Vermeer
dng v lt hoc lng. V umber c chu sng v nhum cao, dng
umber qu nhiu khi v lt s lm tranh ti dn khi cc mu nh trng ch tr
nn trong hn theo thi gian, khin sc ti ca umber lt bn di l ra. Cng
vy khi dng umber lng. l mt trong nhng l do khin bc Mona Lisa
ca Leonard da Vinci ngy nay hu nh ch cn sc nu. Cng v v y m
Salvador Dal khuyn khng nn dng umber. Song li l mt trong cc li
khuyn cc oan ca Dal.

Umber sng (a) v umber nung (b)

Ha s Lucian Freud (1922 2011), ngi chuyn v cc bc kha thn

ngn ngn xc tht, tng ni: i vi ti, sn du l ngi. Ti mun hn lm
vic cho ti, nh xc tht . Nu bn cng coi mu sn du nh -sin ca bn th
cn bit r -sin trc khi mn, bi nu khng bn c th b lm phn, nh
Mark Rothko b lithol lm phn vy.
Cc ho trn gy mt mu (mu bn, cht):
Cerulean (xanh tri) + Indian red ( n ) hay ivory black
(en ng voi)
Cadmium yellow (Vng cadmium sng) + red earth ( t),
colbalt violet (tm cobalt)
Cadmium orange (da cam cadmium) + burnt sienna (nu
Sienna chy)
Ultramarine (xanh bin thm) + aureolin (vng colbalt)
Ultramarine (xanh bin thm) + zinc white (trng km): bc
111

mu, bnh ultramarine cht.

Nn c mu nu t hoc t thng lm cc na bng
(mid-shade) ti i dn.
Viridian (xanh lc) + cadmium yellow (vng cadmium) ch bn
nu c trn vi zinc white (trng km)
Naples yellow (vng Naples) v colbalt violet (tm colbat) b
bn khi tip xc vi kim loi (dao v).
Vermillion ( son hay thn sa) ng en theo thi gian v
-HgS () (sulfide thy ngn) bin thnh -HgS (en).

Dng sn du nhn hiu no?

mu:

Cc hng ha phm ni ting th gii thng sn xut t nht 2 hng

1) hng cho ha s chuyn nghip (artist grade)

2) hng cho cc ha s nghip d, nhng ngi mi hc v sn du hay

sinh vin m thut, gi l hng sinh vin (student grade).
Nhng cng c mt s hng, nh Old Holland, ch sn xut sn du cho
ha s chuyn nghip.
Mu cho ha s chuyn nghip c lm t cc sc t hay ht cht mu
xn, nn cht lng cao, v gi thnh cng cao. Trong c nhiu mu n
sc t (mono-pigment) tc mu ch c lm t mt loi sc t ch khng phi
trn vi loi sc t vi nhau. Mu v ho theo lut tr mu nn cng trn nhiu
loi s c t mu cng xn. V th mu n sc t [ 62] (v d cadmium PR108,
lam cobalt PB28, terre verte PG23, v.v.) l nhng mu tinh khit v lng ly
nht, trong khi cc mu c lm t pha trn nhiu sc t thng cm hn
(V d lc olive ca Winsor & Newton c to bi pha trn 2 loi pigments
chlorinated copper phthalocyanine + synthetic yellow iron oxide: PG7 + PY42,
trong khi cng mu ny ca Daler Rowney th li c to bi pha trn 3 loi
pigments chlorinated copper phthalocyanine + nickel dioxine yellow + pyrrole
carmine: PG7 + PY153 + PR264). Cng v th m khng c cch g c th pha
c nhng mu n sc t t 2 mu khc, v d khng th no pha c
cadmium rc r bng cch trn magenta vi vng theo nh l thuyt tr mu.
Theo ngha ny, nhng mu n sc t thc cht l nhng mu s cp
(mu c bn).
Mu cho sinh vin c t cht mu tht, c n thm cc cht tr, hoc
cc pigments b thay bng cht m phng cho ging sc (hue) nhng r tin
hn gim gi thnh, song cht lng km hn nhiu v c rc r, bo
ho, trong cng nh tnh bt bin v chu sng. Di y l mt v d so
snh mu cho ha s chuyn nghip vi mu cho sinh vin.

112

So snh mu cho sinh vin (trn) vi mu cho ha s chuyn nghip (di).

Trong v d trn, cadmium pigment tht ch c trong mu cho ha s

(di, bn tri). Mu sinh vin l mu m phng cadmium , thiu c
c ln nhum (trn, bn tri). Lam cobalt m phng (trn, gia) c sc nh
b tm vi so vi cobalt tht (di, gia). Ngay c vi nhng cht mu r, mu
vng cho ha s (di, phi) cng m c hn mu sinh vin (trn, phi).
V vy trit l dng mu hng sinh vin cho tit kim l mt trit l
sai lm, tr khi bn mi hc v sn du, cn ang tp v, h ay ang l
sinh vin m thut. Nu bn l ha s nhng gi mu vn l vn
i vi bn, th th v mt bc tranh kch thc nh bng mu hng cho
ha s chuyn nghip cn hn v mt bc tranh ln bng mu hng sinh
vin.
Di y l lit k nhn hiu, phn loi v v d v gi ca mt s hng
ha phm thng dng.
Trong s cc hng ha phm ni ting nht th gii phi k n:
1) Old Holland (H Lan, t 1664),
2) Lefranc & Bourgeois (Php, t 1720),
3) Winsor & Newton (Anh, t 1832),
4) Sennelier (Php, t 1887)
5) Royal Talens (H Lan, t 1899),
6) Holbein (Nht Bn) tuy mi c thnh lp sau nh Th chin (t
1946) nhng nay cng rt ni ting v cht lng mu. Ngoi ra Nht Bn cn 2
hng nh nhng sn xut sn du cht lng cao l Matsuda v Kusakabe.
1) Old Holland:
c thnh lp t 1664, Old Holland l hng ha phm lu i nht th
gii, ch sn xut mt hng sn du cho ha s c huyn nghip, c tn Classic Oil
Colors, gm 168 mu trong tubes 18, 40, 60, 125, 225 ml. Mu trng v en
cn c bn trong hp 475 ml v 1 liter.

113

2) Lefranc & Bourgeois:

Hng ny sn xut 3 hng sn du l Lefranc, Fine, v Louvre Artists Oil
Colors.
Lefranc l hng mu dnh cho cc ha s chuyn nghip, gm 119 mu,
cc mn (extra-fine), vi bo ha ti a. Trong s c khng di 55 mu
l mu n sc t.
Fine gm 50 mu, c la t nhng mu chu sng nht v rc r nht,
trong tubes 40 v 150 ml.
Louvre l hng dnh cho sinh vin (v nhng ngi ln u v sn du),
gm 36 mu trong tubes 20, 60 v 150 ml, ring mu trng trong hp 500 ml.
3) Winsor & Newton
Hng ny sn xut 4 loi sn du: i) Artists Oil Colour, ii) Winton Oil
Colour, iii) Artisan Water Mixable Oil Colour (sn du c th pha bng nc
dnh cho ngh nhn), iv) Griffin Fast Drying Oil Colour (sn du kh nhanh
Griffin).
i) Artists Oil Colour l sn du thng hng d nh cho ha s chuyn
nghip, c lm t cc pigments mn v tinh khit nht, gm 120 mu trong
tubes 37 v 200 ml.
ii) Winton Oil Colour l mu cho sinh vin v cc ha s nghip d, gm
49 mu trong tubes nhiu c.
iii) Artisan Water Mixable Oil Colour l sn du c thm cht ph gia nh
tng (emulsifier) ho c trong nc, trnh c du thng (turpentine)
l dung mi c hi, thch hp cho ngi v chi, cho hc sinh ph thng, gm
40 mu trong tubes 37 v 200 ml.
iv) Griffin Fast Drying Oil Colour kh nhanh v cha siccative (cht tng
c

t kh), gm 50 mu , trong tubes 21 v 120 ml.

4) Sennelier
Hng ny sn xut 2 loi sn du: i) Huile Extra Fine v ii) Huile tude.
Czanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso v nhiu ha s tm ting khc tng dng
sn du ca Sennelier. Lc mi m vo nm 1887 , hng ny ch l mt ca
hng bn ha phm cho ha s ti Paris. Khi cc ha s khng tm c mu h
mun t cc hiu trong vng, ng ch hiu Gustave Sennelier tc mnh, t
tay ch ra mu cho h. Website ca hng ny c mt bn ting Php cung cp
thng tin kh chi tit v cch nghin mu t cc sc t, tnh cht ca cc loi
du to mng, dung mi, nha cy, keo v.v.
114

i) Huile Extra Fine l mu cho ha s chuyn nghip, gm 144 mu trong

tubes 21, 40 v 200 ml. Mu trng v en cng c bn trong hp 500 ml.
ml.

2) Huile tude l mu cho sinh vin, gm 36 mu trong tubes 34 v 200

5) Royal Talens

Hng ny hin sn xut 3 loi sn du: i) Rembrandt, ii) Van Gogh, v iii)
Cobra.
i) Rembrandt (t 1899) l sn du dnh cho cc ha s chuyn nghip,
m
120
mu trong tubes 15, 40, 60 (tt c cc mu trng tr trng trong), v
g
150 ml (mt s mu), c cht lng thng hng, chu sng cao nht
(highest degree of lightfastness), rt tinh khit v cng mu mnh, nng
pigment rt cao.
ii) Van Gogh (t 1963) l loi cho sinh vin v nhng ngh s thch th
nghim (the study quality artists brand), gm 66 mu, trong tubes 20, 40, 60
ml 200, ring mu trng c trong hp 500 ml, cht lng cao, cng mnh,
nng pigment cao, chu sng tt (good) ti xut sc (excellent).
iii) Cobra l sn du ho c vi nc, cng c 2 hng, Artist dnh cho
ha s gm 70 mu , v Study dnh cho sinh vin, gm 40 mu trong tubes
150 ml.
6) Holbein
Hng ny sn xut 5 loi sn du, gm 3 loi thng thng: i) Artists Oil
Color, ii) POP Ecolse Oil Color, iii) Water Soluble Duo, v 2 loi mi, cc xn
v gi cng cao hn hn: iv) Vernet Oil Color v v) Yuichi.
i) Artists Oil Color l mu cho ha s chuyn nghip, gm 164 mu, trong
tubes 20 ml (164 mu), 40 ml (146 mu) v 110 ml (50 mu).
ii) POP Ecolse Oil Color l mu cho sinh vin, gm 50 mu trong tubes 80
v 100 ml.
iii) Water Soluble Duo l sn du ha c vi nc, gm 100 mu 20,
40, 50 (mu trng), v 110 ml.
iv) Vernet Oil Color - mang tn ha s Php Joseph Vernet (1714 1789)
- gm 40 mu trong tubes 20 ml v 50 ml (trng), l th nghim hin i nht
ca hng Holbein. Mu Vernet c kch thc pigment rt nh, ch bng na k ch
thc thng thng, khin nh sng c phn x u, t b tn x, to ra
trong rt cao. 40 mu ny c lm t n sc t, v th khng b xn khi pha
trn.
115

Vernet Oil Color ca hng Holbein (tubes 20 ml)

v) Yuichi (c ngha l Sn du s 1), gm 30 mu, l sn phm hp tc

gia Holbein v phng nghin cu K thut Sn du ca khoa Hi ha thuc i
hc Ngh thut v m nhc Tokyo, kt hp cc pigments truyn thng vi cc
nguyn liu mi do cng ngh tin tin nht to ra.

Tube sn d u Yuichi 20 ml ca hng Holbein

116

Ti c bit cc nhn hiu Lukas (c, t 1862), Daler Rowney (Anh, t

1783), v Pbo (Php, t 1919) c a chung ti Vit Nam. V th ti cng
lit k di y cc loi mu ca 3 hng ny cc ha s v sinh vin m
thut trong nc tham kho.
7) Lukas:
Hng ny c 4 nhn hiu sn du (trong tubes 37 v 200 ml):
i) 1862 l loi cho ha s chuyn nghip, gm 70 mu;
ii) Studio l loi cho sinh vin, gm 48 mu;
iii) Berlin l loi ha c vi n c, gm 24 mu ;
iv) Terzia l loi t pigments, khin gi thnh rt thp (v ng nhin
cht lng cc thp!), gm 24 mu (trong tubes 200 ml).
Theo gii thiu ca bn hng th pigments trong sn du Lukas 1862 c
nghin trong du lanh p lnh (cho cc mu ti), du hng dng (cho cc
mu sng) v sp ong. Du hng dng (sunflower oil) v du rum (safflower
oil) l hai loi du c dng t th k XX, thay cho du ht thuc phin (poppy
oil), v r tin hn v kh nhanh hn v cng khng ng vng sau khi kh. Tuy
nhin, so vi du lanh, c 3 loi du hng dng, du rum v v du ht thuc
phin u kh rt ch m v to ra mng phim yu v c t l linoleic acid cao
trong khi khng h c -linolenic acid cht c kh nng kt hp vi oxy to ra
mng phim dai v tc kh nhanh (Xem b ng bn di). Du lanh c ti
khong 60% -linolenic acid v ch c 14 % linoleic acid, v th du lanh kh
nhanh hn v mng phim ca du lanh l mng phim dai nht, tuy c ng vng
theo thi gian [ 63]. Hng Winsor & Newton nghin cc cht mu sng trong du
lanh trn vi du rum. Lukas x l vn kh chm ca du hng dng mt
phn nh thm sp ong. C iu sp ong khin sn du mang tnh cht ca
mu encaustic, nn nu v theo k thut nhiu lp th lin kt gia cc lp s
khng bn vng bng khi khng c sp ong, tr phi sau khi v xong em c bc
tranh h nng. Tuy nhin, hy nh li Leonardo Da Vinci tht bi thm hi
nh th no khi dng la si bc bch ha Trn nh Anghiari v bng
encaustic. Ngoi ra sn du pha sp ong cng km bn vng khi v trn cc vt
liu mm nh canvas, v th ch nn dng v trn cc vt liu cng nh g,
hay canvas dn ln g, v.v. Pha sp ong cn khin mt sn trng m (matt),
khng bng v thiu su.

117

Thnh phn cc acid bo trong du to mng

8) Daler Rowney:
Hng ny sn xut 3 loi sn du: i) Artists, ii) Georgian, v iii)
Graduate. Pigments c nghin trong du lanh v sp ong.
i) Artists l loi sn du cho ha s chuyn nghip, gm 83 mu, trong
tube 38, 120 ml v hp 500 ml (mu trng titanium v km);
ii) Georgian l hng cho sinh vin , c 54 mu (24 mu n sc t), trong
tubes 22, 38 v 120 ml;
iii) Graduate l hng cho sinh vin , c 42 mu (22 mu l n sc t ),
trong tubes 38, 120, v 200 ml.
9) Pbo:
Lc mi khi nghip vo nm 1919, hng ny l mt phng th nghim
ha cht ca nh ho hc v ha s Php Claudius Chaveau, chuyn tng hp
oxide ch (PbO) bn cho cc nc ti chu u. V th m thnh ci tn Pbo
(p-b- l cch ngi Php nh vn PbO).
Hng ny sn xut 3 loi sn du: i) Fragonard Extra Fine, ii) Huile dArt
Superfine, iii) Studio Fine XL, trong tubes 37, 80 v 200 ml. Sp ong cng c
thm vo khi nghin pigments.
mu;

i) Fragonard Extra Fine l loi dnh cho ha s chuyn nghip, g m 103

ii) Huile dArt Superfine gm 60 mu;
iii) Studio Fine XL l hng cho sinh vin, gm 64 mu.

Nh gii thch trn, gi mu ph thuc vo gi ca tng sc t, c

phn loi theo series numbers, s cng to gi cng t. Hng cho ha s chuyn
nghip thng c cc mu vi series numbers to (5, 6), trong khi hng cho sinh
vin v ha s nghip d ch gm cc series numbers nh (1, 2). Mu khng c
series number l mu c gi ng hng. Cch chia series numbers c th hi
khc nhau ph thuc vo hng, v d Winsor & Newton c series numbers t 1
118

ti 6, Royal Talens: t 1 ti 5, trong sn du Rembrandt c series numbers

t 1 ti 5, cn sn du Van Gogh ch c 1 v 2.
Bng di y minh ha s khc nhau v gi theo series numbers (SN)
ca Royal Talens (tube 40 ml) theo Dick Blick Art Material:

Minh ha trn cho thy mu c cng series number nhng khc hng c gi rt khc nhau, v
d trng titanium Van Gogh c gi ch bng na trng titianium Rembrandt.

Mt s hng khng dng s m dng ch ci nh du series: nh Old

Holland t A n F (6 bc) series A r nh t, F t nht ,hay Holbein: A, B, C,
D, . (6 hoc 8 bc) series c ch ci cng ng sau cng t.
C th so snh gi ca cc nhn hiu khc nhau qua gi ca cng mt
mu sn du n sc t, v d nh cadmium .
Gi ca sn du cadmium
(chia trung bnh cho 20 ml)
1) Old Holland
Classic: 26.2 USD (gi ti Dick Blick Art Material)
2) Lefranc & Bourgeois
i) Lefranc: 18.4 USD (gi bn ti Sekaido [64], i ra USD theo 1 USD =
100 yen)
ii) Fine: (m phng ) 1.84 USD (gi trn mng)
iii) Louvre: ( s cp) 2.0 USD (gi trn mng)
3) Winsor & Newton (gi bn ti Sekaido)
i) Artists: 7.4 USD

119

ii) Winton: (mu m phng) 0.84 USD

4) Sennelier
(gi ti Dick Blick Art Material)
i) Huile Extra Fine: 13 USD
ii) Huile tude: (mu m phng): 3.3 USD
5) Royal Talens
i) Rembrandt: 8.8 USD (gi bn ti Sekaido)
ii) Van Gogh: 4.5 USD (gi trn mng)
Trc y Royal Talens c sn xut sn du nhn hiu Amsterdam, nay
trn website ca bn hng nhn hiu Amsterdam ch dnh cho mu acrylic. C
l Royal Talens ngng sn xut nhn hiu ny cho sn du. Tuy vy cc chi
nhnh nh Talens Japan Nht vn cn bn sn du Amsterdam, gm 35 mu,
trong tube 200 ml, gi ng hng 1470 yen theo bng gi, nhng gi bn thc
ch c 960 yen , tc trung b nh cha ti 1 USD/20 ml, tng ng gi mu
Winton m phng cadmium cho sinh vin ca Winsor & Newton.
6) Holbein (theo bng gi ca bn hng, cao hn gi bn ti Sekaido
khong 30%)
i) Artists : 10.3 USD
ii) POP Ecolse: 2.6 USD
iii) Water Soluble Duo (mu m phng): 4 USD
iv) Vernet: 18.9 USD
v) Yuichi: 43 USD
7) Lukas (gi trn mng)
i) 1862: 5.4 USD
ii) Studio (mu m phng): 1.1 USD
iii) Berlin (ha c vi nc): 2.3 USD
iv) Terzia (mu m phng): 0.8 USD
8) Daler Rowney (gi trn mng)
120

i) Artists: 4 USD
ii) Georgian (mu m phng): 2 USD
iii) Graduate (mu m phng): 0.83 USD
9) Pbo (gi trn mng)
i) Fragonard Extra Fine: 17.7 USD
ii) Huile Dart Superfine: 3.6 USD
iii) Studio Fine XL (mu m phng): 2.3 USD
Mu tt khng bin mt ngi v km thnh v gii. Nhng nu bn l
mt ngh s, quan tm ti vic th hin c tt c ti nng ca mnh, ti s
trng tn ca tc phm ca mnh, cng nh hiu qu ca n i vi cng
chng v trch nhim ca mnh i vi nhng ngi su tp tranh, th vic la
chn dng mu cht lng cao (mu cho ha s chuyn nghip tc artist grade)
bao gi cng l la chn ng nht.

Cht kt dnh v dung mi ca sn du

Cht kt dnh l cht dng nghin cht mu, di dng cc ht bt
mu hay cc ht phm nhum, lin kt chng vi nhau, to nn mu v, c kh
nng bm cht vo vt liu nh canvas, kim loi, g, giy, v.v. Dung mi
(solvent) l cht dng pha long mu v cng nh ty ra sn mu dnh
bt lng v palette sau khi v. Tnh cht cc loi mu v v k thut s dng
chng khc nhau ch yu l do cht kt dnh.
Mu nc (watercolor hay aquarelle) v mu bt (gouache) dng cht kt
dnh l gm arabic (gum arabic) tc nha cy keo(acacia). Mu bt khc mu
nc ch mu bt l mu c cn mu nc l mu trong. Trong mu bt
cht ph gia (nh tinh bt, phn, blanc fixe tc barium sulphate) thng c
trn vo lm mu thnh c. K thut ny c gi l guazzo (ting ) t
m thnh tn gouache (ting Php). Mt k thut khc c gi l mu c
(body color) hay mu keo(distemper, tempera), trn bt mu vi cht kt dnh
nh keo casein hoc keo ng vt (gelatin) m khng thm ph gia. Ngy nay
gouache ca mt s hng ha phm nh Winsor & Newton, Holbein, Schmincke
v M. Graham c nh mt bt mu rt cao do c nghin mn, m khng
cn thm ph gia. Acryl gouache l mu bt dng nha acrylic lm cht kt
dnh thay v gm arabic.
Mu tempera hay tempera trng (egg tempera) dng lng () trng g
lm cht kt dnh. Mu v bch ha truyn thng (fresco) l bt mu ha vi
nc, khng cn cht kt dnh, v c v ln lp va vi t, sau khi kh cng
li gi cc ht bt mu thm bn trong, trng tn hng th k. Cht kt dnh
121

ca mu acrylic l nha acrylic. Cc mu nc, gouache, tempera, mu v

fresco, acrylic u dng nc lm dung mi , v th c tn l cc mu gc nc
(water-based colors (paints)). Mu encaustic dng cc loi sp lm cht kt
dnh v nhit lm long mu.
i vi mu sn du truyn thng (oil paint), cht kt dnh l cc loi du
kh (drying oil) v nha (resin), cn dung mi l du thng, tinh du oi hng
v cc sn phm ca chng ct du m.
Thng tin v cht kt dnh, nha cy v dung mi c rt nhiu trn
internet nhng cng khng t thng tin mu thun, mang nh kin, sai lc,
trong khi c nhng thng tin c chp t cc sch c t 1949 v trc, nay
lc hu [65]. Ha phm ngy nay c ch to bng cng ngh hin i nn
tnh cht c nhng im khc cc ha phm thi xa. Thm vo , c nhng
cht liu mi, c pht hin v sn xut t na cui th k XX. Chuyn kho
ny cung cp mt s kin thc c bn v thng tin v cc loi du kh, nha v
dung mi hin nay m cc ha s v sn du cn bit.

I. Du kh (drying oils)
Du kh (hay du to mng) c kh nng to thnh mng (phim) trong,
c th c ko thnh b mt rng, khi kh tr nn dai v bn, gi c c ht bt
mu l lng bn trong, gy hiu qu quang hc rt p. Chnh nh du to
mng, c bit l du lanh , m mu sn du tr thnh cht liu c k thut
s dng v hiu qu th hin phong ph hn hn cc cht liu khc.
Du lanh c chit xut n 1.475 (tc kh nng khc x nh sng, c
o bng t s n = c/v gia vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, c, v trong mi
trng ca cht, v), cao hn tt c cc cht kt dnh tan trong dung mi nc,
gn vi chit xut ca cht mu hn. Dng du lanh lm c ht kt dnh c th
to ra mu t rt c ti rt trong, ty theo lng du lanh cng nh kch thc
cc ht bt mu. Du to mng khng ho c trong nc, m ch long ra
trong cc dung mi nh du thng, cc sn phm ca chng ct du m (v d
xng trng), v tinh du oi hng.
Du thc vt cha mt lng ln glycerides, tc cc cht c to ra khi
glycerin lin kt vi cc acid bo. Acid bo c phn loi thnh acid bo bo
ha v khng bo ha. Acid bo bo ha gm stearic acid, c nhiu trong m
ng vt, v palmitic acid, c nhiu trong du cy c. Acid bo khng bo ha
gm oleic, linoleic, v linolenic acids. nhit trong phng acid bo bo ha
vn thnh cht rn, cn acid bo khng bo ha l cht lng. Du thc vt c
phn loi thnh du kh (drying oil) hay du to mng, bn kh (semi-drying
oil), v khng kh (non-drying oil).
Du to mng kh c thng qua qu trnh oxy ha t ng
(autoxidation) khi tip xc vi oxy trong khng kh. Trong qu trnh ny cc
chui acid bo hp th oxy v lin kt ngang (cross-link) vi nhau, to thnh
122

mt mng cao phn t (polymer) n hi, dai, v cng dn khi s lin cc

ngang tng dn theo thi gian. Tnh cht ca du to mng ph thuc vo hm
lng acid bo khng bo ha v cc acid loi ny cha cc lin kt i (double
bond) trong cc chui nguyn t carbon. Cc lin kt i ny ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic to ra cc lin kt ngang ni trn. Oxy b hp th cng nhiu
du kh cng nhanh v mng phim cng dai. Oleic acid c 1, linoleic acid c 2,
cn linolenic acid c 3 lin kt i. V th du to mng no cha nhiu linolenic
acid nht l du kh nhanh nht v c mng phim dai nht. Qu trnh kh ca
du to mng ko di nhiu nm, ngay c sau khi mng phim tng chng nh
kh sau vi ngy ti mt tun. Du to mng tng khi lng khi hp th
oxy (c th ti 40% i vi du lanh) v sau khi lng gim xung khi du
kh cng li.
khng bo ha ca acid bo c o bng s iodine, tc lng iodine
(tnh bng gram) m 100 gram du c th hp th. S iodine cng ln th s
lin kt i trong acid bo cng nhiu, tc du kh cng nhanh. Qu trnh kh
ca mu sn du l qu trnh khng thun nghch, tc khi sn du kh, tnh
cht vt l v ho hc ca n thay i vnh vin. V th ch nn dng mu sn
du mi c bp t tube ra, cn ti mm t trong ra ngoi. Mu bt u
kh (nh mu dnh trn palette sau mt ngy) l mu m du to mng ca n
b cao phn t ha, kt dnh gim i nhiu, khng nn dng v v
s rt d bong nt theo thi gian [66].
Du to mng dng trong sn du gm
-

Du
Du
Du
Du
Du
Du

lanh (ting Anh: linseed oil, ting Php: huile de lin)

gai (hemp oil, huile de chanvre)
thuc phin (poppy oil, huile dillette)
ht c ch (walnut oil, huile de noix)
rum (safflower oil, huile de carthame)
hng dng (sunflower oil, huile de tournesol)

T tri qua: lanh, thuc phin, rum, c ch.

Trong s cc loi du to mng c dng trong sn du k trn, du

lanh c hm lng linolenic acid v s iodine cao nht (Xem bng di), v th
du lanh kh nhanh nht v c mng phim dai nht. Du ht c ch kh
123

cng kh nhanh v u, li t ng vn g nn c dng nghin cc mu sng.

Du ht thuc phin rt trong sng, v hu nh khng ng vng, song kh
chm v cha qu t linolenic acid. Mng phim ca du ht thuc phin yu v
gin nn khng nn dng du ny v lt. Du rum c tnh cht t ng t du
ht thuc phin nhng kh nhanh hn.

Du lanh
Du lanh l du kh quan trng nht trong ton b lch s hi ha sn
du. Sn du c dng trong hi ha t th k V VII, song khi ngi
ta dng du thuc phin v du ht c ch lm cht kt dnh. n th k XV
Jan Van Eyck dng du lanh nghin cc sc t, to nn mt cuc cch
mng v cht liu trong k thut sn du. T sau Van Eyck du lanh tr
thnh th du kh khng th thiu khi v sn du.
T l cc acids bo trong mt s du to mng
(so vi lng acid bo tng cng )
Oleic (%) Stearic (%) Palmitic(%) S iodine

Du lanh

Linolenic Linoleic
(%)
(%)
50 ~ 70 12 ~ 24

10 ~ 22

2.5

4~6

170 ~204

Du gai

24 ~ 26 54 ~ 56

11 ~ 13

1~3

5~7

140 ~175

Du thuc 0 9
41 ~ 60
phin
Du ht c 1.5 ~ 5 60
ch
Du rum
0.1
68 ~ 83

13 ~ 37

1.4 ~ 10

9 ~ 20

133.4

23

1~4

3~6

152

8 ~ 21

2~3

4~6

140 ~150

Du hng < 0.7

dng

14 ~ 35

1~3

3~6

125 ~ 140

44 ~ 75

Trong s cc du bn kh (s idodine khong 115 ~ 130) c du

tng, du ht ci, du ht bng, du vng, v.v. Cn du olive, du lc, du
thu du, du da, v.v. l nhng th du khng kh. Du khng kh khng
dng c trong hi ha sn du v khng t o ra mng phim.
nh sng gy ra phn ng oxy ho quang hc (photooxygenation), c th
tng tc kh ca du lanh gp 900 ln s o vi qu trnh oxy ho t ng
[67]. Qu trnh kh do oxy ho t ng cng gii phng mt lng nh cc cht
bay hi, gy nn mi c bit.
Nhit v m nh hng ti qu trnh bay hi ny. Nhit tng
khin bay hi nhanh. m tng cn tr s bay hi.

