Ung Dung MS Excel Tronag Kinh Te

Chng Trnh Giang Day Kinh Te Fulbright
Chng Trnh ao Tao Mot Nam

Ve Kinh Te Hoc ng Dung Cho Chnh Sach Cong
EXCEL NG DUNG
TRONG KINH TE
PHAN 2
BIEN SOAN: TRAN THANH PHONG
Phong may tnh, nam 2004
MUC LUC
BAI 1. QUI TRNH LAP BAI TOAN TREN BANG TNH ............................................................... 1
1.1. Gii thieu ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Qui trnh..................................................................................................................... 2
BAI 2. TO CHC D LIEU TRONG BANG TNH ........................................................................ 6
2.1. Tao danh sach (List) .................................................................................................. 6
2.2. S dung mau nhap lieu (Data Form) ......................................................................... 7
2.3. Sap xep d lieu (Sort).............................................................................................. 10
2.4. Loc d lieu t danh sach bang Auto Filter............................................................... 13
2.5. Loc d lieu nang cao bang Advance Filter .............................................................. 17
2.6. Dung Data Validation e kiem soat nhap lieu......................................................... 20
2.7. Bai tap thc hanh..................................................................................................... 21
BAI 3. TONG HP D LIEU VA PIVOTTABLE ........................................................................ 23
3.1. Tao Pivort Table...................................................................................................... 23
3.2. Hieu chnh PivotTable ............................................................................................. 27
3.3. ieu khien viec hien th thong tin ........................................................................... 28
3.4. Tao PivotChart......................................................................................................... 29
3.5. S dung subtotals ..................................................................................................... 31
3.6. Dung cac ham d lieu .............................................................................................. 32
3.7. Bai tap thc hanh..................................................................................................... 34
BAI 4. BAI TOAN IEM HOA VON ........................................................................................ 36
4.1. Gii thieu ................................................................................................................. 36
4.2. Bai toan minh hoa .................................................................................................... 37
BAI 5. GIAI PHNG TRNH VA HE PHNG TRNH ............................................................. 41
5.1. Giai phng trnh ..................................................................................................... 41
5.2. Giai he phng trnh ................................................................................................ 43
5.3. S dung Solver ........................................................................................................ 47
5.4. Ma tran .................................................................................................................... 49
BAI 6. BAI TOAN TOI U VA QUI HOACH TUYEN TNH ........................................................ 52
6.1. Toi u mot muc tieu (Linear Programming)............................................................ 52
6.2. Bai toan au t (Linear Programming).................................................................... 58
6.3. Qui hoach nguyen (Integer Linear Programming) .................................................. 60
BAI 7. PHAN TCH RUI RO .................................................................................................... 63
7.1. Phan tch o nhay .................................................................................................... 63
Phan tch o nhay mot chieu ................................................................................... 64
Phan tch o nhay hai chieu .................................................................................... 65
7.2. Phan tch tnh huong (Scenarios) ............................................................................. 67
Phan tch tnh huong ............................................................................................... 67
Ham Index ............................................................................................................... 72
7.3. Mo phong bang Crystal Ball.................................................................................... 74
a. Mo hnh gia khong oi khong chac chan ............................................................. 75
b. Mo hnh gia oc lap khong chac chan ................................................................. 79
c. Mo hnh bc ngau nhien .................................................................................... 82
d. Mo hnh t hoi qui bac nhat AR(1) ................................................................... 85

BAI 8. XAC SUAT & THONG KE............................................................................................ 89
Bo sung cong cu phan tch d lieu vao Excel: ......................................................... 89
8.1. Thong ke .................................................................................................................. 89
Cac thong so thong ke mo ta (Descriptive statistics) ............................................... 92
Bang tan suat (Histogram) ...................................................................................... 93
Xep hang va phan tram theo nhom (Rank and Percentile) ....................................... 95
8.2. Bien ngau nhien va Phan phoi xac suat ................................................................... 96
Phat so ngau nhien theo cac phan phoi xac suat ..................................................... 97
Mot so ham ve phan phoi trong Excel...................................................................... 99
8.3. Tng quan va hoi qui tuyen tnh .......................................................................... 105
Phu Luc ............................................................................................................................ 111
at ten vung.................................................................................................................. 111
Danh sach AutoFill t tao ............................................................................................. 112
Phm tat thong dung ...................................................................................................... 113
Li gii thieu
Tai lieu c bien soan di dang hng dan tng bc phan mem Microsoft
Excel e giai cac bai toan trong kinh te. Tai lieu khong chu trong vao viec anh
gia, giai thch cac y ngha kinh te cua bai toan cung nh cac ly thuyet kinh te co
lien quan. Cac ban oc can tham khao them cac tai lieu ve ly thuyet e nam ro hn
cach dien giai va phan tch y ngha cac ket qua tm c bang cong cu may tnh.
Cac tai lieu can tham khao them:
-
Phng phap nh lng trong quan ly, Cao Hao Thi, Nguyen Thong, Nha
xuat ban Thong ke, 1998.
Toan ng dung trong kinh doanh, Cao Hao Thi, Chng trnh Giang day
Kinh te Fulbright, 1999.
Thong ke ng dung trong kinh doanh, Cao Hao Thi, ai Hoc Bach Khoa
Tp. HCM, 1998.
Ra quyet nh trong quan ly, Cao Hao Thi, ai Hoc Bach Khoa Tp. HCM,
2001.
Tai lieu c kem theo cac tap so lieu cho phan ly thuyet va bai tap. Ngoai
ra moi bai con co phan minh hoa sinh ong bang phim hy vong se giup ban oc de
tiep can van e hn.
Con nhieu van e cha c e cap en trong tai lieu, se dan c bo sung
trong thi gian sap ti. Moi gop y xin vui long gi en tac gia theo a ch sau:
Tran Thanh Phong
Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright
232/6 Vo Th Sau, Quan 3, Tp. HCM.
ien thoai: 848-9325103 Fax: 848-9325104
E-mail: ttphong@fetp.vnn.vn
Website: www.fetp.edu.vn
Tai lieu cho phep moi ngi s dung, sao chep theo qui nh cua Chng
trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright.
Tp. HCM, ngay 18 thang 08 nam 2004.
Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh
BAI 1. QUI TRNH LAP BAI TOAN TREN BANG TNH

1.1. Gii thieu
Nhieu thap ky qua, hang trieu nha quan ly phat hien ra phng cach hieu
qua nhat e phan tch va anh gia cac phng an bang cach xay dng cac mo hnh
bai toan tren bang tnh. Mo hnh tren bang tnh la mot tap cac quan he toan hoc va
luan ly c thiet lap tren may tnh nham giai quyet cac van e trong thc te va ho
tr nha quan ly ra cac quyet nh kinh doanh. S dung mo hnh bang tnh a giup
cho nha quan ly co the phan tch cac phng an kinh doanh trc khi la chon mot
phng an e thc thi.
Phan loai va ac trng cua cac ky thuat mo hnh hoa cac bai toan quan ly:
Mo hnh
Mo hnh gii
han
(Prescriptive
models)
Mo hnh d
bao
(Predictive
models)
Hnh thc cua

ham f(*)
Biet trc
Xac nh ro
rang
Khong biet
trc
Khong ro rang
Mo hnh mo ta Biet trc

(Descriptive
Xac nh ro
models)
rang
Gia tr cua bien

oc lap
Biet trc hoac
trong s kiem
soat cua nha ra
quyet nh
Ky thuat
Qui hoach tuyen tnh (Linear

programming), mang
(networks), CPM, bai toan
toi u (Goal programming),
EOQ, qui hoach phi tuyen
(non-linear programming)
Phan tch hoi qui
Biet trc hoac
(Regression analysis, phan
trong s kiem
tch chuoi thi gian (Time
soat cua nha ra
series analysis), phan tch sai
quyet nh
biet (discriminant analysis)
Khong biet trc Mo phong (Simulation),
hoac bat nh
Dong ch (Queuing), PERT,
Bai toan ton kho (Inventory
Models)
Mo hnh gii han: giai quyet cac bai toan ma chung ta biet trc cac gia tr
cua cac bien oc lap x1, x2, , xn hoac gia tr cua cac bien nay nam trong s
kiem soat va biet c moi quan he gia cac bien oc lap va bien phu thuoc
vi nhau. Khi o, ket qua cua bien phu thuoc Y xac nh theo ham f(x1, x2, ,
xn) se thu c mot cach chnh xac.
Mo hnh d bao: giai quyet cac bai toan chung ta biet trc cac gia tr cua
cac bien oc lap x1, x2, , xn hoac gia tr cua cac bien nay nam trong s kiem
soat va ham f(x1, x2, , xn) cha biet trc. Khi o, ta can phai c lng
Tran Thanh Phong
ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te
ham f e t o xac nh gia tr d bao cua bien phu thuoc Y.

-
Mo hnh mo ta: trong bai toan nay ta biet trc moi quan he gia cac bien
oc lap x1, x2, , xn va bien phu thuoc Y. Tuy nhien, gia tr cu the cua mot
hoac nhieu bien oc lap ta lai khong biet. Do vay e tnh toan ket qua cua
bien phu thuoc Y, ta can phai mo phong cac gia tr cua cac bien oc lap.
1.2. Qui trnh

Qua trnh giai quyet bai toan thng theo cac bc sau:
1/ Xac nh van e can giai quyet
2/ Lap mo hnh
3/ Thu thap du lieu
4/ Tm l giai
5/ Th nghiem li giai
6/ Phan tch ket qua
7/ Thc hien li giai
Xac nh cac van e
can giai quyet
Lap mo hnh
Thu thap d lieu
Tm li giai
Th nghiem li giai
Phan tch ket qua
Thc hien li giai
Hnh 1.1. Cac bc trong qua trnh giai bai toan

Tran Thanh Phong
Bc 1: Xac nh van e can giai quyet

Hnh thanh mot cau hay mot menh e ngan gon, ro rang ve cai g can phai
giai quyet. Cac kho khan khi at van e :
Van e at ra tao ra nhng mau thuan trong noi bo c quan va quyen li
cac thanh phan trai ngc nhau.
Van e giai quyet ung cham en moi mat cua c quan nen phai chon
nhng van e nao can giai quyet u tien e no em lai ket qua tong hp
cho c quan.
Nhieu khi at van e theo nh hng cua li giai cuc bo
Khi at van e va tm ra li giai th li giai a lac hau so vi thc te.
Bc 2: Lap mo hnh
Mo hnh la mot s n gian hoa thc te, c thiet ke bao gom cac ac iem
chu yeu ac trng cho s hoat ong cua he thong thc. Mo hnh can phai dien ta
c cac ban chat, cac tnh huong va cac trang thai cua he thong.
Co the co 3 loai mo hnh :
Mo hnh vat ly : mo hnh thu gon cua mot thc the
Mo hnh khai niem (mo hnh s o) : mo hnh dien ta cac moi lien he
gia cac bo phan trong he thong.
Mo hnh toan hoc : thng la mot tap hop cac bieu thc toan hoc dung
e dien ta ban chat cua he thong.
Trong phng phap nh lng, ngi ta thng dung cac mo hnh toan hoc.
Trong loai mo hnh nay co cha cac bien so va cac tham so. Bien so co the chia lam
hai loai gom bien so ieu khien c va nhng bien so khong the ieu khien c.
Cac ac iem can co cua mo hnh toan hoc :
Mo hnh phai giai c
Mo hnh phai phu hp vi thc te
Mo hnh phai de hieu oi vi nha quan ly
Mo hnh phai de thay oi
Mo hnh phai de thu thap d lieu
Nhng kho khan khi lap mo hnh :
Can phai dung hoa gia mc o phc tap cua mo hnh toan va kha
nang s dung mo hnh cua nha quan ly.
Lam the nao e mo hnh tng thch vi nhng mo hnh co san trong
ly thuyet phan tch nh lng.
Tran Thanh Phong
Bc 3: Thu thap d lieu dung cho mo hnh

ac iem cua d lieu :
Phai chnh xac
Phai ay u
Du mo hnh tot nhng d lieu toi cung cho ra ket qua sai (GIGO Garbage
In Garbage Out)
Nguon d lieu c thu thap t :
Cac ban bao cao cua c quan mnh, c quan lien he
Cac cuoc phong van trc tiep
Cac phieu tham do y kien
o ac hay o em e lay mau trc tiep
Dung cac phng phap thong ke e suy ra cac thong so can thiet
Cac kho khan khi thu thap d lieu
Khong biet lay d lieu t au
D lieu khong chnh xac khong ay u
Bc 4: Tm li giai
Tm li giai ngha la van dung mo hnh vi d lieu a thu thap c e tm ra
li giai toi u nhat.
Tm li giai bang cac phng phap sau :
Giai phng trnh, he phng trnh hay bat phng trnh
Phng phap th dan hay phng phap do dam (Trial and error
method) roi so sanh ket qua
Liet ke mot so phng an (hu han) roi so sanh cac phng an e
chon ra phng an tot nhat.
Dung thuat toan (giai thuat - algorithm)
Thuat toan la 1 day theo nhng th t nhat nh cac hanh ong hay
cac bc i neu thc hien theo o th se at c ket qua trong mot
thi gian hu han.
Nhng kho khan ve li giai :
Li giai kho hieu oi vi nha quan ly, nhat la nhng li giai ac biet
Thng mo hnh toan ch co mot li giai duy nhat trong khi nha quan
ly lai thch co nhieu li giai e la chon.
Tran Thanh Phong
Bc 5: Th nghiem li giai
Li giai co c la do ap dung mo hnh vi cac d lieu a thu thap c. Th
nghiem li giai la xem xet mc o on nh cua li giai oi vi d lieu va mo hnh.
oi vi d lieu : thu thap t nguon khac roi a va li giai e th
oi vi mo hnh : phan tch o nhay cua mo hnh toan bang cach thay
oi mot t ve so lieu roi a vao mo hnh, phan tch s thay oi cua ket
qua. Neu ket qua qua nhay oi vi s thay oi cua so lieu th phai ieu
chnh mo hnh.
Cac kho khan khi th li giai :
Thng li giai la cac d kien xay ra trong tng lai cha biet tot xau mc
o nao, thng phai hoi y kien anh gia cua cac nha quan ly.
Bc 6: Phan tch ket qua
Phai can nhac, xem xet nhng anh hng, nhng hau qua gay nen cho c
quan hay cho he thong khi thc hien li giai
Cac kho khan thng gap :
Ket qua gay tac ong anh hng en toan the c quan
Khi thay oi ne nep hoat ong sinh hoat cua c quan la mot ieu kho
Phai biet ro khi ap dung li giai th ai b anh hng, anh hng nh
the nao, nhng ngi b anh hng se sa sut hay thnh vng hn.
Bc 7: Thc hien ket qua
Thc hien ket qua ngha la a giai phap mi vao hoat ong cua c quan
Kho khan
Thieu s ung ho cua cac nha quan ly (do lam mat quyen li cua ho)
Thieu s cam ket ieu chnh cua nhom nghien cu.
Tran Thanh Phong
Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh
BAI 2. TO CHC D LIEU TRONG BANG TNH

Trong bai nay chung ta se nghien cu ve cach tao danh sach, them, hieu
chnh, xoa va tm kiem thong tin trong danh sach. Ngoai ra trong bai cung e cap
en cac lenh loc tm d lieu t danh sach theo mot hay nhieu ieu kien. Bai hoc s
dung cac tap tin: bai2-1.xls cho phan ly thuyet va bai2-2.xls cho phan thc hanh.
2.1. Tao danh sach (List)
Danh sach c cau thanh t cac ban ghi (record) thng la dong trong bang
tnh Excel. Moi ban ghi cha thong tin ve mot ieu g o (v du: mot dong trong so
a ch). Moi ban ghi co nhieu trng (field), moi trng cha cac thong tin cu the:
ten, ngay sinh, a ch, ien thoai,. Trong Excel, cac trng thng c bo tr vao
cac cot va cac ban ghi thng bo tr theo dong (xem hnh 2.1 va hnh 2.2).
Hnh 2.1. Ten cac trng (field) c nhap vao dong au tien cua danh sach
Hnh 2.2. Danh sach d lieu
Hnh 2.3. Thanh nh dang

