M IN

M in:
Bo v kim loi khi n mn: gip vt liu tr nn bn
hn, chu c nhng iu kin khc nghit hn.
Tng cng; chng mi mn
Phc hi kch thc ca cc chi tit b mi mn.
Chc nng trang tr: cc lp m crm, vng, bc, hp kim
.
Trong k thut in v in t : tng dn in v bo
m tip xc tt.
Cac cong dung khac: Phn x quang v nhit; Dn
nhit; dn in; d hn; thm du .
u im : R tin, d thc hin

Nguyen l qua trnh m :

Mn+ + n M
Ma ien : s dung nguon ien
Ma hoa hoc : dung phan ng kh = pp hoa hoc
M hp kim
mLT = A.I.t/F
m : khoi lng chat kt ta; A: ng lng gam
I : lng ien chay qua dung dch; F: hang so Faraday
t : thi gian ien phan

Hiu sut dng : H = (mTN/mLT).100%

Cc giai on ca quy trnh m:

1) X l b mt:

Ty du m : ha hc, in ha

Phosphat ha, anod ha

2) M :

Anod tan; anod khng tan

Dung dch: pH; nn; phc

Ph gia

Mt dng

3) Th ng ha:

n nh tnh cht b mt

Mu sc

Ty du

Ra

Bin i b mt
Phospht ha,

Ra

Cc yu t nh hng phn b kim loi

Cc ngnh KH nghin cu ng dng cho qu trnh M

Qua trnh ien phan vi anod ha tan:

Catod:

Mn+ + n M

Anod:

M - n Mn+

U= (1 + )[p,a p,c + (1+ ) IR]

: h s tiu hao in nng ti cc tip im.

p,a , p,c : in th phng in anot v catot.

: h s tiu hao in nng tch t kh in cc.
I : cng dng qua b m.
R : in tr dung dch.

Nhng tiu chun quan trng khi la chn h m

bm dnh
Khuch tn

Lp m

n mn; Mi mn;
xp
ng lc
Ph gia
Cu trc; Tnh cht

Nn

Gin ha hydro

Yu cu v lp m:
- Bm chc vo nn, khng bong trc
- Kt ta nh mn; yu cu v xp (ln, nh)
- Do; cng cao; dy theo yu cu
- Bng, M, .
Qu trnh kt ta
To mm
2 giai on

Pht trin mm

Tc ca tng g/ ph thuc vo /k in phn:

T, I, phn cc, tp dung dch, khuy trn,.

Dung dch in phn

a) Bn cht ca cht in ly :
Dung dch mui n: ion kim loi l cation t do
phn cc catt b lp m th, sn si, khng ng u.
Dung dch mui phc: ion phc
phn cc catt ln phn b tt, lp m u hn
V d: - phc CN ;
- phc vi ion diphosphat, amoniac, floborat (BF4-).

Dung dch in phn

b) Nng :
Cng ln cng lm gim phn cc catt lp m cng th.
Nhng khi qu long th :
- tc kt tinh thp hiu sut thp
- I gii hn b lp m xu hnh thnh nhnh cy; ngoi ra
dn in thp lm mt nhiu nng lng.
Nng ti u

Dung dch in phn

c) Thnh phn
Thng thm cc ph gia:
-Nn (cht in ly, nng cao) : tng dn in, t
chc lp m tt, khng ch pH
-Cht HBM (lm bng, lm bng, lm t ): Gelatin,
Thiour, 1,4-butildiol, dn xut ca sulfonapten, natri
laurylsulfat,

Ch so pH va tac dung cua dung dch em:

- tng qua the hydro tren ien cc
- pH giam th hieu suat dong catot giam
e am bao chat lng lp ma can on nh pH
cua dung dch bang cach them vao dung dch
em.
Mt dng : mt dng nh hng nhiu n
tnh cht lp m, tc m, cc phn ng
cc in cc, hiu sut dng,

Cu to tinh th cng nh mn lp m cng tt

Cch sp xp, nh hng cc tinh th bng, t/c quang,.
Phn b dng tt
Tinh th nh mn : Vto mm >> Vpht trin mm
Phn cc catod ln: KL kt ta th m hn nhiu so vi Ecb
mc hon chnh ca cc tnh th cng tng
t phn cc catod ln:
- mt dng ln
- phc cht (ph gia, ligand hu c hoc v c)
Mt dng cao : kt cu b mt rn chc; cng ca lp
m tng, tuy nhin b mt khng ng nht.
Mt dng thp : lp m khng c cng cao nhng mn, t
gai hn v chiu dy lp m gim.