124

Cc cht xc tc kim loi nh cobalt, st, manganese c kh nng to ra

x phng kim loi lm tng tc phn ng oxy ho v tc qu trnh cao
phn t ha (to mng polymer), nn c dng lm siccative (cht lm kh).
c bit cobalt l cht xc tc rt hiu qu tng tc oxy ho, trong khi
zirconium tng tc qu trnh cao phn t ho. Nhng khi b dng qu nhiu
(trn 0.5 ~ 1% khi lng), siccative to ra mt mng nh mt lp da trn mt
sn du, ngn phn cha kh bn di tip xc vi khng kh, gy ra nt v
ca mt sn [68]. Cht xc tc kim loi cn khin mu ti i theo thi gian, v
th ch nn dng siccative khi v cc lp lt. Tuy n hin, cch an ton nht
sn du kh nhanh l dng du lanh c (sun-thickend linseed oil) kt hp vi
copal varnish (Xem trong bi).
i)
Du lanh sng (raw linseed oil) c p thng t ht lanh ra, v
th cn c gi l cold-pressed linseed oil tc du lanh p lnh, khng qua x
l bng nhit hay cc phng php vt l hoc ho hc. Du ny c nhc
im l cha c tp cht nh sp, nha cy (gum), c mu vng sm hi c,
lu kh v ng vng nhiu theo thi gian.
Du lanh sng l loi du tt nht n ghin cht mu thnh mu sn du
v cc acid bo t do s gip bt mu thm du d dng hn v phn tn u
hn. Nhng do gi thnh cao nn ngy nay ch mt s hng sn xut ha phm
c ting nh Old Holland l cn dng du lanh sng nghin sn. C th thm
du ny vo sn trong khi v lm sn do v trn hn.
loi b tp cht, gim ng vng v/hoc tng tc kh, du lanh
c x l bng lc, ty v nhit . Qu trnh x l cn nhm gim thiu
nhc im ca linolenic acid khin du lanh kh khng ng u, tc kh t
trn xung. Di y l cc loi du lanh c x l dng cho v sn du.
ii)
Du lanh tinh khit (purified linseed oil) l du lanh sng c
lc bng phng php c in truyn thng: ra nhiu ln bng nc sch
(c nh phn) v mui, hoc mui kim loi; un vi nc v ct; lc bng
ethanol, v.v. loi cc tp cht, cc cht nhy, sp v gm t nha cy
(gum). Du ny c mu vng nht v trong.
iii) Du lanh tinh ch (refined linseed oil) l du lanh c x l
bng phng php ha hc, dng dung dch kim (alkaline) trung ha cc acid
bo t do (tc cc acid bo khng tham gia vo qu trnh to mng polymer,
nh stearic acid) thnh x phng, ha c trong nc, v c loi ra bng
my tch (separator). Cc tp cht khng phi glyceride nh sp (gum), cc ion
kim loi, cc cht b oxy ho, v.v. cng c loi b.
Du lanh tinh ch c u im l mu sng, trong v bng hn du lanh
sng, v c gi r. l l do khin tt c cc hng sn xut ha phm ca M
u dng du lanh tinh khit nghin bt mu sau khi thm vo mt s cht
n lm tng thm t. V cc acid bo t do b loi, du lanh tinh
khit khng d b i (kht) nh du lanh sng. Nhc im ca du lanh tinh
ch l cng ng vng theo thi gian nh du lanh sng. Thm ch ng vng
125

trng cn r hn v du ny trong v sng hn du lanh sng. y cn l loi

du lanh lu kh nht, ch cn km du ng (Xem di).
iv) Du lanh sng (clarified linseed oil) c p t ht lanh c
rang. y l loi du kh nhanh nht trong cc loi du lanh cha qua x l
nhit. Du ny c mu sng hn du lanh tinh khit v du lanh tinh ch, hu
nh ch hi vng.
v)
Du lanh c ty bng phi nn g (sun-bleached linseed oil)
c lc qua ct, sau c phi nng khong 2 tun ty cho bt mu
vng. Du ny trong sng, kh nhanh tng t nh du lanh sng v qu trnh
cao phn t ho (polymerized) bt u nh phi nng.

Du lanh sng (tri) v du lanh c ty (phi) ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois

vi) Du lanh c (sun-thickened linseed oil) c ch bng cch

phi nng du lanh tinh khit trong a men, thic hoc ch, c che knh
trnh bi, nhng c k c khe h du tip xc vi lung khng kh. nh
nng mt tri chiu thng vo a du. Du thnh thong c quy trnh
to mng trn b mt. Du c phi lu nhiu tun l cho ti khi c qunh li
nh mt ong v c mu nh h phch. Qu trnh ny oxy ho v cao phn t
ho du lanh mt phn, ng thi lm sch cc cht bay hi. Cc tp cht khc
cng thi gian lng xung v sau c gn ra. V th du lanh c kh rt
nhanh (trong vng 1 2 ngy nu v mng) v to mt mng phim dai hn,
ng vng cng t hn du lanh sng. Du lanh c cn c nhiu u im nh
tng do, trn ca mu sn du, cho php tri rng din tch mt mu,
ko di vt sn m khng b t on, lm mt vt bt. y l t h du rt tt
nht cho v lt, ta chi tit, cng nh v lng, c dng t thi Phc Hng ti
nay.

126

Du lanh c ca hng Holbein

vii) Du ng (stand oil) bt u c ch t th k XIX bng cch

un du lanh tinh khit vi ngy ti nhit khong 300C (cha ti nhit
si 349C) trong ni y kn trnh tip xc vi khng kh. Qu trnh ny cao
phn t ho du lanh . Du lanh ng c qunh, mu vng sm, c tnh ch t
tng t nh du lanh c, nn c th dng thay du lanh c, nhng hu nh
khng ng vng theo thi gian. Du lanh ng thng c dng lm nhn
vt bt, ta chi tit, v lng. Song du ng l loi du lanh kh lu nht, v th
trnh dng khi v cc lp di.

Du ng ca hng Talens

127

viii) Du lanh un (boiled linseed oil) l du lanh c un tng t

nh du ng, nhng c tip xc vi khng kh khin du b cao phn t ho v
xy ha mt phn. Ngy nay ngi ta thm cc siccatives cha ch, manganese,
hoc cobalt trong qu trnh un. Thm ch du lanh un ca mt s hng sn
xut ha phm thc cht ch l du lanh sng pha vi du m tinh ch v cht
lm kh. V ng vng v ti mu theo thi gian, du ny ch c th c dng
trong sn lt nn.
ix) Du en (Black oil) l du lanh c pha vi litharge tc qung
oxide ch (PbO), ri c un ti 220C. V cha oxide ch nn du ny c mu
en v kh rt nhanh (qua m). Tuy du en lm mu ti i, nhng mu rt
bn, hu nh khng i theo thi gian. Ch : Khng nn t ch du en nu
khng phi l chuyn gia v rt nguy him (c th b bng v du nng) v c
hi (c th b nhim c ch) .
x)
Du lanh kh nhanh (Drying linseed oil) l du lanh c pha
thm siccative, c mu nu nht, kh nhanh nht trong tt c cc loi du lanh.
Nu cn kh rt nhanh, th dng du ny an ton hn l t mnh nh siccative
vo du lanh. Ni chung, nn trnh dng siccative, c bit l loi c cha
cobalt hay manganese, v chng khin du lanh kh nhanh t trn xung di,
t ngoi vo trong, dn n b mt c th cng li thnh mng nhng bn di
vn mm, gy nt v. Nu bt buc phi dng siccative th cng khng nn
dng qu 1 5%, v khi vt ngng ny, siccative c th lm mt sn dnh,
nt, nhn nheo, ng vng.
Tnh cht mt s loi du lanh

Tc kh
nht)
Trn hn

sm.

(1:

Lanh Lanh Lanh

c sng tinh
ty
khit
3
5
6

Du ng

Lanh Lanh
kh c
nhanh
nhanh 1
2

Do hn

++

++

++

Bng hn

Trong hn

Mng phim dai hn

Ng vng t

++

Ch : Khng nn bo qun du lanh trong ti v du lanh s ng mu

Du thuc phin (poppy oil): trong, khng b ng vng, kh chm,

hp vi cc ho sc sng.
128

Du ht c ch (walnut oil): tng t du lanh, nhng khng b vng,

c dng t th k 5, kh chm hn du lanh, thm ch v du kh nhanh th

c du en (black oil).

II.

Nha

i)
Nha dammar (damar) c chit t cy shorea hoc hopeathuc
h cy du (Dipterocarpaceae) mc ng Nam . Nha dammar c nh
bo ch F. Lucanus dng ln u tin trong hi ha vo nm 1828 [69].
V th nu bn c c u l Cennino Cennini (1370 1440) hay Peter
Paul Rubens (1577 1640) tng dng nha dammar trong dung dch pha
mu(medium) th ng tin vo mt mnh.

Dammar

Nha dammar mm, trong, mu vng nht. Dammar varnish hayvec-ni

Dammar (nha dammar ha trong du thng ) kh nhanh trong iu kin m
v nhit bnh thng (40 60%, 15 23C).
Nhc im ln nht ca dammar l ht m mnh khin mu c i theo
thi gian nu c pha bng medium c cha qu nhiu d ammar. Dammar
varnish ng vng mnh theo thi gian, v th khng nn dng qu 10% nha
dammar hoc 25 30% dammar varnish trong dung dch pha mu. V nha
dammar ch c th ha tan bng dung mi du thng (turpentine), mt s nh
phc ch khuyn nn trnh dng dammar varnish lm varnish bo v tranh v
khi lp bo v ng vng, ch c th g b n bng turpentine, c nguy c nh
hng ti cc lp sn di nu c v vi dung dch cha dammar [70].

129

Dammar varnish (bng) ca Lefranc & Bourgeois (tri) v Talens (phi)

ii)
Nha mastic l nha cy nh hng hay nha nhai (pistaccio tree,
pistacia lentiscus), cng thuc loi nha mm v ch tan trong du thng nh
dammar. Mastic c dng t trong sn du t th k XI. c th c dng
lm varnish, mastic phi c tui t nht 6 thng ti 1 nm. l khong thi
gian ti thiu cc oleanolic aldehydes khng bn vng b oxy ho v cc cht
cao phn t sinh thm trong varnish.

Mastic

Mastic varnish thng hng c chit t cy pistacio mc ti o Chios

(Hy Lp), thnh git nh git nc mt nn cn c tn l vernice mastice Chios
in lacrime (mastic varnish x Chios hnh nhng git nc mt).
Mastic varnish mm v trong sng hn dammar, nhng mng phim gin
v c xu hng c, ng vng hay nu theo thi gian, v vn b ha tan k c
sau khi kh nhiu nm. V th ng y nay nha mastic t c dng lm dung
dch pha mu sn du.
130

iii) Nha sandarac tng t nh nha mastic, ha tan trong ru cn,

acetone, v mt phn trong du thng hoc tinh du oi hng. Nha ny rt
rn, gin v ng vng cn mnh hn nha mastic.
iv) Nha co pal l mt loi nha cy kh cng vi trm ti vi chc
ngn nm, c gi l bn ho thch, tc cha lu thnh h phch ho
thch [71].
Copal varnish rt rn, ch cn thua h phch. Sau khi kh, copal ch c
th b ha tan bng nung nng, bng ammonia, acetone, hoc tinh du oi
hng. Ngoi ra copal cn ti i theo thi gian. V vy cc nh phc ch ti
London National Gallery khuy n co khng nn dng copal varnish lm
varnish bo v [69]. Tuy nhin tnh cht ny li tr thnh u im khi copal
c dng trong medium v bi sau nu ph lp varnish bo v cha
dammar th khi cn ty lp varnish bng turpentine, lp mu sn du cha
copal s khng b turpentine lm h hi. Dung dch cha copal v du ng
c gi l du copal (copal oil). Thm du copal vo dung dch pha mu s
khin mu sn du trn, bng nh men, mt tranh nhn, kh nhanh, dai v
khng nhn nheo sau khi kh.
Ch : trnh nt v ti mu, khng nn dng nhiu du copal.

Du copal ca hng Kusakabe c pha t copal t nhin v du ng.

Ngy nay nhiu hng sn xut ha phm ch to ra cc cht tng hp

i,
c
hiu qu tng t copal, nh cc cht dng liquin ca hng Winsor &
m
Newton.
v)
Nha h phch (amber) xn tc nha thng ha thch hng
chc triu nm rt t. V th, tuy c coi l th nha tt nht cho hi ha,
varnish h phch lu hnh trn th trng hin nay phn ln l copal varnish vi
s nm bn ho thch kh xc nh.
vi) Nha shellac (cnh kin) c ch t nha do b cnh kin
(laccifer lacca) Nam tit ra. Nha ny ha tan trong ru cn, c mu t
131

nu ti gn nh khng mu (loi thng hng), nhng ng vng v nt theo

thi gian.
vii) Nha thng Venice (Venice turpentine hay Venetian
turpentine) c ch t nha thm (balsam) chit t li cy larch u chu (tc
thng rng l, t ch Hn Vit lc dip tng ), c tn khoa hc l larix
decidua, mc vng ni Alps v Carpaths. Balsam thuc loi nha mm
(oleoresin) cha cc acid thm benzoic acid (C7H6O2 hay C6H5COOH) hoc
cinnamic acid (c trong du qu). Khng nn nhm Venice turpentine (nha)
vi du th ng (turpentine) (dung mi). Balsam t thng larix decidua mc ti
Tyrol thuc nc o c coi l balsam tt nht ch Venice turpentine. Nha
thm ny, c pha vi du thng, thng c bn ti Venice vo th k XIV
XV v th m thnh tn.
Venice turpentine nguyn cht c mu vng nht, ta nh du lanh tinh
khit, nhng c snh hn. Chit xut ca Venice turpentine cao, n = 1.53,
tng ng chit xut thy tinh quang hc (crown glass, n = 1.52 ), v th ch
cn ha mt cht Venice turpentine vo medium l to c mng phim
bng u nh men s, tng bo ha ca sc t, v sau khi kh (2 3 ngy)
khng b dnh tay nh dammar.

Venetian turpentine ca hng Holbein (tri) v Royal Talens (phi).

Venetian turpentine ca hai hng ny u c ch t nha cy larch chu u mc o ha vi
du thng. Sn phm ca Holbein cha khong 25% du thng, c mu vng sng. Sn phm
ca Talens cha t du thng hn, c mu sm, gn vi nu.

Venice turpentine pha vi du lanh l dung dch pha mu m cc bc thy

Phc Hng v Baroque tng dng. Mt nghin cu mi y [72] pht hin ra
Venice turpentine v du lanh trong bc tranh c M cng Cha Hi ng v
cc thin thn (1470 1475) ca Antonello da Messina. Thodore De Meyerne
(1573 1655) bc s ca vua Henri IV (Php) v vua James I (Anh) cng
132

ghi li rng danh ha Van Dyck hc tr xut sc nht ca Rubens tng tho
lun v Venice turpentine vi ng [73].

Antonello da Messina
c M cng Cha Hi ng v cc thin thn (1470 1475)
sn du trn vn g, 114.8 x 54.5 cm, bo tng Uffizi (Florence).
Kt qu nghin cu nm 2012 tm thy du lanh v Venice turpentine trong bc tranh ny.

Mt s hng ha phm nh Kremers pha thm rosin (colophony hay

colophane) [74] v/hoc vi th khc vo Venice turpentine tng cng
ca mng phim khi kh, tng tc kh v/hoc gim gi thnh. Rosin l sn
phm thu c sau khi chng ct nha (resin) chit t v cc cy h thng
tch turpentine. Nha sng ca thng cha khong 70% ro sin, 15% turpentine,
133

v 15% tp cht ln nc [75]. Rosin cha ti 90% acid nha cy (resin acid),
trong c khong 30 40% abietic acid (C20H30O2), khi kh to mng cng,
gin, d nt v, d nng chy (ti 70 80C), d lo ho v b oxy ha. Trong
khi Venetian turpentine t nha cy larch u chu cha rt t abietic acid.
(Mt ca ca g larch chu u ch cha 0.001 0.005% abietic acid [76].)
Khng nn nhm Venice turpentine dng trong hi ha vi sn phm c
tn y ht nhng dng sn mng nga , gi khong 10 11 USD mt hp
khong na lt, tc r hn khong 8 9 ln. Venice turpentine loi ny ch n
thun l rosin pha trong turpentine, khng dng c cho hi ha v cht lng
km.
Mt s ha s thay Venice tupentine bng nha thm Canada (Canada
balsam hay Canadian turpentine). Nha ny c chit t cy linh sam (fir hay
abies balsamea) mt loi thng mc Canada v Bc M, trong sng, kh
nhanh v bng hn Venetian turpentine. Canada balsam ch yu c dng
gn cc thu knh v t ng vng khi c dng di dng mt lp cc mng.
Song, khi mng phim dy nh trong sn du th Canada balsam li ng vng v
tr nn c theo thi gian. Ngoi ra, mt s ha s cho rng Can ada balsam qu
lng v kh qu nhanh (sau 1 2 gi) so vi Venice turpentine (1 2 ngy).
Gi thnh ca Canada balsam (29.8 USD/ 118.3 ml) cng cao hn Venice
turpentine.
viii) Nha thng Str asbourg (Strasbourg turpentine) c chit t
cy linh sam trng (abies alba hay abies pectinata) mc chu u, c tnh cht
tng t nh Venice turpentine nhng mu sng hn v th c a chung hn
Venice turpentine vo th k XVII.
ix) Nha alkyd (vit tt t alcohol tc ru cn v acid) c
ch t nhng nm 1920, l nha tng hp polyester c pha thm cc acid bo
v mt s cht khc. Sn alkyd cha khong 10 30% nha alkyd. Phn cn
li l du to mng v cht mu (pigments). Sn alkyd kh nhanh hn sn du
(8 ting ti 1 ngy) nhng chm hn acrylic.
x)
Nha acrylic l nha polymer chit t acrylic acid, mt dng n
gin nht ca carboxylic acid khng bo ha. Nha acrylic ha c trong nc.
Khi kh cc si polymer khng lin kt ngang nh trong qua trnh du lanh b
oxy ho trong sn du, m ha vo n hau, to nn mt mng phim do, khng
b nc ha tan, t co gin v m v nhit , kh nng chu lc ko tt, v
c bit khng b vi khun lm mc v nhim kh quyn lm thoi ho. Nha
acrylic c dng lm cht kt dnh trong mu acrylic.
Acrylic varnish dng bo v tranh (nh vernis tableaux sur fin, vernis
satin, vernis tableaux J.G. Vibert ca Lefranc & Bourgeois) c u im hn
damar varnish l khng ng vng v khng nt v theo thi gian. Nha acrylic
cng c dng pha dung dch v sn du, v d medium peindre J.G.
Vibert ca Lefranc & Bourgeois. Dung dch ny cha nha ketone v nha
acrylic ha trong du ht thuc phin v du m tinh ch (petroleum), trong
sut, hu nh khng ng vng v to mt b mt bng nh satin.
134

Medium peindre (satin) ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois

III.

Dung mi

Dung mi (solvent) cho ha s phi tinh khit, tc trong vt nh nc, c

kh nng bay hi hon ton, khng li cht d no sau khi bay hi ht. Cch
kim tra tinh khit ca dung mi l nh mt git ln t giy trng. Sau khi
dung mi bay hi ht, t giy phi trng tinh nh trc khi b dung mi nh ln,
tc khng c vt no trn t giy.
i)
Du thng (turpentine hay spirit of turpentine, essence de
trbenthine, pinen), ch yu gm cc monoterpenes C10H16, c tch bng
cch chng ct nha ca mt s cy nh therebinth, cc cy h thng, nh
thng bin (pinus pinaster hay maritime pine), thng Aleppo (pinus halepensis)
mc vng a Trung Hi, thng ui nga (pinus massoniana) mc Trung
quc v min bc Vit Nam, thng Sumatra (pinus merkusii) mc Thi Lan,
Indonesia v Philippines, thng Elliotta (pinus elliottii) mc M, Brazil, Nam
Phi, Zimbabwe, v Kenya, thng l di (pinus palustris, hay longleaf pine),
thng cnh nh (pinus taeda, hay loblolly pine) mc min ng nam Hoa K,
thng vng (ponderosa pine) mc min ty ca Bc M, thng rng l chu
u (European larch tree,larix decidua), cy linh sam Canada (fir, abies
balsamea), v.v.
Du thng tinh khit nht l distilled turpentine hay rectified turpentine
(du thng tinh ct ).
Du thng bt u c dng trong hi ha lm dung mi lm long sn
du ch t khong u th k XIX sau khi ngi Php tm ra cch chng ct du
thng t n ha thng vo cui th k XVIII [77]. Du thng kh nng mi, bay
hi nhanh, kh nng ha tan mnh, v l dung mi c th ha tan c nha
135

dammar. V th ngy nay du thng tr thnh dung mi khng th thiu

v sn du. Tuy vy, du thng l cht kh c hi v hi du thng c th lm
da v mt sng ty, c th thm thu qua da, lm hi h thng h hp v thn
kinh trung ng nu ht qu nhiu, v gy suy thn nu chng may nut phi.
ii)
Du oi hng (lavender oil, essence daspic) ch yu c hai
loi. Loi th nht c tinh ct t lavandula angustifolia tc oi hng l hp ,
cn c tn oi hng Anh (English lavender) hay oi hng tht (true lavender)
mt loi hoa mu tm nht mc ti vng a Trung Hi, c bit vng ni
Pyrnes v vng ni bc Tu Ban Nha, c mi thm ngt du, c dng
ch to hng phm, x phng, v trong y hc.

Hoa lavandula latifolia (spike lavender, oi hng l rng)

Loi th hai c tinh ct t lavandula latifolia tc spike lavender (oi

hng l rng), cn c tn oi hng B o Nha (Portuguese lavender) , mc
nhiu ti B o Nha, min nam nc Php v min bc nc , c mi thm
mnh, cha nhiu long no, v hi hng.
Du oi hng l rng (spike lavender oil) cha nhiu monoterpenes
(khong 50%) hn du oi hng l hp (khong 29%). V th, tuy l tinh du,
du oi hng l rng c tc dng nh dung mi lm long mu sn du. Thc
t, trc th k XIX, du oi hng l rng (spike lavender oil) l cht
ph bin c cc ha s dng lm long sn.
Du oi hng khng c hi v c mi thm ngt d chu. Thm du oi
hng vo dung dch pha mu cn lm tng kt dnh ca cc lp sn. Kh
nng lm long sn ca du oi hng kh mnh, v th ch nn dng rt t
trong medium, c bit khi v lng, bi nu khng n c th lm nhe lp sn
136

mi kh bn di. Du oi hng cn ha tan c tt c cc nha cy:

dammar, mastic, rosin, copal v c mt phn h phch (khong 30% trng
lng, nu c un nng nhiu ln). Nhc i m ca du oi hng l bay hi
chm hn du thng v c th b hng khi tip xc lu vi khng kh. Ngoi ra,
gi thnh ca du oi hng kh cao, gp 4 5 ln gi du thng. V th sau
khi du thng c chng ct v sn xut i tr, t th k XIX cc ha s
chuyn sang dng du thng r tin v kh nhanh hn (tuy l cht c hi).

T tri: Du oi hng ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois, 75ml, gi 19.6 USD;

du oi hng ca hng Holbein, 55 ml, gi 1140 yen;
du thng ca hng Holbein, 55 ml, gi 258 yen.

iii) Xng trng (white spirit), cn c gi l du thng v c

(mineral turpentine), thuc loi dung mi t du m, tc phn hp cht lng c
th chy (hydrocarbons), thu c qua tinh ch du m. Nhng cht lng loi
ny c gi chung l naphtha. Xng trng l cht dng ty sn, ra bt
lng v palette. Xng trng cn c gi l dung mi Stoddard tn nh ha
hc ch to ra cht ny ln u tin vo nm 1928 bng cch ch ng ct phn
on du th thnh du ty (kerosene) v naphtha. Sau ngi ta dng phn
ng ha hc loi lu hunh ra khi du ty v naphtha, ri tip tc chng
ct phn on ti cc nhit si khc nha u. Kt qu thu c vi loi white
spirit c nhit bc chy, nhit si, v t l hydrocarbons thm (aromatic
hydrocarbons) khc nhau. V th cc loi white spirit ny c mi v hiu qu tc
dng khc nhau. Mi cng mnh th kh nng ty ra cng cao. Xng trng bay
hi chm hn v t c hi hn d u thng.
iv) Xng trng khng mi (odorless mineral spirit, vit tt OMS)
l xng trng khng cha hydrocarbons thm, bay hi chm, hu nh khng c
mi, v th mt s website M khuyn co cc ha s c th dng OMS lm
dung mi. Tuy nhin xng trng v OMS khc du thng my im c bn sau
y. Lng hydrocarbon thm, nh xylene v toluene, trong dung mi cng
nhiu th kh nng ho tan ca dung mi cng mnh. Xng trng c rt t
xylene v toluene, cn OMS hu nh hon ton khng c, v th khng c mi.
137

Kt qu l kh nng ho tan ca xng trn g thp hn ca du thng, cn c a

OMS l yu nht. Xng trng khng ha tan c nha dammar cn OMS khng
dng ty varnish c. Dng OMS v khin sn tan nh nc, ch khng
snh nh khi dng du thng .
v)
Du m tinh ch (petroleum hay petrolium spirit, ptrole)
cng l mt sn phm thu c t chng ct du m, nhng c nhit si
thp hn du ty (tc di 150C), bay hi chm.
Nu mi du thng (hoc dung mi t sn phm du m) khin bn kh
chu, b n c th nh mt git du oi hng vo dung dch t mi du
thng. Mi du oi hng d nhin l d chu hn mi du thng nhiu. Cn nu
v l do no m bn khng dng c c du thng, xng trng, OMS, du
m tinh ch v du oi hng, bn c th dng sn du nc (Water-mixable
oil color). y l loi sn du m cu trc phn t ca du to mng (lanh,
rum, v.v.) b bin i c th ha c vi nc. Tuy nhin loi sn du
ny ch thch hp cho nhng ngh nhn hoc cc ha s sn du nghi p d bi
thiu nhiu tnh cht ca sn du truyn thng. Khi v long (ha nhiu nc)
th sn du nc ging mu nc (watercolor), c dnh b mt km. Khi v
c th sn ny c th qunh nh c keo. Cn khi pha nc va phi th sn du
nc khng bng c nh sn du truyn thng, m c b mt m, gn vi
mu bt (gouache) hn. K thut s dng sn du nc v th cng khc nhiu
so vi sn du truyn thng. Mt s hng ha phm c sn xut loi sn du
nc ny (S cp ti phn sau).
vi) dung mi ra tranh (picture cleaner): dng lau varnish c bn
khi tranh c. Phi rt cn thn khi dng v phi dng li ngay nu mu cng
bt u thi ra. Tt nht khng nn t lm m nh cy chuyn gia phc ch.

IV.
v.v.):

Cht trung gian (medium)

Thm vo to hiu qu (thay i bng, dy, to ra kt cu,

Painting medium: lm long mu, to bn, chng ng
vng, tng thi gian kh;
Impasto medium: dng v p, kh nhanh, khng b vng,
na bng;
Oleopasto medium: dng v p, kh nhanh, khng b
vng, na m.

V.Du bng (varnish)

Dng ph ln tranh hon thnh v kh hn (t nht 6 12 thng
sau khi tranh c v xong) bo v v tng hiu qu quang hc.
Varnish bng (gloss varnish): to nn lp ph rt bng, khng
vng theo thi gian.
138

Dammar varnish: rt bng, hi vng, v ti i theo thi gian.

Nha Dammar ln u tin c dng trong hi ha nm 1826.
Varnish m (matt varnish): to mng trong m, trc khi
dng phi hm li dung dch tr nn trong sut (v c sp ong bn
trong). C th ho vi gloss varnish gim bng.
Retouching varnish (du bng sa tranh): l loi varnish
dng xoa ln mt tranh ang v d, nhng kh, mt sn bng
li, kt dnh tt vi lp sn mi. Retouching varnish cng c dng
lm varnish bo v tm thi khi tranh cha kh 6 thng tr ln.
Wax varnish (vernis sp ong): c, c th pht ln mt tranh,
to nn lp bo v m nht (matt). Khi kh dng bt nh bng (nh
nh xi giy).

Bt v sn du
Trong s cc dng c ha s dng bi mu v ln nn, bt lng [78] c
l l th lu i v ph bin nht.
Vo nm 2008 ngi ta pht hin trong hang Blombos ti Nam Phi cc
v bo ng ng bt mu v bt v bng xng 100 ngn nm tui [79].

V bo ng ng bt mu vng t (ochre) v bt v bng xng 100 ngn nm tui c

tm thy trong hang Blombos ti Nam Phi.

Mng im, tng nh Tn (th k 3 TCN), vn c cho l ngi pht

minh ra bt lng, mt trong bn vn phng t bo bt nghin giy mc
ca ngi Tu. Nhng cc di ch kho c sau ny cho thy c l bt lng
xut hin ti H Nam (Trung Quc) t khong 6000 nm trc, cng thi vi s
ra i ca bt lm t ng sy v lng ng vt ti Ai Cp c i.
Ti chu u, cho n th k XVIII, cc ha s u phi t lm bt lng cho
mnh. Cui th k XVIII cc xng sn xut bt lng xut hin ti Php. Nm
1793 Grard Parent thnh lp cng ty u tin chuyn sn xut bt lng ti
Paris, sau c gia nh Sauer mua li. l cng ty sn xut ra bt lng nhn
hiu Raphal ngy nay. Cng vo cui th k XVIII hai thnh ph Bechhofen
v Nuremberg tr thnh trung tm sn xut bt lng ti c. Trng u tin
dy ngh lm bt lng c m ti Bechhofen vi kha hc 3 nm.
139

Chn bt lng loi no v l mt trong nhng vic quan trn g ca ha

s v n nh hng trc tip ti hiu sut lm vic v cht lng ca tc phm.
S la chn bt lng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mu, nn v, kch thc
tranh, k thut v v hiu qu ha s mun t c.
1) Cc loi lng lm bt
Lng lm bt v c chia lm 3 loi: (i) lng mm, (ii) lng cng, v
(iii) lng nhn to.

Lng kolinsky

Lng cng (ln)

Lng tng hp

Lng nylon

i) Lng mm (hair)
Bt lng mm c lm t lng ca cc ng vt nh cc loi chn,
lng (badger), cy mangut (mongoose), sc, li (raccoon dog hay tanuki), v gia
sc nh b, nga, d, cu.
Bt lm t lng sc v lng sau tai gia sc thng c gi chung l bt
lng lc (camel hair brush) d chng h c t lng lc no.

T tri sang: con lng, cy mangut v li.

Lng chn l loi lng tt t nhin tt nht v t nht lm bt v. Mi

si lng chn c hnh nn di u nhn, v c n hi tt, gi cho u
bt lun nhn hot, c b mt ph vy nh ngi lp, khin lng thm mu
nhiu v u, khng th lng no khc b kp.

140

Trong s cc loi chn lng c dng lm bt c chn Siberia(Kolinsky),

chn Zibeline (sable), chn hay chn thng (marten), chn hng (weasel),
v chn nu (fitch hay polecat).