Cac bc tao danh sach nh hnh 2.2:
B1. Khi ong Excel
B2. Nhap Ten ch tieu vao o co a ch A1, nhap phm <Tab> e di chuyen qua
o ke tiep
B3. Nhap ten cac trng con lai nh: Ten nc, 1990, 1991,
B4. Nhap vao thong tin cho cac dong
B5. Chon vung A1:J1 chon nen xanh
va ch am
t thanh nh dang.
B6. e thuan tien cho viec nhap lieu ta chia man hnh lam hai phan. Di chuyen
Tran Thanh Phong
chuot vao hop chia man hnh theo chieu doc

va hnh chuot bien thanh mui
ten 2 chieu, gi chuot va keo xuong di dong 1 va tha chuot. Man hnh Excel
a c chia lam hai phan theo chieu doc.
B7. Vao thc n Window Freeze e lam cho dong tieu e luon luon hien th
tren man hnh.
Cac iem lu y khi tao danh sach:
Lu y
Ch tao mot danh sach tren mot bang
tnh (worksheet)
Giai thch
Chc nang quan ly d lieu nh: loc d
lieu (filter) ch co the ap dung moi lan
cho mot danh sach.
Nen cha ra t nhat 1 cot hoac dong
ieu nay giup Excel de dang xac nh
trong gia danh sach va cac d lieu khac danh sach khi ap dung cac chc nang
tren worksheet
sap xep (sort), loc d lieu (filter) hoac
chen (insert) mot bieu thc tnh toan
dang tong.
Tranh e cac dong hoac cot trong trong
e giup Excel de dang chon ung danh
danh sach
sach.
Tao nhan cac trng (field) dong au
Excel dung nhan e a vao cac bao cao
tien cua danh sach.
va dung e tm kiem/ to chc d lieu.
Co gang chia nho cac thong tin
ieu nay giup de dang sap xep, loc va
tao bao cao tong hp theo yeu cau.
Moi cot nen cha cung loai thong tin
Giup danh sach de theo doi va de hieu
Khong dung trung ten trng
Ten trng b trung se gay sai sot trong
nhap lieu va sap xep.
2.2. S dung mau nhap lieu (Data Form)
Co hai cach e nhap d lieu (ban ghi) vao danh sach: nhap trc tiep vao cac
dong ben di tieu e va nhap thong qua mau nhap lieu.
Tao mau nhap lieu (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
Tran Thanh Phong
Hnh 2.4. Hop thoai Data Form

B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach.
B2. Chon Data Form (xem hnh 2.4).
B3. Nhap nut Find Next e di chuyen en ban ghi tiep theo.
B4. Nhap nut Find Prev e lui ve ban ghi pha trc.
B5. Nhap nut New e them ban ghi mi va nhap thong tin.
B6. Dung phm <Tab> hay <Shift+Tab> e di chuyen ti/ lui trong ban ghi va
nhap cac thong tin vao cac trng tng ng.
B7. Nhap nut Close khi hoan thanh viec nhap lieu.
Tm d lieu
Hnh 2.5. Mau at ieu kien tm kiem

Tran Thanh Phong
B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach.

B2. Chon Data Form t thanh thc n.
B3. Nhap nut Criteria va mot mau trong se xuat hien. Nhap vao ieu kien tm
cac trng can tm va nhap nut Find Next e hien th ket qua tm. V du: hay
nhat vao trng Ten nc la Vietnam va nhap nut Find Next e xem ket
qua (xem hnh 2.5).
B4. Nhap nut Find Next hay Find Prev e di chuyen ti/ lui trong cac ban ghi thoa
ieu kien tm.
B5. Nhap nut Close khi hoan tat cong viec.
Tm va thay the (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong bai2-1.xls)
Hnh 2.6. Hop thoai tm va thay the

B1. Chon Edit Replace t thanh thc n
B2. Nhap Lao PDR vao hop Find what va hhap Lao vao hop Replace with
e tm va thay the Lao PDR bang Lao (xem hnh 2.6).
B3. Nhap nut Replace All e thay the tat ca khong can kiem tra hoac nhap nut
Find Next e en ban ghi thoa ieu kien tm va neu muon thay the th nhap
tiep nut Replace. Ban lam tng t nh vay cho en het danh sach.
B4. Nhap nut Close e ong hop thoai.
Xoa ban ghi (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
Tran Thanh Phong
Hnh 2.7. Hop thoai Data Form
Hnh 2.8. Xac nhan xoa ban ghi

B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Form.
B2. Dung Find Next hoac Find Prev hoac at ieu kien tm bang Criteria e tm
en ban ghi can xoa (xem hnh 2.7).
B3. Nhap nut Delete, hop thoai xuat hien yeu cau ban xac nhan lenh xoa bang
cach nhap nut OK, nhap nut Cancel e huy lenh xoa (Xem hnh 2.8).
B4. Nhap nut Close e ong hop thoai va tr ve worksheet.
2.3. Sap xep d lieu (Sort)
Chung ta thng nhap lieu vao cuoi danh sach, do vay d lieu thng khong
theo mot trnh t nao. Chung ta can sap xep lai d lieu nham thuan li trong viec
quan ly d lieu. Excel ho tr sap xep d lieu theo th t tang dan (A Z) hoac
theo th t giam dan (Z A) theo mot hoac nhieu trng can sap xep. (s dung
worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
Tran Thanh Phong
10
Hnh 2.9. Bang d lieu can sap xep theo Ten nc va Ten ch tieu theo th t
tang dan.
Hnh 2.10. Bang d lieu a c sap xep theo Ten nc va Ten ch tieu theo
th t tang dan.
Tran Thanh Phong
11
Hnh 2.11. Hop thoai Sort, sap xep u tien 1 la Ten nc sau o mi sap xep
Ten ch tieu
Cac bc sap xep
B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon thc n Data Sort
B2. Chon Ten nc tai Sort by va chon Ascending e sap xep tang dan.
B3. Chon Ten ch tieu tai Then by va chon Ascending e sap xep tang dan.
B4. Chon Header row do danh sach co dong tieu e.
B5. Nhap nut OK e sap xep.
Sap xep theo dong (s dung worksheet Row_sort trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
Hnh 2.12. Toc o tang trng GDP hang nam cua Viet Nam
Hnh 2.13. Toc o tang trng GDP hang nam cua Viet Nam sau khi a sap xep
theo th t giam dan
Tran Thanh Phong
12
Hnh 2.14. Hop thoai chon la che o sap xep theo cot hoac dong
Hnh 2.15. Hop thoai Sort, chon sap xep dong th 3 theo th t giam dan
B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon thc n Data Sort
B2. Nhap nut Option va chon Sort left to right t hop hoi thoai mi xuat hien.
Nhap nut OK e tr ve hop thoai Sort.
B3. Chon Row 3 tai Sort by va chon Descending e sap xep giam dan.
B4. Nhap nut OK e hoan tat viec sap xep.
2.4. Loc d lieu t danh sach bang Auto Filter
oi khi chung ta ch can lay ra mot so ban ghi trong mot danh sach, Excel ho
tr chc nang loc d lieu t danh sach theo mot hoac nhieu ieu kien loc va ch cac
ban ghi thoa cac ieu kien th mi c hien th. (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong
tap tin bai2-1.xls)
Tran Thanh Phong
13
Hnh 2.16. Danh sach trc khi loc d lieu ve nc Viet Nam
Hnh 2.17. Danh sach sau khi loc d lieu ve nc Viet Nam
B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Filter
AutoFilter t thc n
B2. Tai cot ten nc, chon Vietnam t mui ten hng xuong tai
.
Danh sach luc nay se ch hien th cac thong tin ve nc Viet Nam.
B3. e hien th lai tat ca d lieu th chon Data Filter Show All hoac chon
.
(All) t
B4. Thoat khoi chc nang AutoFilter vao chon Data Filter AutoFilter t
thc n.
Cac la chon cua AutoFilter
La chon
(All)
(Top 10)
Tran Thanh Phong
Giai thch
Hien th tat ca ban ghi (dong) cua danh sach
Ap dung cho cac trng khac kieu Text. Hien th cac ban ghi can
tren hay can di theo la chon di hai hnh thc ban ghi hay phan
14
(Custom)
(Blanks)
(NotBlanks)
tram. V du: hien th 10 dong co gia tr ln nhat trong danh sach

hoac hien th 10% so dong co gia tr ln nhat.
Ap dung trong trng hp can hai ieu kien trong mot cot hoac dung
cac phep toan so sanh.
Hien th cac dong ma o tai cot ra ieu kien loc la rong
Hien th cac dong ma o tai cot ra ieu kien loc khac rong
S dung (Top 10)
Hnh 2.18. Chon 10 dong tai cot 1990 co gia tr ln nhat bang (Top 10)
Hnh 2.19. Ket qua loc dung (Top 10) dang Items tra ve 10 dong co gia tr ln
nhat tai cot nam 1990.
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Hnh 2.19. oi Items sang Percent th ket qua ch con 4 dong (v tong so dong trong
danh sach la 47 dong)
AutoFilter t thc n (neu cha chon).
B2. Chon (Top 10) t mui ten hng xuong tai
.
B3. Chon Top (can tren), chon 10, va chon Items (dong, neu chon Percent th hien
th 10% so dong trong danh sach) nh hnh tren.
B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua (xem cac hnh 2.17, 2.18 va 2.19)
S dung (Custom)
Hnh 2.20. Dung (Custom) e loc thong tin ve hai nc Vietnam va Singapore
AutoFilter t thc n (neu cha chon).
B2. Chon (Custom) t cot
.
B3. Khai bao cac thong tin nh hnh 2.20
B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua.
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2.5. Loc d lieu nang cao bang Advance Filter

Advanced Filter la chc nang manh me va linh hoat trong viec loc d lieu t
danh sach trong bang tnh. Advanced Filter giup tao cac ieu kien loc phc tap va
xuat ket qua loc en mot ni ch nh trong bang tnh. e s dung Advanced Filter
trc tien ta phai tao vung ieu kien tai mot vung trong nao o trong bang tnh. Ta
sao chep dong tieu e cua danh sach va dan vao ni lam vung ieu kien, sau o at
cac ieu kien ben di cac tieu e nay (Xem hnh 2.21).
Hnh 2.21. Lap vung ieu kien va at cac ieu kien loc cho danh sach
Hnh 2.22. Khai bao trong Advanced Filter
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Hnh 2.23. Ket qua loc d lieu cho hien th ngay trong danh sach
B1. Chen danh sach xuong di vai dong, sau o sao chep dong tieu e cua danh
sach len tren va at cac ieu kien nh hnh 2.21.
Advanced Filter t thc n.
B3. Khai bao danh sach, vung ieu kien va cac tuy chon nh hnh 2.22.
B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua loc.
Dung ket qua cua mot cong thc vao lam ieu kien loc
Hnh 2.24. Advanced Filter co dung cong thc trong ieu kien.
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Hnh 2.25. Khai bao trong Advanced Filter
Hnh 2.26. Ket qua loc

B1. at ieu kien loc tai C2 la =C8>Average($C$8:$C$54) e loc cac dong ma
cac o tai cot nam 1990 co gia tr ln hn gia tr trung bnh cua tat ca cac gia tr
cua cot.
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Advanced Filter t thc n.
B3. Khai bao danh sach, vung ieu kien va cac tuy chon nh hnh 2.25.
B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua loc.
Cac toan t so sanh va ky t thay the
Ky hieu
=
<>
>
<
>=
<=
*
?
~
Giai thch va v du
Bang
Khac hay khong bang
Ln hn
Nho hn
Ln hn hoac bang
Nho hn hoac bang
ai dien cho nhieu ky t trc va sau ky t kem theo
V du: *east th cac t Northeast, Southeast, thoa ieu kien
ai dien cho ky t tai v tr at no
V du: sm?th th cac t smith, smyth, thoa ieu kien
Neu sau no la cac ky t ? * hoac ~ ma ta can loc.
V du: Fulbright~? th t Fulbright? thoa ieu kien
2.6. Dung Data Validation e kiem soat nhap lieu

Chc nang Data Validation giup ngi s dung nhap chnh xac d lieu vao
bang tnh. Chc nang nay se kiem tra kieu d lieu, gia tr nhap vao mot o nao o
trong bang tnh va canh bao ngi dung khi nhap sai.
Tao danh sach xo xuong (drop-down list) e ch cho phep ngi dung chon
t danh sach nay. Trong phan nay hng dan tao drop-down list cho cot Ten
nc.
Hnh 2.27. Tao danh sach Ten nc

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Hnh 2.28. Chon cac ieu kien trong hop thoai Data Validation
B1. Lap danh sach ten cac nc tai mot vung trong nao o trong bang tnh.
B2. Chon ca cot B, chon Data Validation t thc n.
B3. Tai Allow chon List, tai Source chon vung a ch cha danh sach Ten nc
B4. Nhap OK e hoan tat qua trnh tao kiem tra ieu kien cho cot Ten nc
Tng t nh tren, ta co the tao kiem soat nhap lieu cac tat ca cac o trong
bang tnh. Moi cot trong danh sach co the cha cac gia tr khac nhau: dang so, ngay
thang, do vay can la chon tai Allow trong hop thoai Data Validation cho phu
hp vi kieu gia tr can nhap.
2.7. Bai tap thc hanh
Cac bai tap s dung tap tin bai2-2.xls
Cau 1. Sap xep (Sort)
1. Sap xep cot Ten nc theo th t tang dan (AZ)
2. Sap xep nhieu cot
u tien 1: Ten ch tieu theo th t tang dan (AZ)
u tien 2: 2000 theo th t tang dan (ZA)
3. Sap xep nhieu cot
u tien 1: Ten nc theo th t tang dan (AZ)
u tien 2: 1995 theo th t tang dan (ZA)
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Cau 2. Loc d lieu bang AutoFilter

1. Loc tat ca d lieu ve nc Viet nam
2. Loc tat ca d lieu cua 2 nc Viet Nam va Lao
3. Loc tat ca cac dong trong danh sach co gia tr cot 1990 nam trong khoang t 20
trieu en 120 trieu va gia tr cot 2000 nam trong khoang t 50 trieu en 150
trieu.
4. Loc tat ca cac dong trong danh sach vi cac ieu kien sau:
Cot Ten nc lay cac dong co ky t bat au la v hoac ky t sau cung la a
Cot 1995 lay cac dong co gia tr ln hn hoac bang 1 trieu
Cot 2000 lay cac dong co gia tr ln hn 10 trieu va nho hn 100 trieu
Cau 3. Loc d lieu bang AdvancedFilter
1. Loc tat ca d lieu ve nc Malaysia, Indonesia va Brunei
2. Loc tat ca cac dong trong danh sach cha d lieu ve nc Thailand va co gia tr
cot 1990 nam trong khoang t 10 trieu en 50 trieu.
3. Loc tat ca cac dong ma ten cot Ten ch tieu co oan van ban la female va gia
tr tai cot 2000 tr cho gia tr cot 1990 la ln hn 500.000.
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Bai 3.Tong hp d lieu va PivotTable
BAI 3. TONG HP D LIEU VA PIVOTTABLE

Cong cu PivotTable rat tien li trong viec tong hp, tom tat va phan tch d
lieu t cac danh sach. Bai nay se minh hoa cach tao, hieu chnh, nh dang mot
PivotTable. (S dung tap tin bai3-1.xls)
3.1. Tao Pivort Table
Hnh 3.1. Danh sach d lieu
Hnh 3.2. PivotTable tong hp so lieu lay Tong gia tr xuat khau theo qu va nam
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23
Cac bc tao PivotTable