Kh nng phn b ca lp m
Mun thu c lp m tt th dy cc v tr khc nhau phi
ng u. Thc t m : bin lun dy hn, ch li dy
hn ch lm.
a) Tm hiu Nguyn nhn nh hng n s phn b ca lp
m loi tr
Hnh hc: i vi cc vt th phc tp lm cho khong cch
ant v catt khng ng u.
in ha: tc dng phn cc, mt dng.
b) Cc phng php ci thin s phn b ca lp m:
Dng dung dch mui phc
Tng khong cch gia anod v catod
Dng anod c hnh dng ging vi catod
Dng vt cn gia anod v catod cn bng khong
cch

S lc ve gia cong be mat trc khi ma:

Phng phap c kh: mai tho, mai tinh, anh bong, chai,
phun cat
Phng phap hoa hoc hay ien hoa: tay dau, m, tay g,
lam bong be mat, ra sach.
+ Tay dau, m: xa phong hoa bang NaOH hoac KOH
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH -> 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3
dau m

tan

tan

+ Tay g: thng dung H2SO4 10% (de bay hi) hoac HCl 10%
(de gay gion hydro)
do :

Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2

CAC THAO TAC CHUAN B TRC MA

Chuan b be mat
Tay dau m
Tay g
Tay nhe
Trung hoa

CHUAN B BE MAT
ANH BONG HOA HOC

ANH BONG IEN HOA

GIA CONG C HOC

MAI VA ANH BONG

ANH BONG T ONG

CHAI

BANG DAY AI

SOC BONG VA QUAY BONG

PP. DAO ONG TAN SO CAO

PHUN CAT

MAI & ANH BONG

He thong: may quay hai au truc co gan banh xe anh bong.

Toc o quay banh xe thay oi: tuy theo loai kim loai.

Banh xe anh bong: vai, da, lua.

Hat mai c gan len banh xe anh bong bang mot lp keo
thuy tinh hay da trau. Nong o keo phu thuoc vao tng loai hat
mai.

Kch thc hat mai quyet nh hieu qua anh bong. c o
bong cao phai anh bong t tho en tinh.

Thuoc anh bong co nhieu loai: thuoc anh bong xanh (cng ma Crom); thuoc anh bong trang (mem - ma Nickel, Nhom);
thuoc anh bong o (cng trung bnh - ong va cac hp kim)

QUAY BONG

Dung cho cac chi tiet nho.

Nguyen tac: s co sat gia cac chi tiet vi nhau va gia chi tiet
vi nguyen lieu mai.

Van toc quay: ong vai tro quan trong (15 50 vong/phut)

Vt lieu

Thep uc, sat, niken, crom

ong va hp kim, bac, kem
Nhom va hp kim, ch thiet

Toc o quay
(vong/phut)
18 30
14 18
10 14

PHUN CAT

Nguyen tac: dung kh nen thoi cat vao be mat chi tiet lam
bong cac tap chat.

Che o hat cua cat va ap lc khong kh phu thuoc vao nguyen
lieu va kch thc cua chi tiet.

Chi tiet sau khi phun cat xong can c x ly be mat ngay hay
chong g tam thi.

ng dung: cac chi tiet chnh xac, x ly be mat chi tiet trc khi ma,
oxi hoa, phosphate hoa

CHAI

He thong truc co gan ban chai hai au.

Nguyen tac: dung tnh an hoi cua cac si day kim loai e lam
bong lp g.

Day ban chai: thep, ong thiet, ong kem, long.

o cng day chai tuy thuoc vao loai nguyen lieu.

ANH BONG BANG DAY AI

Nguyen tac: da tren s chuyen ong cua day ai, cac
hat mai c gan len day ai.

u iem:
de hn anh bong bang pht. Phang, khong b loi lm
Lc cat got ln, thi gian anh bong ngan
San pham khong b qua nhiet
Hat mai dung c lau; Co the dung toc o ln
Neu dung day ai chu nc, co the gia cong bang hat
mai nc.
Banh khi
ong

Tam
Day ai

Banh
dan

ANH BONG HOA HOC

Thc chat la qua trnh an mon hoa hoc.

Be mat an mon phang, tng oi bong (sau khi anh bong c
kh)

ng dung: che tao dung cu o, knh phan quang nhom

u iem: khong dung nguon, hieu suat cao, co the anh bong
cac chi tiet phc tap.

Nhc iem: o bong kem, sinh nit trong qua trnh anh bong

ANH BONG IEN HOA

Phng phap an mon anod trong ieu kien nhat nh.

ng dung: sat, thep khong g, nhom ong, hp kim

Nhc iem: khong anh bong c cac chi tiet co be mat
lom, sau; khong kh tap chat phi kim loai tren be mat; ton
kem.

u iem: be mat bong, hieu suat cao, tiet kiem sc lao ong.

TAY DAU M
Nguyen nhan: cac loai dau m boi chong g hay thuoc anh bong
ngan can qua trnh ien ket tua kim loai, gay bong lp ma,
ong thi lam ban dung dch ma.
Tay dau hoa hoc; tay dau ien phan; tay dau thu cong
va tay dau trong thung quay.