Bt lng chn Siberia (Kolinsky) l bt lng tt nht v t tin nht, v

lng di, nhn, thon, n hi rt tt, u bt gi nguyn hnh dng, v bn. C
hai gi thuyt v xut x ca chn Kolinsky. Theo gi thuyt th nht olinsky
() l tnh t ca Kola () bn o ty bc thuc tnh Murmansk
ca Nga, ni tng c ging chn qu him nay tuyt chng. Theo gi thuyt
th hai kolinsky l tnh t ca kolonok () ging chn Siberia. c
im ca chn Siberia l c h sng t do trong thin nhin n mi cho lng p.
V th khng th nui chn Siberia ly lng, m phi nh by.
Cng ngh lm bt lng chn n theo ngnh lng th. Da chn b lt ra
lm o, m, cn ci ui b b li dng lm bt lng. Lng t t nht l t ui
con chn Siberia c bt vo ma ng, c mu pht ln nu. Gi lng chn
Kolinsky, ty theo di, c th ln ti 16 ngn USD/kg. Hin nay lng chn
Siberia ngy cng khan him nn nhiu nh sn xut bt lng dng lng chn
hng (red sable) Triu tin v Mn Chu L (Trung quc). Lng chn chu
khng mn v n hi bng lng chn Siberia, mu sm hn v gi ni chung
ch bng na. Lng chn hng tuy di hn lng chn Siberia nhng dy
ca si lng t gia ti ngn khng khc nhau nhiu. Bt lng tt nht trong

141

loi ny i khi cng c gi l bt lng chn Kolinsky (Kolinsky red

sable), cht lng rt gn vi bt Kolinsky th thit.
ii) Lng cng (bristle)
Bt lng cng c lm t lng ln. Lng ln dai v n hi tt n ni
tng c dng cho b phn iu chnh l xo trong nhng ng h b ti u
tin (th k XVI). u si lng ln t nhnh, gi l tua (flag), gip gi c
nhiu mu v dn u lp mu dy. V th bt lng ln cht lng cao l bt
khng b xn u, cn nguyn tua, cong t nhin, ci vo nhau (interlocked), v
hng vo trc bt, ch khng loe ra hai bn.
Ln nui cng nghip trong cc tri ln l y tht c lng ngn, yu, v t
nhnh t (t tua), ch c th c dng lm cc bt lng r tin. Ln cung cp
lng tt lm bt l loi ln c nui th t nhin x lnh. Loi ln ny tuy
gy v khng n thuc tng trng, nhng cho lng di, tua to v nhiu. Nhng
vng lnh chm pht trin ti Nga v Trung Quc l nhng ni cung cp lng
ln tt nht th gii lm bt lng trong ln lng trng Trng Khnh (
hay Chongqing, Chungking) (Trung Quc) ng u bng. Ln t cc vng khc
c lng ng vng, phi c ty cho trng, v th mt i cht du t nhin, tr
nn cng v km n hi hn. Bt lng ln tin cho v mu cht, i nhng
mng ln khi v lt.
iii) Lng nhn to (synthetic)
Bt lm t lng nhn to thng c gi l bt nylon nhng thc ra l
si polyester, trong si Taklon c cht lng cao nht. Loi si ny do hng
DuPont ca M pht minh, c hng Toray ti Osaka (Nht Bn) mua li bn
quyn v quyn sn xut Taklon lm lng chn nhn to. Si Taklon c kch
thc t 0.07 mm ti 0.2 mm.
Tuy c u mt nhn hot nh lng chn, lng nhn to khng c b mt
ph vy nh biu b ca lng chn t nhin. Si nhn to cng khng c cu
trc ng (medulla) nh lng ln. V th thm t v gi mu km lng t
nhin, v si d b cong v nhit . Lng nhn to cng khng bn vi dung
mi nh lng t nhin. Bt lng nhn to loi cng (thay lng ln) ch dng
c cho mu acrylic.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi bt dng lng pha trn lng t nhin v si tng
hp, v d bt Resable ca hng Holb ein Japan, kh tt cho v sn du theo k
thut nhiu lp v nhn.
2) Cc loi bt lng
Thng thng bt lng c hai loi cn ngn v cn di. Bt cn ngn
thng c dng v trang tr, m ngh, khi v ti bn. Bt cn di c
dng cho hi ha gi v. mt s hiu bn ha phm ln bt cn di c by
142

bn trong gian hi ha, cn bt cn ngn c by bn ti gian th cng

(craft).

Cn bt c cm vo c bt (ferrule). u kia ca c bt l phn cm

lng. Trc kia lng c buc vo cn bng dy hoc cm vo ng lng v,
ng xng, sy, tre, trc v.v. T th k XIX c bt c lm bng kim loi nh
bc, ng, thic, thau m kn, hp kim, nhm, v.v. Bt lng c c bng nhm
thng l bt r tin, cho tr con v chi hoc qut h, sn m ngh. Mt
s bt lng Trung Quc hay vi nc chu khc c c bng hp kim ng nickel, d b xn r theo thi gian. C ca bt lng cht lng cao l ng lin,
khng c ch ni. C ni thng b gin khin sn, du v dung mi tch li bn
trong, lm hng cn bt.

Mt s bt lng c c bng ng lng v (nh thi xa), nha hoc bc da,

c dng khi v mt vi mu hoc men s k kim loi.

Bt Kolinsky sable c c bng ng lng v ca hng Raphal

143

u bt lng cho ha s c cc hnh dng chnh di y.

Bt trn (round brush) nhn u thng c dng v chi tit, cc

ng lin, chm v sa.
Bt th php ca Nht v Tu thng c lm t lng chn, nga, d,
th, mo, thuc loi bt lng mm, c th dng v mu nc. Loi trn nh,
bng lng chn cng c th c dng ta chi tit khi v sn du.

Bt th php ca Nht bng lng chn hng

Bt bt (flat brush) c dng v cc vt, mng mu, hoc cc ng

mng dng cnh u bt.
Bt bt ngn (bright brush) c dng v cc vt ngn, m c sn.
Bt hnh ht ph (filbert brus h) c dng ha qun cc mu. Cc ha
s c kinh nghim a dng loi bt ny v kt hp c tnh nng ca c bt
trn ln bt bt. Bt li mo l mt dng ca bt ht ph nhng c nh nhn .

144

Ht ph (filbert hay hazelnut)

Bt qut (fan brush) c dng xoa nhn cc vt bt .

Bt qut

Bt li mc (sword brush / angle brush) va c th c dng v

ng mng (bng pha c vt nhn), va v vt rng.

145

Cc vt bt li mc
(nh ca Marion Boddy-Evans)

Bt b (mop brush) c dng v c c mng mu ln.

Bt i nt (script/rigger/liner brush) l bt trn c u thon nh v di,
c
bit
quan trng khi ta cc chi tit, nhn cc im sng, v cc ng di

lin tc.
Bt v tr (stencil brush) c dng t mu tranh tr, hoc ha u v
lm mng cc vt mu.

146

Bt v tr

Bt qut varnish (varnish brush) dng qut varnish bo v ln tranh.

Bt qut varnish bng lng b

Bt to vt (color shaper) c u bt c lm khng phi bng lng m

bng silicone, n hi nh cao su, c dng co sn cho hin ra lp mu
hoc nn bn di tng t li v dng cn bt lng vch ln sn, h oc
to cu trc b mt (texture) khi v c (impasto).

147

Bt to vt

3) Kch thc bt lng

Kch thc c bt tng ng vi s in trn cn bt. Tuy nhin khng h c
mt tiu chun thng nht quc t trong vic nh s bt, v mi nc c mt
kiu nh s khc nhau. Thng thng kch thc u bt c xc nh bng
- chiu di, tc khong cch t gc ti nh,
- chiu rng (bt bt), tc rng ca gc st ngay ti tip im gia c
bt v phn lng,
- ng knh, tc ng knh phn bng ca u bt (bt trn).

148

Bt bn tri di 27/32 inches (khong 2.14 cm), bt bn phi rng 13/32 inches (khong 1.03
cm)

149

H thng nh s bt lng v kch thc tng ng ca Blick Art Material.

Bt trn bn tri c o theo ng knh, bt bt bn ph i c o theo rng.

n v o kch thc thng l mm hoc inches (1 = 25.4 mm). V d

5/0, 4/0, 3/0, 00, 1, 2, 3, ., 4, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30. Theo bng
kch thc hnh trn, bt trn 4/0 (hay 0000) c ng knh di 0.4mm,
3/0: 0.4 mm, 00: di 0.8 mm, 0: 0.8 mm, 2: 1.6 mm, 4: 2.4 mm, v.v. Tuy
nhin, nh ni, s tng ng gia cc s v kch thc l ty thuc hng sn
xut, thm ch khc nhau gia cc loi bt (lng mm, lng cng, lng nhn
to) ca cng mt hng sn xut. V d bt trn lng ln Raphal c kch thc
(ng knh bng bt) nh sau:
- Series 356: No 2: 2.8 mm, 4: 4.5 mm, 6: 6.5 mm, 8: 8 mm, v.v.
- Series 358: No 2: 3.5 mm, 4: 4mm, 6: 5 mm, 8: 6 mm, v.v.
v.v.
Mt s hng sn xut bt lng cc nh, 30/0 tc c ng knh khong
1/32 (khong 0.8 mm).

Bt Princeton bng lng chn zibeline pha si tng hp s 30/0

4) Bt lng c ch to nh th no?
Trong chng 64 Cm nang ngh thut (th k XIV) Cennino Cennini
m t cch lm bt lng chn nh sau.
Ly ui chn em sy v ch c lng ui mi thch hp lm bt v. T
u
mt
ca ui la ra nhng si lng di nht v chc nht phn trong v

kt chng thnh nhng tm nh. Nhng tm lng vo nc sch ri dng ngn

tay bp cho kit nc, ly ko xn gc. Sau khi lm c nhiu tm nh
vy, xp chng tht u, ri ly ch hoc t vut sp ct chng li vi dy
khc nhau c th nht va ng lng kn kn, lng ngng, lng g hoc lng
b cu. Sau vt mt ci que bng g di chng gang tay sao cho chui va
u kia ca ng lng.
Cn trong chng 65 by cch lm bt lng ln, Cennini khuyn nn chn
ln nh lng trng. Trc khi c chia ra lm bt, lng ln phi c ct li
thnh ci chi c na cn cm vo cn g v nhng vo vi qut ln tng
nhiu ln lng mm ra.

150

Cho n ngy nay cc u bt lng tt nht cho ha s vn c lm bng

tay. Mt ngh nhn lm bt v mt 7 8 nm thnh thc trong ngh. Cc
u bt lng chn nh nht thng c lm bi tay th gii nht.

Mt th ca hng Escoda (Tu Ban Nha) ang lm bt lng ln.

(nh t http://www.sensubrush.com)

Qu trnh ch to bt lng c tm lc nh sau [80]:

Cc b lng khong 0.5 kg c nhp t nh cung cp, c chia ra v
xp thnh hng trn bn. u mt cc tm lng khng bao gi c xn. Th
bt dng tay nhn m t tm lng hp vi kch thc v trng lng, nht u
lng vo mt ci khun kim loi gi l nng i bc (cannon, v ming khun
ging nng i bc), ri g nng i bc xung bn nh hnh u bt. Sau
th bt li tm lng ra, nht u tm lng vo c bt qua y c bt, ri li
tm lng ra t u kia ti di d nh. Nng i bc c hnh dng v kch
thc kh c nhau. u bt bt c nh hnh bng nng c y phng v c bt
c p li bng km. u bt trn c nh hnh bng nng c y nhn, c
bt trn khng p. Bt hnh ht ph c nh hnh nh bt trn nhng c
bt sau c p li.

151

Minh ha s lc cc bc lm u bt lng (Theo [ 81])

Keo epoxy c vo y c bt gn lng vi nhau trong c bt. Sau

khi epoxy kh, cc u bt gn vo c bt c chuyn sang b phn lp rp,
ni cn bt c lp, dn v rp khc vo c bt. Bt c kim tra loi cc
lng lng hay ngc. Sau u bt c hm bng h gi hnh v khi
hng lc vn chuyn. Cn bt c ph sn bng, in ch. Mt s bt t tin
cn c y np nha hoc cho vo ng hay hp bo v.
Ring i vi lng cng, qu trnh nh hnh c hi khc. Lng ln c
tm t t cong t nhin. Sau mt na s lng trong tm lng c
t ngc, cong i xng gng vi na kia (xem s cch xp lng ln trong
hnh trn). Tm lng nh vy c dng ci vo nhau (interlocked shape), gip
u bt gi nguyn hnh dng sau khi dng. i vi bt lng ln r tin, lng
c luc v vut thng, v th u bt khng gi c nguyn dng.
5) Chn bt lng
Ha s chn bt lng ty theo cht liu v th hin. Bt v sn du
gm c bt lng cng i cc mng ln mu cht, ln lng mm ha qun
cc mng, vt mu, ta chi tit, xa vt bt v.v.
Bt cht lng tt phi m bo mt s tiu chun chung sau y:
i) Hnh dng p: u bt lng tt phi gi nguyn dng sau khi thm
mu vi hnh trng nghing nh sau:

Hnh dng u bt cht lng tt.

Tri: bt bt ngn c u lng p vo nhau hnh ci nm.
Gia: Bt ht ph c u lng p li thnh cnh sc.
Phi: Bt trn v sn du (bn tri) c u cng hn bt trn v mu nc (bn phi ).

ii) Kh nng thm mu ln : u bt phi gi c mt lng mu di

do. Kh nng ny ph thuc vo kch thc, loi bt, loi lng. Nhng ch cn
so snh cc bt cng kch thc, v cng loi cng c th thy s khc nhau v
kh nng thm mu. Bt c kh nng thm mu ln cho php ha s v c
nhng vt di lin tc m khng phi dng qut thm mu t palette.

152

iii) Ra mu u: Vi cng mt lc nhn, bt phi vch vt mu u sut,

bt k mu trong u bt nhiu hay t.
iv) linh hat cao & bt tt : Bng cch thay i th ca u bt so
vi nn cng nh lc nhn, c th v ra cc vt mu c dy mng, m nht
rt khc nhau. Lng bt c kh nng d dng di mu c trn mt canvas. Sau
mi ln v mt vt, c nhc khi mt c anvas, u b t bt li nguyn hnh
dng ban u.
v) Nt p v phong ph: Bt trn tt, khi thm mu va , phi cho
php ha s v c ng sc mnh, v cc chm cng nh ng gch song
song a dng. Bt bt tt phi vch c cc vt c rng nh n hau, c cnh
v gc sc. Ty theo lng mu, nhn v tc ng bt, ha s c th v
c hng lot cc vt mu a dng v a sc.
vi) Lng c x l tt: Lng phi thng kt vi nhau, khng c nhng si
ngu nhin loe ra ngoi, u lng khng b c t xn, khng si lng no b gy.
Lng khng c rng ra trong khi v. Nu sau khi dng vi ln, lng vn rng
th l bng chng rng u bt v c bt c lp rp u trong qu trnh
sn xut.
vii) bn cao: Cn bt khng c cong queo v phi c gn thng
trc so vi c bt kim loi, khng b g. C bt phi lun gn cht vo cn
bt, khng b lng dn ra sau nhiu ln v v ra. Lp varnish hay sn trn cn
bt khng b bong, trc sn hay phng rp bt thng theo thi gian. Nu c
bo qun cn thn sau mi ln dng, bt phi gi c n hi ca si lng
v hnh dng ca u bt trong mt thi gian di ty thuc vo loi bt, cht
liu v k thut v.
Ch : Bt lng Kolinsky v sn du trn canvas mn kh nhanh. Bt pha
trn lng t n hin v nhn to nh Resable ca Holbein mn chm hn.
Cng nh mu v, cc nh lm bt v sn xut t nht 2 hng bt lng:
(i) hng cho ha s,
(ii) hng cho sinh vin v nhng ngi mi nhp mn.
Hng cho ha s t hn hng cho sinh vin nhiu ln, v c nhiu series.
Bt ca cc hng c ting d nhin tt v t hn bt ca cc hng khc. Trn
cn bt xn bao gi cng c in tn hng, s series, s kch thc, tn chng
loi bt, v i khi c ni sn xut.
V d trn cn 2 chic bt Resable hnh ht ph cng c s 6 ca hng
Holbein trong hnh di c ghi s series 250 F cho bt Para Resable v 200 F
cho bt Resable. Lng bt Resable l pha trn ca lng t nhin vi lng nhn
to, cn lng bt Para Resable l lng chn hng trn vi lng nhn to, r t
153

gn vi lng chn hng t nhin v li m n chm hn. Tn Holbein c in

pha gn ui cn bt (bn phi hnh).

Bt Para Resable (trn, mi tinh) v Resable (di, c dng mn u) ca hng Holbein.

Cc hng ni ting thung cho bit r xut x ca nguyn liu trong gii
thiu sn phm. V d hng daVinci (c) ni r bt lng Kolinsky ca h c
lm t lng chn Siberia v Mn Chu L. Bt i nt series Maestro TobolskyKolisnky lm bng lng chn Tobolsky (vng Tobol thuc Siberia) ca hng ny
c kch thc t s 10/0 (11.65 USD/chic) ti 24 (205.65 USD/chic)

Bt i nt s 2 series Maestro Tobolsky-Kolinsky (trn) v lng chn (di) ca hng daVinci

Hng Namura (Tokyo) c trn 10 series ch ring cho bt lng ln bt,

trong ng u bng l series HF lm t lng ln Trng Khnh ho hng, c
bt m ng thau, dnh cho cc ha s chuyn nghip, kch thc t s 2 ti 24
(s chn), gi t khong 7 USD ti 32 USD/chic. Cht bng l series B
(beginner), lm t lng ln thng, dnh cho ngi mi nhp mn, c cc s t
4 ti 16 (chn) vi gi t khong 2.5 ti 6 USD/chic.

154

Bt hnh ht ph series HF bng lng ln Trng Khnh ca hng Namura

6) Bo qun bt lng
1 Nn ra bt ngay sau mi ln dng, trnh bt dnh sn qua m,
cha ni l sau vi ngy: sn s kh kt cng, lm hng lng.
2 Trnh ngm bt trong du hay dung dch ra bt ngy ny qua ngy
khc, v s lm hng lng v cn g ngm du hoc dung dch s trng ln,
trc vec-ni. c bit l khng bao gi nn ngm bt cm thng ng trn u
lng di y l ng du hay nc ra bt, hay k bt khi ra bng cch mit
u bt vo y l v lng s b on gy.

L ra bt chuyn dng c th ngm u bt vo dung dch ra m u bt khng b cong

3 Trnh dng mt bt v nhiu loi cht liu, m nn ring b bt v

sn du, b v acrylic, b v mu nc. Khng dng cng mt chic bt va
qut vanish va qut gesso.
4 Trc khi ra bt, dng vi tm xng trng (white spirit) vut sch
sn du bm u bt. C th ra bt bng xng trng, xng trng khng mi
(OMS), sau trng bng nc x phng, ri nc lnh, hoc c th dng cc
dung dch gc nc ra, nh Water-Based Supercleaner ca Royal Talens
hay Perfect Cleaner ca Holbein. Dung dch gc nc c u im l khng c
hi, v khng c mi. Khng dng nc nng ra bt v lng s b cong, c
bit l lng nhn to, v c kim loi s n ra, lng khi cn bt. Trnh dng cc
cht ty mnh ra bt v s hng lng. Trong khi ra, ch ra tht sch
sao cho khng cn sn bm ti gc bt, v sn tch t ti gc bt cng li s
155

lm c u bt mt dn tnh n hi. Bt lng ln trng, sau khi ra, phi trng

mut nh mi.

Super Cleaner gc nc ca hng Royal Talens,

dng ra bt v sn du, acrlyli c, mu bt, mu nc.
Ngay c bt b dnh sn kh cng cng c th c ra sch, sau khi c ngm qua m
trong dung dch ny.

5 Sau khi ra dng vi mm thm sch nc, bt kh t nhin nm

ngang, hoc treo thng ng, u bt hng xung di ( nht l cc bt to hay
bt varnish). Trnh dng nhit (nh my sy tc) sy bt v lng s qun.
6 C th dng sp bo qun u bt. V d hng Kusakabe ca Nht
c sn xut Brush softer, cha silicon v cht gim sc cng b mt
(surfactant). Sau khi ra bt, cm u bt vo l sp, ko ra chng 1 pht
ri ly khn mm vut sch sp, ng thi nh hnh u bt nhn hoc bt li
nh mi. Bt c bo dng nh vy s lun gi c n hi v hnh
dng.

156

Sp lm mm u bt ca hng Kusakabe

Bt lng c bo qun tt s dng c lu. Nhng bt t tin l

nhng bt c cht lng cao, nn cng phi c gi gn cn thn.

nh sng trong studio

1 nh sng ban ngy t hng bc l tt nht (gin tip v khng i c
ngy).
2 n dy tc c nh sng ng vng da cam nn cc sc lam v tm
trn tranh s b yu i. Thnh ra di nh sng ban ngy tranh trng s qu
lam.
3 n hunh quang c nh sng ng lam lc nn cc sc v da
cam trn tranh b xn i. Thnh ra di nh sng ban ngy tranh trngs qu
nng.
4 Cng ngh hin i sn xut c cc bng n dy tc v hunh
quang c nh sng c iu chnh thnh trng nh nh sng t nhin (hay
nh sng ban ngy) gi l color corrected light. Nn dng nhng bng loi
nu v v ban m. Tt nht l cho nh sng chiu t pha sau 45 ln mt
tranh t c 2 pha.
5 - Nn v trong ngun sng mnh hn l ngun sng ca phng treo bc
tranh khi v xong.
Ch s din t mu [Color rendering index (CRI)]:
CRI biu th trung thc ca mu sc hin ra di ngun sng khi so vi ngun
sng t nhin. CRI c o t 1 n 100 %. Nh vy CRI cng cao th kh nng din t
mu cng chnh xc. Nhng ngun sng c CRI t 85 n 90 tr ln c xem l tt
phn bit chnh xc mu sc, cn trn 90 l tuyt.

157

Nhit mu (Color temperature):

Nhit mu, c o bng Kelvin (K), ch mu ca tng loi ngun sng ring
bit. Nm 1880 W. Kelvin nung mt khi than (vt en tuyt i) v thy rng n pht ra
nh sng c mu chuyn dn t sang vng ri lam trng khi nhit tng ln. Da trn
s ph hp ca mu ngun sng pht ra so vi mu ca vt en tuyt i khi b nung
nng, ngi ta xc nh c nhit mu ca ngun sng. nh sng trng ng vng c
nhit khong 2700 K. Nhit mu cng tng th nh sng cng i vo phn ph mu
lam tc l cng lnh i. Nhit mu t mt s ngun sng c ch ra trong bng di
y:
Ch s din t mu [Color rendering index (CRI)]:
CRI biu th trung thc ca mu sc hin ra di ngun sng khi so vi ngun
sng t nhin. CRI c o t 1 n 100 %. Nh vy CRI cng cao th kh nng din t
mu cng chnh xc. Nhng ngun sng c CRI t 85 n 90 tr ln c xem l tt
phn bit chnh xc mu sc, cn trn 90 l tuyt.
Nhit mu (Color temperature):
Nhit mu, c o bng Kelvin (K), ch mu ca tng loi ngun sng ring
bit. Nm 1880 W. Kelvin nung mt khi than (vt en tuyt i) v thy rng n pht ra
nh sng c mu chuyn dn t sang vng ri lam trng khi nhit tng ln. Da trn
s ph hp ca mu ngun sng pht ra so vi mu ca vt
en tuyt i khi b nung nng, ngi ta xc nh c nhit mu ca ngun
sng. nh sng trng ng vng c nhit khong 2700 K. Nhit mu cng tng th
nh sng cng i vo phn ph mu lam tc l cng lnh i. Nhit mu t mt s
ngun sng c ch ra trong bng di y:
Ngun sng

Nhit mu

La dim

1700-1800 K

La nn

1850-1930 K

n dy tc

2800-3300 K

nh sng mt trng

4100 K

nh sng mt tri gia tra

5000 5400 K

nh sng ban ngy

5500 6000 K

nh sng ngy nhiu my

6000 7500 K

nh sng RGB moniter (mn hnh computer)

6500 K

nh sng mn hnh TV dng bng cathode

9300 K

Phn ln cc n dy tc cho nh sng m (nhiu vng v ), trong khong

2800 3300 K. lc nh sng vng v , ngi ta thng ph ln bng n mt lp
neodymium. Kt qu l, tuy cc bng c nhit mu khong 2800 K, nhng nh c lp

158

lc bng neodymium, nh sng ta ra li gn vi bng khng c lp lc c nhit mu

khong 5000 K hoc cao hn. Nh vy c nh sng trng hiu qu gn nh nh sng
ban ngy nn chn ngun sng (bng n) c CRI t 90 tr ln v nhit mu trong
khong 5000 - 6000 K.
Hng Panasonic sn xut n hunh quang Pa-Look Premier FCL gm 3 loi: (a)
pht nh sng trng m (mu n dy tc) (v hp bng n c in mu da cam), (b) pht
nh sng trng t nhin (natural light) (v hp n in mu lc), (c) pht nh trng lnh
(cool) (v hp bng n in mu tm).

(a) trng m

(b) trng sng t nhin

(c) trng lnh

Bng c nhiu hnh dng v kch c khc nhau, tui th 13000 gi, v sng sau
13000 gi ch gim i 20%. Bng hnh vng trn (xem hnh bn d i) c cc c 9 (ng
knh ngoi 12 cm), 15 (17 cm), 20 (20.5 cm), 30 (22.5 cm), 32 (29.9 cm), 40 (37.3 cm).
Thng thng trnh nh sng b rung v tit kim din tch, c th dng ngun sng
gm 2 bng n hnh trn lng vo nhau, v d c 30 v 32. Cc bng cho nh sng t
nhin (trng) loi ny FCL30ENW/28HL (c 30) v FCL32ENW/30HL (c 32) c nhit
mu 5200 K.

K thut v sn du
Trit l hi ha t th k 17 [Vicente Carducho (1576 1638)]:
Ba giai on pht trin ca ha s:

Chp tranh
Sng to
Hon ho

Phng php v sn du nhiu lp

159

Phng php v sn du nhiu lp da trn nguyn tc ho sc quang

hc. y l phng php hon thin nht trong k thut hi ha sn du.
Phng php ny c c kt t kinh nghim ca cc bc thy trong lch s
hi ha v tri qua th thch khng di 600 nm.
Gi tr ca phng php ny l ch:
1.
cho php t c cc chuyn sc a dng nht;
2.
hn ch ti a tc hi gy bi phn ng ho hc gia cc mu khi b
pha trn trn palette;
3.
gim bt kh khn v k thut tron g qu trnh dng mt tc phm
c gi tr ngh thut cao;
4.
bo m s trng tn ca tc phm.
Qu trnh dng mt bc tranh sn du bng phng php v nhiu lp
bao gm cc bc chnh sau y: 1) To mu nn, 2) Can hnh, 3)
Imprimatura, 4) V lt n sc, 5) Ln mu, 6) V lng, 7) Hon thin v 8)
Ph varnish bo v.
3 nguyn tc c bn ca k thut v nhiu lp:
1.
2.
3.

Bo trn gy (Xem phn Nguyn tc bo trn gy)

Dy trn mng
Lu kh trn nhanh kh

Nh vy mi chng c nt s cp[nt s cp (primary craquelure): do

v lp trn kh trc lp di, nt th cp (secondary carquelure): do tui ca
tranh: du kh i, nt c hc: do nh hng bn ngoi nh va chm v.v.].
1. To mu nn
Mu ca nn v imprimatura (Xem mc 3) nh ra ha sc chung cho ton
b bc tranh, tng t nh ging ch ca mt bn nhc. nh sng chiu ln
mt tranh, xuyn qua cc lp mu trong, p vo mt nn, b hp th mt phn
v phn x li mt phn. Phn phn x lin kt cc sc trn tranh, to ra s
hi ho v mu sc. V th mu n n cn phi l mu c nht. Nhng lp mu
trong ph trn nn c mu to ra su trong tranh, tng tnh biu hin v
rc r ca mu sc. Ty theo dy ca lp mu v cng nh sng, cc
lp mu trong ph ln nhau trn nn c mu to nn rt nhiu chuyn sc,
trong khi cc lp mu c c rt t chuyn sc, v gim tinh khit khi pha
trn vi mu trong. V th ho sc p nht ca mu c vi mu trong l ha
sc c to bi lng lp mu trong ln trn lp mu c kh.
2. Can hnh
Hnh ha b cc ca bc tranh c th c v thng ln canvas hoc v
ln giy ri can ln canvas. Tuyt i khng dng bt ch v ln canvas v
khng th no xa c ht hoc che kn ton b cc nt ch bng mu, nht l
160

khi v mng. Nu v hnh thng ln canvas th nn dng mu nc hay mc

Nho.
can hnh t giy ln canvas, c th dng giy can sao hnh. Sau
qut ln mt sau ca t giy can mt lt dung dch long gm ultramarine hay
umber sng (raw umber) ha vi du thng (spirit of turpentine). Sau khi du
thng bay hi ht, t gi y can s c mt mt ph mt lp mu ultramarine hay
umber, tr thnh mt t giy than. p mt than ln canvas, ri dng u
cng nh bt bi, bt ch vch theo cc nt ca hnh v can hnh v ln
canvas. K thut Flemish ln dng carton c l hoc giy can ph bt than
mt tri can.
Sau khi hnh v c can ln canvas, dng bt lng chm mu nc
hay mc Nho vin li, ri kh. Hm hnh can bng mt dung dch keo, v
d 2 3% gelatin, ri kh (khong 3 5 ting).

Bt lng (ca Nht) cha sn mc Nho dng vit ch Hn, rt tin cho vic t li hnh can
ln canvas.

3. Imprimatura

Leonardo da Vinci
u ph n (La Scapigliata) (khong 1508)

161

sn du trn canvas, 24.7 x 21 cm.

Leonardo dng trng ch v umber v trn imprimatura mu nu

Imprimatura l lp mu mng v trong ph ln ton b b cc, cng vi

mu nn to nn ha sc chung cho c bc tranh, v to chn cho s n du
bm cht vo nn. Mu imprimatura cn kh nhanh, nh mu sienna sng, mu
nu venice. Dung dch pha mu v imprimatura cn cha nhiu dung mi
v t du to mng, v d theo t l (cng thc p h thng):
du lanh : dammar varnish : du thng = 1:1:6
4. V lt n sc

V lt n sc ca Jan Van Eyck (tri) v Rembrandt (phi)

Lp v lt (underpainting (E), (R)) l lp mu u tin nhm

mc ch to sng ti, ln hnh khi. V lt n sc trong ting c gi l
verdaccio, bt ngun t k thut v fresco (tranh bch ha). C th thy lp lt
ny trong nhiu fresco , v d phn nn trong cc bch ha ti Sistine chapel
do Michelangelo v.

162

Michelangelo, Vm trn Sistine (trch on) (1508 1512), Vatican

V lt trong ting Php cn c gi l grisaille (pht m: gri-zay), ch loi

tranh v hon ton bng n sc, c bng mu xm (gris) hoc nu.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780 1867)

Tri: Odalisque v bng grisaille (khong 1824 ~ 1834), 83.2 x 109.2 cm;
Phi: Odalisque ln (1814), 91 x 162 cm, bo tng Louvre

Cc mu c dng v lp lt n sc phi l mu kh nhanh nh

trng ch, nu t ti (umber), en mars, nu sienna, vng ochre. Khng nn
dng trng km v lt v lu kh, ph km, d gy bong nt theo thi
gian.
C th dng tempera v lt, nhng sau nn ph ln mt lp dung
dch keo ng vt (nh keo da th) ri trn lp dung dch keo kh li ph
mt lp dammar varnish. Nu dng tempera v lt th nn trnh v trn nn
sn, v ht km, kh bm, m nn dng nn nh tng hoc nn ph acrylic
gesso c ht nht nh. V lt cn mng, u, lp lt kh nhanh v kh
hon ton trc khi ln mu. Lp v lt cn c thc hin rt cn thn, hon
thin ti a, tng t nh bc tranh hon thnh nhng n sc, trong
hnh ha v hnh khi c hon thin.
Dung dch pha mu v lt c t l nh sau:
163

du lanh : dammar varnish : du thng = 1:1:5.

