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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

Lu nay, k thut gii ton Ha hc vn cha c quan tm ng mc,


c bit l trong chng trnh o to ca trng ph thng, dn n tnh trng
hc sinh ca chng ta gp nhiu kh khn v lng tng trong vic gii cc bi
Ton phc tp, cc sch tham kho v gii ton Ha hc cng c kh nhiu,
tuy nhin cng tht kh c th tm c mt cun sch c th tm lc y
cc phng php gii ton thng gp.
Topic ny c lp ra vi mong mun gip cc bn c c ci nhn y
nht v cc phng php gii cc bi tp Ha, a vic gii ton Ha hc
khng ch l mt k thut m l mt ngh thut ca ngi yu hc Ha.
Bi m u m tui t ra hm nay l k thut ng cho - mt k thut rt
hay gp trong cc bi ton Ha ph thng linh hn ca phng php
trung bnh. Lu nay c khng t ngi cp n k thut ng cho, nhng
cn rt hn ch. Hy vng bi vit di y s cung cp cho cc bn nhiu thng
tin qu bu v mt k thut quan trng bc nht trong gii ton Ha hc.

Ngh thut s dng ng cho trong gii ton Ha hc.


_K thut ng cho c s dng rt rng ri trong gii ton Ha hc, c mt
trong hu ht cc bi ton c s dng phng php trung bnh (ch l ch
trong hn hp 2 thnh phn)
_Bn cht ca k thut ny l vn l cng thc gii h phng trnh bc nht 2 n,
ni cch khc n l s hnh nh ha nh thc cp 2 trong cng thc Crame.
_ u im ni bt ca phng php ny l hn ch c s n s trong bi ton,
nhanh gn v trnh by trc quan.
_ Khng th c mt nh ngha chnh xc v k thut ny, nn ti s trnh by cc
dng bi c trng ca phng php ny thng qua cc v d c th c so snh vi
phng php thng thng
y, ti xin im qua cc dng ton ht sc c bn c dng n k thut
ny, theo th t trong chng trnh ph thng bt u t lp 10. Cn nh l cc
bi ton trong thc t phc tp hn nhiu, i hi cc bn phi c s suy ngh, tm
ti hnh thnh k thut gii ton Ha hc mt cch y v hon thin, khng
th lm my mc. Chc cc bn s tm thy nhiu iu th v khi vn dng linh
hot cc k nng ny!
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
Dng 1: Tnh ton hm lng ng v
VD: KLNT ca ng l 63,54. ng c 2 ng v l 65Cu29 v 63Cu29. Tm phn
trm v s nguyn t ca mi ng v?
Cch 1:
t x, y ln lt l phn trm v s nguyn t ca 2 ng v 65Cu29 v 63Cu29 (0 <
x, y < 100, %)
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

T cc gi thit trong bi, ta c h phng trnh:


x + y = 100 %
M

Cu

65 x + 63 y
= 63,54
x+ y

Gii h 2 phng trnh trn, ta c : x = 27% v y = 73%


Vy hm lng ca 65Cu29 trong t nhin l 27% v 63Cu29 l 73%.
( Trong cch lm ny, cn c th hn ch c 1 n nu khi t ta chn n l x v
100 x )
Cch 2:
p dng k thut ng cho cho hn hp 2 ng v trn trong t nhin, ta c:
65

Cu29 (M = 65)

63,54 63 = 0,54
M

Cu

= 63,54

63

Cu29 (M = 63)

65 63,54 = 1,46

%65Cu29 =

27
73

27.100%
= 27%
27 + 73

Bi tp tng t:
1. KLNT trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v trong t nhin l
79
Br35 v 81Br35. Tnh hm lng phn trm ca mi ng v trong t nhin?
2. KLNT trung bnh ca Antimon l 121,76. Antimon c 2 ng v trong t
nhin l 121Sb51 v 123Sb51 . Tnh hm lng phn trm ca mi ng v?
3. KLNT trung bnh ca nguyn t Bo l 10,812. Mi khi c 94 nguyn t
10
B5 th c bao nhiu nguyn t 11B5 ?
B