B1. Chon t thc n Data PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard e m trnh
hng dan tng bc tao bang tong hp.
B2. Chon nguon d lieu: co 4 loai (xem hnh 3.3)
Hnh 3.3. Chon nguon d lieu cho PivotTable va chon loai bao cao
Microsoft Excel list or database: Nguon d lieu la mot danh sach trong Excel
External data source: Nguon d lieu ben ngoai Excel, thong thng la cac
c s d lieu cha trong ODBC cua may cuc bo.
Multiple consolidation ranges: Nguon d lieu la nhieu danh sach tai mot
hoac nhieu worksheet trong Excel.
Chon nguon d lieu t mot PivotTable hay mot PivotChart khac
B3. Trong bai nay minh hoa chon nguon d lieu la Microsoft Excel list or
database. Nhap nut Next
B4. Chon vung a ch cha danh sach can tong hp va nhap nut Next
Hnh 3.4. Chon vung a ch cha danh sach

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B5. Chon ni cha PivotTable la New worksheet (tao worksheet mi cha ket
qua), sau o nhap nut Finish.
Hnh 3.5. Ni lu tr PivotTable

B6. Keo tha cac trng t danh sach PivotTable Field List vao v tr phu hp
Keo tha Thang vao vung Row Fields
Keo tha United States, Canada, Australia, Japan va New Zealand vao
vung Data Items.
Hnh 3.6. Giao dien cua mot PivotTable cha co thong tin
B7. Nhom Month thanh cac qu va nam: chon o Month (A3), vao thc n
Data Group and Outline Group Chon ca ba loai la Months, Quarters
va Years. Nhap OK e chap nhan. (xem hnh 3.7)
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Hnh 3.7. Nhom cac thang thanh qu va nam

B8. Chon nh dang cho PivotTable: chon PivotTable va chon Format
AutoFormat t thanh thc n. Chon kieu Reprot 4 va nhap nut OK.
(Goi nh dang t thanh cong cu PivotTable: View Toolbars PivotTable
Format Report)
Hnh 3.8. Chon kieu nh dang PivotTable
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3.2. Hieu chnh PivotTable

Phan trc a minh hoa cac bc tao mot PivotTable. Phan nay se trnh bay
cach hieu chnh bang d lieu tong hp e co c cac thong tin theo yeu cau.
Hnh 3.9. PivotTable: Trung bnh Tong gia tr xuat khau theo qu va nam
B1. Nhap phai chuot len trng United States va chon Field Setting
Hnh 3.10. Hieu chnh cach tnh cho cac trng d lieu
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B2. Chon Average t danh sach Summarize by. Nhap OK e chap nhan
Hnh 3.11. Chon cach tnh toan cho mot trng

B3. Thc hien lai hai bc tren cho cac trng can thay oi cach tnh.
Thanh cong cu PivotTable
Hnh 3.12. Thanh cong cu PivotTable

3.3. ieu khien viec hien th thong tin
oi khi chung ta khong can hien th tat ca thong tin trong bang bao cao.
PivotTable cung co ho tr chc nang che giau cac thong tin khong can hien th.
B1. Chon mui ten hng xuong tai trng Years
B2. Bo chon cac nam khong can hien th (V du: bo chon nam 2003). Nhap nut OK
e chap nhan. (xem hnh 3.13).
B3. Lam tng t cho cac trng khac trong PivotTable
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Hnh 3.13. An thong tin cua nam 2003

3.4. Tao PivotChart
Cac bc tao PivotChart t mot PivotTable
B1. Chon mot o trong PivotTable, sau o chon Chart Wizard t thanh cong cu
PivotTable (xem hnh 3.14).
Hnh 3.14. Chon Chart Wizard t thanh cong cu

B2. Chon Chart Chart Type. Chon kieu o th nh hnh 3.15 ben di. Sau o
nhap nut OK e chap nhan.
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Hnh 3.15. Chon kieu o th

B3. nh dang o th theo yeu cau nh hnh 3.16.
Hnh 3.16. PivotChart

B4. An cac nut lenh cua PivotChart: nhap phai chuot len bat ky nut lenh nao (V du:
Years) va chon Hide PivotChart Field Button.
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3.5. S dung subtotals

Chung ta a hoc cach tong hp d lieu e rut ra cac thong tin hu ch bang
PivotTable, trong phan nay trnh bay mot cach nhanh hn va de hn trong viec tong
hp va tom tat d lieu o la chc nang subtotals cua Excel.
Hnh 3.17. Danh sach can tong hp thanh tien theo ngi mua
B1. Sap xep danh sach trc khi dung Subtotals. Sap xep cot Ngi mua
B2. Chon danh sach, sau o chon Data SubTotals
Hnh 3.18. Hop thoai Subtotal

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B3. Chon Ngi mua tai At each change in, chon Sum tai Use function va
chon Thanh tien tai Add subtotal to (xem hnh 3.18).
B4. Nhap nut OK e chap nhan.
Hnh 3.19. Ket qua sau khi dung Subtotals

e bo Subtotals: Data Subtotals Remove All OK
3.6. Dung cac ham d lieu
Cac ham d lieu thc hien viec tnh toan cho cac dong thoa ieu kien. Tat ca
ham d lieu s dung cung cu phap:
= Function(database, field, criteria)
Trong o:
Database: la vung a ch cua danh sach hoac c s d lieu
Field:
Xac nh cot dung trong ham. Ta tham chiem cac cot bang nhan va at
trong dau ngoac kep . Cung co the tham chieu en cot thong qua so
th t cot cua no trong danh sach.
Criteria: Tham khao en a ch cac o xac nh ieu kien cua ham.
Cac ham d lieu:
Ham
DAVERAGE
DCOUNT
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Giai thch
Tra ve trung bnh cua cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa
ieu kien.
Tra ve so o trong cot cua danh sach cha gia tr thoa ieu
kien. Neu bo trong tham so tai field th em tat ca o cua
32
DCOUNTA
DGET
DMAX
DMIN
DPRODUCT
DSTDEV
DSTDEVP
DSUM
DVAR
DVARP
GETPIVOTDATA
danh sach.
Tra ve so o khac rong trong cot cua danh sach cha gia tr
thoa ieu kien. Neu bo trong tham so tai field th em tat
ca o cua danh sach.
Tra ve gia tr cua o trong cot thuot danh sach thoa ieu kien.
Tra ve gia tr ln nhat trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien
Tra ve gia tr nho nhat trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien
Nhan cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien
c lng o lech chuan tong the da vao mau cac gia tr
trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien.
c lng o lech chuan tong the da vao tap hp chnh cac
gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien.
Tong cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien
c lng phng sai tong the da vao mau cac gia tr trong
cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien.
c lng phng sai tong the da vao tap hp chnh cac gia
tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien.
Tra ve d lieu cha trong PivotTable
Hnh 3.20. Cac v du minh hoa

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3.7. Bai tap thc hanh

Cac bai tap s dung tap tin bai3-2.xls kem theo. Trong tap tin co s dung
ham WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type) e tra ve so th t tuan trong nam cua ngay

khai bao trong serial_num. Return_type= 1 : tuan bat au la ngay Chu nhat,
Return_type=2 : tuan bat au la ngay Th hai.
Cau 1. Tao mot PivotTable nh hnh sau:
Cau 2. Tao mot PivotChart nh hnh sau:
Cau 3. Dung cac ham d lieu:

a. Tnh tong so gi lam viec cua cong nhan A t ngay 16/05/1996 en
20/05/1996.
b. em cac o cua cot Gi thoa cac ieu kien: gi lam viec cua cong nhan B,
trong tuan th 20, ke ca cac o trong.
c. Tm so gi lam viec cao nhat cua cong nhan C t ngay 17/05/1996 en ngay
21/05/1996 thuoc tuan th 21.
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Cau 4. Tao SubTotal nh hnh sau:
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35
Bai 5.Giai phng trnh va he phng trnh
BAI 4. BAI TOAN IEM HOA VON

4.1. Gii thieu
Trong hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh, cau hoi thng at ra la san xuat hay
ban bao nhieu san pham e can bang gia thu nhap va chi ph, ngha la khi o
doanh nghiep c hoa von. Di ay la tom tat ly thuyet:
So lieu can co
F:
nh ph
v:
bien ph n v
r:
gia ban n v
Bien
Q:
san lng
Bien trung gian

TC: Tong chi ph
DT: Tong thu nhap
Ham muc tieu
LN: Li nhuan
iem hoa von la iem ma tai o li nhuan bang 0
Cac phng trnh quan he
LN = DT TC
DT = r*Q
TC = F + v*Q
Cong thc tnh iem hoa von
LN = DT TC
LN = r*Q (F + v*Q)
iem hoa von th LN = 0
r*Q (F + v*Q) = 0
iem hoa von QBE =
F
r v
e giai bai toan iem hoa von ta can: xac nh cac d lieu, cac bien, ham
muc tieu va cac moi quan he gia cac bien.
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4.2. Bai toan minh hoa

Bai toan co cac so lieu tom tat nh sau: nh ph la 5trieu ong, gia ban san
pham la 14.000 ong va chi ph e san xuat mot n v san pham la 6.000 ong.
Xac nh iem hoa von va ve o th.
Bai nay se gii thieu hai cach giai (dung tap tin bai4-1.xls).
Tnh iem hoa von
Cach 1. Dung cong thc tnh iem hoa von
Cong thc tnh iem hoa von la QBE =
Ta co:
F = 5.000.000 VND
r = 14.000 VND
v = 6.000 VND
Thay vao cong thc QBE =
F
r v
5.000.000
= 625 n v san pham.
14.000 6.000
Cach 2. Dung Goal Seek

B1. Lap bai toan tren Excel: nhap cac bien, thiet lap ham muc tieu va cac quan he
nh hnh 4.1.
Hnh 4.1. Lap bai toan tren bang tnh

B2. Chon o co a ch B12, sau o chon Tools Goal Seek Khai bao cac thong
so nh hnh 4.2 ben di.
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Hnh 4.2. Khai bao cac thong so cho Goal Seek

B3. Nhap nut OK e chay Goal Seek. Ket qua can tm se hien th tai o B7 (san
lng) va gia tr cua ham muc tieu li nhuan tai B12 luc nay bang 0.
Ve o th iem hoa von
B1. Lap bang so lieu can thiet cho ve o th.
T nhap vao cac gia tr trong vung B15:H15
Lap cong thc cho cac o B16:H20 theo cac quan he trnh bay phan tom
tat ly thuyet va xem phan ghi chu trong hnh 4.3.
Hnh 4.3. Lap bang so lieu cho o th

B2. Chon vung a ch A15:H20, sau o chon Insert Chart . Chon kieu o th
Scatter nh hnh 4.4. Nhap nut Next qua bc tiep theo.
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Hnh 4.4. Chon kieu o th

B3. Chon vung d lieu cho cac o th, sau o nhap nut Next.
Hnh 4.5. Chon vung d lieu cho cac o th

B4. Thiet lap cac tuy chon cho o th: ten o th, ten cac truc, ng ke ngang/ doc,
chu thch, Nhap nut Next qua bc tiep theo.
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Hnh 4.6. Thiet lap cac tuy chon cho o th

B5. Chon ni at o th.
Hnh 4.7. Chon ni at o th

B6. Nhap nut Finish e hoan tat. Sau o hieu chnh o th theo yeu cau.
Hnh 4.8. o th iem hoa von

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BAI 5. GIAI PHNG TRNH VA HE PHNG TRNH

Nguyen tac chung e giai phng trnh, he phng trnh tren bang tnh la
phai xac nh cac bien, cac ham, roi lap mo hnh va sau o dung Goal Seek hoac
Solver e do tm nghiem. (s dung tap tin bai5-1.xls)
5.1. Giai phng trnh
Giai phng trnh bac hai x2 + 5x 6 = 0
B1. Xac nh bien, ham muc tieu va lap mo hnh tren bang tnh
Tai o A6 va A7 nhap cac gia tr khi ong bat ky cho bien x
Tai o B6 va B7 nhap cac cong thc theo phng trnh e cho e tnh f(x)
Hnh 5.1. Lap mo hnh tren bang tnh

B2. Chon o B6, sau o chon Tools Goal Seek va khai bao nh hnh 5.2. Nhap nut
OK e chay Goal Seek.
Hnh 5.2. Khai bao cho Goal Seek tm nghiem th nhat x1

B3. Sau qua trnh chay Goal Seek th hop thoai thong bao xuat hien. Nhap OK e
chap nhan ket qua hoac nhap Cancel e huy ket qua chay Goal Seek.
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Hnh 5.3. Ket qua chay Goal Seek lan th nhat va tm c nghiem x1=1
B4. Phng trnh bac hai co toi a hai nghiem, do vay ta can chay Goal Seek lan
na e tm nghiem th hai x2.
Ghi chu: e tranh lan chay Goal Seek th hai tra ve cung ket qua vi lan chay th
nhat, ta hay cho gia tr khi ong x2 mot con so am rat nho (V du: -10000) roi chay
Goal Seek. Neu ket qua trung vi lan chay au tien th hay cho lai gia tr khi ong
x2 mot con so dng ln (V du: 10000) roi chay lai Goal Seek.
B5. Cho lai gia tr khi ong tai o A7 la -10000, chon o B7 va chon Tools Goal
Seek. Khai bao nh hnh 5.4.
Hnh 5.4. Khai bao cho Goal Seek tm nghiem th nhat x2

B6. Sau qua trnh chay Goal Seek th hop thoai thong bao xuat hien. Nhap OK e
chap nhan ket qua hoac nhap Cancel e huy ket qua chay Goal Seek.
Hnh 5.5. Ket qua phng trnh bac II

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5.2. Giai he phng trnh

Giai he phng trnh sau:
x + 2y + 3z = 25 (1)
2x + y + z = 14 (2)
x + 4y + 2z = 10 (3)
Cach 1. Giai he phng trnh dung Solver
B1. Xac nh cac bien, cac ham muc tieu va lap mo hnh tren bang tnh
Cac o trong mang A26:C28 nhap cac he so cua cac phng trnh (moi
phng trnh nhap mot dong).
Cac o D26, D27, D28 lan lt cha gia tr khi ong cua cac bien x, y, z
Cac o F26, F27, F28 lan lt cha cac gia tr ve phai cua cac phng
trnh (1), (2) va (3).
Cac o E26, E27, E28 c tnh bang cach nhan cac he so cua phng
trnh vi cac gia tr khi ong cua x, y, z (xem cong thc minh hoa trong
hnh 5.6).
Hnh 5.6. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh

Ghi chu: Cach khac e tnh nhanh Ve trai cua cac phng trnh la dung ket hp
ham Sumproduct (array1, array2) va ham Transpose (array). Cach lam nh sau:
1. Chon 3 o E26 va nhap vao cong thc sau:
=SUMPRODUCT(A26:C26,TRANSPOSE($D$26:$D$28))
2. Sao chep cong thc cho 2 o con lai E27 va E28.
B2. Vao thc n Tools Solver. Neu cha thay chc nang Solver tren thc n
Tools th ta can bosung chc nang nay vao Excel. Cac bc e bo sung chc
nang Solver cho Excel:
1. Vao thc n Tools Add-Ins
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Hnh 5.7. Hop thoai Add-Ins cha cac chc nang m rong cua Excel
2. Chon Solver Add-in va chon OK e chap nhan.
Sau khi thc hien lenh Tools Solver, hop thoai Solver xuat hien. Ta can
khai bao cac thong so cho Solver nh sau:
a a ch D26:D28 vao By Changing Cells
a cac rang buoc vao Subject to the Constraints:
1. Nhap nut Add va khai bao nh hnh sau
Hnh 5.9. Them rang buoc

2. Nhap nut OK e hoan tat.
Neu bai toan can nhieu rang buoc hn th thc hien lai hai bc tren
e nhap them cac rang buoc khac.
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Hnh 5.10. Khai bao thong so cho Solver

B3. Nhap nut Solve chay tm li giai. Hop thong bao sau se xuat hien:
Hnh 5.11. Chon kieu bao cao

B4. Chon Keep Solver Solution e lu ket qua tren bang tnh. Chon Restore
Original Values e huy ket qua Solver va tm c va tra cac bien ve tnh
trang ban au. Chon Save Scenario e lu ket qua va tm c thanh mot
tnh huong e co xem lai sau nay. Ngoai ra con co 3 loai bao cao la Answer,
Sensitivity va Limits.
B5. Chon OK e hoan tat qua trnh chay Solver.
Hnh 5.12. Cac nghiem he phng trnh

Cach 2. Giai he phng trnh bang phng phap ma tran
He phng trnh tren la tng ng vi phng trnh ma tran sau:
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45
1 2 3
2 1 1
1 4 2
*
*
X = B
x
25
y = 14
z
10
Nghiem cua he la X = A-1*B
B1. Xac nh cac bien, cac ham muc tieu va lap mo hnh tren bang tnh
Cac o B75:D77 nhap vao he so cua cac phng trnh (1), (2) va (3)
Cac o F75, F76, F77 la nhan cac nghiem x, y, z
Cac o H75, H76, H77 la cac con so ve phai cua cac phng trnh.