5. Ln mu
y l giai on v mu v chi tit cho bc tranh. Trc khi v mu nn
ph ln ton b cc mt lt dung dch pha mu nh c dng cho lp
imprimatura (mc 3) hoc mt lp retouching varnish. Mu c ln t t, lp
n chng ln lp kia, cc ch sng cn c v dy bng mu m, cc ch
trung gian v ti cn c v mng bng mu lnh.
Dung dch pha mu thng dng trong giai on ny c t l nh sau:
du lanh : dammar varnish : du thng = 1:1:4,
sau gim dn du thng khi v cc lp trn (v d thnh 1:1:3).
Khi v nhng ch c mu sng, nn thay du lanh trong dung dch bng
lanh
du
c (sun-thickened linseed oil), du ng (stand oil), hoc du ht c
ch (walnut oil) trnh ng vng.

164

Peter Paul Rubens

Dng Thnh gi (1610 1611)
sn du trn canvas, 462 x 341 cm.
Rubens dng mu cc b (, vng v lam) ph ln lp v lt.

Dung dch pha mu dng du lanh, dammar varnish v du thng trn

y l dung dch ph thng. Khi c kinh nghim v k nng tt, ha s c th
dng cc dung dch khc nh du lanh c (hay du ng) pha vi Venice
turpentine, copal varnish v du oi hng (lavender oil) m cc bc th y Phc
Hng v Baroque tng dng.
Ch :
ng bao gi pha trng hoc en vo bng ti: Bng s c,
mt trong, mt v lng ly, cn ton b ha sc s nng v xm.
im sng nht trn da tht khng bao gi l mu trng tuyt
i.
iu quan trng da tht ti mt, trong sng, m p l phi
165

c v bng lng nhiu lp mu, sau khng sa li na. Pha trn trn
palette lm mt s ti mt ca da tht.
Mt s gi tng qut v mu da tht (ngi u!)
1)

Da bnh th ng

Lp u: trng ch (hoc titanium), vng t (yellow ochre), nu

(burnt Sienna)
Lp gia: nh trn nhng tng mu ln so vi trng
Lp cui: nu , yn chi (carmine lake), nu ti (umber)
2)

Da mn:

Lp u: trng ch, vermillion ( son, c v c cha thy ngn sulfide

mercury HgS), v vng t
Lp gia: nhiu vng t v vermillion hn trng
Lp cui: nhiu vermillion hn
3)

Da ngi nng thn:

Lp u: nu ti (umber), trng, mt t nu , v lc t
Lp sau: yn chi, nu (sc trong bng ti)
6. V lng
V lng ( glazing (E), glacis (F), (R)) ch p dng cho nhng
lp trn cng. nh sng phn x t lp mu bn di khi i qua lp mu trong
bn trn to ra ho sc quang hc, khng th t c bng pha trn mu trn
palette. Lng thng c v nh mt lp mu sm, trong v m ng ph ln
mt lp mu sng hn ( kh), v d ultramarine lng ln nn vng. Nu lng
lake ln trn cadmium s c tng mu rt tinh khit v su v lp
lake lng hp th cc tia sng c mu ph nh lc. K thut ph mt mu sng
bn c ln mt mu ti hn ( kh) lm mm cc ng vin, to hiu
qu vin cn khng kh, lp phn trn da tht v.v. c gi l day (scumbling).
lng v day cn c mt dung dch c bit, cha nhiu du to mng (du
lanh) v t dung mi (turpentine) hn, ng thi cn b ng v t ng vng. Sn
du phi c ha vi nhiu dung dch cho long v trong c th lng
trn tru trn lp sn kh hn.
C nhiu cng thc pha dung dch v lng, v d:

166

9
9
4
2

phn
phn
phn
phn

Dammar varnish
du thng
du ng
Venice turpentine.

C th gia gim t l trong cc cng thc dung dch ty theo iu kin mi

trng xung quanh nh nhit , m, s lp sn, k thut v, v tnh cht
ca ha phm c th.

Chi tit trong Ngi ph n tr bn n virginal (1670 1672):

Vermeer lng lc t ln mu hng ca da tht to bng .

Mt s cng thc pha du lng:

C bn:
Vec-ni Dammar - 30 ml
Du lanh c 30 ml
Du thng 60 ml
Du oi hng (Lavender oil) - 1 git/10 ml (nh vo trc khi dng)
Hiu qu knh mu:
Balsam Medium
Du lanh c 60 ml
Vec-ni Dammar 60 ml
Balsam - 30 ml
167

Du oi hng - 1 git/10ml (nh vo trc khi dng)

Trong m:
Velatura Medium:
4 phn Italian maroger*
2 phn sp ong
1 phn du thng tinh khit
2 phn du lanh un
1 phn du oi hng.
* Italian maroger (do Jaques Maroger pha ch ra (xem thm phn Cng
thc b mt): trng ch : du lanh sng = 1:10 va quy va un t t ti 430
. Khi du t nhit , s chuyn mu thnh en. Gim nhit xung
380 , un 1h20. ngui ti 300 . Cho vo 1.5 phn sp ong quy cho
tan. hp cht vo l, ngui, ri y cht.
Nhng im sng tn x (nh ca Vermeer):
Venetian Glazing Medium:
9 phn vec-ni Dammar
9 phn du thng
4 phn du lanh un
2 phn du oi hng
7. Hon thin
y l giai on cui cng. Ha s nhn li ton b b cc, sa cc chi tit
sao cho ton b b mt bc tranh c hon thin, khng b st ch no. Mt
trong cc cch kim tra b cc, hnh khi v ha sc l nhn bc tranh khong
cch xa, nhn bc tranh ln ngc, hoc nhn hnh phn chiu trong gng ca
bc tranh. Cng c th chp li bc tranh ri cho vo PC c mn hnh rng
nhn r cc ch cn sa.
8. Ph varnish bo v

168

Satin varnish ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois c ch t nha acrylic, ketone, silica v du m,
c bng va phi, khng ng vng v chng c tia cc tm.

Varnish bo v v a to cho bc tranh bng ng u, va ngn c

mt sn tip xc vi bi v cc nhim trong mi trng. Varnish cn khin
ho sc ca bc tranh tr nn trong v su hn. Varnish tt chm i mu theo
thi gian v c th g i c sau khi i mu.
iu kin ti quan trng c th varnish mt bc sn du l tranh phi
kh varnish khng tc dng vi mu trn tranh. Nu khng, sau ny khi
g varnish ra, lp mu trn mt tranh s b h hi, c bit l cc lp lng. V
th ch ph varnish sau khi tranh kh t nht khong 6 12 thng.
Tuyt i trnh m v bi v nc s gy ra cc bt li ti trong lp varnish
kh hoc lm c varnish, cn bi s ni ln ln nhn trn mt varnish khi kh,
c bit l cc ch ti, lm xu c bc tranh. V th , nn chn ngy hanh kh
ph varnish. Trc khi ph varnish, nn dng vi mm tm white spirit lau
sch bi khi b mt bc tranh, tht kh ri mi qut varnish.
Khi qut varnish, t bc tranh nm trn mt phng nh sn nh, bn
trong phng thong gi nhng hn ch bi ti a, v dng bt bt to bn (rng
khong 7 9 cm), lng mm, cht lng tt lng khi rng, dnh vo mt
varnish khi qut. Bt lng nh vy thng t tin (khong 10 20 USD). V
th, bt qut varnish tt nht l loi bt foam (bt bin) v mn, khng li
vt bt, v r tin (1 2 USD), dng mt ln xong c th vt i, khi phi
ngm ra. Qut bt theo mt chiu, v d t trn xung di v chuyn dn t
tri sang phi. Sau khi qut varnish ln ton b b mt bc tranh, nhn nghing
theo b mt tin chc khng cn ch no h (cha c ph varnish). Cc vt
bt, nu c, s t ho vo nhau khi varnish kh, to nn mt b mt nhn,
phng v bng hoc matte ty loi varnish.

169

Bt bt bin

Phng php v sn du nhiu lp i hi, bn cnh ti nng, mt ln g

say m tm ti v th nghim, c tnh kin tr cng nh cm gic v s hon
ho. La M khng c xy trong mt ngy. Nn nh rng cc bc thy hi
ha tng v hng chc nm mi t c trnh hon thin trong k thut v
nhiu lp. n thin ti kim c v song nh Leonardo da Vinci cng phi tri
qua khng di 15 nm i t bc Li truyn tin (1472 1475) v bng
tempera v sn du ti bc Ngi n b vi con chn (1490) (khng v
lng), v khong 30 nm t ti trnh trong kit tc Mona Lisa (1503
1506). Sau y l mt s k thut v nhiu l p c in.
K thut Flemish (Flamand)
iu 7. Tt c hi vin bt buc phi dng mu cht lng cao v, v
khng c v trn bt c th g khc ngoi vn g si tt c phi tht
kh, mi mu u phi c v lt trn nn hai lp. (iu l nm 1546 ca hi
ha s thnh ph s-Hertogenbosch (H Lan))
Thng v ln g, ph gesso trng, nh giy rp n nhn
bng nh knh;
Ph varnish (hoc mt lp tempera trng long v trong) ln
ton b (imprimatura). Mu ca imprimatura (thng c sc m: mu da,
vng t, nu, hoc i khi xm) quyt nh ha sc ch o ca bc
tranh, d to hi ha. kh;
V lt n sc, thng bng tempera trng. Bt u bng
lng cc bng ti bng mu trong. Sau n cc vng rng gia sng
v ti dng mu bn trong v bn c. Nhng ch sng nht v sau cng,
bao gi cng bng mu c, v dy. Cng sng th cng dy.
Bc lt khi hon thnh trng ta nh ph iu sepia. kh
Ph mt lp lng ho trng long ln trn. kh
i li cc khi ch r. kh.
Lng mu cc b, sau ln mu bng sn du vi cc
trong v c khc nhau.
170

Hubert v Jan van Eyck, Ghent altarpiece (1432) (trch on)

C th thy r lp v lt trn 2 bc gia trong 4 bc lin hon trch t b

tranh bn th Ghent do anh em Van Eyck v.

K thut ca Jan Vermeer

Jan Vermeer sinh nm 1632 ti Delft mt thnh ph nh nay thuc H
Lan, m dn s vo nm 1600 l khong 17,500 ngi. M ng khng bit ch,
cn b ng l mt ngi bun tranh. Khi Vermeer ln 3 tui th Rembrandt l
mt ha s 29 tui danh ting ti Amsterdam. Khi Vermeer ln 6 tui, Frans
Hals bt u v bng k thut trc tip. Khi ng 12 tui (1644) v cn cha
hc v (3 nm sau, v ko di 6 nm), Diego Velasquez l ha s ca triu
nh Ty Ban Nha. Bc ha u tin ca Vermeer chng ta bit ngy nay c
v nm 1655 khi ng 23 tui. Dng nh b cc, ti ca ng khng khc
my so vi cc ha s tin bi hay ng thi x FLander nh Ter Borch (1617
1681), Gabriel Metsu (1629 1667), Pieter de Hooch (1629 1684), hay Frans
van Mieris (1635 1681) song ng loi tnh cch dn tc ca ng tnh
cch H Lan - ra khi tranh, m ch tp trung vo ho sc v nh sng. Ngay t
khi bt u s nghip ca mnh, ng chng t l ngi c kh nng nh gi
li cc c l trong hi ha qua kinh nghim ca ring ng. Ta cm thy tnh
yu c bit ca ng i vi nhng ngi v vt ng v. Th gii trong tranh
Vermeer hin ra hon ho hn th gii thc. ng v rt t, mi nm khng qu
2 bc tranh. ng mt nm 43 tui (1675). Trong ton b s nghip 20 nm
sng to ca mnh, ng ch v 35 bc tranh. Sinh thi, ng ch c xem l mt
ha s tnh l, c mc thnh cng trung bnh.
Jan Vermeer b qun lng gn mt th k, cho n khi c nh ph bnh
171

Php tienne Joseph Thophile Thor hay Thor Brger (1807 1869) ti pht
hin. Trong mt bi vit ng trn Gazette des Beaux Arts nm 1866, kt qu
ca 20 nm nghin cu, Thophile Thor gn 66 bc tranh cho Vermeer. Ngy
nay Vermeer c coi l mt trong cc ha s v i nht ca thi hong kim H
Lan (th k 17).
Palette ca Vermeer [20]:

xanh tri (azurite)

lc t (green earth) (5)

yn chi (carmine)

chm (indigo)

thin tho (madder lake) (4)

xanh bin thm (ultramarine)

son (vermillion) (3)

nu en sng (raw umber) (6)

ochre (red ochre)

en than (charcoal black)

vng ch-thic (lead-tin yellow)

en ng voi, xng (ivory black) (7)

vng ochre (yellow ochre) (2)

trng ch (lead white) (1)

Chi tit k thut ca Vermeer:

(i)

172

Impasto

C gi c th bn ca s (1657 1659) 83 x 64.5 cm, Dresden

V impasto l p (hay trt) mt lp mu c dy. Impasto thng c

dng nhn cc ch quan trng, ni ln, v lp mu dy d gy ch so vi
nn mng xung quanh, c bit l cc ch c chiu sng mnh. Trong bc
tranh C gi c th bn ca s Vermeer v impasto rt dy phn trn ca
c gi, lm ni cm gic da tht phn chiu nh sng. C o trng cng c v
impasto bng nhng vt bt vng cung. Phn sng ca o vng cng c v
p bng trng ch trn vi vng ch thic th vng rc r nht dng trong
th k 17. Ci gii ca Vermeer y l li v p v cch dng mu ca ng
lm c gi tr thnh trung tm ca s ch mc d hnh c ta kh nh so
vi ton b khung cnh.
(ii)

Dng lapis lazuli (ultramarine) t tin

T tri: Ngi n b vi bnh nc (1664 1665) 45.7 x 40.6 cm (New York Metropolitan
Museum of Art; trch on; lapis lazuli

Nh thy trn, bng mu ca Vermeer, cng nh c a nhiu ha s

thi ng, rt hn ch, ch gm 10 12 mu. Song khc vi a s ch dng mu
lam azurite r tin, Vermeer dng ultramarine th thit lm t lapis
lazuli, ch mu xanh nc bin rt su v trong. l mu ti nht sau mu
en trn bng mu ca Vermeer. Khi ha vi trng ch, ultramarine ca lapis
173

lazuli cho ho sc rt rc r ngay c khi pha nht nht. Ngy nay ultramarine
th thit t lapis lazuli khng c sn xut na, m c thay bi ultramarine
tng hp. Trong bc tranh Ngi n b vi bnh nc Vermeer s dng
rt nhiu ultramarine ( v ca knh, o, bng trn tng, bng ca cc vt c
mu trng di nh sng ban ngy mnh, bng trn khn tri bn v.v.) Ngay t
bui u s nghip, Vermeer pht hi n ra rng ultramarine th thit, khi ho
vi trng ch, than xng, v nu t sng (raw umber), cho mt phn
quang rt c bit di nh sng ban ngy m khng th mu lam no khc c
th thay th c. Pht hin ca Vermeer trong cch pha mu lam vo bng ti
c cc ha s trng phi n tng p dng rng ri nhiu nm v sau
nhm to ra hiu qu nh sng ban ngy trn tr.
(iii)

Lng

Trong bc tranh Ngi n b rt sa Vermeer dng ultramarine trn

vi trng ch v lp lt tay o. Sau khi lp lt kh, ng lng bng mu vng
trong (yellow lake). Kt qu ch mu lc rt p, khng th no t c bng
pha mu trn palette.
(iv)

Dng cn bt v

Trong bc C gi i m Vermeer dng cn bt lng vch my

nht, lm l nn ti pha di, to ra bng v cc ch mng, trong, trn c o
trng ca c gi.
(v)

174

Dng camera obscura [82]

Ngi thu ng ten

(1669 1670), 24.5 x 21
cm, Louvre

(Trch on)

Camera obscura xch

tay nm 1686

Camera obscura (ting Latin: camera = cn phng, bung; obscura = ti)

l mt ci hp (hay phng) kn, m mt mt (tng) c c mt l nh, cn
mt (tng) i din c mu trng. nh sng chui qua l vo hp (phng),
chiu ln mt (tng) i din mt bc nh mu ln ngc (i xng gng v
quay xung) ca hnh thc bn ngoi, theo cc nh lut quang hc. Nhiu
camera obscura c lp thu knh l c th chnh tiu c cho nh c r
nt m vn gi sng cn thit, km theo mt h thng gng gip ngi
v c th v theo hnh phn chiu trn mn nh. Nguyn tc ca camera
obscura c ngi Trung Quc bit n t th k V TCN. Aristotle (384
322 TCN) l ngi u tin ni ti nguyn tc quang hc ca camera obscura.
Nh khoa hc ngi -rp Alhazen (965 1039) l ngi ch to ra chic
camera obscura u tin.
Bc Ngi thu ng ten l mt v d in hnh cho thy Vermeer
dng camera obscura trong khi v. Nhng tnh vt c v t nh lch tiu c
(unfocused), b nhe i nh thng thy trong nh phn chiu ca camera
obscura n ni cc si ch thu mu hin ra nh mt m bt (xem hnh
trch on bn trn). Vermeer t o nn s tng phn gia hnh ng i ph
n, c v rt r, ang chm ch lm vic gia nhng vt m o chm
trong mu sc quang hc. Mc d Vermeer c s dng camera obscura nh mt
dng c tr gip, bc tranh ny l mt minh chng hng hn cho thy khng
mt thit b, hay my mc no c th thay th s sng to ca ha s.
(vi)

Dng lc t v bng ti trn da tht (trng phi Utrech)

Lc t (green earth = terre verte) tng c cc danh ha th k XIV

u th k XV a dng v lt trc khi ph mu da tht, nhm trung ho
nn trng qu sng ph trn bng g m thi thng c dng v
tempera. K thut ny dn dn mt i khi sn du thay th tempera. Tuy nhin
cc ha s Utrech (H Lan) sau ny vn dng lc t v cc ch ti trn da
tht, c l v mt s hc c k thut ny . Mt s nh nghin cu coi
vic Vermeer dng lc t v bng ti trn da tht l bng chng rng ng
hc v Utrech ch khng phi Delft thnh ph qu hng ng. C iu
l l ng ch dng lc t v bng ti da tht trong nhng bc tranh cui i
ng ch khng phi trc (Xem Ngi chi guitar bn di).

175

Ngi chi guitar (1670), 53 x 46.3 cm, Kenwood

(vii) Tin bi ca pointillism, lp th, tru tng, dripping

Trch on Ngi n b rt sa

Vermeer dng k thut chm v tnh vt vi bnh m v gi trong bc

Ngi n b rt sa. K thut sau ny c cc ha s n tng v tn n
tng Php pht trin thnh pointillism - k thut v bng cc chm mu khi
nhn t xa th chng ho vo nhau theo quy lut ho sc quang hc, tc l:
(nh sng n sc) + lc = vng, lc + chm = lam, chm + = tm, v
tt c cc nh sng n sc trn vi nhau th cho mu trng.

Trch on Ngi n b vit

th v ngi hu gi

176

Trch on Ngi n b bn
n virginal

Nt bt ca Vermeer dn dn bin i t t rt thc n c l nh khi v

cc np tay o trng ca ngi n b vit th. Mt toile l ra trong bng ti
ca o, trong khi cc ch sng c v bi cc nht bt chnh xc nh nht dao
ct. Ton b chi tit, khi tch ring, trng ging nh mt bc tranh na lp th
gii tch, na tru tng. Trong bc Ngi n b bn n virginal Vermeer
ch dng vi vy bt vi mu xm v trng t mch hoa, ta nh k thut
dripping ca Jackson Pollock sau ny.
K thut Venetian

Tri: Giorgione (1477 1510): (c ch l bc) t ha (trong trang phc ca David);

Phi: Titian (1485 1576), t ha (1567), bo tng Prado

Giorgione v Titian l hai i din xut sc ca trng phi Venetian. K

thut Venetian tng t nh k thut Flemish ch dng mu trong lng cc
ch ti, song c mt s im khc c bn:
Thay g bng toile;
Thm du hoc sp ong vo gesso cho do hn, thm
trng ch v du lanh lm lt lt. Toile c ph (size) trc khi lt
(prime), v khng nhn bng nh trc (toile kh rng);
ng vin sc nt v m c dng kt hp, to nn cm
gic thc, v khng gian m o;
u tin v b cc bng mu nu trong tempera ln nn
sng, tht kh;
V lt bng mu c hoc trong v khng r ng vin
sau d sa. [Michelangelo sau khi xem tranh ca Titian ni ng rt
thch mu sc ca Titian, song cho rng trng phi Venice sai lm khi
khng chu hc dng hnh ha cho gii . Theo Giorgio Vasari, Titian hc
t Giorgione cch v thng bng sn du, b qua hnh ha bng phn
hoc que bc (silver point) (s cp ti phn sau)]. Dng ngn tay
xo lm mm cc ch chuyn. kh di nh sng mt tri lm du
hon ton mt mu;
Sau lng nh k thut Flamand, v dn dn cho mu c
vo v v t n khi mu st li th kh;
177

Titian pht hin ra thut day (scumble): pha du vo mu

c lm mu tr nn na c, ri dng bt lng cng lng ln mu ti
hn (ngc vi lng: mu trong v ti ln nn sng). Cch ny th hin
da tht khin da nh c phn, v vin cn khng kh rt hiu qu. Lng
lm nn lnh mu pht sng m, cn day lm nn m tr nn lnh hn;
K thut v bo trn gy. Cc lp u tht kh ri mi
v cc lp tip theo;
V cui i mnh, do nhn c nhiu t hng, Titian b cch v ni
trn, v thay bng cch sau:
V lt bng mu c en, trng v , dy c ch ti ln ch
sng. Bc lt trng chi tit nh bc tranh hon thnh nhng n s c
v kh ti. Bc lt c tht kh;
Lng mu.
Tuy nhin nhng bc tranh giai on sau ny ca Titian khng bng cc
tc phm ng v khi cn tr (thua v trong v s ti sng).

K thut v trc tip

V bng y cc mu, t ln t, t u n cui, khng cn lt,
lng, day. Tt c mi mu (c hay trong) c dng nh nhau v v dy. i
khi k thut ny c gi l a la prima hay premier coup. Bc tranh phi to
cm gic nh c v ch sau mt bui, khng ngng. Trc kia cc bc thy
ch dng k thut ny v phc tho. Nhng ha s u tin dng k thut
ny vo tc phm hon chnh l Franz Hals (1580 1666) v Diego Velasquez
(1599 1660). K thut ny rt thng dng trong hi ha sn du hin i.

Tri: bt php v trc tip ca Franz Hals

Phi: Diego Velasquez, V N trc gng (1647 1651)
122 x 177 cm, London National Gallery

i mi nh Rembrandt
Rembrandt kt hp ti tnh c 3 k thut ni trn. Mi mt bc tranh
178

ca ng l mt th nghim, to ra hiu qu m ng mun. ng dng

chiaroscuro rt tuyt. Rembrandt v lt n sc trn nn p dy (impasto) vi
nhiu trng. Sau khi lp impasto kh hn, ng ph mu ln, phn ln l mu
trong, song khi cn cng dng c mu c. Nhng im sng nht cng c
v lng, cn cc ch ti th li kh phong ph v sc ti. Ton b tranh c
ho sc vng, nn nu du to mng c vng i mt cht th ho sc ca tranh
cng khng v th m b nh hng lm.
Nguyn tc bo trn gy
Cc lp mu dy v c c rt t sc thi. Mu pha trn trn palette bao
gi cng mt tinh khit, v b bn nu pha trn nhiu hoc pha cc mu b
nhau vi t l nh nhau. Trong khi cc lp mu trong c rt nhiu sc thi,
ty thuc dy v cng nh sng chiu vo.
K thut v sn du nhiu lp bng cch chng cc lp mu ln nhau l
k thut da trn ha sc quang hc ca mu sc (Xem trong phn ph lc). K
thut ny c cc bc thy hi ha k t thi Phc Hng v Baroque xy
dng v pht trin v c th thch qua hng th k. y l phng php
v sn du hon thin nht trong lch s hi ha. N cho php t c s
phong ph cao nht ca c c sc thi trong ha sc ca mu sn du, trnh
c phn ng ph khi cc mu c pha trn trn palette.
Vic chia cng on k thut thnh cc lp imprimatura, lp v lt n
sc, lp v mu ri lp lng khin vic th hin, m phng hin thc, v to o
gic vi hiu qu ngh thut cao tr nn d dng hn khi v mt bc tranh. K
thut v nhiu lp cng gip tc phm trng tn nhiu th k. Bo trn gy
l nguyn tc c bn trnh nt khi v sn du theo k thut nhiu lp. Mi
lp li c th gm v i lt sn chng ln nhau.
Nguyn tc bo trn gy c ngha l lt mu bn trn phi nhiu du to
mng hn lt bn di, tc lt bn trn bo hn lt bn di (hay lt
bn di gy hn lt bn trn). L do l v:
1 Nh ni trn sn du kh nh hp th oxy nn cng li. V mt
bc tranh hp th oxy t trn xung, nn lp trn cng ca bc tranh s kh
trc (sau khong 1 2 tun ty theo nh sng, nhit v m), cn tr
oxy chui xung lp gia, khin lp gia ch kh sau khong 1 thng. Lp di
cng kh cn lu hn, t 6 thng ti 1 nm. V th nhng bc tranh c v
nhiu lp vi dy khc nhau vn ti p tc kh trong vng 1 th k. Nguyn
tc bo trn gy gip o ngc qu trnh trn, khin cc lp sn kh ng u
t di ln trn, hay t trong ra ngoi.
2- Lt u tin cha rt t du to mng, v cha ch yu l dung mi.
Lt ny kh thnh mng phim h (hay r). Du to mng t cc lt trn s
chui qua cc l ny, to ra cc lin kt c hc, tng kt dnh.

179

Qu trnh cc lp sn du trn mt tranh kt hp vi oxy

(Minh ha t Guide de la peinture lhuile ca Lefranc & Bourgeois)

3 S thay i nhit , m v dch chuyn c hc tc ng ln

canvas khin canvas bin dng (co gin). Nguyn tc bo trn gy gip gim
thiu tc hi ca cc co gin ny. Cng cha nhiu du to mng, mng phim
cng n hi. Nu lt trn t du, n s km n hi hn lt di l lt gn
hoc tip xc vi nn. Khi nn bin dng, cc lt pha di co gin, ko cc
lt trn nt v v cc lt trn km n hi hn so vi lt di. Bo trn gy
y c ngha l lt trn phi n hi hn lt di.
4 Nu lt trn t du tp mng hn lt di, lt trn s cng nhanh
hn lt di. V th khi lt trn kh m lt di vn tip tc kh, n s
ko lt trn nt. K c khi lt trn v lt di cha cng mt loi du to
mng c cng mt t l, lt di vn kh chm hn v b lt trn cn tip xc
vi khng kh. Bo trn gy trnh cho lt trn kh nhanh hn lt di. T
nguyn tc bo trn gy ta hiu ti sao ch c v lt trn ln lt di
kh khng cn dnh tay. Mt khc ch nn v cc lp mng, bi lp dy va
kh chm hn va kh khng ng u nn d nt.

180

S nguyn tc bo trn gy
(Minh ha t Guide de la peinture lhuile ca Lefranc & Bourgeois )

Dung dch pha mu sn du thng gm du to mng, nha v dung

mi. Du to mng lm sn bo hn, dung mi lm sn gy hn, cn
nha tng bn, kt dnh ca cc lt sn v gip mng phim kh
u. Cch n gin nht lm cc lt trn bo dn l gim dn t l dung
mi trong cc lt trn.
Cng thc ph thng cho dung dch pha mu, c ph bin trong nhiu
sch dy k thut v sn du, gm 3 thnh phn du lanh : keo dammar :
du thng, vi t l khc nhau. V d Raph Mayer [83] cung cp cng thc gm
du ng : dammar varnish : turpentine theo t l 30 ml : 30 ml : 150 ml v 15
git cobalt siccative . Ngi Nga gi cng thc 3 thnh phn ny l chc ba
() [36].
S lt sn cng nh cng thc pha dung dch l ty theo k thut v
phong cch ca tng ha s. Khi c hiu bit v kinh nghim v tnh cht ca
tng loi du to mng, nha v dung mi, mi ha s c th t tm cho mnh
cc cng thc ph hp hoc iu chnh cc cng thc c cho hp vi mnh.
Theo Xavier de Langlais [84], Jan Van Eyck tng dng dung dch pha mu
gm du lanh c, du lanh sng, nha copal hoc h phch, Venice
turpentine v du oi hng. l th dung dch thn diu to nn lp
men lng ly v bo ha mu sc rt cao trong cc kit tc thi Phc Hng
v Baroque, ng thi gip cc kit tc ny trng tn hng th k. Nghin cu
ca London National Gallery cng cho thy dung dch cha du lanh c
(bng phi nng hoc un) v nha thng c dng kh ph bin
trong tranh ca cc ha s H Lan v c th k XV nh Jan Van Eyck,
181

Hieronymus Bosch, Stephan Lochner [85], cng nh trong tranh ca danh ha

thi Baroque Johannes Vermeer.
Di y l 3 dung dch pha mu m ti tng dng.
1) Dung dch cha dammar varnish:
V lt
1 phn du lanh
1 phn dammar varnish
5 phn du thng (spirit of turpentine)
sau gim dn turpentine xung 4, 3, 2, 1 phn khi v dn l n cc lt
trn. Nhc im ln ca dammar varnish l rt lu kh nu mi trng c
m cao (trn 60 70%), nu b dnh nc, hoc nu dammar varnish c (trn 1
2 nm, khng cn trong na). Khi dng dung dch cha dammar c th
mt ti na thng m s b mt tranh vn thy cn dnh ngn tay. Dung dch
(1) cng khin i khi v b rt nu nhiu turpentine hoc b ly nu t
turpentine. Ngoi ra, v dammar ch ho c trong du thng nn khi du
thng bay hi ht, mt tranh c th c hin tng ht khng u, ch m ch
bng, phi gii quyt bng xoa retouching varnish ln (chiu ny c tn l oiling
out) trc khi ph du bo v.
2) Dung dch cha Venice turpentine:
V lt
1 phn du lanh c
1 phn Venice turpentine
5 phn du thng (spirit of tur pentine)
sau gim dn du thng xung 4, 3, 2, 1 phn khi v dn ln cc lt
trn. Thay du lanh (c) bng du ng khi v cc lt trn cng, v cc mu
sng. Dung dch ny khng c cc nhc im ca dung dch cha dammar.
Du lanh c khin sn kh nhanh, cn Venice turpentine gip trn bt khi v.
Ton b mt tranh bng u v trng dy nh trng men ch khng mng
nh giy bng knh khi dng medium cha dammar.
3) Dung dch kt hp:
V lt:
1 phn du lanh c
182

1 phn Venice turpentine

5 phn d u thng (spirit of turpentine)
___
V lp gia:
1 phn du lanh c
1 phn Venice turpentine
4 phn du thng
(Thm ti 1 phn medium peindre J.G. Vibert nu c)
___
V lp trn:
1 phn du lanh
1 phn du ng
1 phn Venice turpentine
4 phn du thng
1 phn du oi hng
(Thm ti 1 phn medium peindre J.G. Vibert nu c)
___
V lng:
9 phn Dammar varnish
9 phn du thng
4 phn du ng
2 phn Venice turpentine
Cc hng ha phm nh Royal Talens, Lefranc & Bourgeois, Winsor &
Newton, v.v. cng bn dung dch v lng (glazing medium) dng nha tng
hp, kh nhanh v khng ng vng theo thi gian nh dung dch c truyn.

