Cac bai toan tb hop n6i chung va nhi thirc Newton noi rieng I~ met trong cac du thanh cua cac d6 thi mon Toan trong cac kl thi tuyen sinh vao Dai hoc, Cao d~ng nhtrng nam g~n day tir 2002-2009.
Bai giang nay danh dS trlnh bay cac phuong phap giai cac bai toan lien quan d~n nhj tlurc Newton. C6 hai loai bai toan chinh duoc xet d~n iJ day:
- Cac bai toan lien quan d~n h~ s6 trong khai trien nhj thirc Newton. ~ Cac bai toan tinh tong co str dung d~n nh] thirc Newton.
§1. cAc BAI ToAN VE He: 56 TRONG KHAI TRIEN NHJ THUC NEWTON
Nlur da bi~t nh] tlurc Newton eo dang:
n
(a+br = IC~an-bbk .(1)
k=O
Trong do v~ phai cua (I) lit tong n+ I s6 hang, S6 C~an-bbk la s6 hang thir k+ I cua tong tty, (k = 0, I ,2, ... ,n). Cac bai toan thuoc chu d6 nay la mot dang toan hay g~P trong cac ki thi tuyen sinh vao cac tma~g Dai hoc, Ca? d~ng trong ~hiIng nam gan day. No thirong co dang sau: "Tim dieu kien de h~ so cua khai trien (I) thoa man mot di6u kien nao dfty".
- Vi~t khai trien Newton (I) voi a, b duoc chon tir d~u bai. Trong mot s6 tnrong hop co thS phai xac dinh s6 n tnroc (thuong n la nghiem cua m(>t phirong trinh co lien quan d~n s6 tb hop).
- Tir (I) Slr dung s6 hang thir k+ I: C~a n-bbk cua khai trien va yeu du d6 bai d~ thi~t I~p nen m(>t phuong trinh (rna fin cua no thuong la k).
- Tir nghiem tim duoc se cho ta k~t qua cfrn tim.
Trong qua trinh giai toan ta tlurong dung cac k~t qua d~c bi~t sau:
n
(1 )n "\' Ck k CO C' C2 2 Cn n
+X =L,.. nX = 11.+ nX+ nX + ... + nX'
k=O
n n kkk 0' 22 nnn
(I-x) = I(-I) CnX =Cn -Cnx+Cnx - ... +(-1) Cnx .
k=O
Dw b" I 'Co C' C2. Cn 2n
~e l~t lan, ta eo: n + n + n + ... + n = ;
C~ - C~ + C~ - ... + ( -1 r C:~ = 0 .
186
187
Cac dang todn ca ban:
Loai 1: Tim h~ s6 cua Xk trong mot khai trien nhj thirc Newton:
TIIi du l: (IJJ thi tuyin sinh IJ{li ltoc kh6i B - 2007)
Tim h~ s6 cua x 10 trong khai trien nhi thirc (2+x)" bi~t rang:
3ne~ -3n-Ie~ +3n-2e~ _3n-3e~ + ... +(-Jre~=2048.
Ghii
Ap dung cong tlurc khai trien nhj thue Newton:
11
z" =(3-1r = Ie~3k(-lr-k
k=O
=3ne~ -3n-Ie~ +3n-2e~ _3n-3e~ + ... +(-Jre~.
Vi th~, tir gia thiet ta eo: 2" = 2048 = 211 => n = 11.
Lai ap dung cong thirc khai trien nh] thirc Newton ta eo:
II
(2+x)11 = Ierl2kxll-k .(1)
k=O
Tir (J) suy ra h~ s6 cua xlO irng voi k= 1, va do la s6: cit i = 22. Nhdn xet:
Thi du tren la mot minh hoa dAy dll eho plurong phap giai rna chung ta dlt trinh bay trong phAn rna dAu.
TIIi dl,l 2:(DJ thi tuyin sinh D{li hpc klz6i A - 2006)
Tim h~ s6 cua s6 hang X26 trong khai trien nhi thtrc Newton ella
(~4 + x7 r
" I 2 n 20
Biet rang e2n+1 + e2n+1 + ... + e2n+1 = 2 - 1 .