Tay dau hoa hoc: dung phan ng hoa hoc hay cac chat HBM.

Tay dau ien phan: Toc o cao; heu suat cao va tay dau sach.
Mat o dong: 10 15 A/dm2 ; nhiet o: 60 70oC.

Tay dau thu cong va tay dau trong thung quay: phng phap
c kh -> thuan tien, gian n, linh hoat, chi tiet van am bao
o bong, khong b an mon. Toc o quay (tay dau trong thung
quay: 60 100 vong/phut).

V DU VE TAY DAU HOA HOC

Thanh phan dung dch tay dau
Thanh phan dung dch (g/l)
Kim loai

Kim loai en
ong va hp
kim ong
Nhom, kem, ch

5 10

80 90

20 40

50 60

35

80 90

20 40

20 25

5 10

80 90

20 40

Na3PO4.
12H2O

Na2SiO3

20 30

10 20

50 60
20 25

NaOH Na2CO3
20 60

T oC

Thi
gian
(phut)

10 15

TAY G

Do chi tiet can ma thng co lp oxit phu ben ngoai.

Tien hanh sau khi tay dau.
Tay g hoa hoc va tay g ien hoa.

Tay g hoa hoc: dung axit manh hoa tan lp g; trong
qua trnh tay can cho them chat c che.

Tay g ien hoa: li dung phan ng ien cc e tach
lp g tren be mat chi tiet. u iem : tiet kiem hoa chat,
chat lng be mat tot, nang suat cao. Tuy nhien, phai
dung ien va thiet b phc tap.

TAY NHE & TRUNG HOA

Tay nhe: dung axit loang ra nhiet o thng t 5
10 phut nham ay i lp oxit mong sau khi vt ma
di chuyen ngoai khong kh, khi ch ma hay tay dau
ien phan.

Trung hoa: dung dung dch kiem nhe ngam cac chi
tiet a lam sach be mat, cha ma kp ngay c.
(Na2CO3 30 50g/l hay NaOH 20 100g/l)

S
LC MT VI kt MA IEN:

1. Ma kem
2. Ma cadimi
3. Ma ch
4. Ma ong
5. Ma niken
6. Ma crom

1. Ma Kem
ien the chuan 0.763V nen la lp ma anot oi vi thep, ong,
niken va bao ve chung rat tot.

- vung bien kem b an mon rat manh.

- Chieu day nho hn 100 m.

+ Moi trng an mon rat manh : 36 42 m

+ Moi trng an mon manh : 25 30 m

+ Moi trng an mon trung bnh :12 15 m

+ Moi trng an mon yeu : 3 5 m

+ Kem ma cho oc vt, cac bo phan lap ghep : 4 7 m

+ Ma cho cac cong trnh vnh cu co cac quy nh rieng.

2. Ma Cd
- Lp ma cadimi gan bam tot vi nen kim loai, chu mai
mon tot
- o cng cua lp ma cadimi la 0,6 - 1,5 Gpa (1 Mpa =10
kg/cm2).
- Eo = 0,403 V. Cd la lp ma catot oi vi Fe, thep.
- Nc bien, co mat cac ion Cl- va SO42-, ien the Cd tr
nen am hn, Cd bien thanh lp ma anot oi vi Fe thep.
- Ma Cd: cac ren ghep can noi that kn, lam viec 2500C,
chong an mon ien hoa cho cac mat tiep xuc gia ong
vi nhom hay thep.
- Chieu day cua lp ma Cd thng t 12 en 18 m

 3. Ma ch:
- o cng lp ma ch 60 - 90 Mpa.
- Eo = 0,126 V, lp ma ch la catot so vi Fe va ch bao ve c
thep khoi an mon khi lp ma ch u day e khong con lo thung.
- Dung e bao ve thiet b chong lai tac dung cua H2SO4 va khong
kh co cha SO2 va H2S; e chong tia X; e bao ve moc treo khi
tay bong ien hoa cho kim loai trong H2SO4, cromic., e che tao
cac anot phu trong ma crom.
- Lp ma ch co o chu mai mon rat cao.
- Lp ma ch bam rat tot tren nen ong va hp kim ong, con oi
vi thep th phai ma ken trc khi ma ch.
- Chieu day lp ma co the 3 2000 m
- Dung dch ma ch eu co phan cc catot be nen lp ma tho, de
sinh nhnh cay