183

Ch :
1 V du lanh c, du ng v Venice turpentine thng c qunh
nhit trong phng, nn trc khi pha dung dch, nn ngm l du khong 1
2 pht vo bt nc si du lng ra. Dng ng m git ong du v
Venice turpentine vo cc ng du (palette cup, godet palette), sau dng
dao v quy k cho chng ha u vi nhau, ri mi thm du thng vo, v li
quy k mt ln na cho n khi c mt dung dch ng nht.
2 Cc cng thc dung dch cn c p dng linh hat ty thuc vo
iu kin mi trng xung quanh nh nhit , m, s lp sn, k thut ca
vt bt, v.v.
*
Sinh thi Salvador Dal tng tuyn b sn sng cho ct c hai tai ca
mnh, min l c bit cng thc chnh xc ca hp cht to nn dung dch
qu gi m Johannes Vermeer dng v [61]. Khng bit ti khi no ngi
ta mi tm ra medium ca Vermeer, nhng c mt iu n nay r. l cc
bc thy ca hi ha Flamand, Gothic v Phc Hng khng v bng sn du (oil
paint) m bng sn nha du (oil-resin paint). H khng dng th mu m
nhiu ha s ngy nay ch n thun bp t tube ra, ri c lm do bng mt
cht du lanh v lm long bng u thng. H t nghin sc t vi du to
mng v v bng dung dch gm du lanh c pha nha cy nh mastic, h
phch, copal, Venetian turpentine. H cng khng dng du thng m dng du
oi hng lm long sn v h v bng k thut nhiu lp. Cha ni n ti
nng, ch ring nhng yu t ny cng khin cht lng cc tc phm ca h
khc xa cht lng tranh sn du ca i a s cc ha s ngy nay.
Da vo cc cng ngh khoa hc k thut hin i, ngi ta c th phn
tch v phng on c nguyn liu cc dung dch ngy xa ca cc bc thy
c in. Th dung dch y c lm nn t cc cng thc b mt, nh to
nn tn tui ca h. Cc cng thc y l g? Ta cng tm hiu ngay sau y.

Cc cng thc b mt
L do a n s suy vong ca hi ha sn du c cho l s mai mt
ca dung dch thn diu do Jan Van Eyck pht minh v c Antonello da
Messina pht trin lan truyn ra khp nc vo thi Phc Hng.
Jacques Maroger (1884 1962) l mt trong nhng ngi tch cc c v
cho gi thuyt ny.

184

Jacques Maroger (1884 1962)

Chn dung t ha
sn du

Sinh thi l mt ha s v gim c k thut ca vin nghin cu thuc

bo tng Louvre (Paris), Jacques Maroger dnh trn i tm hiu cht liu
v k thut sn du ca cc bc thy c in. ng tng l gio s tr ng phc
ch ca Louvre, v ch tch hi cc nh phc ch Php. Nm 1939 ng di c
sang M. Ti y ng tip tc truyn b k thut sn du c in. Nm 1942
ng tr thnh gio s i hc M thut Maryland ti Baltimore, ni ng m
trng dy hi ha sn d u. Nm 1948 ng xut bn cun Cc cng thc b
mt v k thut ca cc bc thy thi xa [86]. Trong bi cnh cc tranh ci
gia phi Hin thc do Maroger khi xng v tro lu Tru tng ang rt
thnh hnh thi , cun sch ca Maroger c coi n h mt qu bom
nguyn t nm xung i hc M thut Maryland [8 7].
Theo Maroger, Jan Van Eyck gi kn b mt cng thc varnish sn du
m ng pht hin ra vo nm 1410. Mi n cui i, khi ni ting v giu
c, ng mi truyn li cho cc mn ca mnh l Rogier Van der Weyden, Dirk
Bouts v Petrus Cristus [88]. Sau ti Antonello da Messina hc c b
mt v k thut ny. Dn dn b quyt v sn du ca Van Eyck, c
Antonello da Messina bin i v pht trin, lan truyn ra khp nc v
chu u n tn u th k XIX. Sau k thut ny hon ton b mai mt.
V sao vy?
Vo thi Phc Hng, khng c trng m thut v vin bo tng. Cch
duy nht hc v l lm mn trong xng ca mt ha s thnh danh.
Ti s ph l n g vua v theo mt phong cch xc nh. Cc mn c
nhn vo xng v t khi cn rt tr, c phn lm cc vic t chy vt, cng
canvas, bi nn, un du, nghin mu, lm bt lng, ti v cc chi tit trong
tranh nh chim, th, hoa l, cy ci, vi vc, v.v. H hc c cc b quyt nh
ngh hoc trc tip t s ph hoc t cc mn ln tui hn, v phi tuyt
i gi kn cc b quyt , khng c l ra ngoi, nh ti cc xng v
khc.
185

Philip Galle (1537- 1612),

Xng ha , kh. 1595,
c
kim
loi, Rijksprentenkabinet
kh

n thi Peter Paul Rubens (1577 1640), vn l ngi ho phng,

Rubens trc tip truyn cc cng thc ca mnh cho cc hc tr. Nhng cc
hc tr ca ng, c l do ti hn sc mn, c gi u th bng cch giu kn
b quyt, khng tit l cho bt k ai. Kt cc l, k t sau khi Jordaens mn
cui cng ca Rubens qua i vo nm 1678 cho n th k XVIII, du vt
duy nht cn st li t dung dch thn diu l du en , nhng khng ai bit phi
dng n th no.
V du en c mu ti nn ngi ta ch dng pha mu trong khi v, cn
dng du lanh sng nghin mu. Kt qu cc k thm hi. Du en to ra
mt mng cch li du lanh vi khng kh, m nh sp ong, khin du lanh chm
kh, gy ra nt li ti. Ngi ta thm th cht lm kh vo nhng v hiu. Mt
tranh sau hng thng vn dnh. Thm ch, khi cun canvas li trong lc vn
chuyn ngi ta tng phi pht b ln mt t ranh khi dnh.
Mc d vin Hn lm Hi ha v iu khc Php (thnh lp nm 1648)
thng xuyn gi sinh vin sang tu nghip, khng ai trong h em c b
mt ca cc bc thy v Php. Ti u th k XIX, khi vin Hn lm M thut
Php c thnh lp (1816), du vt ca dung dch thn diu hon ton bin
mt.
Cch mng Php (1789 1799) gy ra bin i ln trong x hi. Cc
trng phi ngh thut c chia lm hai phe: phe bo th v phe i mi. Phe
bo th t coi mnh l nhng ngi gi gn truyn thng, nhng thc s truyn
thng l g th h khng nm c. V th h t p t cc ti Hy -La c
i v cm tit mi xu hng biu t dnh dng ti cuc sng ng i. Th
lnh ca phe bo th l cc danh ha nh David, Ingres, Cabanel, B ouguereau.
186

H chim tt c cc a v chnh thng, quyt nh tt c cc gii thng ti cc

trin lm quc gia gi l Salon, v tiu dit cc ha s no v phc khng tun
theo ng li ca h.

Franois-Joseph Heim (1787-1865)

Vua Charles X trao gii thng cho cc ngh s trin lm ti Salon 1824 Louvre (1827)
sn du, 172 x 257 cm, Louvre

Ngc li vi phe bo th l nhng ngi mun bng mi gi thot ra

khi ci bng ca qu kh m h coi l cht t lu. Nhng ha s ny mun
tm sinh lc mi t thin nhin v t ngh thut phng ng. Trong s cc ha
s i din cho phe i mi c Gricault, Delacroix, cc ha s trng phi
Barbizon, Decamps, v Manet. H ch trng lm sch palette, loi i cc
mu ti ca xng v.

187

Honor Daumier (1808 1879)

Cuc u gia hai trng phi hi ha L tng v Hin thc ch ngha (1855)
in thch bn, 20 x 25 cm, ng ti bo Le Charivari ngy 21.04.1855.
Daumier nhi li bc Nhng ngi n b S abines chn cuc u gia qun La M v qun
Sabins (1799) ca c danh ha Jacques Louis David (1748 1825), vin s Hn lm M thut
Php, thuc phe bo th.

Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (18031860)

Cc chuyn gia (1837)
sn du trn vi, 46.4 x 64.1 cm.

188

Decamps v my con kh ngm tranh, m ch cc y vin hi ng ngh thut vin Hn lm M

thut Php.

Song, theo Eugne Fromentine (1820 1876) ha s, nh ph bnh m

t
thu Php mc d trong s cc ha s ng thi cng c nhng ngi ti
nng thin ph khng km g cc tin bi c in, h b t lit v thiu mt
k thut m nay hon ton bin mt. Vic khi phc li k thut ny c kh
nng phc hi vinh quang m hi ha trc kia tng c, ri thay cc bc thy
qu c mang b mt ca k thut ny xung m.
Cc nh ha hc ng thi li cn phn rng, trng tn, bt mu
phi cng tinh khit cng tt, tc phi c nghin trong du lanh sng, v khi
v th ch dng du thng v du thng c th bay hi hon ton. Cc ha s gi
y loi ht nha cy ra khi dung dch. t ho sc cc rc r, h vn
dng l thuyt ca Chevreuil v lut cng mu nh sng. Tro lu n tng v
Tn n tng ra i t y. Song, l thuyt ny c chng t l sai
bng thc nghim t xa: Ngoi du thng hay du oi hng, cc bc thy
thi Phc Hng, Baroque cn pha nha cy vo dung dch pha mu.
Trng v t nay khng cn dy k thut hi ha na. Sinh vin mi bt
u hc v c t i din vi mu thc, vi t nhin v bo c v i. Hi
ha ngy nay a phn khng cn kh nng t din t. Cc trin lm phi
thng xuyn km theo gii thch ca ha s cho cng chng. a s ha s
ngy nay khng c trang b v mt k thut hi ha xy dng mt tc
phm hi ha thc th.
Mc d mc ch ca ngh thut ngy nay khng cn nh thi Phc Hng,
song ch c kin thc v k thut hi ha mi c th gip ha s thnh cng
thc s trn con ng ngh thut ca m nh.
Di y l mt s cng thc dung dch pha mu ca mt s bc thy,
theo gi thuyt ca Jacques Maroger.
1.

Cng thc ca Van Eyck

- 1 tha lng trng g ( c nh k cho lng); [ 89]

- 1 tha varnish gm du lanh un hoc du ng trn vi du thn g hoc
u
oi
hng theo t l ph thuc vo c ca du;
d
Trn cc cht trn trong l, lc k cho ha vo nhau.
Sau pha nc vo dung dch ni trn theo t l 1:1. nc vo mi
ln mt t, v lc cho n khi ha u, sau mi thm tip nc vo ri li
lc. Kt qu s c mt th nh tng c th dng c trong vi ngy. Trc
mi ln dng phi lc cho dung dch ha u.
2.

Cng thc ca Antonello da Messina

189

- 1 phn (theo
(2PbCO3Pb(OH)2);

trng

lng)

oxide

ch

(PbO)

hoc

trng

ch

- 3 4 phn du lanh hoc du ht c ch;

Antonello da Messina
Tri: T ha (?). Phi: c B Maria trong li truyn tin (1476), sn du trn g, 45 x 34.5 cm,
Palermo

Hnh trn: Chy thy tinh dng nghin bt mu.

Hnh di : Nghin bt mu (trng) vi du to mng.

190

Nu dng bt oxide ch th u tin cn nghin oxide ch vi mt t du

lanh nh nghin mu, sau ha nt phn du cn li. un hn hp trn la
nh, khuy u trong khi un. Nhit phi c phn b u, v th c th t
xoong dung dch trn mt li a -ming hoc kim loi. Khi thy bt si trn mt
cht lng th phi gim la, hoc nhc xoong ra khi la mt lc. un n khi
no ton b trng ch tan vo du th ngng. Sau khi ngui, hn hp ny c
mu nu v c qunh nh mt ong. Trt hn hp vo mt l snh hoc s v
mt lp nc ln trn trnh to mng phim kh trn b mt. Nu thnh
thong thay lp nc bo v trn b mt th c th bo qu n c hn hp ny
hng thng.
Khi v, dng dao palette trn hn hp ny vi mu sn du theo t l 1
phn hn hp : 3 phn mu sn du (theo th tch), tr mu trng ch. Mu
trng ch khng cn hn hp ny v bn thn l trng ch, v hn hp ny s
lm ti mu trng.
3.

Cng thc ca Leonardo da Vinci

- 1 phn oxide ch hoc trng ch;

- 3 4 phn du lanh sng hoc du ht c ch;
- 3 4 phn nc;
Pha hn hp v un tng t nh cng thc mc 2, nhng hn hp
si cho n khi no khng thy bt trng ch bm vo cc bt ni ln th dng.
Nu nc cn th c th thm nc mi vo nhng phi lm rt cn thn
khi lm tr qu trnh un. Khi bt si chuyn t mu vng m sang trng ng
vng, dng dao palette ly mt cht hn hp pht ln mt knh nhn kim
tra. Hn hp phi ng nht v khng cn cc ht bt trng. Sau nhc
xoong ra khi la v ngui. Hn hp phi c lc k loi b glycerine
tha.
4.

Cng thc ca cc ha s trng phi Venetian

Giorgione (1477/8 1510) c cho l ch ra du en, c s ca dung

dch cho mu sn du t thi hong kim Phc Hng cho n u th k XIX.
Du en c ch nh sau:
- Cho vo th 1 2 phn (theo trng lng) hoc 3 10 g trng ch hoc
oxide ch, 20 phn (hoc 100 g) du lanh sng hoc du ht c ch. Cc cht
ny cn c nghin v trn nh cch ca Antonello da Messina ni trong
mc 2.
- t th ln la nh v quy u trong khi un nh trong mc 2. Nu
dng trng ch th khi dung dch t 100 C (dng nhit k o) mt m bt dy
191

s dng ln do trng ch l cht ngm nc. Nu dng oxide ch th khng c

hin tng ny.
- Khi nhit tng ln trong khong 100 200C, du bt u lin kt
vi ch, bc khi v ng sang mu nu. Oxide ch kt qunh li di y th ti
nhit khong 1 50C, nhng n 210C th li mm dn, v ha ton b vi
du ti 230C. Ti 250C, cc vn c ban u dn dn bin mt, du tr nn
mu nu c-ph trong. Qu trnh un mt chng 2 3 gi. Nhng nu un qu
lu hoc nhit ln ti 280 C du s qunh nh cao su v khng dng c
[90].
- Sau khi un, phi i cho nhit ca du h xung ti 75 C ri mi rt
vo chai, y nt tht cht v kn trnh tip xc vi khng kh. Du c ch
vi oxide ch c hn v kh nhanh hn du ch vi trng ch.
- i 2 3 ngy cho cn ch lng xung y chai trc khi dng. C th
thm mt t du oi hng vo dung dch ngui lm nhanh qu trnh lng
cn ch ny. Sau b cn, gn du sang mt chai khc, lc qua phu lc trc
khi ng kn vo chai dng.
Th phi c dung tch gp t 6 n 8 ln lng du em un, v phi
tuyt i kh, bi nu dnh nc, khi nhit ti 150 C nc s bay hi, gy n
khin du bn to ra xung quanh, c th gy bng, nhim c ch. Nu du bc
chy trong khi un (khng xy ra nu nhit di 35 C), th phi y kn
bng vung v tt la ngay.

Du en

Du en c dng nghin bt mu (tr bt trng). V du en rt

lng nn cc ha s thm sp ong vo, theo t l du lanh sng : oxide ch :
sp ong = 10 : 1: 1. Sp ong tc dng vi du en trong cng thc ca cc ha
s Venetian tng t nh lng trng g vi du lanh un trong cng thc ca
Van Eyck. Sp ong cn lm du sng, do hn, v bt bng ln. Nu thm qu
nhiu sp ong, mu s tr nn qu trong v rn.

192

5.

Cng thc ca Rubens

Trn 1 tha nha mastic vi hn mt tha du en ri pha vi du thng

theo t l 1:2, thu c mt hp cht di dng ng nh thch, c th dng
dao ct nh ct b. Ch dng du thng mi c dng thch ny. Nu dng
mastic ha vi du en, m khng pha du thng, s khng bao gi thu c
dng thch. Nu thay du thng bng du oi hng, thch s qu nhn. Khng
th dng cht thch ny nghin bt mu m ch ha vi mu trong khi
v.
Nu thch qu c, c th thm Venice turpentine, khin dung dch bng
v do hn nhng cng kh chm i mt cht. Cn nu thm du ng, dung
dch s km trn hn, nhng li c bng nh nh x c.
Theo Maroger, cht thch ny cng c th c dng pha dung dch
lng rt tt.
Cc th nghim ca Maroger cng cho thy dung dch Megilp ngy nay,
cn c gi l b v cho ha s, mang ting c ch theo cng thc thch ca
Rubens, nhng thc ra b bin tng rt nhiu n ni khng cn lin h g
vi Rubens na. Megilp l mt hn hp gm nha mastic, du lanh sng (hoc
du thuc phin hay rum), v du en, to mng bng v kh rt nhanh. Tuy
nhin tui th ca tc phm c v dng Megilp l vn gy nhiu tranh ci.
[91]

David Ryckaert III (1612 1661)

Xng ha (1638)
sn du trn vn g, 59 x 95 cm, Louvre

6.

Cng thc ca Rembrandt

Rembrandt (1606 1669) cng dng cht thch ca Rubens, nhng thm
nhiu sp ong khi v c (impasto). Bng pha mu ca Rembrandt rt kim
193

ch. Sau khi lp v lt kh, ng lng ln ton mt tranh mt lp nu trong, ri

v cc lp sau, tp trung vo cc ch sng m ng v rt d y bng impasto.
7.

Cng thc ca Velsquez

Velsquez (1599 1660) khng dng trng ch hay oxide ch, m dng
verdigris (r ng) ch du en. Cng thc du en ca Velsquez nh sau
(theo trng lng): trn 1 phn bt r ng mn vi khong 20 phn du l anh
sng hoc du ht c ch. Hp cht ny c un nh la, v quy trong khi
un. Mu lc ca dung dch s chuyn dn sang khi c un ti 150 C, ri
ng dn sang mu c -ph nh du en ca trng phi Venetian. Sau phi
dung dch lng vi ngy, khng c lc, ri gn lc nh lm vi du en
trong mc 4.
Dung dch ny c dng nghin bt mu (tr bt trng) thnh mu
sn du. C th thm sp ong nh i vi dung dch ca trng phi Venetian.
Dung dch ny cng c dng pha mu. Khi pha c th thm du thng
v cc chi tit.

194

Diego Velsquez (1599 1660)

Las Meninas (1656)
sn du trn canvas, 318 x 276 cm, Prado

Cc cng thc ni trn l nguyn gc do Jacques Maroger xut. Tuyn

b ca Maroger rng ng tm ra b mt ca cc bc thy khin nhng cng
thc ny gy ra nhiu tranh ci.
Ngy nay trn th trng ha phm c bn hp cht nh tng Maroger
hin i (modern Maroger mediu m), gm du lanh, nha mastic, gum arabic v
du en, tuy khng r cch ch bin ging hay khc so vi gc ca Jacques
Maroger nh th no. Cng nh khi dng cc medium khc, khng nn pha qu
20% Maroger medium vo dung dch pha mu.
Hng Lefranc & Bourgeois c cht gel Flemish medium, gm nha mastic,
du lanh, du oi hng, v cht lm kh cobalt -zirconium, nhng khng c
du en. Flemish medium thng c dng lng, kh trong vng 2 gi, cho
mng phim bng, tng t Maroger medium.

Maroger medium hin i (tri) v Flemish medium (phi)

195

Nm 1720 Jean-Baptiste-Simon Chardin (16991779) t Charles

Laclef c t ca gia nh Lefranc, lc l nh bun cc ht mu - lm
sn du cho mnh. Cng ngh sn xut sn du cho hi ha ra i. l
hng Lefranc & Bourgeois ngy nay.
Cnh bo:
Cn c bit cn trng khi th ngh im cc cng thc lin quan ti un
du c cha ch trnh b bng, nhim c ch, hay ha han. Ngi vi t bi
ny khng chu trch nhim trc bt c hu qu no xy ra do vic pha ch
theo v/hoc p dng cc cng thc ni trn .
K thut v cng nhiu nh ha s. V th ng c hon thin mt
lc nhiu k thut. Bn s khng c thi gi. Hy chn phng
php tt nht ph hp vi mnh, v thnh tho n.

Ti v nh th no?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(a) km cng toile v my rp inh; (b) v (c) canvas v chssis (c F20)

Cng canvas t im gia cc cnh chssis ri lan dn ra 4 gc theo th

t nh nh s hnh di. Canvas phi tht kh (ng xt nc hay lm m
pha sau canvas, v lm nh th s nh hng khng tt n lp lt canvas, tuy
rng canvas s c th cng hn sau khi kh).

(a)

196

(b)

(c)

(d

(e)
Cch thc cng canvas:

(a): th t ng (rp) inh; (b): rp inh t gia; (c): canvas vi 4 gc cn cha c

cng ht; (d): canvas c cng xong; (e): gp 4 gc pha sau cho p

Lm lt:
Ph 3 4 lp acrylic gesso c sc trung hoc sm, mu m (ochre vng,
ochre ), hoc xm ty theo tng. nh nhn bng, nhng khng qu. Bt
u bng giy rp nc rt mn (very fine) s: 150 (kch thc ht ct 100 m),
300 (~ 50 m), sau nng ln siu mn (super fine): 1000 (~20 m), cc mn
(ultra fine): 2000 (~10 m) [1 (micrometre hay micron) = 1 phn triu
metre].

Acrylic gesso mu trng, ochre , ochre vng, umber chy, v lam colbalt

Pha gesso

197

Ph gesso; ra sch bt bng nc lnh; sau khi gesso kh hn, nh giy rp

Can hnh: [xem nh (a) (d) bn di]

1 Dng b cc bng nt ch trn giy v bng ng kch thc bc tranh
nh v;
2 Can li vo giy can (a);
3 Ho ultramarine vi du thng c mt dung dch lng c mu. Dng
bt lng bt to bn qut dung dch ln mt sau ca t giy can c hnh v
(b). kh. Kt qu c mt t giy than.
4 - Gn bn can ln toile ( c lt) bng bng keo. i bt ch hay
bt bi theo cc nt v trn bn can. Hnh s c can sang mt toile (c);
5 Hm hnh: dng mu nc (ultramarine hay burnt sienna) t li (d).

(a)

198

(b)

(c)

(d)

V lt:
Trng lt (foundation white hay underpainting white), ochre vng kim
(gold ochre), lc t (green earth), nu mars (mars brown), hay nu t sienna
chy (burt sienna), xanh bin thm (ultramarine). Du ho theo t l: lanh :
dammar : du thng = 2 : 1 : 10
V lt cng k th khi v mu s cng ung dung.
Ph mu:
Dng dung dch v (satin painting medium) pha vi dammar
varnish theo t l 3 : 1, hoc pha lanh : dammar : du thng theo t l 1 :
1 : 3, ri tng du lanh (hoc gim du thng) dn dn trong cc lp
trn.
Dng trng titanium (pha trng km).
Ph mu ch sau khi lp lt kh hn.
Lng:
Dng dung dch lng (glazing medium), lm long bng du thng.
Cch v nh vy cn cho php t ch v ho sc (color control), v c th
to nn nhng ho sc p vi mt palette t mu.
Thng thng nu trung bnh v mi ngy v 3 ~ 4 ting vo cc bui ti,
v ton b cc ngy th By v Ch Nht, th ti mt khong 6 thng v mt
bc tranh c F130 (162 x 194 cm) theo k thut ni trn.

199

Nguyn nh ng
Kimono mu lam (2008), F20
tri: lp lt; phi: bc tranh sau khi hon thnh

ng gi tranh sn du
Khi gi tranh i trin lm hoc cho cc nh su tp, bn thng phi t
ng gi tranh, tr trng hp bn thu hng vn chuyn tranh bao c ng gi
(gi thnh thng cao hn). L d nhin bn mun bc tranh c vn chuyn
n ni trin lm hoc t i tay nh su tp an ton tuyt i v chuyn nghip.
Mc ny ph bin mt s kinh nghim ng gi tranh sn du vn
chuyn bng xe hi v my bay.

ng gi tranh cng trn strainer (chssis)

Nhng iu ti k khi vn chuyn tranh sn du v trn canvas l shock
do va p, dao ng ca b mt tranh, m cao, v chng l th phm gy ra
gy, v, thng, bong nt.
Theo kt qu nghin cu ca cc chuyn gia bo tng [9 3 - 95]:
1 Khung tranh tng bo v cho bc tranh. V th tt nht l vn
chuyn bc tranh nguyn c khung;
2 Shock v dao ng gia tng mnh nht khi chuyn hp tranh ln hoc
xung xe, t kho ln my bay v t my bay xung xe nhp kho, ch khng
phi trong qu trnh xe ang chy hoc my bay ang bay, v ngi bc d ni
chung khng c hun luyn cch nng niu kin tranh;
3 - Hp carton hp th chn ng tt hn hp g cng trong khi xe chy.
Hp g cng ngn chn ng trong qu trnh chuyn tranh ln xung xe;

200

4 Lt strainer (stretcher) bng vi polyester gip trit tiu hu nh hon

ton dao ng b mt tranh (Strainer l khung cng canvas khng c nm,
stretcher l khung c nm thay i cng).
Phng php lt strainer (stretcher) c tn ting Anh l stretcher-bar
lining [92], do Peter Booth ti Tate Museum London pht minh ra vo nm
1989, nhm gim thiu dao ng ca canvas. Ch cn ly mt mnh vi
polyester lun di cc thanh ngang ca strainer, ri cng ra, gm bng inh
rp vo strainer (Xem hnh). Tm vi polyester c cng nh vy s to ra
mt m khng kh gi a tm vi v mt sau ca canvas, gim hn dao ng b
mt canvas, trnh c lt in hn ln canvas do thanh ngang ca strainer
(strainer bar) p vo. Nghin cu ca Paul Marcon ti vin phc ch Canada
cho thy phng php lt strainer ny gim dao ng b mt canvas t 10 cm
xung cn 3 mm, tc ti 97% [93].

Lt strainer theo phng php ca Peter Booth

(nh ca http://www.harrietstandeven.com)

201

Phng php lt strainer ca Peter Booth va n gin va rt hiu

nghim, li r tin v d lm h n phng php p vn g ca National Gallery
of Art (Washington).

Phng php p vn g vo mt sau ca National Gallery o f Art (Washington). Cc ming m

bt bin (polyesther urethane) c dn vo vn g bng bng keo hai mt. Chng phi st vo
mt sau ca canvas nhng khng chm vo canvas.

Khi gi tranh sn du qua bu in hoc t vn chuyn bng my bay,

nn tranh trong hp bo v bng g dn (dy t nht 4 mm), nhn v phng.
Hp g c lm va kht bc tranh lp nguyn c khung. trnh m t, bi
bm, v qut xc, bc tranh cn c bc trong mt tm nylon trong v dy,
c dn kn bng bng keo trc khi cho vo hp g. Mt nylon phi c ko
cng, t vo mp ca khung tranh, nhng khng chm vo mt canvas (Xem
hnh). Nylon phi mm khng lm xc tranh nu chng may qut phi,
nhng phi dy khi d b thng rch khi dn bng keo v ko cng.
Nylon mng qu c nguy c dnh bt vo mt tranh, khi bc ra s lm trc sn
nu l tranh mi v. c bit khng bao gi nn dng nylon sc bt kh (bubble
wrap) v cc bt kh s li vt t rn mt tranh nu chng may dnh vo, rt
kh sa. Hp tranh c gn bng c vt, v cc khe ghp c dn kn bng
bng keo.

202

S tit din ngang cch bc nylon quanh bc tranh sn du lng khung

Dng carton dy t nht 5 mm bc ngoi hp g ng tranh. Ton b kin

tranh c dn kn bng bng keo cc gc, cnh, v ct dy nha. Trn mt
kin tranh, c hai pha, cn dn cnh bo rng bn trong l tranh sn du, d
gy v, chng m t, nh tay, khng qung vt, khng t hay da vt khc
ln b mt.

Mt kin tranh ca tc gi trc khi gi

Hp carton bc ngo i c tc dng gim chn ng cho hp g ng tranh.

Nu khng c carton bc ngoi th phi c m lt bn trong hp g trit
tiu chn ng, v d nh trong thit k ca National Gallery o f Art (Washington
D.C.) (Xem hnh di).

203

Thit k hp g ng tranh ca National Gallery o f Art (Washington D.C.)

Cun tranh vn chuyn

Nu bt buc phi tho tranh khi strainer cun li khi vn chuyn th
cn ch nhng im sau y:
- Tranh phi kh hn mt tranh khi dnh vo nhau khi cun.
- Ph mt tm nha polyethylene dy 4 mm ln mt tranh. Khng dng
nylon sc bt kh (bubble wrap) hoc nylon qu mng bc tranh v chng in
lt hoc dnh vo mt tranh. Mt tm polyethylene phi tht sch, khng dnh
bi hoc du m.
- Cun tranh mt sn quanh ra ngoi. Cun tranh mt quanh vo trong s
khin mng phim b p, gy nt khi tranh c tri phng ra.
- Cun tranh v m tranh nhit trong phng (20 24C). Cun tranh
khi lnh qu s gy nt, c bit khi tranh c v dy. Nu tri lnh khi vn
chuyn tranh, th khi tranh ti ni, cn trong phng 24 gi cho tr anh tr li
vi nhit trong phng trc khi m tranh ra. Khi m cun tranh, cn m rt
t t v u. Tuyt i khng bao gi cng mt bc sn du ln strainer nhit
thp. B qua nhng iu ny s lm mt sn b nt.