B2. Tm ma tran nghch ao cua ma tran he so A Tm A-1
Chon vung a ch B80:D82
Nhap vao cong thc =Minverse(B75:D77) e nghch ao ma tran
Nhan to hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter e thc hien phep tnh
Hnh 5.14. Tnh ma tran nghch ao

B3. Tm nghiem he phng trnh
Chon vung a ch B85:B87
Nhap vao cong thc =MMULT(B80:D82,H75:H77)
Nhan to hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter e thc hien phep tnh
Hnh 5.15. Nghiem he phng trnh

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Lu y: Viec tnh toan tren day so lieu (array) co mot so tnh chat sau:
1. Khi nhap, xoa, chnh sa cong thc phai thc hien tren toan bo day, do vay
can chon ca day trc khi thc hien nhap, xoa hay chnh sa.
2. Nhan phm F2 e vao che o chnh sa
3. Nhan to hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter khi hoan tat.
5.3. S dung Solver
e s dung tot Solver ta can nam vng cac yeu cau thong so can phai khai
bao cho Solver:
Hnh 5.16. Hop thoai Solver

Set Target Cell: Ni ay ta can nhap vao a ch cua ham muc tieu.
Equal To: Ham muc tieu muon at ti Max, Min hay Value of (bang mot
gia tr mong muon nao o th nhap gia tr vao.)
By Changing Cell: Nhap vao a ch cha cac bien cua bai toan can giai.
Subject to the constraints: Nhap vao cac rang buoc cua bai toan.
Cach lam cua Solver la thay oi gia tr cac bien tai By Changing Cell en
luc nao o lam cho gia tr ham muc tieu tai Set Target Cell at mot gia tr qui nh
tai Equal To (Max, Min hoac Value of) va ong thi phai thoa mam tap cac rang
buoc tai Subject to the constraints.
Thiet lap cac thuoc tnh cho Solver ta nhap chuot vao nut Options, hop thoai
Solver Options xuat hien:
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Hnh 5.17. Thiet lap thong so cho Solver: Che o mac nh

Tham so
Max Time
Iterations
Precision
Tolerance
Convergence
Assume
Linear Model
Assume
Non-Negative
Use Automatic
Scaling
Show Iteration
Results
Tran Thanh Phong
Giai thch
Thi gian toi a e giai bai toan, gia tr mac nh la 100 giay
dung cho cac bai toan n gian. Thi gian toi a co the nhap vao
la 32.767 giay.
So lan lap toi a e giai bai toan, gia tr mac nh la 100 giay
dung cho cac bai toan n gian. So lan lap toi a co the nhap vao
la 32.767 lan.
o chnh xac cua bai toan. Tai ay co the nhap vao cac so trong
khoang 0 va 1. So cang gan 0 th o chnh xac cang cao. Gia tr
nay ieu chnh o sai so cho tap rang buoc. Gia tr mac nh la 1
phan trieu.
Ch ap dung oi vi bai toan co rang buoc nguyen. Nhap vao sai
so co the chap nhan c, sai so cang ln th toc o giai cang
nhanh. Gia trmac nh la 5%
Ch ap dung cho cac bai toan khong tuyen tnh (nonlinear). Tai
ay nhap vao cac so trong khoang 0 va 1. Gia tr cang gan 0 th
o chnh xac cao hn va can thi gian nhieu hn.
Chon e tang toc o giai bai toan khi tat ca quan he trong mo
hnh la tuyen tnh.
Chon tuy chon nay neu muon Solver gia nh la tat ca cac bien la
khong am.
Chon khi bai toan ma cac d lieu nhap va xuat co s khac biet
ln. V du bai toan toi a % li nhuan tren ham trieu USD von
au t.
Chon neu muon Solver tam dng lai va hien th ket qua sau moi
lan lap.
48
Estimates
Derivatives
Search
Save Model
Load Model
Chon phng phap cho Solver dung e c lng cac bien:

Tangent: S dung cach xap x tuyen tnh bac nhat.
Quadratic: S dung cach xap x bac bon
Chon cach e c lng ham muc tieu va cac rang buoc
Forward: c dung rat pho bien hn, khi o cac gia tr cua rang
buoc bien oi cham.
Central: Dung khi cac gia tr cua rang buoc bien oi nhanh va
c dung khi Solver bao khong the cai tien ket qua thu c.
Qui nh giai thuat tm kiem ket qua cho bai toan:
Newton: la phng phap mac nh, no s dung nhieu bo nh hn
va co so lan lap t hn phng phap Conjugate.
Conjugate: Can t bo nh hn phng phap Newton nhng so lan
lap th nhieu hn. Dung phng phap nay cho cac bai toan phc
tap va bo nh th co gii han.
Chon ni lu mo hnh bai toan. c dung khi can lu nhieu hn
mot mo hnh tren mot worksheet. Mo hnh au tien a c lu
t ong.
Xac nh vung a ch cua mo hnh bai toan can nap vao
5.4. Ma tran
Ma tran c at trong cap moc vuong:
Kch thc ma tran c xac nh theo so dong vao so cot cua ma tran, ma
tran n x m oc la n dong va m cot.
Hai ma tran ch nhan c vi nhau khi so dong cot cua ma tran ng trc
bang vi so dong cua ma tran ng sau. V du ma tran co kch thc n x p th co the
nhan vi ma tran co kch thc p x m. Di ay la cong thc nhan hai ma tran ac
biet co kch thc 1 x n va n x 1:
[a1
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a2
b1
b
L a a ]. 2 = a1b1 + a2b2 + + anbn
M

bn
49
Cong thc tong quat xac nh gia tr cua phan t cij trong ma tran ket qua:
n
cij = aik bkj
(i la so dong; j la so cot)
k =1
V du: Nhan hai ma tran sau:

2 3 1
A=
2 1 2
[2 3 1]. 2
1 3
1

2 3 1
2 0 =
1
2 1 2

1
2
[ 2 1 2]. 2

2x3
1 3
B = 2 0
1 2
3
[2 3 1].0
4
2 9
=
3 2 2
[ 2 1 2].0
3x2
2x2
V du ve cach cach tm cac phan t trong ma tran nghch ao t ma tran

a c
A=
b d
Mot so yeu cau ve tnh nh thc va tm nghch ao ma tran trong Excel:

o Phai la ma tran vuong, neu khong vuong se bao loi #VALUE!.
o Neu co phan t nao trong ma tran la rong hoac la ch th bao loi
#VALUE!.
Ham tnh nh thc

Cu phap: MDETERM(array)
Array: la a ch ma tran can tnh nh thc
Ham tm ma tran nghch ao

Cu phap: Minverse(array)
Array: la a ch ma tran can nghch ao
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Nhan to hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Enter sau khi nhap xong cong thc.

Ham nhan hai ma tran
Cu phap: MMULT(array1,array2)
Array1, array2 la a ch cac ma tran can nhan.
Nhan to hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Enter sau khi nhap xong cong thc.
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Bai 6.Bai toan toi u va qui hoach tuyen tnh
BAI 6. BAI TOAN TOI U VA QUI HOACH TUYEN TNH

Dang tong quat cua mot bai toan qui hoach tuyen tnh
Ham muc tieu:
Cac rang buoc:
F = c1X1 + c2X2 + + cnXn

Max (hoac Min)
a11X1 + a12X2 + + a1nXn b1
:
ak1X1 + ak2X2 + + aknXn bk
:
am1X1 + am2X2 + + amnXn = bm
Vi i, j, k, m, n Z
Cac ky hieu c1, c2, cn la cac he so cua ham muc tieu. Chung co the bieu th
cho li nhuan (hoac chi ph).
Ky hieu aij la cac he so cua cac phng trnh trong tap rang buoc. Cac
phng trnh co dang bat ang thc hoac ang thc.
Mot tap hp X = (X1, X2, Xn) goi la li giai chap nhan c khi no thoa tat
ca rang buoc.
Mot tap hp X* = (X*1, X*2, X*n) goi la li giai toi u neu gia tr ham muc
tieu tai o tot hn gia tr ham muc tieu tai cac phng an khac.
6.1. Toi u mot muc tieu (Linear Programming)
Tm X1 va X2 sau cho ham li
vi cac rang buoc sau ay:
X1
+ X2
9X1
+ 6X2
12X1
+ 16X2
X1
X2
nhuan F = 350X1 + 300X2 at gia tr cc ai
200
1566
2880
0
0
(R1)
(R2)
(R3)
(R4)
(R5)
B1. To chc d lieu tren bang tnh

Bien quyet nh: la so lng san pham moi loai can san xuat nhap tai cac
o B3 va C3. Cho cac gia tr khi ong la 0.
Ham muc tieu: la ham li nhuan c tnh can c tren cac gia tr khi
ong cua X1, X2 va li nhuan n v. Cong thc tai o D4 xem hnh 6.1.
Cac rang buoc: nhap cac he so cua cac quan he rang buoc tai cac o
B7:C9. Tnh lng tai nguyen a s dung tai cac o D7, D8 va D9 theo
cong thc hnh 6.1. Nhap cac gia tr ve phai cac cac quan he rang
buoc tai cac o E7, E8 va E9.
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Hnh 6.1. Lap mo hnh tren bang tnh

B2. Chon o D4 va chon Tools Solver, sau o khai bao cac thong so cho Solver
a ch ham muc tieu D4 c a vao Set Target Cell
Chon Max tai Equal To e cho Solver tm li giai cc ai choham muc
tieu, ngha la toi a hoa li nhuan.
Hnh 6.2. Khai bao ham muc tieu

B3. Nhap B3:C3 tai By Changing Cells: la vung a ch cac bien quyet nh (tng
trng lng san pham X1 va X2 can phai san xuat).
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Hnh 6.3. Khai bao a ch cac bien can tm

B4. Them cac rang buoc vao Subject to the Constraints
Nhap nut Add, chon vung a ch D7:D9 tai Cell Reference, chon dau
<= va chon E7:E9 tai Constraint. (Cac rang buoc R1, R2, R3 eu la bat
phng trnh dang <= nen ta chon ca vung a ch).
Hnh 6.4. Nhap cac rang buoc

Nhap nut Add va khai bao tiep cac rang buoc ve can di cho X1 va X2
nh hnh 6.5. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat.
Hnh 6.5. Rang buoc can di cho cac bien X1 va X2

Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat.
e hieu chnh rang buoc ta chon rang buoc va nhap nut Change
e xoa rang buoc, ta chon rang buoc t danh sach Subject to the
Contraints va nhap nut Delete.
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Hnh 6.6. Danh sach cac rang buoc

B5. Nhap nut Solve e chay Solver, sau o hop thoai ket qua xuat hien
Hnh 6.7. Ket qua chay Solver va tao bao cao.

B6. Nhap chon Keep Solver Solution va chon OK.
Hnh 6.8. Ket qua bai toan toi u mot muc tieu. Li nhuan at $66.100 khi o can
san xuat 122 san pham X2 va 78 san pham X2.
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Phan tch bai toan toi u khi cac yeu to au vao thay oi
Lu y: Ch ap dung cho cac bai toan c giai bang Solver.

Bo sung th vien ham cho Excel
1. Chep tap tin Sensitivity.xla va th muc Library tai ni cai at bo
Microsoft Office, thong thng tai: c:\Program files\ Microsoft
Office\ Office\ Library\. Lu y ten Office se thay oi tuy theo phien
ban cua bo Office.
2. Vao thc n Tools
3. Chon Add-Ins
4. Chon Sensitivity Assistant
5. Nhap nut OK.
T ket qua cua tren ta thc hien phan tch tiep theo:
B1. Lap bang phan tch:
O B17 tham chieu en o D4 cha gia tr ham muc tieu va tm c.
Cac o C17, D17 va E17 lan lt tham chieu en a ch cac o E7, E8 va
E9 (cha gia tr cua cac nguon lc).
Nhap cac gia tr t 90% en 110% cho cac o B18:B28 vi bc nhay
2%. Ngha la moi lan mot yeu to trong nguon lc se thay oi 2% so vi
gia tr hien tai cua no (xem gia tr hien tai la 100%) va chng trnh se
tnh lai gia tr toi u mi cua ham muc tieu.
Hnh 6.9. Lap bang phan tch

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B2. Chon ca vung a ch B17:E28

B3. Chon thc n Tools Sensitivity Assistant
B4. Khai bao vung a ch cua bang phan tch B17:E28 va chon Spider Table va
Plot e ve bieu o mang nhen.
Hnh 6.10. Khai bao thong so

B5. Nhap OK e chay chng trnh
Hnh 6.11. Phan tch ham muc tieu trong trng hp cac yeu to au vao thay oi
Spider Plot
Cell D4
70,000
69,000
68,000
R1
67,000
66,000
65,000
64,000
R2
R3
63,000
62,000
61,000
88%
92%
96%
100%
104%
108%
112%
% of Original
Hnh 6.12. Bieu o mang nhen

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6.2. Bai toan au t (Linear Programming)

Nha au t chng khoan Ch Pheo ang phan tch ke hoach au t toan bo so
tien $750.000 vao cac loai trai phieu cua cac Cong ty c anh gia theo bang sau:
Trai phieu
cua cong ty
ACME Chemical
DynaStar
Eagle Vision
MicroModeling
OptiPro
Sabre Systems
Suat thu li
hang nam
8.65%
9.50%
10.00%
8.75%
9.25%
9.00%
So nam
ao han
11
10
6
10
7
13
anh gia
Trai phieu
1-Cc ky tot
3-Tot
4-Kha tot
1- Cc ky tot
3-Tot
2-Rat tot
Nham bao ve khoan au t, nha au t quyet nh au t khong qua 25%

tien vao bat ky trai phieu nao va phai au t t nhat la 50% cua tong so tien vao trai
phieu dai han (co nam ao han ln hn hay bang 10 nam). Cac trai phieu
DynaStar, Eagle Vision va OptiPro co suat thu li cao nhat tuy nhien khong c
au t vao 3 loai trai phieu nay qua 35% cua tong so tien v chung co rui ro cao (rui
ro cao khi c anh gia t 2-Tot tr xuong).
Ch Pheo can xac nh phai au t nh the nao e cc ai hoa li tc trong
khi am bao thoa man cac qui nh neu ra nh phan tren.
Xac nh cac bien: so tien au t vao moi loai trai phieu
at X1: la tong so tien au t vao Acme Chemical
X2: la tong so tien au t vao DynaStar
X3: la tong so tien au t vao Eagle Vision
X4: la tong so tien au t vao MicroModeling
X5: la tong so tien au t vao OptiPro
X6: la tong so tien au t vao Sabre Systems
Xac nh ham muc tieu: cc ai hoa li tc au t
0.0865X1 + 0.095X2 + 0.10X3 + 0.0875X4 + 0.0925X5 + 0.09X6 Max
Xac nh cac rang buoc:
- Tong au t phai bang $750.000
X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 = 750.000
-
am bao khong au t qua 25% cua tong so tien vao mot loai trai phieu nao
o. (25%*750.000 = 187.500). Ta co 6 rang buoc sau:
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X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 187.500
Phai au t t nhat 50% tien vao cac trai phieu dai han
(50%*750.000=375.000). Cac trai phieu co so nam ao han ln hn hay
bang 10 nam la X1, X2, X4 va X6.
X1 + X2 + X4 + X6 375.000
au t khong qua 35% tien (35%*750.000=262.500) vao cac trai phieu

DynaStar (X2), Eagle Vision (X3) va OptiPro (X5).
X2 + X3 + X5 262.500
V cac bien la tien au t nen phai ln hn hay bang 0.