Giai
Truce h~t xac dinh n tir gia thiet dlt eho nhu sau:
Theo tinh ehAt cua s6 t6 hop, ta eo:
e~n+1 = e~~+1 e~n+1 = e~~~J
en en+1
2n+1 = 2n+I'
T' d' , el e2 en e2n e2n-1 en+1 (I)
. IT 0 ta eo: 2n+1 + 2n+1 + ... + 2n+1 = 2n+1 + 2n+1 + ... + 2n+1
Tir do suy ra: a, > ak+1 <:=:> k> 23 <:=:> k = 8, 9, 10, 11. 3
Phuong trinh ak = ak+1 <:=:> k = 23 .
7
<:=:> vo nghiem do k nguyen.
Nhir the ta co: ao < a, < a2< ... < a- < as> as > alO> all> al2.
V~y max {a.; a.; ... ; ad= as=2se~2 =126720.
TIIi dlJ 2
Xet khai tri~n (3x+2)9 = ao + a.x + a2x2+ ... + a9x9. Tim h~ s6 Ion nhat trong cac
h~ s6 {ao; a.; .... as},
Ghii
9 9
Ta co: (3X + 2)9 = I e~ (3x)k 29-k = I 3k29-ke~xk .
·k=O k=O
V~y ak =3k29-ke; (k=O, 1,2, ... ,9).
Xet bAt phuong trinh: ak<ak+1
<:=:> 3k29-kek <3k+128-kek+1 <:=:> 2 9! <3 9!
9 9 k!(9-k)! (k+I)!(8-k)!
<:=:> _2_' < _3_ <:=:> k <5 <:=:> k = 0, 1,2,3,4 (do k nguyen).
9-k k+1
V~y a.> ak+1 <:=:> k>5<:=:> k = 6,7,8. M~t khac ak = ak+1 <:=:> k = 5.
Vi th~ ta co: ao < a, < a2 < a, < a, < as = a, > a7> as> a9·
Tir do: as = 116 = max{ao; a.; ... ;a9}= zc; = 252.
TIll du3
Xet khai tri~n (x+2t=ao +a.x+a.xt+ ... +a'lxn. Tim n d~ max{ao;al; ... an}=alO.
Giai
Tir gia thi~t aO<al< ... <a9<alO>all>aI2> ... >an.
{alo>a9 (I)
V~y ta co h~:
alo > all (2)
<=> 29 <n <32
<=> n = 30 hoac n = 31.
Loal 3: Cac bai toan tim M s6 va cac s6 hang trong khai tri~n nhj thirc Newton thoa man cac di~u kien eho tnroc:
TIll dl!l (Di thi Illyill sill" D(li "pc k"ai D - 2003)
V 6"i n la s6 nguyen dirong, goi a311-3 la h~ s6 cua X311-3 trong khai tri~n thanh da thirc cua (x2+2)"+ (x+2t. Tim n d~ co a311_3=26n.
Giai
Vi n nguyen dirong nen n 2: I ~ 3n-3 2: O.
Theo cong tlurc khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton ta co:
( ,2)n _ 0 1,2 2 4 n 2n
l s- x -Cn+Cnx +CnX + ... +CnX ,
(I)
Theo khai trien nhi thirc Newton, thi
n
(x+2t = IC~xk2n-k. k=O
n! 2n!
>----
(n-IO)! 10! (n-9)!9!
<=>
{I 2
->-<=> 10 n-9·
2n! n! 2 I
(n-IO)!IO!>(n-ll)!II! n-IO>11
(2 )2 _ 2nCO 2n-ICI, 2n-2C2 2 Cn n
+ X - n + nX + nX + ... + nX . (2)
I/N~un=1 ~3n-3=0.
Trong tnrong hop nay, ta eo: (X 2 + I r (x + 2 t = ( X 2 + I) ( x + 2) Tir do suy ra ao = 2. M~t khac 26n = 26 ~ a311-3 #26n.
Loai kha nang nay.
2/ N~u n = 2 (1~p luan nrong nr nlur tnrong hop I cling loai kha nang nay). 3/ N~u n 2: 3, tir (I) (2) suy ra:
a = Cn (23 Cn-3) + Cn-I (2Cn-1 ) 23 n! ') 2
3n-3 n nn n = + ~n .
(n -3)!3!
Theo bai ra ta eo phuong trinh:
4n(n-I)(n-2) 2
-~---'~--'- + 2n = 26n <=> n = 5 (do n 2: 3). 3
V~y n = 5 lit gia trj duy nh5t dn tim cua n.