204

Mt s li carton v np nha dng cun tra nh khi vn chuyn

- Cun tranh quanh ng carton cng c ng knh t nht 1 5 cm. Khng

nn cun cht trnh lm cng mt phim. Sau t c cun tranh vo trong
mt ng carton cng to hn, v bc chn xung quanh cun tranh sao cho va
kht ng bc ngoi. Bt kn hai u ng bng np nha hoc carton v dn kn
bng bng keo.
- trnh tranh ln chnh n, sau khi cun tranh quanh ng, ng
tranh phi lun c dng ng hoc lng qua mt ci trc nm ngang
ng tranh trong t th treo, c bit l i vi tranh kch thc ln.
- Tuy c th bo qun tranh tnh trng b cun trong nhiu nm, nhng
l iu nn trnh. Khi c iu kin, cn lp tc tho tranh ra, cng ln
strainer hoc tri phng.

205

Trong Nh Th Chin (1939 1945), bc Tun m (3.63 m x 4.37 m) ca Rembrandt

c cun quanh mt trc g nm ngang, t trong mt hm bo v, giu ti mt nh kho di
hm.

Cui cng, ng bao gi ti s dng hp, giy bc, hoc ng carton

dng ri khi gi tranh cho nh su tp. Nh su tp s c cm gic bn khng
coi trng tc phm ca chnh mnh ti mc khng kim ni cho n mt bao b
mi v p . ng gi tranh v gi tranh va l khoa hc va l ngh thut.

Ph Lc
K thut Silverpoint
Silverpoint (ting Php: pointe dargent, ting : punta dargento, c
ngha l mi nhn bng bc, ting Nga: ) l tn ca
mt th dng c, cht liu v k thut v dessin dng li bng mt que bng
bc hay kim loi mm c u nhn (metalpoint) vch nt ln nn c
bi. Cht liu v k thut v bng mi nhn kim loi tng rt ph bin vo thi
Phc Hng v c dng ti th k XVIII, trc khi bt ch than (graphite
pencil) ra i. K thut ny cho php v nhng ng nt rt mnh, chi tit
tinh xo, nhng khng th ty i c, v th i hi ngi v phi c k nng
dessin tt.
Dessin bng silverpoint ca cc bc thy c in nh Jan Van Eyck, Rogier
van der Weyden, Leonardo Da Vinci, Albrecht Drer, Rembrandt v.v. l cc kit
tc ca mi thi i.

Rogier van der Weyden

Thnh n Mary Magdalena

206

Tri: silverpoint trn giy, 17.6 x 13 cm (~ 1450).

Phi: sn du trn vn g si, 41 x 34. 5 cm (~ 1452), Louvre

Dessin bng silverpoing (khong 1483 1485) ca Leonardo Da Vinci.

Leonardo v tay tri nn cc nt gch bng ca ng c vch cho t trn bn tri xun g di
bn phi.

207

Chn dung t ha nm 13 tui (1484) ca Albrecht Drer bng silverpoint

K ha silverpoint chn dung Saskia (v) ca Rembrandt (1633)

1) Dng c v
Tt c cc kim loi khi vch trn nn bi m li vt sm u c th
c dng v. Bc (silve r) l kim loi thng c dng nht, v th k thut
v bng mi nhn kim loi cng thng c gi l silverpoint. Ngoi ra ngi
ta cn dng vng, ng, thau, thic, km, ch v hp kim. Bc c nhc im l
en theo thi gian, khin cc nt v tr nn sm. Que bc c nhiu kch thc.
C th dng si dy bc ng knh 0.9 mm v cc nt mnh v que bc
ng knh 2 mm mt u nhn, mt u vt 4 5 v cc nt c rng
khc.
Vng cho nt mu xm m v khng i mu theo thi gian, nhng t
c dng v gi thnh cao. ng cho nt xm nhng theo thi gian b r
chuyn sang mu lc. Thau l hp kim ng v thic, r tin, mu xm, nhng
nht v hi vng. Ch l kim loi duy nht c th c dng v ln giy m
khng cn bi nn v nt v c th xo c, tng t nh bt ch ngy nay.
208

Ch mm nn khi v hay b cn i v th ngi ta thng trn ch vi kim loi

khc cho mi kim loi cng hn. Tuy nhin ch c nn t c dng. Hp kim
thic ng c dng thay ch, v khng c.
Que kim loi th ng c cm trong li g hoc ng trc. Ngy nay c
th dng bt ch bm (mechanical pencil) gi que kim loi.

Cc loi metalpoint cm trong ng trc (t trn xung, tri sang phi):

vng, hp kim vng 80% bc 20%, bc, hp kim bc 76% ng 24%, hp kim bc 50%
ng 50%, hp kim ch ng, ng, ch, h p kim ch thic, thic.

Metalpoint cm trong cn g
(nh ca drawingacademy.com)

Sliverpoint t li bc 99.99% ng knh 1.5 mm cm trong v g

(nh ca rueckertART)

209

T tri: bt ch HB 2mm, li ch -thic bc trong bng dnh, li ch bc trong bng dnh,

silverpoint 2mm trong v bt ch bm
(nh ca http://www.jacksonart.com)

By ch bm v li silverpoint 2mm, cng tng t bt ch 3H

(nh ca http://www.jacksonart.com)

2) Vt liu
Vt liu ph bin trong k thut v bng que kim loi gm vn g, vn
g ph gesso, gch gm, ba cng, giy da thuc (vellum) , ba cng, giy, v.v.
Vn g c u im l bn, nhn, cng nhng rt cng knh v chim nhiu ch
khi bo qun. Gch gm cng v bn nhng nng, v kch thc rt hn ch.
Vn gesso bn sn v da c nhc im l gi thnh cao. Cht liu kh bn v
r tin nht l giy dy. Nhiu dessin ca cc bc thy Phc Hng c v bng
silverpoint trn giy cn trng tn n ngy nay.

210

Vn ph acrylic gesso c khung lt mt sau (cradled gessobord) ca hng Ampersand

211

Vellum bng da b thuc

(nh ca http://www.tgosling.com)

3) Bi nn
Vt liu cn c bi th mi gi c nt vch t q ue kim loi. i vi
giy v da ch cn qut hai lt bi nn giy v da vn mm do sau khi bi.
Nu dng vn g v vn gesso th c th ph nhiu lp bi hn. Ch qut lt
sau ln trn lt trc kh hn.
Cc bc thy thi xa thng trn bt xn g, bt v trng hay v s, bt
trng ch vi dung dch keo da lm cht bi nn.
Theo Cennino Cennini (1370 1440) xng tt nht lm bt bi nn l
xng sn v cnh ca chim hay g, cng gi cng tt. Xng chn v vai ca
cu cng tt. Xng ny c nung ln n khi trng ra th em nghin thnh
bt.
Ngy nay c th trn bt , phn trng, bt trng titanium vi dung dch
gum arabic. Thc cht l gouache. V th c th dng ngay gouache bn sn
hiu. C th pha gouache mu khc, nh sepia hay nu Van Dyke vo
gouache trng c nn c mu, dng lm tone trung, trong khi tone
sm c v bng silverpoint cn ch sng c v bng gouache trng.
T th k XVII cng ngh pht trin sn xut ra bt ch than (graphite
pencil, tc bt ch thng c dng v ngy nay) cht lng ngy cng tt
v gi r, d dng, linh hat hn, sc a dng hn, nt v c th c ty
xa d dng, v c th dng v thng ln giy khng cn bi. V th bt ch
than dn dn thay th silverpoint. Ti th k XVIII hu nh khng cn ai dng
silverpoint v na. Ngy nay mt s ha s ch trng khi phc li k thut
ny trong cc ha vin v n i hi k lut v k nng cao, do rt c ch cho
vic luyn k thut dessin.

Trao i v pha mu v
Sau khi bi Mu trng ca sn du ca ti xut hin ti SOI [96], mt
cuc trao i th v din ra v c tch ring thnh bi Pha mu: trao i
gia Qunh My v Nguyn nh ng [97]. Ti ng li cc bnh lun lin
quan ti ti ny di y c gi tin theo di. Hnh minh ha do ti thm
vo.

212

Qunh My:
Nhn c bi Mu trng ca sn du cng vi xem ci nh lut ha
sc (cng mu, tr mu) ca tc gi Nguyn nh ng, ti mn php vit m
rng thm mt cht v mt vn rt v vn i vi cc ha s nhng li
khng nh i vi nhng bn bt u hc pha mu: Cc mu c bn l nhng
mu no? T nhng mu ny pha c tt c cc mu khc phi khng?
(khng tnh cc loi mu s dng ha cht c bit khng th pha c nh
mu pht quang, nh,.v.v.).

c n y, cc bn c th ang ci ti v qu tht pha mu l bn

nng qu thng thng ca ngi ha s, thng thng n ni nh ht th

213

hng ngy. Cng nh cc bn, ti 3 tui v tranh, cn mu no th c pha r a

thi, cm gic nh chng bao gi phi ng no c.
By gi khp ni bn nhan nhn cc bn in dy v mu c bn, v phi
mu. Phi chng vn ca ti li cng tha thi.
Khng hn th.
Ti khi dy cc chu b pha mu phi phn tch thm v nh sng v
ha cht. Cc bn in dy v mu c bn l c, vng v lam. Nu dng 3 mu
ny v en trng, khng th pha ra c tt c cc mu sc khc. V d c
pha lam s ra nu hoc tm xn ch khng th pha ra c mu tm tinh khit v
trong c c vng.
Vy l cm trn tay nhng bn in v mu c bn v cch phi mu do hc
sinh mua mang n, ti phi lm 1 ng vng s qua cc loi kin thc vt
l. Vi cc b ln th n, vi cc b 5, 6 tui th ti nh ch a cho cc b 3
mu iu (hng m magenta), vng, lam cng 2 mu en, trng v dy
cch pha thi. Cui cng cc hc tr ca ti u c th pha c tt c cc mu
m ti thch t 5 mu ti a. Ch c iu khc vi bn in l: trn di mu
pha gia vng v ca ti c: vng, vng th , vng ngh, cam ti, cam,
cam m, c, iu ( c l do iu pha thm vng). Cc b cng
pha c mu tm trong tro trong di mu do mu iu kt hp vi mu
lam. Cui cng hc tr ca ti b bn in dy cch pha mu i v t tin pha cc
mu m cc b mun bng nhng mu ti a.
Tuy nhin ti ch l mt ha s, ch khng phi mt chuyn gia hay mt
nh khoa hc nn ti cm mng khi c nhng bi phn tch k lng nh cc bi
vit ca tc gi Nguyn nh ng. Rt r rng, khc trit v h u ch cho nhiu
ngi trong gii v ngoi gii. Rt cm n anh.
Nguyn nh ng:
Gi Qunh My,
Quy lut cng mu :
Ba mu s cp (hay c bn) trong nh sng l (red, R), lc (green, G),
v lam (blue, B) (3 hnh trn bn tri Cng mu trong hnh minh ha Lut
ha sc ca bi ch).
nh sng ha vi nh sng lc cho nh sng vng (yellow, Y).
nh sng lc ha vi nh sng lam cho nh sng mu da tri (cyan, C).
nh sng lam ha vi cho nh sng tm hng (magenta, M).

214

Tm hng l mu kh gn vi mu tm (violet). Tm hng (magenta) l

mu khng c trong ph nh sng t nhin.
Cc mu tm hng (M), vng (Y), v da tri (C) c gi l cc mu th
cp (secondary) ca nh sng, v chng c to bi ha hai chm nh sng
mu s cp (primary). Nu ha c 3 chm nh sng s cp R, G, B vi nhau ta
c nh sng trng. l quy lut cng mu.
Quy lut tr mu :
Trong mu ha cht nh mc in, phm nhum, sn th ngc li: Ba mu
s cp l tm hng (magenta, M), da tri (cyan, C), v vng (yellow, Y) (3 h nh
trn bn phi Tr mu trong hnh minh ha Lut ha sc ca bi ch).
Tm hng (M) ha da tri (C) cho lam (blue, B),
C ha vi Y cho lc (green, G),
Y ha vi M cho (red, R).
Nh vy, trong mu ha cht th , lc, v lam li l 3 mu th cp. Ha
3 mu s cp ha cht M, C, Y vi nhau v mt nguyn tc ta c mu en.
Nhng v cc mu ha cht khng tuyt i tinh khit, nn vn cn c mu en
ring. V th, trong in n, ch cn 4 mu CMYK, trong K = key, tc mu en,
l in ra c tt c c c mu, tr mu trng (l mu ca giy).
Ti sao mu ha cht li tun theo quy lut tr mu? l bi v vt cht
bn thn n khng c mu sc (tr nhng vt t pht sng) m ch tn x v
hp th cc bc sng nh sng n sc trong nh sng chiu vo n . Mt vt
c mu l v khi nh sng trng chiu vo n, n hp th cc nh sng lc
v lam, ch phn chiu nh sng vo mt ta. Mt vt c mu en khi hp th
tt c nh sng chiu vo n. Mt vt c mu trng v n phn x tt c cc
bc sng nh sng.
Cc ha s Tn n tng l Georges Seurat (1859 -1891) v Paul Signac
(1863 1935) ch trng p dng quy lut cng mu ca nh sng vo hi
ha. Thay v tr mu nh khi pha mu trn palette, h v theo kiu chm
chm (pointilism) v l lun rng khi t mt chm cnh chm lc chng
hn, th hai chm nh sng v lc phn chiu ti mt ta s ha vi nhau
theo quy lut cng mu v ta s nhn thy mu vng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t
t hiu qu, cc chm phi rt nh, v cng phi rt m nh ( chnh l
nguyn tc nh ta nhn thy mu trn mn hnh TV mu dng ng hnh in
t sau ny). Trong khi cc chm ca cc ha s Tn n tng th c khi to
nh ngn tay, nn hiu qu khng c nh tng tng.

215

Georges Seurat (1859 1991)

Chiu Ch nht trn o La Grande Jatte
sn du, 207.5 x 308.1 cm, 1884 1886, Art Institute of Chicago

Trn thc t cc ht mu trong mu v khng phi l cc mu s cp l

tng. V th bng pha mu (hay vng mu sc) ch c tc dng nh hng.
Ha s ch thc s hiu mu pha trn vi nhau nh th no da trn kinh
nghim ca mnh.
Bng pha mu ca ha s

216

Bng pha mu (hay vng mu sc) ca ha s cng tun theo quy lut tr
mu nhng hi khc bng pha mu ca mu ha hc, phm nhum v sn mt
cht.
Ha s coi 3 mu (red, R), vng (yellow, Y) v lam (blue, B) l 3 mu
s cp (c bn), cn pha trn hai mu bt k trong 3 mu s cp th c
mt mu th cp. Nh vy 3 mu th cp l:
+ Vng -> Da cam (Orange)
Vng + Lam -> Lc (Green)
Lam + -> Tm (Violet)
Thng thng vng mu sc c xp theo chiu kim ng h hoc ngc
chiu kim ng h:
, da cam, vng, lc, lam, tm, trong mu i u (><) vi mu
lc, da cam >< lam, vng >< tm. Nhng mu i u nhau c gi l cc
mu b nhau (complementary). Trn hai mu b nhau theo ti l bng nhau th
c mu en hoc gn en (xm, nu).
Trn mu s cp vi mu th cp cnh n th c mu tam cp
(tertiary).
l bng pha mu thng c dy cho cc hc sinh hc v.
Mu p hay xu trc ht ph thuc vo cht lng mu v. Mun c
cc ho sc p th trc ht phi dng mu cht lng cao, cng nh mun c
ting n hay th n phi tt. C gii n my m v phi ha phm ti hay
nhc c d th cng b tay. V th ha s nn c dng nhng ha phm tt nht
m mnh c th mua c.
Ph c Tng hi: L do g m bng mu ca ha s li khc vi
nguyn l tr mu mt cht nh ? (sic)
Nguyn nh ng:
L do lch s.

217

Trang trong cun Coloritto (1725) ca J.C. Le Blond m t qu trnh in n theo m hnh RYB.

Bng mu ca ha s, c gi l m hnh RY B (Red Yellow Blue) l

bng c thit lp da trn kinh nghim ca ha s v c coi l nn tng ca
l thuyt ha sc t th k XVIII, k c trong k ngh in n. Bng mu RYB
c Jacob Christoph Le Blon xut vo nm 1725, khi cho rng hi ha c
th m phng tt c cc vt nhn thy c bng 3 mu , vng v lam . M
hnh RYB ca Le Blon sau ny c nhiu ha s pht trin thm, trong c
Philippe Otto Runge (1777 1810) ngi xut qu cu mu sc (color
sphere) thay v bnh xe mu sc (color wheel). M hnh ca Johannes Itten
(1888 1967) sau ny khng khc m hnh ca Runge my.

218

M hnh pha mu ca Johannes Itten

Cn bng mu CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow Black), ra i vo th

k XX da trn l thuyt tr mu ni trong bi ch. N c p dng trong
in offset mu halftone.
RYB hay CMYK, bng pha mu no tt hn?
S pha trn mu ca ha s cho ph mu rng hn ph mu ca m hnh
CMYK nhiu. Trn thc t, khi v sn du, ha s khng ch dng 3 mu s
cp RYB pha ra cc mu th cp v tam cp, m pha trn t nhng mu
c sn c nghin t cc pigment c tng hp hay ly t t nhin nh da
cam, lc, tm v hng lot mu tam cp vi cc chuyn sc ca chng. S mu
sn du c sn xut bn cho cc ha s c trn 100 sc. Ch cn trn tt c
cc cp 2 mu trong s 1 00 mu l c 4950 sc. Trn tt c cc c p 3
mu trong s 100 mu ta c 161.700 sc. y l cha k cc sc m
nht do t l cc mu khc nhau v thm mu sng (nh trng) hoc mu ti
(nh en) gy ra. Cc t hp ca 4 mu (CMYK) trong cng ngh in n khng
th no m phng li chnh xc c ph mu ca ha s.
Tuy nhin m hnh CMYK cho php vic tch mu trong cng ngh in n
tr nn n gin, c th lm c nhanh nhiu v r. Trong qu trnh tch mu
khi in n ngi ta thay nhng sc khng c trong bng pha mu CMYK bng
nhng sc gn ging nh vy. V th m cc phin bn tranh khng ti n o to
c mu ging vi tranh gc.
Nhng ph mu m mt ngi c th nhn thy cn rng hn ph mu
ca ha s cng nh ph c to bi bng CMYK nhiu. Cng ngh ngy nay
cn cha cho php sn xut ra bt c thit b nh mn hnh, hay qu trnh in n
219

no cho php m phng tt c cc mu m mt ngi cm nhn c. Tng t

nh vy khng c mt nhc c hay thit b in t no c th m phng c
tt c cc m thanh tai ngi c th cm nhn.
Qunh My :
Cm n anh Nguyn nh ng phn tch rt k lng v tn tnh.
ng
c gii thiu vi cc ha s tng lai v mt s mu c sn m chng
Ti c
ta khng th t pha c t nhng mu c bn v chng c sn xut t
nhng cht c bit v mt s vn pha mu khng theo l thuyt do phn
ng ha hc ca ha cht.
Ti cng thng cc em Hai mu pha vi nhau ra c bao nhiu
mu?. Cu tr li ban u ca cc em thng l : c 1 mu. Sau khi lm
di sc , cc em mi hiu rng ty t l mu trn vo nhau m cc em c
c cc mu khc nhau. V d pha vi lam ra xanh tm, tm xanh, tm, tm
, hay pha mu vng vi lam ra l m, nn chui, l cy, xanh c vt,
Ti xin ngh chng ta tm bn ring v mu ha cht v a s cc ha
s ang dng mu ha cht.
Cc bn th pha cc nhm mu:
Hng m (magenta) + lam
Hng m + vng + lam
c + lam
Nhm mu u tin pha ra c nhng mu m 2 nhm mu bn di
khng pha c.
Hai nhm mu bn d i s pha ra mu xn hn v c chnh l hng
m pha vi vng.
Xt v mt l thuyt, mu gc l mu khng do 2 mu khc to nn.
c l do hng m cng vng to thnh, nn v mt ha hc (khng
tnh nh sng) c khng th c tnh l mu gc.
Ngoi ra ti xin mo mui gp thm mt cht xu xiu v on vn sau
ca anh :
Mu p hay xu trc ht ph thuc vo cht lng mu v. Mun c
cc ho sc p th trc ht phi dng mu cht lng cao, cng nh mun c
ting n hay th n phi tt. C gii n my m v phi ha phm ti hay
nhc c d th cng b tay. V th ha s nn c dng nhng ha phm tt nht
m mnh c th mua c.
220

Ti ngh cht lng mu v cao gip bo ton bc tranh lu di ch khng

quyt nh mu p hay ha sc p. T i c dy hc sinh l khng c mu no
xu. Mu p hay khng p ph thuc vo vic cc em phi mu vi nhau nh
th no.
Thi sinh vin ti tng dng mu Trung Quc v. Sau mt vi nm, ci
xung mu, ci mc rt au lng. Bao nhiu cng sc v xun g sng.
Tuy nhin nhn li nhng ngy xa xa, thi cha c mu tt nh by gi,
Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii vn cn lu gi c nhiu tranh p, mu
p, ha sc p.
m nhc cng vy, i khi khng cn n xn, c nhng nhc s ch cn
phi hp ti ng ca th lu vi nhng m thanh th s m to c nhng bn
nhc hay.
Nguyn nh ng:

lapis lazuli

Gi Qunh My:
1)
Mu ngy xa khng c mn v tinh khit nh by gi v ha s
nghin bng tay, v c th c nhng tp cht. Tuy th khng th gi cht lng
mu ca h thp. V d mu ultramarine thi c lm t lapiz lazuli rt
p v t tin v phi khai thc tn Afghanistan ri a sang chu u. Ngy
nay ultramarine c tng hp nhng khng th no snh vi lapiz lazuli c.

221

Biu ph thuc ca h s phn x vo bc sng nh sng trong mu ultramarine lm t

lapis lazuli (tri) v mu ultramarine tng hp (phi).

2) Cc hng ha phm ngy nay thng sn xut hai hng mu: hng
cho ngh s v hng cho sinh vin. V d hng Winsor & Newton c hng Arts its
Oil Colors c lm t cc pigments ho hng, dnh cho ha s chuyn nghip,
c 120 mu, v Winton Oil Colors dnh cho sinh vin, c lm t cc pigment
r tin hn, v ch c 47 mu. Mu cho sinh vin cn c n thm cc cht
tr khc gim gi nhng ng thi cng lm gim lun phm cht mu. V
d nh trng titanium m ti ni trong bi ch: Trong mu bn cho sinh
vin, trng titanium c pha vi bt mu tr nh baryte, tuy gi r, song cht
lng thp v thiu c rc r ln ph. [98]

So snh mu cho sinh vin (trn) vi mu cho ha s chuyn nghip (di).

Cadmium tht ch c trong mu cho ha s (di). Mu sinh vin l mu m phng cadmium
, thiu c c ln nhum (trn).
Lam cobalt m phng (trn, gia) c sc vi so vi cobalt tht (di, gia).
Ngay c vi nhng cht mu r, mu vng cho ha s (di, phi) cng m c hn mu sinh
vin (trn, phi).

3) Mu s cp l khi nim do con ngi t t ra, lin quan ti s cm

nhn nh sng v mt sinh l hc ca con ng i. Con ngi cm nhn mu sc
bng ghi nhn cc sng nh sng qua 3 loi t bo th quan (receptors) trn
vng mc, gi l cone cells. Mi loi cone cell cm nhn c mt phn ca gii
ph mu lin tc, gm phn sng di (gi l L cone, hay red cone), s ng trung
(M cone hay green cone) v sng ngn (S cone hay blue cone). Nhng 3 loi t
bo th quan khng tng ng vi bt k mu s cp no (, lc, hay lam).
M hnh RYB ( vng lam) ca ha s v CM YK (da tri tm hng
vng - en) ca mc in khng tng ng. Mu s cp ca bng RYB khc
mu th cp pha ra t bng CMYK v c hai m hnh ny da trn cc ht
mu ho cht ch khng phi nh sng. Cc ht mu ho cht khng bao gi
tuyt i tinh khit [99]. Bn thn mu l m t khong rng gm cc bc
sng nh sng t 620 740 nm. M hnh CMYK cng khng th no to c
222

mu s cp ca m hnh RGB ( -lc-lam) trong quy lut cng mu nh

sng.
4) Hi ha hin thc khng phi l sao chp (copy) t nhin, v khng th
no copy c t nhin. C gng pha cho ging mu lc ca l cy hay mu
ca qu c chua l mt c gng v vng nh ni trn. o gic (illusion)
mi l ci m hi ha hin thc cn to ra.
5) Khi so snh cc pha mu p bng mu cht lng cao vi ci p
trong hi ha hay em vic ting n ca nhc c tt hay hn ting ca nhc c
ti so vi vic sng tc ra nhc vi ca v c, Qunh My hiu nhm ti.
ca ti l ci n piano tt, v d Steinway grand th d nhin c ting
hay hn ci n piano, v d ca Hn Quc rt nhiu ln, v cng t hn hng
trm ln. Chnh v th m cc ngh s biu din ai cng thch chi Steinway v
ngoi ting hay n cn cho php ngh s th hin ht nhng ci mnh mun.
Mt nhc c ti s km hm kh nng th hin ca ngh s (g m ting nh tt
mi th thi ri!).
D nhin mt ha s gii c th v bng bt ch HB Hng H trn giy bo
m bc ha c th vn p, nhng nu ha s y c v bng bt ch 6B Cont
trn giy v Ing res th chc chn bc k ha s p hn. l chn l v cng
gin d.
Nhiu nm v trc, c ln ti i d khai mc mt trin lm ti Bo Tng
M Thut H Ni. Trong s tranh ra mt c bc v my ci thuyn trn bi ct
ca ha s Bi Xun Phi. Bc Phi va ngm tranh ca chnh mnh va than th
v i ti: My tube mu cht lng km qu . ca bc Phi l nu bc c mu
cht lng tt hn th bc tranh p hn ri.
Qunh My:
Ti rt ng v thch on vit ny ca anh: Hi ha hin thc khng
phi l sao chp (copy) t nhin, v khng th no copy c t nhin. C gng
pha cho ging mu lc ca l cy hay mu ca qu c chua l mt c gng
v vng nh ni trn. o gic (illusion) mi l ci m hi ha hin thc cn
to ra.
Nhng quan im ca ti v mt ngh s gii v thng minh l mt ngh
Nu
ch c bt ch HB Hng H v giy bo m khng c bt ch 6B Cont
s:
v giy v Ingres, anh ta s tm ra mt phng php mi, mt style mi va
hay va sng to bng bt ch HB Hng H v giy bo m bt ch 6B Cont
v giy v Ingres khng th th hin tt nh vy c. Chng hn nh v, x,
bi giy bo s c th d dng hn vi giy v Ingres.
Nguyn nh ng:
Cho ch Qunh My,
223

Theo ti, mt ngh s gii v thng minh l mt ngh s v c ci mnh

mun.
L Phng:
Mt ngh s gii v thng minh l mt ngh s l mt ngh s c kh nng
thin bm v kinh doanh hn l ngh s c ti nng, a vi ch My v anh
ng cht, ti cho rng ti nng nghe vn n hn gii v thng minh thy sao
sao.
Ph c Tng:
Theo ti, v c c i mnh mun l gii, thng minh, nhng cha chc
phi l ct li ca ngh s, m l k nng ca ngh nhn. iu ct li hn l
phi mun mt cch r rng, v mu n ci c cho l hp dn. Vn ca a
s ngi khng phi l khng v c ci h mun, m v chng bit mnh thc
s mun g, hoc ci h mun b thin h cho rng tm thng, chng ng
quan tm.
Ngoi ra, cn c loi ngh s thng thng kh ng mun g, khng th
n
mt
tng c th no trong u, c qu trnh t tip din n h ci cy
hi
t mc m li vn ra c th xut chng. H n gin ht vo nhng khng kh
thi i v th ra tc phm ngh thut ng i, chng cn bit mun g.
Nguyn nh ng:
Cho cc bn,
Ngh s c nhiu hng. V Qunh My ni n ngh s gii v thng min h
nn ti pht biu quan im ca ti v ngh s gii v thng minh. Nhng ngh
s gii v thng minh mi ch l hng thp nht.
Theo ti, th hin (v) c ci mnh mun l yu cu ti thiu ca
mt ngh s. Nu ha s m cn cha v c ci chn hay c i tay ngi cho
ra hn th i vi ti cha phi l ha s v cha thnh thc k nng trn
phng din ngh nghip. iu cng tng t nh mt pianist m chy scale
cn cha sch th khng ng gi l ngh s piano.
L Phng ni ng, iu u tin cn cho mt ngh s l ti nng
tri sinh. Khng c ci ti nng tri sinh th c hc my v hay biu din
my th gii lm cng ch l anh th v hay th n m thi. y lng khng
bin thnh cht. Cn khi nh c thn nhp vo ngi th l thin ti. Ti c
vit v ti ny trong bi Ti nng v thin ti [100].
Trong mt ln tr li phng vn, khi c hi: Tha ngi, ai l ha s cn
sng v i nht th gii? , Salvador Dal tr li: Hin nay l Dal. Nhng
ng gii thch ngay v sao ng ni th: Nhng nu Dal em tranh ca ti,
tc ca Dal, ra so vi cc kit tc ln thi Phc Hng, hoc ca Velasquez, v
224

Raphael hay ca Vermeer, th lc Dal tuyt i khng l ci inh g c! Dal

ch gii v cc ha s khc qu km ! ng cn ni r l do v sao ng coi cc
ha s khc l qu km: Ti l ngi duy nht v c ci mnh mun.
Qunh My:
Cm n anh ng, anh Tng v bn Phng,
C l do mi ngh nhi li my t bt HB Hng H vi bt 6B Cont
tru anh ng nn em vit khng r rng. ca em chnh l nu ha s l ngi
tht s ti nng th vi bt c ci g sn c xung quanh, anh ta c th to nn
nhng tc phm thnh cng v c o y .
Nguyn nh ng:
ca em chnh l nu ha s l ngi tht s ti nng th vi bt c ci g
sn c xung quanh, anh ta c th to nn nhng tc phm thnh cng v c
o y (Qunh My)
Hay!
Trong S tay v nguyn vt liu v k thut ca ha s (The Artists
Handbook of Materials and Techniques), Ralph Mayer vit:
Khng c bng chng cho thy cc ngh s trong qu kh sng sung tc
hn cc ha s ngy nay, nhng c rt nhiu bng chng cho thy h khng bao
gi c gng gy hiu qu kinh t vi gi ca hy sinh cht lng. Vic s dng
cc vt liu hng hai v phng php ti t trong sng to hi ha l
mt hin tng xut hin t gia th k XX.
By gi th Ralph Mayer c cu l gii cho hin tng ny ri: C l v
a s ha s t gia th k XX c cng quan im vi Qunh My.
Qunh My:
i, anh ng sao li hiu bt c ci g sn c xung quanh thnh cc vt
liu hng hai v phng php ti t trong sng to nh?
V d: Mt ngh s ngho, ln ln x da, chng th ch c i n khi
giu mua ha phm bn Nht. Anh ta ti nng th anh ta c th tm cch
dng da (chng hn) sng to. Tc phm ca anh ta khng th tnh l vt
liu hng hai nu anh ta tm cch lm cho n bn vng. V nu anh ta thch v
mu nc trn giy thay v v sn du trn toan hoc anh ta khng c tin mua
sn du v toan Tranh v trn giy d rch hng hn tranh v trn toan th
tranh giy l vt liu hng 2 sao?
Cn phng php ti t hay khng l ty tng gc nhn v tng thi i .
225

V d: Monet v bc n tng mt tri mc nm 1872. Ngy nay bc

tranh ny treo ti bo tng Marmottan, Paris. Nm 1874, bc tranh ny c
gii thiu vi cng chng ti cuc trin lm n tng u tin. Cuc trin lm
khng thnh cng m gp phi s phn ng mnh m t c c nh ph bnh.
Louis Leroy ca bo Charivari ma mai v dng tn bc tranh ca Monet
ch phong cch cuc trin lm: n tng.