X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 0
B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh

Nhap cac so tien au t khi ong cho cac o B4:B9 la 0.
Tnh tong tien au t va at tai o B10 theo cong thc =Sum(B4:B9).
Nhap so tien can au t 750.000 vao o B11.
Tnh so tien au t toi a cho moi trai phieu va at tai cac o C4:C9. Tat
ca tnh bang cong thc =$C$3*$B$11
Tnh tong li tc hang nam tai o D10 theo cong thc sau:
=SUMPRODUCT(D4:D9,$B$4:$B$9).
Nhap so 1 vao cac o F4:F9 neu no la trai phieu dai han, neu khong la trai
phieu dai han th nhap so 0. Sau o tnh tong so tien au t vao cac trai
phieu dai han nh cong thc sau: =SUMPRODUCT(F4:F9,$B$4:$B$9).
Nhap so 1 vao cac o H4:H9 neu anh gia trai phieu la rui ro cao (li
nhieu), ngc lai th nhap so 0. Tnh tong so tien au t cac trai phieu co
suat thu li cao theo cong thc: =SUMPRODUCT(H4:H9,$B$4:$B$9)
Tnh o F11 theo cong thc =50%*B11 va tnh o H11 theo cong thc
=35%*B11.

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B2. Chon o ham muc tieu D10, sau o chon Tools Solver. Khai bao cac tham so
nh hop thoai ben di:
Hnh 6.14. Khai bao tham so cho Solver

B3. Nhap nut Solve e chay Solver. Chon loai bao cao va nhap OK e hoan thanh
giai bai toan.
Hnh 6.15. Ket qua bai toan au t

Phng an tren hnh 6.11 trnh bay li giai toi t cho bai toan au t cua Ch
Pheo. Cac so tien au t vao cac loai trai phieu nh minh hoa trong hnh ben tren.
6.3. Qui hoach nguyen (Integer Linear Programming)
Trong Excel cach giai bai toan qui hoach nguyen tuyen tnh cung giong nh
cac giai bai toan qui hoach tuyen tnh. Ban ch can them ieu kien nguyen cho cac
bien bat buoc la so nguyen va hieu chnh mot so tuy chon trong Options..
Tm X1 va X2 sau cho ham li nhuan F = 350X1 + 300X2 at gia tr cc ai
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vi cac rang buoc sau ay:

X1
+ X2
200
9X1
+ 6X2
1520
+ 16X2
2650
12X1
X1
0
X2
0
X1 va X2 phai la so nguyen.
(R1)
(R2)
(R3)
(R4)
(R5)
Hnh 6.16. Thiet lap mo hnh bay toan

Cach giai bai toan giong nh phan 6.1, tuy nhien them rang buoc sau vao bc 4 e
qui nh X1 va X2 la so nguyen:
Hnh 6.17. Cac rang buoc cua bai toan

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Hieu chnh Tolerance trong tuy chon Options cua Solver va nhap Tolerance la 0
(khong sai so).
Hnh 6.18. Thiet lap tham so cho Tolerance

Sau khi nhan nut Solve, chon loai bao cao va nhap nut OK Ket qua bai toan qui
hoach nguyen nh sau:
Hnh 6.19. Ket qua bai toan qui hoach nguyen
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Bai 7.Phan tch rui ro
BAI 7. PHAN TCH RUI RO

Sau khi li giai bai toan tm c qua cac phng phap trnh bai tren th
chung ta cung can xet en yeu to rui ro cua cac phng an toi u tm c. Trong
thc te chung ta rat kho xac nh c cac yeu to au vao cua bai toan mot cach
chnh xac va ay u, do vay cac li giai tm c trong cac bai toan la a ngam gia
nh cac yeu to a c biet mot cach ro rang. Cac phng phap phan tch rui ro se
lam sang to hn van e va giup nha quan ly t tin hn trong viec a ra cac quyet
nh:
o Phan tch o nhay
o Phan tch tnh huong
o Phan tch mo phong
Xem cach thiet lap cac thong so, cong thc va cac ham bai toan trong tap tin
Bai7-1.xls kem theo.
7.1. Phan tch o nhay
Phan tch o nhay: La dang phan tch nham tra li cau hoi ieu g se xay ra
neu nh (what if). Phan tch nay xem xet yeu to au vao nao la quan trong
nhat (yeu to mang tnh chat rui ro) anh hng en ket qua bai toan (li nhuan hoac
chi ph). Trong Excel ho tr phan tch o nhay 1 chieu va hai chieu, ngha la ch
anh gia c toi a 2 yeu to rui ro. Tuy nhien bo sung th vien Sensitivity.xla
them vao Excel se giup chung ta phan tch c o nhay nhieu chieu cho cac bai
toan co dung Solver. Phan tch o nhay khong xet en moi quan he tng quan gia
cac bien.
B1. Nhap cac thong so bai toan va cac o C2:C8 vi cac nhan tng ng.
B2. Lap bang bao cao ngan lu cho d an trong 5 nam. Vi:
- Thu nhap = gia n v * so lng D13=$C$4*$C$5sau o chep cong thc
cho cac o E13:H13.
- Gia tr thanh ly at tai o I15 chnh la tham chieu o C2
- Gia tr thanh ly Nha xng tai o I16 chnh la tham chieu o C7
- Ngan lu vao t nam 1 en nam 6 - thanh ly chnh la tong cua Thu nhap, gia tr
thanh ly at, gia tr thanh ly Nha xng hang nam tng ng.
C17=SUM(C11:C16) sau o chep cong thc cho cac o D17:I17
- Chi ph au t at tai o C21 chnh la tham chieu o C2
- Chi ph au t Nha xng tai o C22 chnh la tham chieu o C6.
- Chi ph van hanh = Chi ph n v * So lng D23=$C$3*$C$5 sau o chep
cong thc cho cac o E23:H23.
- Ngan lu ra t nam 1 en nam 6 thanh ly chnh la tong cua Chi ph au t at,
Nha xng va Chi ph van hang hang nam tng ng. C24=SUM(C20:C23) sau
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o chep cong thc cho cac o D24:I24

Ngan lu rong = Ngan lu vao Ngan lu ra C25=C17-C24 sau o chep
cong thc cho cac o D25:I25
Gia tr NPV tai o C26=C25+NPV(C8,D25:I25)

Gia tr NPV tren la $3275 mc chiet khau 10%. Gia tr nay c phan tch
da tren gia thuyet gia tr cua cac yeu to au vao khong oi suot thi ky hoat ong
cua d an. Do vay, gia tr n le cua NPV thu c t phan tch xac nh la gia tr
khong thc bi v gia tr rieng biet nay se khong bao gi co c.
Cai tien phan tch xac nh tren bang viec kiem tra o nhay cua NPV oi vi
s thay oi cua mot bien au vao Gia n v va phan tch NPV oi vi s thay
oi cua hai bien au vao Gia n v va Chi ph n v bang cong cu phan tch
o nhay mot chieu va hai chieu cua Excel.
Phan tch o nhay mot chieu
Tai ay xet s thay oi cua mot yeu to Gia n v au vao tac ong en
ket qua NPV. Gia n v dao ong t $48 en $53 va moi lan dao ong 1 n v.
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B1. Tao vung cha cac gia tr co the co cua Gia n v tai cac o D34:I34, lan
lt nhap cac con so t 48 en 53.
B2. Tai o C35 tham chieu en a ch o can phan tch o NPV: C26
B3. at them cac nhan cho yeu to au vao va nhan cho gia tr can phan tch giup
bai toan c ro rang hn.
B4. anh dau chon ca vung C34:I35
B5. Chon thc n Data Table
B6. Khai bao tai Row input cell a ch cua o cha Gia n v o C4 (nhap
vao Row input cell do cac gia tr cua yeu to au vao Gia n v c bo tr
theo dong).
Hnh 7.2. Chon a ch cua o la yeu to rui ro

B7. Nhap nut OK.
Hnh 7.3. Ket qua phan tch o nhay mot chieu mot yeu to rui ro.
Phan tch o nhay hai chieu
Tai ay xet s thay oi cua hai yeu to Gia n v, Chi ph n v au vao
tac ong en ket qua NPV. Gia n v dao ong t $48 en $53 va moi lan dao
ong 1 n v. Chi ph n v dao ong t $45 en $55 va moi lan dao ong 1 n
v.
B1. Tao vung cha cac gia tr co the co cua Gia n v tai cac o D43:I43, lan
lt nhap cac con so t 48 en 53.
B2. Tao vung cha cac gia tr co the co cua Chi ph n v tai cac o C44:C54,
lan lt nhap cac con so t 45 en 55.
Tran Thanh Phong
65
B3. Tai o C43 tham chieu en a ch o can phan tch o NPV: C26
B4. at them cac nhan cho cac yeu to au vao va nhan cho gia tr can phan tch
giup bai toan c ro rang hn.
B5. anh dau chon ca vung C43:I54
B6. Chon thc n Data Table
B7. Khai bao tai Row input cell a ch cua o cha Gia n v o C4 (nhap
vao Row input cell do cac gia tr cua yeu to au vao Gia n v c bo tr
theo dong). Khai bao tai Column input cell a ch cua o cha Chi ph n
v o C3 (nhap vao Column input cell do cac gia tr cua yeu to au vao chi
ph n v c bo tr theo cot)
Hnh 7.4. Khai bao a ch cha cac yeu to rui ro

B8. Nhap nut OK.
Hnh 7.5. Ket qua phan tch o nhay hai chieu hai yeu to rui ro.
Qua phan tch o nhay, ta thay rang bien dang cua NPV la co bien oi theo
Gia n v va Chi ph n v.
Tran Thanh Phong
66
7.2. Phan tch tnh huong (Scenarios)

Phan tch tnh huong: Cung la dang phan tch what-if, phan tch tnh
huong tha nhan rang cac bien nhat nh co quan he tng ho vi nhau. Do vay,
mot so t bien so co the thay oi theo mot kieu nhat nh tai cung mot thi iem.
Tap hp cac hoan canh co kha nang ket hp lai e tao ra cac trng hp hay cac
tnh huong khac nhau la:
A. Trng hp xau nhat / Trng hp bi quan
B. Trng hp ky vong/ Trng hp c tnh tot nhat
C. Trng hp tot nhat/ Trng hp lac quan
Ghi chu: Phan tch tnh huong khong tnh ti xac suat cua cac trng hp xay ra
Giai thch la de dang khi cac ket qua vng chac :
A. Chap thuan d an neu NPV > 0 ngay ca trong trng hp xau nhat
B. Bac bo d an neu NPV < 0 ngay ca trong trng hp tot nhat
C. Neu NPV oi luc dng, oi luc am, th cac ket qua la khong dt khoat.
Khong may, ay se la trng hp hay gap nhat.
Phan tch tnh huong
Cac ket qua khao sat ve tnh hnh chi ph nguyen vat lieu va gia san pham
cua d an tren nh sau:
Trng hp
tot nhat
Trng hp
ky vong
Trng hp
xau nhat
Chi ph n v ($)
45
47
55
Gia n v ($)
53
50
48
Chung ta se lan lt tao cac Tnh huong theo cac bc sau:

B1. Lap bai toan tren bang tnh nh phan 7.1.
B2. Chon thc n Tools Scenarios (xem hnh 7.6)
Tran Thanh Phong
67
Hnh 7.6. Bang quan ly cac tnh huong.

B3. Nhap nut Add
at ten cho Tnh huong la Tot nhat tai khung Scenario name
Tai khung Changing cells chon a ch hai o cha Chi ph n v va
Gia n v la C3:C4.
Hnh 7.7. Khai bao cac thong so cho tnh huong Tot nhat
B4. Nhap nut OK
Tai o C3 (Chi ph n v) nhap vao gia tr 45.
Tai o C4 (Gia n v) nhap vao gia tr 53.
Tran Thanh Phong
68
Hnh 7.8. Nhap cac gia tr cho tnh huong Tot nhat
B5. Nhap nut Add e them Tnh huong khac, (nhap nut OK e tr ve bang quan ly
cac tnh huong). Trong bai nay hay nhap nut Add
at ten cho Tnh huong la Trung bnh tai khung Scenario name
Tai khung Changing cells chon a ch hai o cha Chi ph n v va
Gia n v la C3:C4.
Hnh 7.9. Tao tnh huong Trung bnh

B6. Nhap nut OK.
Tran Thanh Phong
69
Hnh 7.10. Nhap gia tr cho tnh huong Trung bnh

B7. Tiep tuc nhap nut Add e tao Trng hp xau nhat. at nhan va chon a ch
cac o can thay oi.
Hnh 7.11. Tao tnh huong Xau nhat

B8. Nhap OK va nhap gia tr cho cac o
Hnh 7.12. Nhap gia tr cho tnh huong Xau nhat

Tran Thanh Phong
70
B9. Nhap nut OK e tr ve bang quan ly cac tnh huong.
Hnh 7.13. Bang quan ly cac tnh huong

B10. e xem ket qua cua tnh huong nao th chon ten tnh huong trong danh sach
va nhap nut Show. Tng t cho viec tao them, hieu chnh va xoa tnh huong th
nhap tng ng cac nut Add, Edit va Delete.
B11. Tao bao cao tong hp ve cac tnh huong nhap nut Summary
Nhap a ch o ket qua (NPV cua d an) C26 tai khung Result cells
Chon kieu bao cao la Scenario summary hoac Scenario PivotTable
Report.
Hnh 7.14. Tao bang bao cao tong hp ve cac tnh huong
B12. Nhap nut OK sau khi khai bao cac thong so
Tran Thanh Phong
71
Hnh 7.15. Ket qua tong hp

Ham Index
Chung ta co the van dung cac ham tham chieu trong viec phan tch tnh
huong. Cac ham tren tham chieu en mot o hay mot day cac o, hay la gia tr cua
mot o trong mot mang, hay la mot mang cac gia tr t mot mang ln hn. Cu phap
co hai dang:
Dang 1: Ham au tien tra ve tham chieu en mot o hay mot day cac o.
INDEX(reference, row_num, column_num, area_num)
Trong o:
Reference: tham chieu en mot hay nhieu mang so lieu. Neu cac
mang nam khong lien ke nhau th at cac mang trong cap ngoac tron.
Neu mang ch co mot dong hoac mot cot th cac oi so row_num hoac
column_num cho ham la tuy chon (nhap hay bo trong eu c).
Row_num: la so hang trong vung Reference tren can xac nh a
ch tra ve.
Column_num: la so cot trong vung Reference tren can xac nh a
ch tra ve.
Area_num: xac nh so mang trong vung Reference tren s dung
cho tham chieu. Neu bo trong xem nh la ap dung tham chieu cho
mang th 1 trong vung Reference.
V du: Cac mang so lieu va cac cong thc minh hoa ham Index
Tran Thanh Phong
72
Hnh 7.16. V du ham Index dang 1

Dang 2: Ham th hai tra ve gia tr cua mot o hay la day cac o trong mot mang.
INDEX(array, row_num, column_num)
Trong o:
Array: mang a ch cac o. Neu mang ch co mot dong hoac mot cot
th cac oi so row_num hoac column_num cho ham la tuy chon (nhap
hay bo trong eu c). Neu mang co nhieu cot hoac nhieu dong ma
ch khai bao mot trong hai oi so row_num hoac column_num th ham
Index se tra ve ca day cua dong hoac cot.
Row_num: chon so hang can lay gia tr tra ve.
Column_num: chon so cot can lay gia tr tra ve.
Mot trong hai oi so Row_num, Column_num phai co trong ham
V du: Mang so lieu va cac minh hoa ham Index
Hnh 7.17. V du ham Index dang 2
Tran Thanh Phong
73
7.3. Mo phong bang Crystal Ball