Dng 2: Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi


VD: T khi ca mt hn hp kh Nit v Hidro so vi Oxi l 0,3125. Tm th
tch v thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca Nit v Hidro c trong 29,12 lt hn
hp?
Cch 1:
Gi s c 100 mol hn hp trn (phng php gi thit tm) v s mol ca N2 v
H2 ln lt l x v y (0 < x,y < 100, mol)
T cc gi thit trong bi, ta c h phng trnh:
x + y = 100 mol
M

hh

28 x + 2 y
= 32.0,3125 = 10
x+ y

Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c: x = 30,77 (mol) v y = 69,23 (mol)


V t l v s mol cng bng t l v th tch trong cng iu kin nhit v p
sut nn ta c: %VN2 = 30,77% v %VH2 = 69,23%
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

T c: VN2 = 29,12 . 30,77/100 = 8,96l v suy ra VH2 = 29,12 8,86 = 20,16l


Cch 2:
p dng k thut ng cho cho hn hp 2 cht kh trn, ta c:
N2 (M = 28)
M

hh

18

= 32.0,3125 = 10

H2 (M = 2)

%VN2 =

4.100%
= 30,77%
4+9

Bi tp tng t:
1, Cn thm bao nhiu lt kh N2 vo 29,12 lt hn hp kh VD trn thu c
mt hn hp mi c t khi hi so vi O2 l 0,46875.
2, Mt hn hp kh gm N2 v H2 c t khi hi so vi kh Hidro l 3,6. Sau khi
un nng mt thi gian vi bt st 550*C th thy t khi ca hn hp kh so vi
Hidro tng ln v bng 4,5.
a, Tnh thnh phn ca hn hp kh trc v sau phn ng
b, Tnh xem c bao nhiu phn trm th tch ca N2 v Hidro tham gia
phn ng. Cho bit phn ng gia N2 v H2 xy ra khng hon ton:
2NH3
N2 + 3H2
3, Khi ha tan hon ton 2,72 gam hn hp Canxi cacbua (CaC2) v Nhm cacbua
(Al4C3) vo dung dch HCl 2M ngi ta thu c mt lng kh c t khi so vi
Hidro bng 10.
a, Xc nh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca cc cht rn ban u.
b, Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M ti thiu cn dng ha tan hn hp.
c, Tnh th tch kh thu c 27,3*C v 836 mm Hg
4, T khi ca mt hn hp gm O2 v O3 i vi He l 10,24. Nu cho hn hp
ny i t t qua dung dch KI c d th thu c 50 lt kh.
a, Xc nh th tch ca O2 v O3 c trong hn hp
b, Cn thm vo hn hp trn bao nhiu lt kh O3 thu c hn hp mi
c t khi so vi He l 10,667.
5, Trn 13 gam mt kim loi M c ha tr 2 ( M ng trc Hidro trong dy
Bktp) vi Lu hunh ri nung nng phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c
cht rn A. Cho A phn ng vi 300ml dung dch H2SO4 1M (acid ly d), th thu
c hn hp kh B nng 5,2 gam (t khi hi ca B vi Oxi l 0,8125) v dung
dch C.
a, Xc nh kim loi M v nng mol/lit ca dung dch C (gi s th tch
dung dch khng i). Bit rng mui MSO4 tan trong nc.
b, Cho 250ml dung dch NaOH c nng cha bit vo dung dch C th
thu c 1 kt ta. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i th c
cht rn D nng 6,075 gam. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH.
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

(i hc Ti chnh 1988)
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 11
Dng 3: Tnh ton trong pha ch dung dch

Cng thc chung:


1, Nng phn trm:
Trn m1 (gam) dung dch A% (ln) vi m2 (gam) dung dch nng a% (nh
hn) th c dung dch c nng X% tha mn:
X%
m1 A%
X-a
AX
m2 a%

X a
m
= 1
m2
A X

Nu gi thit l t khi ca dung dch thay i khng ng k th ta c:


X a
V
= 1
V2
A X

2, Nng mol/lit:
Trn V1 (lit) dung dch A (mol/l) vi V2 (lit) dung dch a (mol/l) vi gi thit
th tch dung dch hao ht khng ng k th ta c dung dch c nng X
(mol/l) tha mn:
V1 A (M)

X-a
X (M)

V2 a (M)

AX
X a
V
= 1
V2
A X

VD: Cn bao nhiu ml dd NaCl 3% pha 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l,
gi thit rng t khi ca dung dch thay i khng ng k?
(Bi thc tp Ha Sinh ca SV nm th 2 khoa Sinh hc H KHTN HN)
Nc mui sinh l l dung dch NaCl 0,9%
Cch 1:
t x, y ln lt l th tch ca NaCl 3% v H2O cn dng (0 < x,y <500).
Ta c h phng trnh:
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

V = x+ y = 500 (ml)
mNaCl = x.3% = 500.0,9%
Gii h trn, ta c: x = 150 ml v y = 350 ml
Cch 2:
p dng cng thc ng cho, ta c:
NaCl (3%)
0,9
NaCl (0,9%)
2,1
H2O (0%)

VNaCl =

0,9
. 500 = 150 ml
2,1 + 0,9

Bi tp tng t:
1, Trnh by cch pha dd ethanol 50% t 2 dd ethanol 90% v 30%.
2, Cn dng bao nhiu gam nc ha tan 1,4 mol xt th thu c dung dch
25%
3, Phi ha tan bao nhiu ml dd HCl 1,6M vi 20 ml dd HCl 0,5M c dung
dch CuSO4
4, Xc nh th tch dung dch HCl 10M v th tch H2O cn dng pha thnh
400ml dd 2M
5, Xc nh lng nc cn dng ha tan 188g Kali oxit iu ch dd KOH
5,6%
6, Cn bao nhiu gam dd Fe(NO3)2 20% v bao nhiu gam H2O pha thnh 500g
dd Fe(NO3)2 8%.
Ch : Cch lm trn cn c th p dng trong cc bi ton pha ch dung dch
biu din qua pH, bn c t ly VD (Sao bng lnh gi)
Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn mui trong phn ng n baz vi a acid
y l dng ton c gii thiu c trong chng trnh Ha hc lp 9 v
Chng Nit Phospho trong Ha hc 11. Tuy nhin, cc Gio vin v Hc sinh
vn cn i theo li mn trong vic gii quyt dng Ton ny.
VD: Thm 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M
a, Tnh khi lng mui to thnh?
b, Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch to thnh?
(Bi tp 80 trang 100 Gii Ton Ha hc 11 - Nguyn Trng Th (ch bin))
Cch 1: (y chnh l li mn)
Phn ng gia NaOH v H3PO4 c th xy ra nh sau:
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

NaOH

H3PO4

0985052510

H2O

(1)

H2O

(2)

nNaOH
=2
nH3 PO4

(3)

nNaOH
=3
nH3 PO4

2NaOH

H3PO4

Na2HPO4

3NaOH

H3PO4

Na3PO4

y,

nNaOH
=1
nH3 PO4

NaH2PO4

H2O

nNaOH
0, 2.5, 2 0,5
=
=
= 1,67 1 < 1,67 < 2
nH3 PO4
0, 2.1,5 0,3

c 2 loi mui Na2HPO4 v NaH2PO4 to thnh theo (1) v (2). t a mol, b

mol ln lt l s mol ca NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4 to thnh do (1) v (2), ta c h


phng trnh:
a + 2b = 0,5
a + b = 0,3
Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c: a = 0,1 v b = 0,2
Vy, mNaH PO = 120.0,1 = 12g; mNa HPO = 142.0,2 = 28,4g
Tng th tch dung dch l: 250 + 200 = 450ml = 0,45 l
2

0,1
= o,22M
0, 45
0, 2
=
= 0,44M
0, 45

[ NaH 2 PO4 ] =
[ Na2 HPO4 ]

(Chp y chang bi gii trong Sch)