Claude Monet (1840 1926)

n tng Mt tri mc (1872)
sn du, 48 x 63 cm, Muse Marmottan Monet

Nguyn nh ng:
Gi Qunh My:
1) Ni dung ti bn ti l mu sc v k thut hi ha sn du ch khng
phi th no l ha s ti nng.
iu ti mun ni l ha s nn c dng ha phm tt nht (m mnh c
th mua c) sng tc, v mu cht lng thp th khng cho cc ho sc
p. Ti chng minh bng v d v mu trng titanium sn du dng cho
ha s v dng cho sinh vin khc nhau v phm cht nh th no. Cn nhiu v
d tng t nh vy.
Cng vy, nu dng mu nc v trn giy, th ha s cng vn nn dng
mu nc cht lng tt trn giy v mu nc cht lng tt, hn l dng
mu ti trn giy ti, v s xu.

226

Nu c mt ngh s lm tc phm t s da th chc chn anh/ch ta cng

s la chn s da no tt nht trong kh nng ca mnh lm tc phm, ch
khng b ci s da no c xung quanh cng dng, hay l lun l s da no
cng p.
2) Th no l mt ha s ti nng l ti hon ton khc v khng phi
ni dung bn ti y. Lc l mt trong nhng iu ngi tham gia i thai
nn trnh khi v tnh mc phi ci gi l ngy bin c trch (Red
herring fallacy), hay l nh lc hng tranh lun .
3) Khi so snh cn so snh cc i lng tng ng. V d khi bn v
v sn du th nhng iu nh sn du ca Talens tt v p hn sn ca
Trung Quc, v sn du ln canvas th tt v p hn v ln giy v.v. l nhng
iu cn tho lun. Nhng khng th so snh tranh sn du vi mt s n phm
ngh thut lm bng s da hay l da c, v nh vy c khc g so snh
meter vi kilogram? Ha s v sn du v ngh s lm tranh s da (nu c),
ni mt cch lch s, l hai hng khng tng ng.
4) Ralph Mayer vit: Vic s dng cc vt liu hng hai v phng php
ti t trong sng to hi ha l mt hin tng xut hin t gia th k XX.
Claude Monet (1840 1926) v bc Impression Soleil levant nm
1872, thuc th k XIX. Ch ngha n tng trong hi ha l tro lu cui th
k XIX, ch khng phi t gia th k XX. V vy cc ha s n tng Php
khng thuc phm vi nhn xt ca Ralph Mayer. Nu Qunh My mun phn
bc Ralph Mayer th nn tm phn v d t nhng ha s t gia th k XX.
Qunh My c bit sn du m cc ha s n t ng Php cui th k XIX,
trong c Claude Monet, tng dng l sn du ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois
mt trong nhng hng sn xut sn du ni ting nht th gii?
Song, i vi mt s ngh s, hi ha n tng cng l khi im ca s
suy i trong ngh thut hi ha. Salvador Dal tng ni: K t ch ngha n
tng ti nay, ngh thut hi ha suy tn tht n tng .
Gianggiang:
Tranh lun gia Qunh My v anh ng l s tranh lun gia thc t v
l thuyt, gia phng khong v cng nhc, m anh ng th ang dng s
thng minh, dng mt ng l thuyt, nhng trch dn v cu ch b queo
v che y s tht.
1. Qunh My ghi r rng l mu gc l mu khng phi do hai
mu khc to nn.
Trong thc t ti cng thy r rng c l do hng (h ng m) pha
vi
vng.
3 mu hng, vng, lam cng vi en v trng trn thc t pha ra c ht
227

cc mu khc (tr mu trong t nhin hoc mu do nhng ha cht c bit) .

cc bn pha c mu hng m t c, lam, vng y. c pha trng
i chng na th ch ra c hng nht hi nh vng, khng th pha c ra
hng m. Mi mu m hng m pha ra, c khng pha ra c, nhng mi
mu c pha vi mu khc ra, hng m pha y nh th cng thm vi vng
s ra c mu ging ht. l thc t.
n.

Ci mu RYB l lch s. Hin ti nu thc t khc cht th nn chnh sa

Ti rt khoi comment ca anh Ph c Tng: anh ng, l do g m

bng mu ca ha s li khc vi nguyn l tr mu mt cht nh? phi chng
Itten cha bit chnh xc 3 mu c bn phi l M, Y, C? v bng mu by gi
dy tr con chng qua do cha ai i gio trnh ca ng?
Ci v tranh lun gia thc t vi lch s v l thuyt ny lm ti nh
n v n Galileo: Gio Hi La M bo rng, theo Thnh Kinh th Tri t l
trung tm ca v tr v Mt Tri l mt hnh tinh di chuyn xoay chung
quanh Tri t. Tri li, nh Thin Vn Galileo dng loi vin vng knh do
chnh ng khuych i quan st trong khng gian v tm ra s thc ca khoa
hc l Mt Tri l mt nh tinh ca Thi Dng h v c nhiu hnh
tinh quay chung quanh Mt Tri. Tri t l mt trong nhng hnh tinh
quay chung Mt Tri. ng trc bo lc ca Gio Hi La M, nh khoa hc
Galileo vn phi ci u chiu theo mun ca Gio Hi m bo rng mt tri
quay chung quanh tri t. Nu khng ni nh vy th ng s b a ln
gin ha thiu v b thiu sng nh hai ng John Huss v Giordano Bruno trc
ng khng bao lu.
2. T vn bn trn, ti ngh ngi dng ngn ng, trch dn ngy bin
l anh ng ch khng phi My. Ci Qunh My dng l thc t v nhng logic
thc t.
3. Theo nh ti c v hiu: My ni v cc cht liu l v anh ng suy
din cu bt c ci g sn c xung quanh thnh cc vt liu hng hai v
phng php ti t trong sng to . Chnh bi ci kiu b quo ny ca anh m
ti ngh anh l ngi cng nhc. Ti hiu ca My l ngh s ti nng lun c
th sng to trong mi iu kin m mnh c.
4. Qunh My trch dn : Monet v bc n tng mt tri mc nm
1872. Ngy nay bc tranh ny treo ti bo tng Marmottan, Paris. Nm 1874,
bc tranh ny c gii thiu vi cng chng ti cuc trin lm n tng u
tin. Cuc trin lm khng thnh cng m gp phi s phn ng mnh m t
cc nh ph bnh. Louis Leroy ca bo Charivari ma m ai v dng tn bc
tranh ca Monet ch phong cch cuc trin lm: n tng.
Theo ti hiu My mun ni rng trong ngh thut, vo bt c thi no cng c
quan im khc bit. Thm ch ngh thut c ngy nay cng nhn nh n
tng th vo th k XIX cng b ch bai nn My khng quan tm n trch
dn ca anh v ng Ralph Mayer ch bai th k XX.
228

5. Nu ti l My, ti s khng ri hi i tranh lun vi ngi cng nhc

nh anh ng bi s khng lm g m ch mt thi gian qu bu ca mnh.
Thc t lun lun mnh hn l thuyt d l thuyt c lch s lu di n
u (ly v Mt Tri quanh quanh Tri t trong Kinh Thnh lm v d). Sau
bnh lun ny chc ti cng khng c v khng ginh thi gian i thai anh
ng u v ti rt bn v ti cha bao gi thch th c . Chng qua ti thy
Qunh My hin qu v v ny lm ti nh n Galileo (dng l thuyt, trch
dn, n p thc t).
Ph c Tng:
Bn Gianggiang ni th l hi oan cho anh ng ri. Bt k mt h mu
no cng u c l thuyt v thc tin. C h CMYK hay h RYB u c l thyt
v u c p dng rng ri trn thc t. V vic hai h ny cng tn ti song
song ti ngy nay chc chn c l do thc t no . Khi Johannes Itten vit l
thuyt mu sc, chc hn ng phi bit n h mu C MYK. Trng Bauhaus
ca ng li rt ch trng cng ngh, trong c c nhum, in. v th vic ng
vn dy h RYB hn phi c l do. Ti hi cu hi khng phi hi khy, m
thc s mun bit l do ca vic tn ti song song hai h thng ny ti ngy
nay. Nhng cu tr li ca anh ng thc ra cng cha tha mn lm. Mt mt
anh ni l do lch s (khng thuyt phc lm, v nu l lch s th nay ngi ta
thay bng ci mi ng hn, mt khc anh li ni l t h RYB pha c
nhiu mu hn CMYK, ti cng khng hiu v l do g. V nu qu tht nh vy
th ti sao cng ngh in, nhum li khng dng RYB c c nhiu t do
hn.
Vic h CMYK ngy nay c s dng rng ri trn my tnh khin ti
nghi ng n l mt th gia cng v tr mu th no . v m t mt nhng
hnh nh trn my tnh c nhn thy di dng nh sng, tc l theo nguyn
tc cng mu, nhng khi in ra li theo nguyn tc tr mu. v vy cn mt h
no c sai s t nht gia sn phm thit k v sn phm vt cht. Tt
nhin l on m, khng bit anh ng c gii thch c r hn khng.
Cm n anh.
Nguyn nh ng:
Gi Gianggiang:
Gianggiang ch ti l thuyt cng nhc cng phi v ti l ngi lm vt l
l thuyt m. Nu c ai v sn du b nt do v lp di nhiu du cha kh
hn v lp trn t du ln lp trn kh trc ko mt sn nt th i
vi ti l ngi dt nt trong k thut sn du, tr phi ngi c tnh lm
nh vy to mt hiu qu ch nh no . Ti vit cc bi v k thut sn
du v ng t i y khng ngoi mc ch gip cc ha s trnh nhng li s
ng .

229

Trong cc bnh lun trc ca ti, ti ch n gin gii thch rng pha
mu trong hi ha l da trn thc hnh ca ha s v bng pha mu RYB
vi 3 mu c bn l , vng v lam do Le Blon xut l bng pha mu c
rt ra t kinh nghim thc t cu cc ha s. Bng pha mu CMYK l bng ra i
sau ny da trn l thuyt v lut tr mu, theo cc mu s cp trong lut
tr mu (cyan, magenta, yellow) l cc mu th cp trong lut cn g mu ca
nh sng, cn cc mu th cp trong lut tr mu (red, green, blue) l cc mu
s cp trong lut cng mu nh sng.
V vy, nu Giangiang nh ch ngi l thuyt cng nhc th Gianggiang
chn nhm i tng bi ngi ng b ch y khng p hi l ti m l
Qunh My, ngi khng nh ch c bng CMYK mi chun. G ianggiang phi
tm khuyt im khc ca ti ch th mi ch ng.
C nhn ti khng h c kin g v vic c ngi thch chn bng CMYK
hn bng RYB hay ngc li. Trn thc t v sn du theo k thut nhiu lp,
ha s rt t khi s dng mt trong hai m hnh RYB hay CMYK ni trn.
Leonardo Da Vinci coi 6 mu sau y l mu c bn: trng, vng, lc, lam,
v en, trong , ngoi 3 mu c bn , vng, v lam c a bng RYB ng cn
thm mu lc na, khng k mu trng v en. iu ny khng ngn cn ng
v nn Mona Lisa.
Gianggiang c hiu rng mu ho cht c lm t pigments cho nn
khng c mu tinh khit tuyt i, k c mc in? V th cng pha trn nhiu,
mu cng bn. Do cc hng sn sn xut lm ph mu rt rng. Trong
ph mu ho cht c sn xut ra t cc khong cht trong t nhin hoc
bng tng hp khng c mu no l mu s cp hay th cp c. Thc t khi
v ngi ta dng mu t tube ch khng dng ph a t magenta v yellow
v xn hn. S cp hay th cp by gi ph thuc vo vic ha s theo bng pha
mu no.
Nu theo bng RYB th :
3 mu s cp l , vng, v lam,
3 mu th cp l da cam, lc, v tm,
V khng c ti no pha c mu t mu da cam v mu tm, hay mu
vng t mu da cam v mu lc, hay mu lam t mu tm v mu lc c.
Nu theo CMYK th
3 mu s cp l da tri (cyan), hng tm (magenta) v vng (yellow)
3 mu s cp l , lc v lam
V khng ti no pha c magenta t v lam, da tri t lam v lc, v vng
t v lc c.
Gianggiang khng tin c th xem v thng bo kt qu trn SOI cho mi
ngi hc tp.
230

Trn thc t, bng RYB l bng pha mu cc ha s v ang dng t

nhiu th k nay. Bng CMYK l bng dng trong cng ngh in n t th k XX
thay cho bng RYB trc y. By gi Gianggiang hiu u l l thuyt u l
thc t ri ch?
Do cch dy tr con chng pha mu d p nht l nhn i s
mu c bn ca bng RYB ln, c th l:
-

2
2
1
1

- 2 : hng ngc v cadmium

vng: vng chanh v vng cadmium trung
lam: lam cobalt v ultramarine hay lam Hoggar
trng
en

S dng 8 mu , mun c mu trung gian p th trn hai mu c bn

gn vi n. V d mun c mu lc rc r th pha vng chanh vi lam Hoggar.
Mu trng v mu en dng gia gim sng ti.

V lng v pha mu:

T mu s cp (primary red, th t t tri) c th thm vng cadmium
c mu sc vng v mu da cam (phi) hoc trng c mu hng
(th 2 v 3 t tri), hay en c mu nu ti (u tin t tri).
Khng nh thc t lun mnh hn l thuyt l mt trong nhng khng
nh nc ci m ti tng c nghe. Leonardo Da Vinci tng ni: Ngi ch
thch thc hnh khng c l thuyt cng ging nh thy th trn mt con tu
khng bnh li, khng la bn, khng bao gi bit mnh s bi i u.
V d v Galileo Galilei m G iangiang trch dn bin h cho khng nh
trn cng sai nt. Giangiang c bit Galilei i n kt lun v tri t quay l
da trn l thuyt v h quy chiu rt ni ting ca ng khng? Trong khi
khng nh tri t l trung tm v tr ca Nh th khng da trn mt l
thuyt khoa hc no c m da vo Kinh Thnh: Mt t c thit lp chc
chn v khng th chuyn dch. L thuyt ca Galilei l nn tng quan
trng trong ca c hc Newton v thuyt tng i ca Einstein sau ny.
Nguyn nh ng:
Khi Johannes Itten vit l thuyt mu sc, chc hn ng phi bit n
h mu CMYK. (Ph c Tng)
231

Johannes Itten xut bn cun The Art of Color nm 1922.

12 nm sau, nn 1934, Alexander Murray mi xut m hnh CMYK v
ng dng trong k ngh in. Trc magenta khng c coi l mu s cp
(hay c bn) trong lut tr mu.
M hnh CMYK cng c nhiu nhc im. V d n khng m phng c
u
mu rc r nh cc mu da cam, tm, lam v l m (yellow green). Cho
nhi
nn ngy nay cc h thng in cht lng cao nh Hexachrome dng 6 mu s
cp, CMYKOG (cyan, magenta, yellow, black, orange, green), hay Heptatone
dng 7 mu s cp, CMYKBGP (cyan, magenta, yellow, black, blue, green,
purple), ch khng phi 4. Heptatone hin nay c coi l m hnh in mu tn
tin nht, gn vi mu trn mn hu nh quang CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). Ngi
ta cn in vi 9 mu s cp. D nhin cng nhiu mu s cp th quy trnh in n
cng phc tp v gi thnh cng cao ln.
CMYK cng khng phi l m hnh ha sc hin i duy nht. N c
dng nhiu v tin li v r tin v ch cn 4 mu, v tng ng ngc vi h
thng cng mu nh sng RGB (red green- blue), nh digital printing ngy
nay d kt hp c 2 m hnh CMYK v RGB trong vic tch mu, matching color
trong in n. Nhng n khng hon ton chnh xc nh ni trn.
Hin nay c nhiu m hnh ha sc hin i nh CIE, CIELAB, CIECAM02,
NSC, MSC, HSV, HSL v.v. m ti khng nu chi tit y v s qu di v cng
khng cn thit.
Chng y cng cc bn thy huyn tha i v cc mu c bn (mu
s cp) chun trong mu ha cht tan thnh my khi.
Trong thc hnh v tranh ca ha s mu c bn l cc mu c
lm t color pigments (tc cht mu hay ht bt mu).
Nguyn nh ng:
Tham kho mu sn du ca cc hng ni ting : 3 hng sn xut sn
du cho h a s ni ting nht th gii l Lefranc & Bourgeois (Php, t 1720),
Winsor & Newton (Anh, t 1832), v Talens (H Lan, t 1899).
Nht c hng Holbein (t 1946) cng rt ni ting v lm mu xn.
Ph mu sn du Extra -Fine Lefranc & Bourgeois sn xut dnh cho cc
ha s chuyn nghip c 120 mu trong khng h c magenta v cyan.
Ph mu sn du Rembrandt do Talens sn xut dnh cho cc ha s
chuyn nghip c 120 mu cng khng h c magenta v cyan.

232

Ph mu sn du Artists Oil Colours ca Wins or & Newton sn xut dnh

cho cc ha s chuyn nghip c 120 mu trong ch c 2 mu magenta
nhng khng c mu cyan.
Hng Holbein ca Nht sn xut 169 mu, trong ch c 1 mu magenta
sng (light magenta) ta nh hng cnh sen, v cng khng c cyan .
Thc ti ny ni ln iu g? N cho thy bng ha sc theo cc hng
ni ting ni trn sn xut mu bn cho ha s l bng RYB ch khng phi
bng CMYK.
Ph c Tng:
Anh ng,
ng l Itten vit sch nm 22, nhng ng sng ti nm 67, v sch ca
ng c ti bn ti ngy nay. V th em mi ni l ng chc chn bit n h
mu
CMYK.
Vic cc nh sn xut mu vn lm h RYB m khng lm CM chng t l ngi
ta vn c th dng tt h mu ny. Em vn cha r ti sao trong cng ngh in,
nhum li chuyn sang h CMYK m khng dng RYB, trong khi quy lut pha
mu ca RYB cng r rng, c th cng ngh ha, v li pha c nhiu loi
mu hn.
Nguyn nh ng:
ng l Itten vit sch nm 22, nhng ng sng ti nm 67, v sch ca
ng c ti bn ti ngy n ay. V th em mi ni l ng chc chn bit n h
mu CMYK. (Ph c Tng)
Ti nhc li l khi Itten vit quyn sch v l thuyt ha sc ca mnh vo
nm 1922, ng khng ti no m bit c h CMYK, v h CMYK 12 nm sau
mi ra i.
Sau nm 1934, c th Itten bit v h CMYK, nhng l thuyt mu ca
Itten da trn quan st t nhin. ng cho rng con ngi cm nhn mu sc
khng ch bng th gic, m cn bng tm l, v cm xc. V th hin nhin l
ng da trn m hng RYB v , vng v lam l 3 trong 4 mu s cp (,
vng, lam v lc) m co n ngi cm nhn v mt tm l.
Theo l thuyt i lp mu sc hin i (opponent color process), h
thng th gic ca con ngi tip nhn thng tin v mu sc qua 3 cone cells
(gi l Long cone, hay red cone), sn g trung (Medium cone hay green cone) v
sng ngn (Short cone hay blue cone). 3 cones ny c nhng phn chng ln
nhau v bc sng nh sng m chng thu nhn. V th h thng th gic ca
con ngi thin v so snh s khc nhau gia phn ng ca cc cone cells hn
l phn ng ring r ca tng cone cell. L thuyt i lp mu sc khng nh
rng c 3 knh mu i lp :
233

 >< lc,
lam >< vng,
en >< trng (knh tiu sc, tc khng mu, v trng v en khng phi l
mu trong nh sng). Knh ny ch ghi nhn sng ti.

6 mu s cp trong l thuyt qu trnh i lp mu sc

Cc mu i lp khng bao gi c cm nhn cng nhau. Khi nh n ranh

gii gia hai mu v lc (cng tone) t cnh nhau, ta thy ranh gii ny
nhp nhy, m ta gi l mu nh nhau. Khi ta nhn vo mt hnh vung c
mu l mt trong 6 mu s cp ni trn, v d mu , ri sau nhn sang
mt mt phng trng, ta thy xut hin mt hnh vung c mu i lp (hay
mu b) vi n, trong trng hp ny l mu lc.
Nh vy nu ta nht nh mun xc nh u l m s cp th cho n
nay nh ngha trn ca l thuyt mu i lp l nh ngha kh d nht v mt
khoa hc , cho d cng c ngi nghi ng n v a ra mt s phn th d.
Tm li, theo l thuyt i lp mu sc th i vi th gic v tm
l con ngi 4 mu s cp l , vng, lc v lam , khng k trng v en.
3 mu s cp trong bng RYB nm trong 4 mu s cp .
( cng chnh l 6 mu c bn m Leonardo Da Vinci xut cch
y 6 th k. Cc bn thy Leonardo thin ti nh th no cha?)
Kt lun: Bng RYB ph hp vi cm th mu sc ca con ngi. By gi
cc bn hiu ti sao ha s v hnh chung u dng bng RYB khi pha mu ri
ch. Dng bng CMYK p ha mu khi v l phn t nhin.
Ngi ta dng m hnh CMYK trong in n v l do tin li trong k thut
m ti gii thch trong bnh lun trc. Trong in n mu c bit l in mu k
thut s vic dng m hnh CMYK cho php i chnh xc nht t h thng mu
quang hc red -green-blue (RGB) ca mn hnh, phim chp, v.v. (ng nhm
vi RYB ca ha s) sang h CMYK ca mc in.
Thy:
H, tng ti kh khan, th m cng c cng thy th v.
234

Gi Anh ng,
- Ti va nhm qua cc hng mu ni ting ca anh, tn mu ging nhau
(v d mu m anh chn lm i din l red cadmium chng hn) m chng
mu no ging nhau (mu sm, mu nht, mu hi xn,.v.v.). Ti c tm ci gi
l c thc s theo ti liu in ra dy cc chu cng kh, nn ti on c khi v
vy m h khng theo quy chun CMYK c chng .
Ti c c chu nh hc v c Qunh My nn c bit s s. C My hin,
vui tnh, khng ph trng, khng thch tranh chp, yu v rt v tr con. Ti
ngh c y soi v c v hng chng qua l v mun tranh lun k, hiu
k dy bn tr cho ng ch khng h cng nhc v cng quyt khng
nh ch c bng CMYK mi chun.
Trong hp mu m c y yu cu hc sinh nn c: bao gm t nht 12
mu do c k ra trong c vng, c, cam, hng, l cy, cobalt,.v.v.
C y ni tp cho tr pha mu trnh thi quen ch dng mu pha sn, v
hiu c cch phi mu. Chu ti k l c c ni trn l thuyt th 3 mu ,
vng, lam l 3 mu c bn. Nh ng hm hc pha mu, chu ti khng c mu
hng (hng m) nn di pha mu gia c v lam ca chu ti trng xn
v bn hn gii pha mu gia hng v lam ca cc bn khc. Chc v th m
c y chn mu hng (c y cn gi n l iu) thay v chn c. C y
cho cc chu tp phi 2 mu, ri 3 mu, ri 5 mu vi nhau.
Ci mu Cyan m anh ni y, ti thy c y chn mu lam cobalt ging
nh anh xut, vy ti on mu hng ca c y chnh l mu hng
ngc m anh ra:
Do cch dy tr con chng pha mu d p nht l nhn i s
mu c bn ca bng RYB ln, c th l:
- 2 : hng ngc v cadmium
- 2 vng: vng chanh v vng cadmium trung
- 2 lam: lam cobalt v ultramarine hay lam Hoggar
- 1 trng
- 1 en
Vy v thc cht ti on 2 ngi l ging nhau, ch khc nhau cch gi
v nh vy mu c l cch gi khng chun chng v bn in ba mu c bn
th mu c ch l tng i?
Ti cng thm my thc mc ny:
- trong mu v ch khng phi ch trong mu in n, t hng m ( hng) kt
hp vi vng ra c c m t c kt hp vi mu khc th khng th ra
235

c hng m nh?
- Ngoi ra cc h thng anh k ra v in n (tc l v ha cht) ngy cng hin
i nh: CMYKOG, CMYKBGP ton c mu magenta (hng m) m chng thy
mu c u nh?
Vy ti ngh RYB y nn hiu R khng phi ch l mu c m ch l
thi, v RYB l mt cch gi kh rng v mu cho ha s do cc hng sn
xut l khng ging nhau nn n chung chung. Ti ngh l l do bng mu
ha s khc in n v mu khng quy chun nh in n (k c mu cng tn gi),
v cng c th l cch gi khc nhau n a. V d nh Cyan, Cobalt hay Lam (
Vit Nam).
Nguyn nh ng:
Cho anh/ch Thy,
1) Ph mu lm t pigments bn cho ha s rt rng, trn 100 mu. Ring
cadmium cng c vi sc .
Mc ch nhn i 3 mu c bn trong bng RYB nh ti ni l (tr
em) pha c mu th cp p nht. V th, t nht nn c 2 sc cho mi mu
c bn, mt sc nghing v pha nng, mt sc nghing v pha lnh.
Ph mu nh sng l ph lin tc trong mu t t chuyn t vng
sang vng da cam, vng vng, vng lam, vng tm. Bc sng nh sng ca
cc vng nh sau

Da cam
Vng
Lc
Lam
Tm

khong 700 635 nanometers

635 590
590 560
560 490
490 450
450 400

Ngoi cc bc sng trn l vng nh sng mt ngi khng nhn thy

c (tia hng ngoi c bc sng di hn bc sng vng , tia t ngoi c
bc sng ngn hn vng tm)
Trong mi vng, mu chuyn sc m nht, nng lnh. V th trong
c hng ngc, thn sa, Venice, cadmium, cadmium cam, v.v.
Ci tn ch c ngha tng i. Magenta l mu nm trong vng gia tm v
ta, nhng magenta l mu khng c trong ph nh sng t nhin.
Cyan hay da tri l mu nm gia vng lc v lam, gn vi sc sng ca mu
sapphire blue, turquoise blue hay manganese blue hn l colbalt blue. Trong
vng cng c vng ochre, vng n , vng chanh, vng cadmium m, trung,
nht, vng Naples v.v.

236

Khi Isaac Newton chiu chng ln nhau hai u v tm ca ph nh

sng nhn thy, ng thu c mu magenta.
2) Cc trao i vi Qunh My ch yu lm sng t 3 vn :
- Th no l mu s cp (c bn) v c thc l c mu c bn khng?
- M hnh RGB, RYB v CMYK l ci g?
- Ha s c nn c gng dng mu cht lng tt nht m mnh c th
mua c khng hay mu no cng p?
Nu anh/ch chu kh c k bi ch tt c cc bnh lun ca ti trong bi
ny ti chc anh/ch s hiu. Ti c gng tr li k v c ng trong phm vi
hiu bit v kh nng ca mnh bn c th c, hiu, ngm ngh v t rt ra
kt lun cho mnh. Ti cho rng la chn da trn hiu bit ca chnh mnh bao
gi cng l la chn tt nht.
Nguyn nh ng :
Theo lut tr mu, magenta (hng tm) trn vi vng chanh th cho mu
vermillion hay c. Cn magenta trn vi mu cyan (da tri) th cho mu
lam (blue).
Magenta + vng chanh = ?

237

Magenta + cyan =?

Trong hai mu th trn, vt mu ngoi cng bn phi (sau du vch

thng ng) - (tube) v lam (tube) l mu gc t tube bp ra. Nh cc
bn thy mu pha trn xn v c hn mu gc. Mu blue pha trn cn tm
chp nhn c, ch mu pha trn t magenta v vng so vi vermillion
tht qu xa vi. Trn thc t t m u magenta v vng khng th pha c mu
vermillion ( c) rc r nh mu gc.
lm 2 mu th trn, ti dng cc mu sn du cho ha s chuyn
nghip ca hng Winsor & Newton.
Gianggiang:
Anh ng,
Ti xem ci mu Magenta ca anh ng. Anh cha thy mu magenta
tht s trong in n v khng hiu mu hng (hng m) trong mu v l
mu
g
sao?
C l anh nn hi mt ha s ngnh in hoc vo nh in hi in 100% magenta th
ra mu g nh. Ci mu anh post may ra hi na n in 20-30% Magenta thi.
Cn trong mu v: Ci mu anh post ch c th gi l hng nht ch ai
gi l hng m hay l hng h anh? Anh xem nh cu b ngi cnh gi v
ca Qunh My y. C th do nh sng v gc chp nn mu hi bc v hi c
1 cht, nhng phi m nh vy mi gi l hng m ch.
Mu Cyan ca anh cng ch hi na n 30% cyan trong in n thi v cng
khc xa mu lam trong hi ha. Mu ca anh va nht, va ng c, li va
bng bc nh c trng vy th lm th qui no pha ra c mu mu tube
ca anh h.
cui tun, hoc sang tun, c thi gian rnh, ti lm cho anh xem vy.

238

 tin th nhc li cu anh ni thy thc hnh v thc t l khc nhau.