Mot s m rong t nhien cua phan tch o nhay va phan tch tnh huong
ong thi co tnh ti cac phan phoi xac suat khac nhau va cac mien gia tr
tiem nang khac nhau oi vi cac bien chnh cua d an.
Cho phep co tng quan (cung bien thien) gia cac bien
Tao ra mot phan phoi xac suat cho cac ket qua cua d an (cac ngan lu,
NPV) thay v ch c tnh mot gia tr n le.
Phan phoi xac suat cua cac ket qua d an co the ho tr cac nha ra quyet nh
trong viec lap ra cac la chon, nhng co the co cac van e ve giai thch va s
dung.
Qui trnh lap bai toan mo phong:
1. Mo hnh toan hoc : bang tnh tham nh d an
2. Xac nh cac bien nhay cam va khong chac chan
3. Xac nh tnh khong chac chan
- Xac nh mien cac la chon (toi thieu va toi a)
- nh phan phoi xac suat, cac phan phoi xac suat thong thng nhat la:
Phan phoi xac xuat chuan, phan phoi xac suat tam giac, phan phoi xac
suat eu, phan phoi xac suat bac thang
4. Xac nh va nh ngha cac bien co tng quan
- Tng quan ong bien hoac nghch bien
- o manh cua tng quan
5. Mo hnh mo phong: lam mot chuoi phan tch cho nhieu to hp gia tr tham so
khac nhau
6. Phan tch cac ket qua
- Cac tr thong ke
- Cac phan phoi xac suat
Trong suot phan nay trnh bay phng phap phan tch rui ro bang mo phong
tren mot yeu to rui ro la gia san pham theo 4 mo hnh:
6. Cai at phan mem Crystal Ball vao may
7. Vao thc n Tools
8. Chon Add-Ins
9. Chon Crystal Ball
10. Nhap nut OK.
Tran Thanh Phong
74
a. Mo hnh gia khong oi khong chac chan

Gia trong suot thi ky hoat ong cua d an khong thay oi vi phan phoi chuan:
P (t ) = P (t 1) = P (t 2) = ... = P (t n) = M + e Pt = Ptb + e
V du: Gia thiet ta biet trong qua kh gia san pham tuan theo phan phoi chuan co
trung bnh la 50 va gia thap nhat la 44 va cao nhat la 56.
B1. Lap mo hnh tren bang tnh
Hnh 7.18. Lap bai toan tren bang theo mo hnh 1 a tnh ra Thu nhap
B2. Bien gia san pham la bien rui ro can phan tch, vi cac thong tin sau:
Gia tr ln nhat la: 56
Gia tr thap nhat la : 44
Gia tr trung bnh la: 50
Tran Thanh Phong
75
o lech chuan cua gia san pham la (Gmax - Gmin)/3 = 2

Gia san pham tuan theo phan phoi chuan (50, 2) e(0, 2)
B3. Khai bao cac bien gia thuyet (gia san pham thc chat la gia tr cua e thay oi)
va bien ket qua (ket qua can phan tch rui ro - NPV) cho phan mem mo phong
Crystal Ball.
Chon o D10, sau o chon thc n Cell Define Assumption
Hnh 7.19. Chon phan phoi cho e

Chon phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK
Hnh 7.20. Khai bao phan phoi cho e(0, 2)

Tai Mean (gia tr trung bnh) nhap vao 0 va tai Std Dev (o lech chuan)
nhap vao 2. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat.
Chon o C27 va chon thc n Cell Define Forecast
Tran Thanh Phong
76
Hnh 7.21. at ten va n v tnh cho bien ket qua

Nhap vao NPV tai Forecast Name va nhap ky hieu n v tnh cho NPV la
$ tai Units. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat.
B4. Khai bao thong so mo phong
Vao thc n Run Run Reference
Hnh 7.22. Thiet lap thong so mo phong

Chon mo phong la 1000 lan th tai Maximun Number of Trials. Va cac tuy
chon khac nh hnh tren. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat.
B5. Chay mo phong, vao thc n Run Run va ch ket qua chay. Nhap OK sau
khi hoan tat chay mo phong.
Hnh 7.23. a chay xong mo phong

Tran Thanh Phong
77
B6. Ket qua mo phong
Hnh 7.24a. Cac thong so thong ke

Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Frequency Chart
996 Displayed
.026
26
.020
19.5
.013
13
.007
6.5
Mean = 3,337
.000
-16,938
-7,193
2,552
12,297
Certaintyis 68.40%from0 to +Infinity$
0
22,042
Hnh 7.24b. Bieu o tan suat cua NPV co the hien % NPV dng am
Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Cumulative Chart
996 Displayed
1.000
1000
.750
750
.500
500
.250
250
Mean = 3,337
.000
-16,938
-7,193
2,552
12,297
Certaintyis 31.60%from-Infinityto0 $
0
22,042
Hnh 7.24c. Bieu o tan suat tch luy cua NPV
Tran Thanh Phong
78
b. Mo hnh gia oc lap khong chac chan

Gia oc lap oi vi thi ky hoat ong cua d an vi gia hang nam co phan
phoi chuan.
Pt = Ptb + et
V du: Gia thiet gia san pham cua moi nam cua d an se co cung phan phoi chuan
(50, 2), nhng gia cua nam nay se oc lap vi gia cua nam khac.
B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh
B2. Gia san pham cua cac nam thay oi oc lap theo phan phoi chuan (50, 2)
va bien ket qua (ket qua can phan tch rui ro - NPV).
Tran Thanh Phong
79
Hnh 7.26. Chon phan phoi cho e1

Chon phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK
Hnh 7.27. Khai bao phan phoi cho nam 1 e1(0, 2)

Lam tng t cho cac o E10, F10, G10, H10 vi cac phan phoi va ten tng
ng la e2(0, 2), e3(0,2), e4(0,2) va e5(0,2). Cach nh ngha nhanh cac bien
gia thuyet giong nhau la nh ngha bien au tien D10, sau o chon D10 roi
vao thc n Cell Copy Data, sau o chon vung a ch cac o E10:H10
va vao thc n Cell Paste Date.
Tran Thanh Phong
80
Hnh 7.28. at ten va n v tnh cho bien ket qua

B4. Khai bao so lan th la 1000 lan trong Run Run Reference
B5. Chay mo phong Run Run. Nhap OK sau khi chay xong.

Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Frequency Chart
987 Displayed
.027
27
.020
20.25
.014
13.5
.007
6.75
Mean = 3,129
.000
-5,310
-1,086
3,138
7,362
0
11,586
Tran Thanh Phong
81
Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Cumulative Chart
987 Displayed
1.000
1000
.750
750
.500
500
.250
250
Mean = 3,129
.000
-5,310
-1,086
3,138
7,362
0
11,586

c. Mo hnh bc ngau nhien
Gia thay oi hang nam tuan theo phan phoi chuan va gia cua nam sau se
bang gia cua nam trc o cong them dao ong ngau nhien.
Pt = P(t-1) + et
V du: Gia thiet gia san pham thay oi hang nam, gia nam sau bang gia nam trc
cong dao ong ngau nhien. Dao ong ngau nhien tuan theo phan phoi chuan co
trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 2 e(0, 2).
B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh (xem hnh 7.30 ben di)
B2. Gia nam t bang gia nam (t-1) cong dao ong ngau nhien cua nam t
Gia nam 1: P1 = 50 + e1(0,2)
Gia nam 2: P2 = P1 + e2(0,2)
Gia nam 3: P3 = P2 + e3(0,2)
Gia nam 2: P4 = P3 + e4(0,2)
Gia nam 2: P5 = P4 + e5(0,2)
Lu y: Mo hnh bai toan hnh 7.30, s thay oi cua gia a c tnh trc tiep
ra thu nhap khong qua bc trung gian.
Tran Thanh Phong
82
phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK
Tran Thanh Phong
83


Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Frequency Chart
995 Displayed
.031
31
.023
23.25
.016
15.5
.008
7.75
Mean = 3,196
.000
-22,317
-8,496
5,326
19,148
32,969
Tran Thanh Phong
84
Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Cumulative Chart
995 Displayed
1.000
1000
.750
750
.500
500
.250
250
Mean = 3,196
.000
-22,317
-8,496
5,326
19,148
32,969
d. Mo hnh t hoi qui bac nhat AR(1)

Gia cua nam nay cao th gia nam tiep theo se cao, va ngc lai. Ngha la gia
cua nam nay c quan he vi gia nam ke tiep. Trong mo hnh nay gia thiet la
gia cua san lng ch tuy thuoc vao gia cua nam trc.
Pt = 1Pt-1 + (1 - 1)Ptb + et
Phi () la he so t tng quan, la ai lng e ch o manh cua quan he gia
gia nam t va gia nam trc (t-1)
Phi cang cao th chng to co s tng quan manh cua gia gia cac nam (V
du: 0.9)
Tng quan yeu cua gia gia cac nam th co the cho Phi la 0.4
Neu = 1 Tr lai mo hnh 3
Neu = 0 Tr lai mo hnh 2
V du: Gia nam 0 co gia tr trung bnh la 50, gia gia cac nam dao ong va tng
quan vi nhau theo he so = 0.8. Dao ong ngau nhien cua gia tuan theo phan
phoi chuan co trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 2 e(0, 2).
B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh (xem hnh 7.32 ben di)
B2. Tnh gia cua cac nam tai cac o D11 : H11 (xem hnh 7.32 ben di)
Tran Thanh Phong
85
Hnh 7.32. Lap bai toan tren bang theo mo hnh 4

phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK
Tran Thanh Phong
86

Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Frequency Chart
989 Displayed
.028
28
.021
21
.014
14
.007
7
Mean = 3,200
.000
-17,341
-7,147
3,047
13,240
0
23,434
Tran Thanh Phong
87
Forecast: NPV
1,000 Trials
Cumulative Chart
989 Displayed
1.000
1000
.750
750
.500
500
.250
250
Mean = 3,200
.000
-17,341
-7,147
3,047
13,240
0
23,434
Tran Thanh Phong
88
Bai 8. Xac suat & Thong ke
BAI 8. XAC SUAT & THONG KE

Bo sung cong cu phan tch d lieu vao Excel:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Khi ong Microsoft Excel

Vao thc n Tools
Chon Add-Ins
Chon Analysis ToolPak
Nhap nut OK.
8.1. Thong ke
Tap hp chnh (Populations): Tap hp chnh la tap hp tat ca cac oi tng
ma ta quan tam nghien cu trong mot van e nao o. So phan t cua tap hp chnh
c ky hieu la N.
Mau (Sample): Mau la tap hp con cua tap hp chnh. Mau gom mot so hu
han n phan t. So n c goi la c mau.
Tan so (Frequency): Goi xi la cac gia tr quan sat c cua bien ngau nhien
X (i = 1, 2, l). So lan xuat hien cua gia tr xi trong khoi d lieu c goi la tan so
cua xi va c ky hieu la fi. Ta co
fi = n
vi n la c mau
i =1
Tan so tch luy (Cumulative Frequency): Tan so tch luy cua mot gia tr xi la
tong so tan so cua gia tr nay vi tan so cua cac gia tr nho hn xi.
Cac so nh tam (Measure of Central Tendency): So nh tam cua nhom d
lieu la so ai dien cho tat ca cac d lieu o, no the hien vai tro trung tam cua nhom
d lieu. Co cac loai so nh tam sau: so trung bnh (Mean), trung bnh trong so
(Weighted mean) so trung v (Median) va so yeu v (Mode).
Cac so phan tan (Measure of Dispersion): So phan tan dung e the hien s
khac biet gia cac so trong khoi D lieu oi vi so nh tam: Khoang (Range), o
lech chuan (Standard deviation) va phng sai (variance).
Tran Thanh Phong
89
Cac thong so thong ke thong dung va ham trong Excel:

Thong so
So trung bnh
(Average)
n
x =
Ham Excel
Giai tch
AVERAGE(number1,
number2,...)
Tnh trung bnh cua cac tham so cua no.
MEDIAN(number1,
number2,...)
So trung v cua khoi D lieu la so ma

phan na gia tr quan sat c cua khoi
D lieu nho hn no va phan na gia tr
quan sat a ln hn no.
So yeu v cua khoi D lieu la so co tan
so ln nhat.
i =1
So trung v (Median)
So yeu v (Mode)
MODE(number1,
number2,...)
Phng sai mau
VAR(number1,
number2,...)
Phng sai la so trung bnh so hoc cua

bnh phng cac o lech gia cac lng
bien va so trung bnh so hoc cua cac
lng bien o.
VARP(number1,
number2,...)
Phng sai la so trung bnh so hoc cua

bnh phng cac o lech gia cac lng
bien va so trung bnh so hoc cua cac
lng bien o.
AVEDEV(number1,
number2,...)
La so trung bnh so hoc cua cac sai lech

tuyet oi gia cac lng bien va so
trung bnh so hoc cua cac lng bien o
Tong bnh phng

cac sai lech
2
DEVSQ= ( xi x )
DEVSQ(number1,
number2,...)
Tra le tong bnh phng cac sai lech

gia cac lng bien va so trung bnh so
hoc cua cac lng bien o
o lech chuan mau
STDEV(number1,
number2,...)
o lech chuan la can bac 2 cua phng

sai.
(Sample variance)
n
(x i x ) 2
S=
i =1
n 1
Phng sai tap hp

chnh (Population
variance)
N
(x
i =1
)2
o lech tuyet oi
trung bnh
n
d=
(x
i =1
x)
(Sample Standard
Deviation)
S=
1
( x i x) 2
n 1
o lech chuan tap STDEVP(number1,

hp chnh (Population number2,...)
o lech chuan la can bac 2 cua phng

sai.
Standard Deviation)
= 2 =
1
N
(x )
Tran Thanh Phong
90
Hang so (Range)
Range = XMax XMin
Gia tr nho nhat
MIN(number1,
number2,...)
MAX(number1,
number2,...)
QUARTILE(array,
quart)
(Min)
Gia tr ln nhat
(Max)
So t phan (Quartile)
Q2 la so trung v
Hang so t phan
R = Q 3 - Q1
o lech t phan
Q = (Q3-Q1)/2
o bat oi xng
n
(x
i =3
)3
Quart = 0..4
Quart = 0 So Min
Quart = 1 Phan v th nhat
Quart = 2 So trung v
Quart = 3 phan v th ba
Quart = 4 So Max
SKEW(number1,
number2,...)
o nhon
(x
i =3
)3
(Count)
em phan t co
ieu kien (CountIf)
Th hang (Rank)
Trong 1 khoi d lieu xep th t ln dan,

cac so t phan la cac so Q1, Q2, Q3 chia
khoi d lieu lan lt thanh 4 phan co
tan so bang nhau.
(Coefficient of Skewness)
KURT(number1,
number2,...)
3
em so phan t
Gia tr ln nhat cua lng bien
o bat oi xng c tnh bang cach

lay moment th ba cua tr trung bnh
chia cho o lech chuan luy tha ba.
3
n
La sai biet gia lng bien ln nhat va

lng bien nho nhat cua day so.
Gia tr nho nhat cua lng bien
COUNT(value1,
value2,...)
COUNTIF(range,
criteria)
RANK(number, ref,
order)
o nhon c tnh bang cach lay

moment th t cua tr trung bnh chia
cho o lech chuan luy tha bon.
(Coefficient of Kurtosis)
em so phan t trong tap hp
em so phan t trong tap hp thoa ieu
kien.
Tra ve th hang cua mot so trong danh
sach
Order=0 danh sach giam dan

Order0 danh sach tang dan
Tm gia tr nho th
k trong tap d lieu
SMALL(array,k)
SMALL(array,1) So Min
SMALL(array,n) So Max
Tm gia tr ln th k LARGE(array,k)
LARGE(array,1) So Max
trong tap d lieu
LARGE(array,n) So Min
Tan so xuat hien

cua cac gia tr trong
tap so lieu
FREQUENCY
(data_array,
bins_array)
Data_array: tap so lieu
Bins_array: cac khoang
(nhom) trong tap so lieu
Nhom theo phan

tram (Percentile)
Tran Thanh Phong
PERCENTILE(array, k)
Array: tap so lieu
k: nhom phan tram (0..1)
91
Ham tra ve lng bien nho th k trong

tap co n lng bien.
Ham tra ve lng bien ln th k trong
tap co n lng bien.
Tra ve tan so xuat hien cac bien co
trong cac khoang cho trc.
Nhan Ctrl + Shift + Enter khi nhap
xong cong thc
Tra ve nhom tnh theo phan tram cua
gia tr trong tap so lieu.
Xep hang theo phan PERCENTRANK

tram (Percentrank)
(array, x,significance)
Tra ve hang cua mot gia tr trong tap d

lieu theo phan tram trong tap d lieu.
Array: tap so lieu

X: gia tr can biet hang
Significance: so le can thiet
Cac thong so thong ke mo ta (Descriptive statistics)

V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, lap bang cac thong so thong ke mo ta cho bien
Age cua cac quan sat thu thap c.
B1. Chon vung a ch B1:B203 trong bang tnh Dataset
B2. Chon thc n Tools Data Analysis
Hnh 8.1. Cac cong cu phan tch d lieu cua Excel

B3. Chon Descriptive Statistic va nhap nut OK.
Tai Input Range nhap vung a ch d lieu can thong ke la B1:B203
Chon Column tai Group By v d lieu nguon bo tr theo cot.
Chon Labels infirst row v vung a ch khai bao tai Input Range bao gom
ca nhan.
Co 3 la chon cho ni cha ket qua tong hp:
o Output Range (xac nh mot o tai trai-tren ma bang bao cao se at
tai o, co the at bang bao cao trong cung worksheet vi tap d lieu);
o New Worksheet Ply (bao cao se cha trong mot worksheet mi vi
ten do ban qui nh);
o New Workbook (bao cao se cha trong mot workbook tap tin Excel
mi).
Chon cac thong so can bao cao: hay chon
o Summary statistics (cac thong so thong ke tong hp),
o Confidence Level of Mean (o tin cay cua gia tr trung bnh),
o Kth Largest (Tm gia tr ln th k trong tap d lieu) va
o Kth Smallest (Tm gia tr nho th k trong tap d lieu).
Tran Thanh Phong
92
Hnh 8.2. Thiet lap thong so can thong ke.