 4. Ma ong:
- Cu/Cu2+ :+ 0.34V, Cu/Cu+: + 0.52V.
- Lp ma catot oi vi Fe, thep
- Neu co lo thung trong lp ma ong th trong khong kh am
lap tc hnh thanh mot vi pin an mon Cu - Fe, trong o Fe thep
la anot hoa tan va qua trnh an mon xay ra rat manh.
- Lp ma ong de anh bong, bam gan tot vi nhieu kim loai
nh Ni, Cr, Ag ong thng dung ma lot cho nhieu lp ma
khac.
- Chieu day lp ma ong :
+ Ma lot di Ni hay Cr : 6 30 m
+ Ma len kim loai en de han : 6 30 m
+ Ma ghep hnh nghe thuat : tren 1000 m

5. Ma niken:
o cng cua lp ma Ni : 2500 4000 Mpa; cua Ni bong: 4500 5000 Mpa
- Lp ma Ni thng cng va gion.
- on nh pH rt quan trng v:
+ pH nho : th Ni kho ket tua va tren catot ch co thoat kh H.
+ pH tang : H va Ni cung phong ien ong thi
+ pH cao hieu suat dong thoat Ni cang ln, nhng neu qua cao
th co s xuat hien ket tua hydroxyt Ni hoac oxyt lan vao lp
ma gay lo.

- Hien tng ro

6. Ma crom
Eo = 0,7 V, Cr chong an mon tot.
- Trong khong kh am, ien the + 0,2 V, Cr la lp ma catot oi vi
thep nen phai kn mi co kha nang bao ve.
- ma trang sc rat mong trong he lp ma bao ve-trang sc (o day
0.3-1m),
- ma Cr bao ve chong an mon
- ma Cr cng phuc hoi chi tiet may a b may mon
- chu mai mon va va ap: kn va xop.
- Lp ma Cr co cau tao tinh the nho mn: rt bng

Cong nghe ma nhung nong

X ly be mat vat ma

Nhung vao be cha kim loai nong chay

Lam thu ong be mat vat ma

S o quy trnh ma nhng nng.

 S hnh thanh lp ma nhung nong chu yeu

da vao phan ng luyen kim trong be Zn
(hoc Al) nong chay, khong b tac ong bi
ky nang con ngi, thi tiet va khong kh.
 Phng phap nay ch dung e phu cac
kim loai co iem nong chay tng oi thap
nh kem (4190C), thiec (2320C), nhom
(6580C).
 o day lp phu ma nhung nong tuy thuoc
vao o day cua ket cau thep.

Ma nhung
ng nong
ng

Mot vai san pham ma nhung nong:

IN PHN SN XUT
KIM LOI BT

KL bt thng c s dng:
Luyn kim : s/x hp kim
Xc tc
Pigment
S/x vt liu compact, .

C th s/x KL bt bng cc pp c hc, ha hc,

phun
- C hc: ch vi KL c tnh gin; hnh dng ht
khng ng u
- Ha hc : KL r tin, xp, khng s/x c bt
hp kim
- Pp (nguyn t ha) phun : ht hnh cu, thng
hay dng nht

u im ca pp in ha:
p dng c cho rt nhiu KL
C th s/x hp kim
tinh khit cao
Gi thnh phi chng
C th thay i cht lng theo yu cu bng cch thay i
iu kin in phn, thnh phn dung dch v b mt in cc
Bt hnh thnh c b mt ring ln, rt tt lm xc tc,
D dng t ng ha v lin tc qu trnh sn xut

PP in ha cho cht lng tt:

ht mn, kch thc nh, ng u,
Trc tip hoc gin tip
Nguyn tc
Mt dng cao : vng dng gii hn
Anod tan hoc khng tan
- Anod tan : bn ngoi ngn cha bt thnh
phm
- Anod khng tan : dd chuyn ng d dng b
sung ion KL

Cc yu t thun li cho hnh thnh KL bt:

- Gim nng ion KL trong dd in ly
- Tng nng cht in ly nn
- Gim khuy
- Gim nhit
- Tng nht dung dch
Tt c nhng yu t ny u ph hp vi l
thuyt l in kt tinh bt l qu trnh khng
ch chuyn cht.

Tnh cht bt (cu trc, cht lng, bm

dnh,) ph thuc vo:
-

Mt dng: Cu, Ni, Fe - bt chc, c i thp;

Ag, Pb, Cd - bt xp, vy trong dung dch khng
cha phc cht.

Cht HBM, ph gia hot in,

th ng anod

ng kt ta cc tiu phn khc trong h

Nhc im :
Hnh dng v kch c ht c th b bt thng
(hnh nhnh cy,) gy kh khn cho mt s
ng dng.
B mt ring qu ln KL rt hot ng
gy kh khn cho vn bo qun.

Cc phng php tch sn phm:

o dng

Catod quay

To hn hng vi Hg

Catod l gii bng chuyn v tch sn phm bn

ngoi b in phn

Bnh hai ngn: dd nc v dung mi hu c; catod

quay.

Li co : li co ng yn catod quay hoc

ngc li.

Dng ph gia : ch tc ng n cht lng bt.