192
tim h~ s6 cua s6 hang eo s6 mf cua a va b la bang nhau.
Ghii
Theo cong thirc khai trien nh] thirc Newton, ta eo:
(4i+~r +k~+bL-~r
21 (~_~)k( ~ _~)21-k 21 ~_21-k _~+21-k
= ~ C~I a3b 6 b-a 6 = ~ C~la3 6 b 6 2
Tir (I) suy ra xet h~ plurong trinh sau:
~_ k-21 =_~+ 21-k ~k= 12.
3 6 6 2
(1)
TIIi dfl2:
Tim cac s6 hang nguyen trong khai tri~n (Jj + ifit .
Theo cong thirc khai trien nh] tlurc Newton, ta co.,
(.J3 +<12)' +L2l r = t, Ci3i2';' (I)
{k:2
la nguyen ~ (9 - k):3 0~k~9
V ~y trong khai tri~n tren eo hai s6 hang nguyen do la:
Cg3°2J =8 va C~3J21 =4536.
k 9-k C~322-3-
~ k = 0 va k= 6.
Tllrdfl2:
Trong khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton:
(4i + ffr
5 5 V ~y h~ s6 cAn tim la: C~~ = 293930 (do la M s6 cua s6 hang chua a"2 b2 )
TId dfl, 3 , , , Tim so nguyen dirong be nhat n sao eho trong khai trien (1 + x)" eo hai h~ so
lien ti~p eo ti s6 la '2 . 5
n
Ta co: (1 + x)" = L C~xk => h~ s6eua hai s6 hang lien ti~p la: C~ ;C~+I .
k=O
193
Taco:
Ck 7
-"-=- ¢::>
Ck+1 IS
n
k+1 7 k+1
--=-¢::>7n=22k+15 ¢::> n=3k+2+--.
n-k IS 7
k+1
Don,kEZ => --:;:::t=>k=7t-1 =>n=22t-1 (I) . 7
. I
Do k::: 0 nen 7t-1 ::: 0 => t::: - (2) 7
Tir (I) va (2) do t nguyen nen n nhan gia tri be nhdt b~ng 21 khi t = I. V~y n = 21 la gia tri be nhdt cua n thoa man yeu du dfru bai,
§2. cAc BAI ToAN CHUNG MINH H~ THUC TO HOP, HoAc TINH TONG BANG cAcH su DVNG NHJ THUC NEWTON
f)~ co thS giai cac bai toan thuoc loai nay, ngiroi ta thirong gild no theo cac biroc sau:
II Truce h~t chon mot ham s6 thich hop voi dfru bai. Cac ham s6 nay thirong la nhin thdy ngay dang cua no (dua vao cac bieu thirc eho trong dfru bai).
21 Dung cac phep bien d6i dai s6, hoac k~t hop voi phep tinh dao ham, tich
phan d~ giai bai toan ban dfru. .
Loai 1: Cac bai to an k~t hop viec sir dung phep tinh dao ham va tich phan:
V6i loai bai t~p nay, sau khi chon duoc ham s6 f(x) thich hop ta ti~n hanh Idy dao ham (hoac tich phan) ham s6 da chon theo hai each:
- Ldy dao ham (hoac tich phan) tnrc tiep ham s6 da eho.
- LAy dao ham (hoac tich phan) sau khi da Slr dung khai trien nhj tlnrc Newton
ham s6 f(x) da chon (dl nhien a day f(x) co dang co th~ dung cong tlnrc khai trien nhi thirc Newton)
- V6'i phep lAy dao ham, ta lua chon mot gia trj phu hop cho x, rbi thay vao hai bieu tlurc va tinh dao ham. V6'i phep lAy tich phan thi chon hai e~n tieh ph an thieh hop, Cac gia tr] nay cling thirong thdy ngay tll' dfru bai.
TIIi d(l 1 (DJ thi luyi" sinh D(li h!lc kllt]i A - 2007) Cho n la s6 nguyenduong, chuug minh:
I 1 I 3 I 5 I 2n-1 2211 - I
-C2n +-C2n +-C2n +,,,+-C211 = .
2 4 6 2n 2n + 1
Ghii
( )211 CO CI C2 2 C3 3 C2n 2'11 (I)
Ta co: I + x = 2n + 211 X + 211 X + 2n x + ... + 2n x