B4. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat khai bao cac thong so.
AGE
Mean
Standard Error
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation
Sample Variance
Kurtosis
Skewness
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Count
Confidence Level(95.0%)
27.61881188
0.643512917
24
19
9.146036989
83.64999261
-0.546178807
0.847086069
33
18
51
5579
202
1.268900994
Hnh 8.3. Cac thong so thong ke mo ta cua bien Age

Bang tan suat (Histogram)
V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, tao bang tan suat va ve bieu o tan suat cho bien
Age cua cac quan sat thu thap c theo cac khoang tuoi: tuoi 20, 20< tuoi
30, 30 < tuoi 40, 40 < tuoi.
B1. Lap bang cac khoang tuoi tai ni trong tren bang tnh G1:G4
Tran Thanh Phong
93
Hnh 8.4. Lap cac khoang thong ke

B2. Chon vung a ch B1:B203
B4. Chon Histogram
Tai Input Range nhap vung a ch cua bien can ve bang tan suat B1:B203
Tai Bin Range chon vung a ch cua cac khoang G1:G4 (ch can nhap can
tren cua cac khoang)
Chon Labels v cac vung a ch khai bao tren co bao gom nhan
Chon New Worksheet Ply e cha bao cao trong mot worksheet mi vi
ten do ban nhap vao.
Chon Pareto (sorted histogram): bang tan suat c them vao phan sap xep
tan suat theo th t giam dan.
Chon Cumulative Percentage: bang tan suat c them vao phan tnh
phan tram tch luy.
Chon Chart Output: kem theo o th tan suat cho bang tan suat

B5. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat.
Tran Thanh Phong
94
Hnh 8.6. Bang tan suat va bieu o tan suat

Nen chnh lai nhan cho truc Bin cua bieu o.
Xep hang va phan tram theo nhom (Rank and Percentile)
V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, xep th t va tnh phan tram theo nhom cua bien
Age trong tap quan sat thu c.
B1. Chon vung a ch B1:B203
B2. Chon Tools Data Analysis
B3. Chon Rank and Percentile
Tai Input Range nhap vao B1:B203
Chon Group By Column
Chon Lables in First Row
Chon New Worksheet Ply va at ten Rank&Percentile
Tran Thanh Phong
95

B4. Nhap OK sau khi khai bao xong.
Hnh 8.8. Mot phan cua bao cao Rank and Percentile
8.2. Bien ngau nhien va Phan phoi xac suat
Bien ngau nhien: Bien ngau nhien la nhng bien ma gia tr cua no c xac nh
mot cach ngau nhien. Bien ngau nhien c chia lam hai loai bien ngau nhien ri
rac (Discrete Random Variable) va bien ngau nhien lien tuc (Continuous Random
Variable).
Phan phoi xac suat: phan phoi xac suat ri rac va phan phoi xac suat lien tuc
Phan phoi xac suat nh thc (Binomial Probability Distubutions)
Phan phoi Poisson (Poisson Distributions)
Phan phoi hnh hoc (Geometric Distributions)
Phan phoi sieu boi (Hypergeometric Distributions)
Phan phoi chuan (Normal Distributions)
Phan phoi chuan chuan hoa (Standard Normal Distribution)
Tran Thanh Phong
96
Phan phoi chuan Log (Lognomal Distributions)

Phan phoi tam giac (Trianglar Distributions)
Phan phoi eu (Uniform Distributions)
Phan phoi mu (Exponential Distributions):
Phan phoi Weibull (Weibull Distributions)
Phan phoi Beta (Beta Distributions)
Phan phoi Gama (Gama Distributions)
Phan phoi Logistic (Logistic Distributions)
Phan phoi Pareto (Pareto Distributions)
Phan phoi ga tr cc bien (Extreme Value Distributions)
Phat so ngau nhien theo cac phan phoi xac suat

Giai thch cac tuy chon trong hop thoai Random Number Generation:
Tuy chon
Number of Variables
Number of Random
Numbers
Distribution
Uniform
Normal
Bernoulli
Binomial
Poisson
Patterned
Discrete
Tran Thanh Phong
Giai thch
Nhap so cot cua bang cha ket qua phat so ngau
nhien. Neu bo trong Excel se lap ay cac so trong
cac cot cua vung la chon.
Nhap so phan t muon phat ra. Neu bo trong Excel
se lap ay cac so trong cac dong cua vung la chon.
Chon loai phan phoi muon tao so ngau nhien
Gii han bi can di va can tren. Cac gia tr co
xac suat bang nhau trong khoang.
ac trng bi gia tr trung bnh va o lech chuan.
Neu la phan phoi chuan chuan hoa th gia tr trung
bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 1.
ac trng bi xac suat thanh cong (p value) cua
mot lan th. Bien ngau nhien Bernoulli co gia tr 0
hoac 1.
ac trng bi xac suat thanh cong (p value) cua
mot so lan th.
ac trng bi gia tr =1/. Phan phoi Poisson mo
ta so lan mot bien co xuat hien trong mot khoang
a cho.
ac trng bi can di ca can tren, bc nhay, ty le
lap cua gia tr, so lan phat so ngau nhien.
ac trng bi mot gia tr va xac suat xuat hien cua
no. Tong xac suat xuat hien cua cac gia tr la 1.
97
Parameters
Random Seed
Output Range
New Worksheet Ply
New Workbook
Nhap gia tr cho phan phoi xac suat a chon

Nhap gia tr hat giong trong phat so ngau nhien.
Nhap hat giong giong nh lan phat so ngau nhien
trc se tao ra tap so giong nh lan trc.
Nhap a ch o goc tren trai cua bang so ngau
nhien phat ra.
Nhap ten worksheet cha bang ket qua phat so.
Chon e tao workbook mi cha bang ket qua phat
so ngau nhien.
V du: Phat 100 so ngau nhien cho mot bien X tuan theo phan phoi chuan vi trung
bnh la 50 va o lech chuan la 4.
B2. Chon Random Number Generation va nhap OK
Tai Number of Variables nhap vao so 1 ch can tao mot bien X
Tai Number of Random Numbers nhap vao 100 phat 100 so ngau
nhien.
Tai Distribution chon Normal (phan phoi chuan)
Tai Parameters, nhap so 50 vao hop Mean (gia tr trung bnh) va nhap so 4
vao hop Standard deviation (o lech chuan).
Random seed co the nhap so hat giong nao o hay bo trong.
Chon New worksheet Ply va at ten la RNGen.
Tran Thanh Phong
98
B3. Nhap OK sau khi khai bao cac thong so. Excel se tao ra worksheet mi la
RNGen e cha bang ket qua.
Hnh 8.9. Mot phan bang so ngau nhien theo phan phoi chuan (50, 4)
Mot so ham ve phan phoi trong Excel

Ham phan phoi xac suat
Giai thch & v du
BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B)
x: gia tr bien co thuoc (A, B) can tnh
alpha, beta: tham so cua phan phoi
A, B : bien di va bien tren
Tra ve gia tr cua ham mat o xac suat tch luy cua
phan phoi Beta. Neu bo trong A va B th ong ngha
vi viec s dung phan phoi xac suat Beta chuan hoa
A=0 va B=1.
V du: Px = BetaDist(2,8,10,1,3) = 0. 685470581
Tra ve gia tr bien co x khi biet xac suat xuat hien cua
no trong phan phoi Beta. No la nghch ao cua ham
BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)
Probability: xac suat cua bien co x
alpha, beta: tham so cua phan phoi
A, B : bien di va bien tren
BetaDist(x,) tren.
V du: x = BetaInv(0. 685470581, 8,10,1,3) = 2
BINOMDIST(number_s, trials,
probability_s, cumulative)
Number_s: so lan th thanh cong
Trials: so lan th
Probability_s: xac suat thanh cong trong
mot lan th
Cumulative: la True e tnh xac suat tch
luy, la False e tnh xac suat iem.
Tra ve xac suat cua nhng lan th thanh cong cua phan
phoi nh phan.
CHIDIST(x, degrees_freedom)
Tra ve xac suat mot pha cua phan phoi chi-squared.

Phan phoi chi-quared gan vi kiem nh chi-quared
dung e so sanh gia tr quan sat vi gia tr ky vong.
X: la gia tr dung e anh gia phan phoi

degrees_freedom: la so o t do
CHIDIST tnh P(X>x) vi X la bien ngau
nhien.
Tran Thanh Phong
99
CHIINV(probability,
degrees_freedom)
Probability: xac suat mot pha cua phan
phoi chi-quared
degrees_freedom: o t do
CRITBINOM(trials, probability_s,
alpha)
Trials: So lan th Bernoulli
Probability_s: xac suat thanh cong cua
mot lan th
Alpha: gia tr ieu kien
EXPONDIST(x, lambda,
cumulative)
x: gia tr cua ham mu
lamda: thong so lamda
Tra ve nghch ao cua xac suat mot pha cua phan phoi
chi-quared. Dung e so sanh ket qua quan sat vi ket
qua ky vong e quyet nh chap nhan hay bac bo gia
thuyet H0.
Tra ve gia tr nho nhat ma tai o phan phoi nh phan

tch luy la ln hn hay bang gia tr ieu kien. Thng
dung trong am bao chat lng. Dung ham CritBiNom
e xac nh lng san pham co khuyet tat ln nhat cho
phep trong mot lo hang.
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi xac suat mu.
cumulative: la True tra ve ham phan

phoi tch luy, la False tra ve ham mat o
xac suat.
FDIST(x, degrees_freedom1,
degrees_freedom2)
X: la gia tr e c lng ham
degrees_freedom1: bac t do cua t so
degrees_freedom2: bac t do cua mau so
Tran Thanh Phong
Tra ve xac suat phan phoi xac suat F. Dung e xac

nh xem co s bien ong khac biet gia 2 tap so lieu
hay khong. V du: anh gia s bien ong khac nhau
gia iem thi cua nam va n vao mot trng hoc.
100
FINV(probability,
degrees_freedom1,
degrees_freedom2)
Nghch ao phan phoi xac suat F.
GAMMADIST(x, alpha, beta,

cumulative)
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Gamma.
X: la gia tr e anh gia phan phoi

Alpha: thong so cua phan phoi
Beta: thong so cua phan phoi, Beta=1 th
ham GammaDist tra ve xac suat cua
phan phoi Gamma chuan.
GAMMAINV(probability, alpha,
beta)
Tm gia tr x khi biet xac suat xuat hien.
Probability: xac suat xuat hien

Alpha: he so cua phan phoi
Beta: he so cua phan phoi
FISHER(x)
X: la gia tr muon chuyen oi
FISHERINV(y)
Y la gia tr muon chuyen oi
HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,
number_sample, population_s,
number_population)
Chuyen oi Fisher cho mot gia tr. Dung ham nay e

kiem nh gia thuyet oi vi he so tng quan
V du: =FISHER(0.75) la 0.972955075
Nghch ao cua chuyen oi Fisher.
V du: =FISHERINV(0.972955) 0.75
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi sieu boi.
Sample_s: so lan thanh cong trong mau

Number_sample: kch thc mau
Population_s: so lan thanh cong trong tap
hp chnh
Number_population: kch thc tap hp
chnh
Tran Thanh Phong
101
LOGNORMDIST(x, mean,
standard_dev)
Tra ve xac suat cua tch luy cua phan phoi chuan log
X: la gia tr can tnh xac suat

Mean: la trung bnh cua ln(x)
Standard_dev: o lech chuan cua ln(x)
LOGINV(probability, mean,
standard_dev)
Tnh x khi biet xac suat oi vi phan phoi chuan log
Probability: xac suat xuat hien cua x

Mean: Trung bnh cua ln(x)
Standard_dev: o lech chuan ln(x)
NORMDIST(x, mean,
standard_dev, cumulative)
Tra ve xac suat xuat hien cua x trong phan phoi chuan
X: gia tr can tnh xac suat

Mean: trung bnh
Standard_dev: o lech chuan
Cumulative: True tnh xac suat tch luy
cua x; va False tnh mat o xac xuat tai
iem x
NORMINV(probability, mean,
standard_dev)
Tnh x khi biet xac suat xuat hien trong phan phoi
chuan
Probability: xac suat xuat hien cua x

Mean: trung bnh
NORMSDIST(z)
Z: la gia tr can tnh xac suat
NORMSINV(probability)
Probability: xac suat cua gia tr
POISSON(x, mean, cumulative)
Tm xac suat tch luy cua z trong phan phoi chuan

chuan hoa co trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 1.
V du: =NORMSDIST(1.333333) la 0.908789
Tm xac suat e z 1.333333
Tm gia tr z khi biet xac suat xuat hien
V du: =NORMSINV(0.908789) la 1.333333
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Poisson
X: gia tr can tnh xac suat

Mean: gia tr ky vong
Cumulative: True tnh xac suat tch luy;
Tran Thanh Phong
102
False tnh xac suat iem.
PROB(x_range, prob_range,
lower_limit, upper_limit)
X_range: la nhom cac gia tr
Prob_range: la xac suat xuat hien tng ng
vi cac gia tr thuoc x-range.
Lower_limit: can di
Upper_limit: can tren
STANDARDIZE(x, mean,
standard_dev)
Tra ve xac suat xuat hien cua nhom cac bien co

(x_range) nam gia hai gii han. Neu gii han
tren bo trong th xem nh nhom cac bien co la
bang vi can di.
Tra ve gia tr chuan hoa cua x
X: gia tr can chuan hoa

Mean: trung bnh
TDIST(x, degrees_freedom, tails)
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Student.
X: la gia tr can tnh

Degrees_freedom: bac t do
Tails: so au. Tails=1 th tra ve phan
phoi mot au, Tails=2 th tra ve phan
phoi hai au.
TINV(probability,
degrees_freedom)
Tra ve gia tr t cua phan phoi Student

V du: Tinv(0.054645,60) la 1.95999
Probability: xac suat hai pha

Degrees_freedom: bac t do
WEIBULL(x, alpha, beta,

cumulative)
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi WeiBull
X: la gia tr can tnh