Anh
ni:
Khng nh thc t lun mnh hn l thuyt l mt trong nhng khng nh
nc ci m ti tng c nghe. Leonardo Da Vinci tng ni: Ngi ch thch
thc hnh khng c l thuyt cng ging nh thy th t rn mt con tu khng
bnh li, khng la bn, khng bao gi bit mnh s bi i u .
Cc l thuyt thng bt ngun t thc t v nhiu l thuyt cht yu v
khng c thc t anh. Ti ly v Galileo l nhn mnh ci phi thc t n
p ci thc t. Ti ng rng nu thc t rnh rnh khc vi l thuyt ca anh,
anh s chn l thuyt?
Gi Ph c Tng: Ti l mt ha s lm cho nh in. CMYK hin th trn
mn hnh my l khng chun vi in ra v mn hnh my tnh l nh sng, bn
in l ha cht. Ha s cn chnh ti nh in cn c kinh nghim v da trn thng
s mu. Vy nn mu CMYK hin th trn my tnh ch mang tnh tng i,
mu chun l mu ca sn phm.
Nguyn nh ng:
Gi Gianggiang:
1) Tt c tho lun ca ti v Qunh My y ch lin quan n pha
mu v trong hi ha. V th nn ti mi ni ti s khc nhau gia m hnh pha
mu ca ha s v m hnh CMYK dng trong in n. Gianggiang c k li cc
bi vit v bnh lun ca ti v ti ny nh khi lc . Ti vn ni CMYK
l m hnh p dng cho in mu, ch khng phi cho mu v ca ha s.
Ti tng kim tra cc bn in mu th ca nh in ti Nht nn ti hiu in theo
m hnh CMYK thng dng nh th no. Cc my in phun v laser cng dng 4
mu CMYK, k c ci my in ti ang dng ti nh hin nay.
Nhng mu v khng phi l mc in . Ha s v bng sn du,
acrylic, mu nc, mu bt ch khng v bng mc in (tr nhng ha s
lm ha dng mc in mu) [102]. m bn ca m hnh CMYK chnh l bn g
ho sc cng mu ca nh sng. Nh th c ngha l dng CMYK trong in n rt
tin trong vic convert (hon i) mu t m hnh cng mu RGB trn mn
hnh, phim mu sang mc in. Trong khi m bn ca m hnh ho sc ca ha
s c mu cyan khng c trong dng bn, nhng li thiu mu v da c am
trong dng bn.

239

Ti lm my mu th nh sau:

240

(a): trn magenta, vng, v cyan ca mu sn du. Theo m hnh CMYK

ca mc in, trn l thuyt, ti phi thu c mu en, nhng thc t ti thu
c l mu xm. L do, nh ti gii thch, l v mu v c lm t cc sc
t (color pigment). Chng b bn khi trn vi nhau.[101]
Trong khi , kt qu (b) thu c bng trn 3 mu , vng v lam t
m hnh pha mu ca ha s cng cho mu xm, nhng mu xm ny gn vi
mu en hn nhiu.
Cc hnh (c) (e) l kt qu pha mu t 3 mu s cp , vng v lam
theo bng pha mu ca ha s:
(c) + vng = da cam,
(d) vng + lam = lc,
(e): + lam = tm.
Cc mu th cp thu c da cam, lc, tm tuy khng c nh mu
tube, song u kh p. Trong khi , dng 3 mu v magenta, vng, v cyan
241

lm mu s cp pha theo bng CMYK th c th thu c mu lc th cp

kh p, mu lam tm c, nhng khng th no thu c cam mu , da
cam, v lam rc r.
l l do v sao 6 th k qua m ha s vn dng bng pha mu vi
3 mu c bn l vng v lam, m khng chp nhn m hnh CMYK. Nh ti
ni, pha mu v l da vo kinh nghim ca ha s v mi loi mu (sn du,
acrylic, mu nc, gouache, v.v.) trn mi cht liu (canvas, g, kim loi, la,
giy, v.v.) li cho mt kt qu khc.
Nh ni trong bnh lun trc, cc mu ti dng lm cc mu ny l
mu sn du cho ha s ca hng Winsor & Newton, mt trong cc hng sn
xut mu v ni ting nht th gii. Mu magenta ti dng l mu s 380
[102]. Mu cyan l mu Turquoise blue.
2) Ti trch cu ni ca Leonardo l minh ha rng l thuyt l quan
trng cho c thc t ln thc hnh. Thc t v thc hnh cn c l thuyt lm
c s. Khoa hc c xy dng t thc t t a nh mt ngi nh c xy nn
t cc vin gch. Nhng mt tp hp cc thc t ln xn th cng ta nh mt
ng gch ch khng phi l mt ngi nh. M hnh CMYK dng trong in n
cng c hnh thnh t cc l thuyt v ha sc bt u t th k th XVII I.
Ti s trnh by c hi tit hn v ti ny trong mt bi vit ring , m ti ngh
cng s c ch cho Gianggiang mt ha s lm vic trong ngnh in.
3) Ti ni l Galilei rt ra kt lun v tri t quay da trn l thuyt
v h quy chiu ca ng. Thc vy, nu ly h quy chiu l tri t th tri t
c th c coi l ng yn trong khi mi tinh t quay xung quanh n. Cn nu
ly h quy chiu l mt tri th tri t quanh xung quanh trc ca n v quay
quanh mt tri. V th Galilei ni l thuyt ca ng khng mu thun vi Kinh
thnh, nhng Gio hi khng chu. G ianggiang nhm ln khi dn Galilei
minh ha cho vic thc t mnh hn l thuyt. Giangiang cn nu th d khc
thuyt phc hn.

242

Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) c to d gio (Inquisition)

triu tp lm vic v dm c t tng ch ng i gio hi
khi cho rng tri t quay.
Tranh ca Cristiano Banti v nm 1857.

L Phng:
Gi anh ng, bn My v cc bn,
Ti phi cng nhn cc bn c 1 kin thc rt rng v mu sc v kh su
v cht liu. hiu ngay th cha, mc d bn thn t i cng qua trng lp
sch v thc hnh ni chung c, chc phi copy ri t t nghin cu may ra
mi lnh hi c, s nht mnh b ng ch m thi.
Nhn tin mch bi ca anh ng v ch My, t i xin c mt hi d
ngi l nh th ny, anh ch v cc bn xem liu ta c th lm c khng?
l trong cng vic lin quan n mu sc, khi phi thng tin trao i vi
nhau nhng li pht sinh ci kh, ci cn tr ch vn t Ting Vit c hn nu
khng ni l rt t. Ni n y chc anh ch v cc b n hiu ra ri phi khng.
Tht vy, trong kho ting Vit vi mu c nh danh r nh en, nu,
, cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm v trng, mt s mu c tn t vic ghp 2
mu pha trn, hoc mt vi mu c tn ring nh xm, ng, ta, l cy, v
cng ch c th, nhng mu trung tnh, mu c tng l th chu cht chng bit
gi l g. Thnh thong c vi mu dn gian cng linh ng t ra tn t vic
ghp vi tn mt mu t nhin d hnh dung. V nh: nu t st, nu cnh
gin, bc (ru), t a hay mo g, vng chanh, vng ngh, vng
t, xanh l m, xanh t chui, xanh t chai, tm Hu, hng cnh sennhng
thc ra cng chng n thua g.
243

So vi bn Ty th khc, c xem bng mu m mu no cng c tn gi

ring, c pht hnh dung ngay, b c pht nu pha c khi cng 1 chn 1 mi.
Vy liu chng ta c th xy dng c 1 bng tn cc mu hay khng,
chuyn tng, sc di hnh thc h thng cc mu c tn sn v t tn
mi cho nhng mu cha c. Ch cn 256 mu l cng qu thnh cng c ho
nhng vic n gin v d nh gip ch My dy hc tr chng hn. V mt s
ngnh nh kin trc, ni tht th cng tm . D nhin trong hi ha hay
nhip nh nh ngh th chng n thua g.
V ngh d ngi nn ht sc bn khon.
Nguyn nh ng:
Gi L Phng:
L Phng ni ng, ting Vit cn thiu rt nhiu thut ng chuyn mn.
Mt trong nhng kh khn l s cu n chp nht ca ngi Vit. Ngi Vit
kh chp nhn thut ng nc ngoi. Ngi Nht rt thong trong vic . H
Nht ho rt nhiu t ting Anh cho nn h khng c kh khn g trong thut
ng ca h c.
Mu sn du xut hin t phng Ty. Cc tn mu c xut x lu i v
c xc nh r rng. Khi ni nu Sienna ngi ta hiu ngay l nu lm t
t vng Sienna () v c mu nh th no. Khi ni Venetian red ( venice),
Naples yellow (vng Naples), cc ha s sn du hiu ngay bn ang ni ti
mu g. Magenta cng vy. Bn bit v sao n c tn l magenta khng? V n
c pht hin vo nm 1859, trng vi trn nh Magenta gia qun ca
Napoleon III v qun o. Lc u tn n l fuchsine (tn loi hoa Fuchsia c
mu magenta). Tuy c pht hin t rt lu nhng n khng bn. Mi ti u
th k XX ngi ta mi tng hp c magenta bn, v sau khi A. Murray
xut m hnh CMYK vo nm 1934, magenta mi c dng nh mu s cp
trong in n. Tuy nhin cng ngh in mu CMYK ch thc s pht trin t nm
1980 nh cc cng ty Hoa K.
Ta khng th thay magenta bng bt c ci tn Vit Nam no nh tm hoa
ng
tm, hay hng cnh sen hay g g , v magenta l tn mu quc t ri
c, h
[tng t nh nt La (A) gia phm piano tro ng m nhc (trn nt (C) gia
phm piano) c xc nh phi c tn s 440 Hz.]
C mu gi l c cng vy. Tn ca ny l vermillion red. l
mu nguyn c lm t tinh th cinnabar (sulfide thy ngn), cn gi l
thn sa. N l mu c xc nh [103]. Cn ci tn c rt khng xc
nh. Mu c mi nc mt kiu. C c nh mu, c c ng da cam.
Trong ting Vit c i khi li cn c gi l c hng (Mt vng tri t
trong tay, du cha trn vn bay c hng ). Dy tr nh th th ti e cc
chu s v cng ng ngc.
244

Qunh My:
Cho tt c cc anh ch v cc bn,
Sau khong chc ngy khng vo Soi, ti khng ng ti ny li c
nhiu trao i nh vy. Cm n tt c cc bn quan tm, ng thi xin li v
ti b ri chnh ti ca mnh trong 1 thi gian kh di.
Mong cc bn thng cm v:
Th nht: my tnh ca ti c vn ngay t trc khi t i khi u cuc
trao i ny, sau n hng hn (hin vn ang phi sa cha). Ti v
ang phi dng nh my tnh nn ch lm c nhng vic cp thit nht.
Th 2: ti mt mnh chm lo cho 2 con trai va nh va nghch ngm,
cng thm ng lp, lo cho cu lc b, lm sch, trin lm,.v.v. Thi gian cho
bn thn l v cng him hoi.
Tin c trao i gia bn Gianggiang v anh ng, ti post ln y 1
cht thng tin v mu v pha mu ca hc sinh v ca ti:
- Ti dng cc loi sn du khc nhau n hng do s thch c nhn m
ti thch dng mu Georgian ca Daler -Roney, Anh.
Ti xin post pha mu sn du ca ti y (pha trn palet). Trong
mu lam ti dng Cobalt Blue, hng l Rose Madder, cn li l Cadmium
Red.
- V rt nhiu l do khc nhau t pha ph huynh v hc sinh v d
nh chi ph ha phm cao, mu sn du phc tp vi cc ha cht pha,
ty ra va mi va c hi,.v.v. v iu ch yu l hu ht ph huynh coi vic
cho con i hc l mt cuc chi, gip con m mang tm hn, kch thch sng to
ch khng ngh con sau ny s theo nghip hi ha (mc d c vi ph huynh
hc sinh ca ti l ha s) nn cc hc sinh ca ti s dng mu Gouache hoc
Acrylic ch khng dng sn du . T i xin post pha mu ca Gouache y v
ca Acrylic y (pha trn giy).
Tht ra comment ca ti vn ch bt ngun t thc mc ca cc chu v
ci mu c ca bn in mu c bn bn trn th trng v thc t mu hc
sinh ca ti pha ra b xn thi
Tun trc, lp hc ca ti c c ph huynh tham gia pha. Cc bn y th
c hng v c, v mu c vi lam vn cho ra cc mu xn nn h li
chuyn sang pha mu hng vi lam. Chuyn rt bun ci l tuy lp ny
cc hc sinh hi nh nhng v c ng ph huynh tham gia h tr con bng
cch hc c ng nn ti vn phn tch v nh sng v ha cht. Kt qu: Ph
huynh bo c i, chng em thy phc tp qu, kh nh qu, chng ht c mt.
Thi c c dy n gin thi,
245

Trao i l ly thng tin. c qua cc trao i ti c nhng thng

tin cn thit , cng thm iu kin sng qu bn rn nn v pha c nhn ti, ti
xin dng trao i vn ny y. Mong cc bn chuyn sang c v sch v
trin lm ca cc chu b v ng h.
Chn thnh cm n Soi cng tt c cc anh ch v cc bn.

246

Ch Thch
[1] Ralph Mayer, The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques (Viking Adult, 1991).
[2] Pip Seymour, The Artists Handbook (Arcturus, London, 2003) (c th ti xung min ph t
http://rapidshare.com/files/180507527/Artist-hungraphics.rar )
[3] Ralph Murell Larmann, Art Studio Chalkboard Information for artists and students ti
http://studiochalkboard.evansville.edu/
[4] Daniel Burleigh Parkhurst, The painter in oil,
http://www.artrenewal.org/articles/2002/Parkhurst/parkhurst1.asp
[5] Pliny the Elder, The Natural History,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history
[6] First-ever oil paintings found in Afghanistan, CNN, 24 April 2008.
[7] Cennino Cennini, Il Libro delArte
http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Cennini/
[8] Giorgio Vasari, Le vite de pu eccelenti architetti, pittori, e sculptori italian, da Cimmabu
insino a tempi nostri: Antonello da Messina (Firenze, 1550).
[9] Pht m vr-nish, tc vec -ni.
[10] Phn cc ty nc B ngy nay.
[11] Ngi lm cc th nghim tm cch ch ra kim loi qu nh vng t cc kim loi thng
nh ch. Ti th k XVII gi kim thut nhng ch cho mn ha hc.
[12] Xavier Langlais, La Technique de la peinture lhuile (Flammarion, 1959).
[13] M.V. Russo and P. Avino, Characterization and Identification of Natural Terpenic Resins
employed in Madonna con Bambino e Angeli by Antonello da Messina using Gas
ChromatographyMass Spectrometry, Chemistry Central Journal, 2012, 6:59.
[14] Theopilus Presbyter, De diversis artibus (song ng Latin Anh).
[15] ABC News: Afghan caves hold worlds first oil painting: Expert
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-01-26/afghan-caves-hold-worlds-first-oil-paintingsexpert/1024106
[16] J. Yang, Giovanni Bellini; Experience and experiment in Venetian painting, c.1460 to 1516,
a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, History of Art, University College London, University of London, 1998.
[17] Bn gc v bi vit ca Brian
techniques.com/history-of-oil-painting.html.

Thomas

ti

ch:

http://www.oil-painting-

247

[18] M. Elias and P. Cotte, Multispectral camera and radiative transfer equation used to depict
Leonardos sfumato in Mona Lisa, in Applied Optics, Vol. 47, issue 12, pp 2146-2154.
[19] Sir Joshua Reynolds, in Beauty and the Language of form (p. 22)
http://books.google.com/books?id=Xn9XVqnqibcC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=difference+betwee
n+Flemish+and+Venetian+techniques&source=web&ots=Fx0do7QdJ9&sig=sKYu_dDGqJYCYyvI
NUDA2f1ZXA8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_resul&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA22,M
[20] N. Schneider, Vermeer (1632 1675), Veiled emotions (Taschen, Kln, 1994);
http://www.essentialvermeer.com/ by Jonathan Janson.
[21] Ti Salon dAutomne nm 1905 nh ph bnh Louis Vaucelles gi phng by tranh ca
nhm Matisse, Van Dongen, v.v. l ci chung th (Nguyn vn: Mais cest la cage aux
fauves!) T ny sinh ra tn gi trng phi d th (fauvism).
[22] Davis Lomas, Painting is dead long live painting: Notes on Dal and Leonardo, Papers of
surrealism Issue 4 Spring 2006.
[23] Wener Karl Heisenberg (1901 1976) nh vt l ngi c, ot gii Nobel vt l nm
1932 v sng to ra c hc lng t.
[24] Perry Hurt, Revolution in paint, North Carolina Museum of Art.
[25] Jean-Aguste-Dominique Ingres tng ni: Hnh ha l tt c. Ton b ngh thut nm
.
[26] Camille Pissarro tng vit ln mt sau tranh ca mnh khi by bn ti gallery: Lm n
khng qut varnish ln bc tranh ny .
[27] Lch s ca hng Lefranc & Bourgeois.
[28] A. Daish, The fading, changing paintings of Vincent Van Gogh.
[29] Ian Sample, Van Gogh doomed his sunflowers by adding white pigments to yellow paint,
The Guardian, 14.02.2011.
[30] Sn du khng phi l trng hp ngoi l, bi iu ny cng xy ra vi cc cht liu khc,
v d nh tranh sn mi ca Vit Nam, vn c coi l rt bn vng. Mt ng i bn ha s ca
ti cho bit, mi y trong mt ln sang M, ng c xem my bc sn mi ca mt ng
nghip kh ni ting qu nh, nhng hng ht. Nhng ngi M hi: Lm sao by gi?
Chng ti mua kh t m by gi hng ton b. Theo ngi bn ti, nhng bc sn mi ny
c v ch mi 5 nm trc, nhng hng khng th cu vn c.
[31] Bc ha ny lc u c tn Ba ti cui cng v b a n cui cng ca Cha Jesus v 12
tng . Sau Veronese b To n Gio hi triu n thm vn v nhng chi tit nhy cm
trong bc tranh. ng tr li: Ngh s chng ti t coi mnh c nhng t do nh cc thi s v
nhng ngi in . Ri khi rch vic, thay v cha li, ng i tn bc tranh thnh i
tic ti nh Levi.
[32] K. Vanderlip Carbonnel, A study of French painting canvases, Journal of the American
Institute of Conservation 20 (1980) 3.

248

[33] M.F. Mecklenburg, Determining the Acceptable Ranges of Relative Humidity and
Temperature in Museums and Galleries, Part 1 (2007).
[34] M.F. Mecklenburg, Determining the acceptable ranges of relative humidity and temperature
in museums and galleries, Part 2, (2007).
[35] Y. Maor, A. Murray and B. Kaiser, Using XRF for semi-quantitative analysis in a study of
delaminating paint, 9th Intl Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem, 25 30 May 2008.
[36] .. , , 4.
(, 1949).
[37] E. Ordonez and T. Twilley, Efflorescence on works of art, WAAC News Letters, vol. 20, No.
1, January 1988.
[38] S. Sands, Using oils with acrylics, Just Paint (Golden Artist Colors Inc.) Issue 24 (2011) 1.
[39] M. Kimmelman, Mark Rothkos Harvard Murals Are Irreparably Faded by Sun, New York
Times, 8.8.1988; H.A.L. Standeven, The History and Manufacture of Lithol Red, a Pigment Used
by Mark Rothko in his Seagram and Harvard Murals of the 1950s and 1960s, Tate Online
Research Journal, 2008.
[40] Leonardo da Vinci dng tempera v bc Ba ti cui cng (1495 1498) ln tng lt
gesso, mastic v hc n. Kt qu: bc bch ha hng ngay sau khi hon thnh. ng dng sn
du v bc Trn nh Anghiari (1505) trn lp lt encaustic: Bc ha hng ngay khi ang
v. J.M.W. Turner, J. Reynolds, J.M. Wistler, v V. Van Gogh kht ting cu th trong la chn
mu v. Kt qu: Nhiu tranh ca cc danh ha ny bc m u r rt, khng th cu vn ni.
[41] Theo http://www.handprint.com
[42] Color handbook at SpecialChem
[43] http://www.lefranc-bourgeois.com/
[44] http://www.winsornewton.com/ [C th ti xung min ph cun The Oil Colour Book A
comprehensive resource for painters (Sch v mu sn du ngun thng tin ton din cho
cc
ha
s )
ca
Winsor
&
Newton
(2001)
ti
http://www.winsornewton.com/assets/ocb_english.pdf ]
[45] http://www.royaltalens.com/en-gb/
[46] http://www.holbein-works.co.jp/english/index.html
[47] M.D. Gottsegen, The Painters Handbook (Watson-Guptill, 2006).
[48] Holbein Artists Oil Colors Chart.
[49] Royal Talens, Lightfastness.
[50] Theo gii thch ca i din hng Matsuda.
[51] Pigment Database.
[52] M. Prez et al., A critical analysis of commercial pigments.

249

[53] I. Newton (1671) A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton, Professor of the Mathematiks in the
University of Cambridge; Containing His Theory About Light and Colors: Sent by the Author to
the Publisher from Cambridge, Febr. 6. 1671/72; in Order to be Communicated to the R.
Society, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 6 (6980): 30753087
[54] Xem Color of art pigment database
[55] http://www.naturalpigments.com/
[56] Paint and coating testing manual, Chapter 19: White pigments (by J.H. Braun) (1995) p.
159.
[57] Paint and coating testing manual, Chapter 26: Pearlescent pigments (by C. Rieger) (1995)
p. 299.
[58] Tn hai loi rp cy ny l kermes v cochineal. Trong t Hn -Vit c hai loi khc nhau
ny u c gi rp son hay rp yn chi . T th k XVI ngi ta dng b cochineal lm
nguyn liu ch thuc nhum v ch ra cng mt mu ch cn mt s b cochin eal
bng 1 phn 10 n 1 phn 12 s b kermes.
[59] V. Finlay, Color: A natural history of the palette (Random House, New York, 2004).
[60] Harold Speed, Oil painting techniques and materials (Dover edition, 1987).
[61] Salvador Dal, 50 secrets of magic craftsmanship (Dial Press, New York, 1948).
[62] The artist creation Color of art pigment database, an artist reference.
[63] Chnh nh dng du lanh nghin pigments m Jan Van Eyck lm mt cuc cch
mng v cht liu trong k thut sn du vo th k XV. Trc , du ht thuc phin v du
ht c ch c dng trong sn du t th k V VII ti chu .
[64] Sekaido l hng bn ha phm ln ti Nht Bn, c tr s chnh ti Shinjuku (Tokyo) v 11
chi nhnh ti Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama v Nagoya.
[65] Nn c bit thn trng khi c cc thng tin v k thut hi ha sn du v ha phm
trn Wikipedia v nhiu thng tin sai. Ngoi ra, tuy cun Cm nang v cht liu v k thut cho
ha s ca Ralph Mayer, xut bn nm 1940, c ti bn ti 5 ln: 1951, 1964, 1973, 1982,
1991, nhng nhng ti bn sau khi Meyer qua i ( 1979) khng c php sa mt ch. Sau
40 nm, nhiu thng tin trong ngnh sn xut ha phm thay i so vi nhng g c vit
trong cm nang ca Meyer.
[66] Mt trong cc cch gi mu sn du cn tha trn palette 1 2 hm sau v tip l
dng dao v gt mu, pht ln mt ming giy thic ri gp p cht li cho tht kn. Ming giy
thic ng vai tr gn nh tube mu, cch li mu tip xc vi khng kh. Nu mun lu hn
th cn bo qun gi giy thic ni c nhit thp, v d nh trong t l nh.
[67] Juita et al. Fire Science Reviews, 1 (2012) 1:3
[68] Mt s tranh ca Van Gogh b nt v Van Gogh lm dng cht lm kh c cha ch v dng
blanc fixe (PW22, mu trng r tin) (Xem A. Daish, The fading, changing paintings of Vincent
Van Gogh; Claus Habfast , X-rays unravel mysterious degradation of a Van Gogh painting:
Supposedly protective varnish caused discolouration possible implications for other paintings?
European Synchotron Radiation Facility, 4.09.2012.)

250

[69] R. White and J. Kirby, A survey of XIX and early XX century varnish compositions found on
a selection of paintings in the National Gallery collection, National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol.
22, 2001.
[70] Tinh du oi hng cng lm tan dammar song gi thnh qu cao c th c d ng nh
dung mi ty sn v ty varnish.
[71] Copal lu i nht th gii c tm thy thnh ph Mizunami, tnh Gifu, Nht Bn c tui
33 ngn nm.
[72] M.V. Russo and P. Avino, Characterization and Identification of Natural Terpenic Resins
employed in Madonna con Bambino e Angeli by Antonello da Messina using Gas
ChromatographyMass Spectrometry, Chemistry Central Journal, 2012, 6:59.
[73] J. Kirby, The Painters Trade in the Seventeenth Century: Theory and Practice, National
Gallery Technical Bulletin Volume 20, 1999: Painting in Antwerp and London: Rubens and Van
Dyck.
[74] Ta thng gi l c-l-phan (colophane) nha thng m nhng ngi chi n dy nh
violin hay cello thng dng xoa archet tng ma st khi chi.
[75] Gum naval stores: Turpentine and rosin from pine resin, Non-wood forest products 2,
J.J.W. Coppen and G.A. Hone, Natural resources institute, FAO, 1995.
[76] R. Bauer et al. Use larch wood material for treating inflammation, Patent WO2009079680
A1, 2009.
[77] Cc nh gi kim thut th k XIV bit ch ra du thng (m trong cc bn tho c bng
ting Latin c vit l terebintina) bng thng hoa c th du trong nh nc ngun v
bc chy nh la. Song, cho ti gi ngi ta cha tm c ti liu hay bng chng no cho
thy du thng c dng tron g hi ha vo th k XIV XV.
[78] pha nam Vit Nam bt lng c gi l c v.
[79] C.S. Henshilwood et al., A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos cave,
South Africa, Science 334 (2011) 219.
[80] C th xem video clip gii thiu qu trnh sn xut bt lng Raphal ti:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7jg-Vfq9Dk
[81] J.T. Weber, Artist brush tips (Edited by D. A. Silver, Silver Brush Ltd.)
[82] http://www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/home.htm
[83] Ralph Mayer, The Painters Craft. An Introduction to Artists Methods and Materials, revised
and updated by Steven Sheehan, Director of the Ralph Mayer Center, Yale University School of
Art (New York: Penguin Group, 1948, 1991).
[84] Xavier Langlais, La Technique de la peinture lhuile (Flammarion, 1959).
[85] National Gallery Technical Bulletin, Vol. 18, 1997 (National Gallery Publications, London),
series editor: A. Roy.

251

[86] Jacques Maroger, The secret formulas and techniques of old masters (Studio Publication,
New York London, 1948), 200 trang.
[87] Trong cun 50 b mt ca tay ngh ma thut, xut bn cng trong nm 1948, Salvador
Dal nu quan im ngc vi Jacques Maroger v dung dch thn diu.
[88] C l Jacques Maroger cn c vo Giorgio Vasari khi coi Rogier Van der Weyden
(1399/1400 1464) l mn ca Jan Van Eyck. Thc ra Rogier Van der Weyden l mn
(hoc tr l) caRobert Campin (1375 1444) danh ha Flemish, cng thi vi Jan Van Eyck.
B tranh th H xung t Thnh Gi do Rogier Van der Weyden v nm vo khong 1435
tui 35 tc trc k hi Van Eyck c cho l tit l b mt ca mnh cho hc tr (1440) l
minh chng rng Rogier Van der Weyden khi l mt ha s bc thy.
[89] Kt qu phn tch s liu do mt s vin nghin cu tin hnh sau ny khng tm thy
du vt ca prot ein trong cc mu xt nghim t tranh ca Van Eyck. Dung dch pha mu ca
Van Eyck, c xc nh qua cc xt nghim trn, ch gm du kh (du to mng) v nha
cy. iu ny cho thy gi thuyt (do Maroger cng nh mt s hc gi khc xut) v dung
dch nh tng (cha lng trng g) ca Van Eyck cn c tip tc kim chng bng cc
xt nghim trong tng lai.
[90] Cch ch du en theo cng thc ca Maroger kh tinh t nn nu khng theo ng, du
b un qu lu hoc qu la, hay c lc khng k v.v., kt qu c th gy ra ti mu theo
thi gian.
[91] Trong bi Maroger i chi vi Megilp tc gi John Bannon nhn mnh s khc nhau
quan trng gia Maroger medium v Megilp medium l ch Maroger medium c ch
bng un du vi oxide ch cho n khi du b cao phn t ha v ng mu en. Nh vy,
Maroger medium t tc dng vi oxy, trnh c b i mu sau ny. Trong khi Megilp
medium c pha ch ngui, hn na li c trn vi cht cha kim loi lm kh nguyn
nhn gy ra cc tc hi ln tranh. Ni chung, theo thng k ca cc chuyn gia, h hi do vic
dng dung dch pha mu hay cht kt dnh khng tt thng xy ra trong vng di 10 nm.
[92] Peter Booth, Stretcher Design: Problems and Solutions, The Conservator 13 (1989) 31-40.
[93] P. Marcon, Agent of deterioration: Physical forces, Canadian Concervation Institute, 2013.
[94] Art in transit Handbook for packing and transporting paintings, eds. M. Richard, M.F.
Mecklendburg, and R.M. Merrill, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1991.
[95] . Lasyk, M. ukomski, . Bratasz, and R. Kozowski, Vibration as a hazard during the
transportation of canvas paintings, in Conservation and Access, Contributions to the London
Congress, 15-19 September 2008, eds. D. Saunders, J. H. Townsend, S. Woodcock, The
International Institute of Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, 1, 64-68, 2008.
[96] http://soi.today/?p=107179
[97] http://soi.com.vn/?p=107600
[98] Mu hng sinh vin (student grade oil paints) cha t cht mu (color pigments) hn mu
cho ha s (artist grade oil paints). V th mu sinh vin km c v c nhum thp hn. Cc
cht n thay th cht mu cng khin mu hng sinh vin khng mn v do bng mu cho
ha s. Trang painting.about.com khuyn rng nu ln cn v gi thnh th th v tranh c nh
bng mu cho ha s cn hn v tranh c to bng mu hng sinh vin. Theo hng ha phm
Deovir ti Manila (Philippines), sn du sn xut ti Trung Quc cn cha nhiu cht n hn
sn du hng sinh vin, khin cc c tnh ca cht mu cng b thay i.

252

[99] Kch thc ht mu trong sn du (nghin bng my) c th ln ti 10 40 micron, cn

trong mc in: khong 1 2 micron. Mng phim sn du dy t nht gp 10 ln mng phim ca
mc in. a s mu sn du l mu c, trong khi a s mc in l mu trong.
[100] c ti https://nguyendinhdang.wordpress.com/2012/04/01/tai-nang-va-thien-tai/
[101] Bn hay khng tuyt i tinh khit y phi c hiu theo ngha mu c lm t
cc ht mu c kch thc nht nh, trn vi du to mng. nh sng chiu vo mu va i
qua (mu trong), li va phn x li t cc ht mu (mu c). V khng c mu no tuyt i
c hay tuyt i trong, hai qu trnh ny kt hp vi nhau khin s pha trn mu v bao gm
c tr mu ln mt phn cng m. Kt qu l mu c to bi pha trn 3 mu s cp +
vng + lam khng bao gi en, m ch xm v vn c mt t nh sng phn x li.
[102] Xem ti http://www.winsornewton.com/na/discover/resources/colour-charts/artists-oilcolour
[103] Khng c vermillion th ch c nh chu v khng th pha c n t bt c 2 mu no
khc.

253