Tran Thanh Phong
103
Alpha: he so alpha
Beta: he so beta
Cumulative: True th tra ve ham phan
phoi tch luy; False th tra ve ham mat o
xac suat.
Khi alpha=1 th WeiBull tr thanh phan
phoi xac suat mu
Chon mau t tap hp chnh

V du: Chon ngau nhien 100 mau t bien Age.
B2. Chon Sampling va nhap OK
Tai Input Range nhap vao B1:B203
Chon Labels
Chon Random va nhap 100 vao hop Number of Samples
at ten cho worksheet cha ket qua tai New Worksheet Ply

B3. Nhap OK hoan tat.
Tran Thanh Phong
104
8.3. Tng quan va hoi qui tuyen tnh

Ham
Giai thch & v du
CORREL(array1, array2)
Array1: vung a ch cha gia tr
He so tng quan (Correlation coefficient)

Cov( X, Y)
= Corr ( X, Y) =
x y
> 0.8 tng quan manh

=0.4-0.8 tng quan TB
< 0.4 tng quan yeu.
He so nay ch ra moi quan he tuyen tnh gia hai

bien. He so tng quan dng co ngha la hai bien
se ong bien. He so tng quan am co ngha la 2
bien se nghch bien.
COVAR(array1, array2)
ong phng sai (covariance): La trung bnh cua

tch cac cap sai lech. Dung e xac nh moi quan
he gia hai tap so lieu.
Cov ( x, y ) =
PEARSON(array1, array2)
Array1: tap gia tr oc lap

Array2: tap gia tr phu thuoc
RSQ(known_y's, known_x's)
Known_ys: tap so lieu
Known_xs: tap so lieu
Tran Thanh Phong
1 n
( x j x )( yi y )
n j =1
Tra ve he so tng quan Pearson r, no la mot ai

lng vo hng nam trong oan [-1, 1] va phan
anh o manh cua moi quan he tuyen tnh gia hai
tap so lieu.
Tra ve bnh phng he so tng quan Pearson cua

hai tap so lieu x va y.
105
FORECAST(x, known_y's,
known_x's)
Tnh, c lng gia tr tng lai can c vao gia tr hien

tai.
x: la gia tr dung e d bao

Known_ys: tap so lieu phu thuoc
Known_xs: tap so lieu oc lap
INTERCEPT(known_y's,
known_x's)
Tra ve tung o goc cua mot ng hoi qui tuyen

tnh.
known_y's bien phu thuoc

known_x's bien oc lap
SLOPE(known_y's, known_x's)
STEYX(known_y's, known_x's)
TREND(known_y's, known_x's,
new_x's, const)
Tra ve he so goc cua mot ng hoi qui tuyen

tnh.
Tra ve sai so chuan trung bnh cua gia tr d bao y so
vi gia tr x trong hoi qui.
Tra ve cac gia tr doc theo ng hoi qui (theo phng
phap bnh phng be nhat).
He so tng quan
V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, lap bang he so tng quan (Correlation) cho cac
bien AGE, SEX, WEIGHT va HEIGHT.
B1. Chon vung c ch B1:E203 trong bang tnh Dataset
Tran Thanh Phong
106
Hnh 8.11. Chon Correlation

B3. Chon Correlation
Nhap B1:E203 tai Input Range
Chon Columns tai Grouped By
Chon Labels in First Row
Nhap ten la Correlation vao hop New Worksheet Ply

B4. Nhap OK va xem ket qua
AGE
SEX
WEIGHT
AGE
1
0.011362294
0.217651032
SEX
WEIGHT
1
-0.226892759
HEIGHT
-0.115958279
-0.291280301
0.196308656
HEIGHT
Hnh 8.13. Bang he so tng quan gia cac bien

ong phng sai (Covariance)
Giong nh trng hp Correlation nhng no khong gii han trong [-1, 1].
V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, lap bang ong phng sai (Covariance) cho cac
Tran Thanh Phong
107
bien AGE, SEX, WEIGHT va HEIGHT.

B1. Chon vung c ch B1:E203 trong bang tnh Dataset
Hnh 8.14. Chon Covariance

B3. Chon Covariance
Nhap B1:E203 tai Input Range
Chon Columns tai Grouped By
Chon Labels in First Row
Nhap ten la Covariance vao hop New Worksheet Ply

B4. Nhap OK va xem ket qua
AGE
AGE
SEX
SEX
WEIGHT
HEIGHT
83.23588374
0.07374277
0.506053328
WEIGHT
34.15086756
-2.775904323
295.7817861
HEIGHT
-15.89954416
-3.114130968
50.74027056
225.8682727
Hnh 8.16. Bang hiep tng quan gia cac bien.
Tran Thanh Phong
108
Hoi qui bac nhat n gian

V du: Tm phng trnh hoi qui bac nhat n gian ve moi quan he gia chieu cao
(Height) va trong lng (Weight).
B2. Chon Regression t danh sach va nhap nut OK
Nhap bien phu thuoc vao Input Y Range, a ch D1:D203
Nhap bien oc lap vao Input X Range, a ch E1:E203
Chon Labels
Chon o tin cay la 95%
at ten cho worksheet cha ket qua tai New Worksheet Ply
Chon them cac tuy chon bao cao ben di.

B3. Nhap OK hoan tat
Tran Thanh Phong
109
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.19631
R Square
0.03854
Adjusted R Square
0.03373
Standard Error
16.94777
Observations
202
ANOVA
df
MS
2302.5109
287.2270
F
8.0163
Significance
F
0.0051
Regression
Residual
1
200
SS
2302.5109
57445.4099
Total
201
59747.9208
Intercept
Coefficients
21.43439
Standard
Error
13.3144
t Stat
1.6099
Pvalue
0.1090
Lower 95%
-4.8202
Upper
95%
47.6890
Lower
95.0%
-4.8202
Upper
95.0%
47.6890
HEIGHT
0.22465
0.0793
2.8313
0.0051
0.0682
0.3811
0.0682
0.3811
Hnh 8.17. Bang ket qua

Weight - Height
120
100
y = 0.2246x + 21.434
R2 = 0.0385
80
Weight
60
40
20
0
-50
50
100
150
200
250
-20
Height
Hnh 8.18. o th phan tan
Tran Thanh Phong
110
Phu luc
Phu Luc
at ten vung
B1. Chon vung cac o can at ten A2:A22

B2. Vao Insert Name Define
B3. at ten cho vung tai Names in workbook sau o nhap nut Add
B4. Nhap OK e hoan tat. Ke t luc nay khi tnh toan ta co the goi ten vung ch
khong can phai chon lai vung nay.
Tran Thanh Phong
111
Phu luc
Danh sach AutoFill t tao

B1. Vao Tools Options Chon ngan Custom lists
B2. Nhap ten danh sach theo qui luat do ban qui nh, cac phan t trong danh sach cach
nhau bang dau phay.
B3. Nhap nut Add e them vao danh sach Custom lists
B4. Nhap OK e hoan tat.
Danh sach cac AutoFill co san:

Cac gia tr khi au
1, 2, 3
9:00
Mon
Monday
Jan
Jan, Apr
Jan-99, Apr-99
15-Jan, 15-Apr
1999, 2000
1-Jan, 1-Mar
Qtr3 (or Q3 or Quarter3)
Product 1, On backorder
Text1, textA
1st Period
Product 1
Tran Thanh Phong
Chuoi sau khi m rong

4, 5, 6
10:00, 11:00, 12:00
Tue, Wed, Thu
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday
Feb, Mar, Apr
Jul, Oct, Jan
Jul-99, Oct-99, Jan-00
15-Jul, 15-Oct
2001, 2002, 2003
1-May, 1-Jul, 1-Sep,...
Qtr4, Qtr1, Qtr2,...
Product 2, On backorder, Product 3, On backorder,...
text2, textA, text3, textA,...
2nd Period, 3rd Period,...
Product 2, Product 3,...
112
Phu luc
Phm tat thong dung

Nhap lieu
Phm
ENTER
ALT+ENTER
CTRL+ENTER
SHIFT+ENTER
TAB
SHIFT+TAB
ESC
HOME
F4 hoac Ctrl + Y
CTRL+D
CTRL+R
CTRL+F3
CTRL+K
CTRL+;
CTRL+SHIFT+:
ALT+DOWN ARROW
CTRL+Z
Giai thch
Hoan thanh viec nhap lieu cho o
Xuong dong trong o
Lap ay vung o chon vi gia tr hien tai
Tr ve o ke trc
en o ke tiep ben phai
Tr ve o ke trc ben trai
Huy bo viec nhap lieu cho o
Di chuyen trai, len, phai, xuong
Di chuyen ve au dong
Lap lai thao tac
Lap ay hng xuong
Lap ay hng qua phai
nh ngha ten cho vung
Chen sieu lien ket
Nhap ngay
Nhap thi gian
Hien th danh sach xo xuong cua cac gia tr trong cot hien
hanh cua danh sach
Huy lenh cuoi
Nhap ky t ac biet: nhan phm F2 e vao che o chnh sa, nhap Num Lock tren ban
phm e bat cac phm so.
Phm
ALT+0162
ALT+0163
ALT+0165
ALT+0128
Giai thch
Nhap ky t
Nhap ky t
Nhap ky t
Nhap ky t
Nhap cong thc tnh toan:

Phm
=
F2
BACKSPACE
ENTER
CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER
ESC
SHIFT+F3
F3
Tran Thanh Phong
Giai thch
Bat au cong thc
Vao che o hieu chnh
Xoa mot ky t ben trai trong thanh nhap lieu
Hoan thanh nhap lieu cho mot o
Ket thuc mot ham dang day so
Huy bo noi dung ang nhap trong o
Trong cong thc ang nhap e hien th th vien ham
a ten vung t nh ngha vao cong thc
113
ALT+=
CTRL+SHIFT+"
CTRL+'
CTRL+`
F9
SHIFT+F9
CTRL+ALT+F9
CTRL+ALT+SHIFT+F9
Phu luc
Chen ham Sum

Chep gia tr t o tren o hien hanh vao o hien hanh
Chep cong thc t o tren o hien hanh vao o hien hanh
Chuyen qua lai che o hien th gia tr va cong thc trong o
Tnh toan lai cac o trong tat ca bang tnh trong tap tin
Tnh toan lai cac o trong bang tnh hien hanh
Tnh toan lai tat ca bang tnh trong tat ca tap tin ang m
Kiem tra lai moi quan he trong cac cong thc va tnh toan lai
cac o trong tat ca cac bang tnh cua tat ca cac tap tin ang m
Hieu chnh:
Phm
F2
ALT+ENTER
BACKSPACE
DELETE
CTRL+DELETE
F7
SHIFT+F2
ENTER
CTRL+Z
ESC
CTRL+SHIFT+Z
Giai thch
Vao che o hieu chnh
Xuong dong trong o
Xoa o hoac xoa ky t ng trc khi ang che o hieu
chnh
Xoa ky t ben phai sau v tr dau nhac hoac xoa vung ang
chon.
Xoa dong van ban
Hien th hop kiem tra loi chnh ta
Hieu chnh ghi chu cho o
Hoan thanh nhap lieu cho o va nhay en o ben di
Huy lenh va thc hien
Huy noi dung anh nhap
Huy/ phuc hoi lenh cua AutoCorrect va thc hien
Chen, xoa, sao chep:

Phm
CTRL+C
CTRL+X
CTRL+V
DELETE
CTRL+SHIFT+ +
Giai thch
Chep vung la chon vao bo nh
Cat vung la chon vao bo nh
Dan noi dung t bo nh vao
Xoa noi dung vung chon
Chen o trong
nh dang d lieu:
Phm
ALT+'
CTRL+1
CTRL+SHIFT+~
CTRL+SHIFT+$
CTRL+SHIFT+%
Tran Thanh Phong
Giai thch
Goi hop Style
Goi hop Format Cells
Dung nh dang so tong quat
Dung nh dang tien vi 2 so thap phan, so am trong ngoac
Dung nh dang % khong so le
114
CTRL+SHIFT+^
CTRL+SHIFT+#
CTRL+SHIFT+@
CTRL+SHIFT+!
CTRL+B
CTRL+I
CTRL+U
CTRL+5
CTRL+9
CTRL+SHIFT+(
CTRL+0 (zero)
CTRL+SHIFT+)
CTRL+SHIFT+&
CTRL+SHIFT+_
Phu luc
Dung nh dang so khoa hoc vi 2 so le

Dung nh dang ngay, thang va nam (Tieng Anh)
Dung nh dang thi gian (AM, PM)
Dung nh dang so vi 2 so thap phan, co phan cach hang
nghn va dau tr (-) e bieu dien so am.
Bat/ tat in am
Bat/ tat in nghien
Bat/ tat gach chan
Bat/ tat gach ngang ky t
An cac dong ang chon
Hien/ an cac dong ang chon
An cac cot ang chon
Hien/ an cac cot ang chon
Dung ke ng vien khung cho cac o ang chon
Xoa ng vien khung cho cac o ang chon
Chon o, dong, cot va cac oi tng:

Phm
CTRL+SPACEBAR
SHIFT+SPACEBAR
CTRL+A
SHIFT+BACKSPACE
CTRL + SHIFT +
SPACEBAR
CTRL+6
SHIFT + phm mui ten
CTRL+SHIFT+ phm mui
ten
SHIFT+HOME
CTRL+SHIFT+HOME
CTRL+SHIFT+END
SHIFT+PAGE DOWN
SHIFT+PAGE UP
END+SHIFT+ phm mui ten
END+SHIFT+HOME
END+SHIFT+ENTER
SCROLL LOCK + SHIFT +
HOME
SCROLL LOCK + SHIFT +
END
Tran Thanh Phong
Giai thch
Chon ca cot
Chon ca dong
Chon ca worksheet
Trong so cac o ang chon, ch chon o hien hanh
Chon tat ca oi tng tren worksheet
Chuyen qua lai cac che o an/ hien/ ky hieu gi cho cho cac
oi tng.
M rong vung chon 1 o
M rong vung chon en o co d lieu cuoi cung trong cung
cot/ dong ke t o hien hanh
M rong vung chon ve dong au tien
M rong vung chon ve au worksheet
M rong vung chon en o co s dung cuoi cung
M rong vung chon xuong mot man hnh
M rong vung chon len mot man hnh
M rong vung chon en o co d lieu cuoi cung trong cung
cot/ dong ke t o hien hanh
M rong vung chon en o co s dung cuoi cung tren
worksheet
M rong vung chon en o cuoi cung cua dong hien hanh
M rong vung chon en o goc tren trai cua ca so
M rong vung chon en o goc di phai cua ca so
115

Ung Dung MS Excel Tronag Kinh Te

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Ung Dung MS Excel Tronag Kinh Te

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Chng Trnh Giang Day Kinh Te Fulbright

Chng Trnh ao Tao Mot Nam

BIEN SOAN: TRAN THANH PHONG

Phong may tnh, nam 2004

d. Mo hnh t hoi qui bac nhat AR(1) ................................................................... 85

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

BAI 1. QUI TRNH LAP BAI TOAN TREN BANG TNH

Hnh thc cua

Mo hnh mo ta Biet trc

Gia tr cua bien

Qui hoach tuyen tnh (Linear

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

ham f e t o xac nh gia tr d bao cua bien phu thuoc Y.

1.2. Qui trnh

Thu thap d lieu

Phan tch ket qua

Thc hien li giai

Hnh 1.1. Cac bc trong qua trnh giai bai toan

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

Bc 1: Xac nh van e can giai quyet

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

Bc 3: Thu thap d lieu dung cho mo hnh

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

BAI 2. TO CHC D LIEU TRONG BANG TNH

Hnh 2.2. Danh sach d lieu

Hnh 2.3. Thanh nh dang

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

chuot vao hop chia man hnh theo chieu doc

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

Hnh 2.4. Hop thoai Data Form

Hnh 2.5. Mau at ieu kien tm kiem

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach.

Hnh 2.6. Hop thoai tm va thay the

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

Hnh 2.7. Hop thoai Data Form

Hnh 2.8. Xac nhan xoa ban ghi

Tran Thanh Phong