Cch 2: Cch lm ng cho ca Sao bng:
Khng cn vit phn ng m nhn vo CTPT, ta cng c th thy c t l
n=

nNaOH
, v nu p dng ng cho, ta c nh sau:
nH3 PO4

2/3

Na2HPO4 (n1 = 2)
n =

NaH2PO4 (n2 = 1)
M tng s mol H3PO4 l

H 3 PO4

0, 2.5, 2
0,5
=
0, 2.1,5
0,3

1/3 1
= 0,3

Nn d dng c kt qu nh trn.
Ghi ch: y khng phi l mt dng Ton hay gp v quan trng nn ngh
bn c t ly VD thm
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

Dnh cho hc sinh lp 12


Dng 6 Bi ton hn hp 2 cht v c ca 2 Kim loi cng ha tr v kh nng
phn ng.
Tht ra dng ton ny c th tm thy c trong chng trnh lp 9, 10, 11 nhng
tp trung hn c phn Kim loi ca chng trnh Ha hc 12, thng c gii
bng phng php M
VD: Ha tan 28,4g mt hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 Kim loi ha tr 2
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 6,72 lt kh ktc v 1 dung dch A
a, Tnh tng s gam ca 2 mui Clorua c trong dung dch A.
b, Xc nh tn 2 kim loi nu 2 kim loi thuc 2 chu k lien tip ca phn
nhm IIA.
c, Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
d, Nu dn ton b kh CO2 cho hp th hon ton vo 1,25 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2
thu c 39,4g kt ta th nng mol/l ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 l bao nhiu?
Cho: Be = 9, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Ba = 137, Sr = 87
Li gii:
Cu a ca bi ton gii bng phng php Tng - gim khi lng, d dng c
mMCL =31,7g
2

Cu b, d dng c M = 34,67 t suy ra 2 Kim loi to mui l Ca v Mg


Cu c ca bi ton c 2 cch gii:
Cch 1:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca MgCO3 v CaCO3 trong 28,4g hn hp ban u. Ta
c h phng trnh:
mMCO = 84a + 106b = 28, 4
3

mMCl = 95a + 111b = 31, 7


2

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c: a = 0,1 mol v b = 0,2 mol


Cch 2:
p dng cng thc ng cho cho hn hp 2 mui Cacbonat, ta c:
32
3

CaCO3 (M = 100)
M=

MgCO3 (M = 84)

0,2 mol

284
3
16
3

0,1 mol

Bi tp tng t:
1. Mt dung dch X cha 2 mui ACl2 v BCl2 (A, B l 2 kim loi thuc cng mt
phn nhm chnh v 2 chu k lien tip). Tng kh lng 2 mui l 44,5 gam.
Dung dch phn ng va vi dung dch cha AgNO3 v Pb(NO3)2 to ra kt
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

ta nng 140,8 gam. Dung dch Y khi tc dng vi H2SO4 d cho ra 70,9 gam kt
ta.
a, Tnh s mol AgNO3 v Pb(NO3) cha trong dung dch Y
b, Suy ra tng s mol ACl2 v BCl2 trong dung dch X. Xc nh A, B v s
mol mi mui ACl2, BCl2.
2. Xt mt hn hp 2 mui Clorua ca 2 kim loi kim A v B vi khi lng
nguyn t ca A nh hn ca B v A, B 2 chu k lin tip. Cho 19,15g hn hp
X tc dng va vi 300g dung dch AgNO3, sau phn ng ta thu c 43,05g
kt ta v mt dung dch D.
a, Xc nh nng phn trm ca dung dch AgNO3
b, C cn dung dch D ta thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
c, nh tn v khi lng cc mui Clorua trong hn hp X
Cho: Li = 7, Na = 23, K = 39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133, Ag = 108, N = 14, Cl = 35,5, O
= 16
3. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A v B cng c ha tr 2, c khi lng nguyn
t ca X l 19,3 gam
a, Xc nh A, B v khi lng A, B trong X bit rng khi cho X tc dng
vi dung dch HCl d ch c A tan cho ra 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc)
b, Nu ly cng mt lng X nh trn cho vo 200ml dung dch Y cha cha
AgNO3 1M v Hg(NO3)2 0,5M, tnh khi lng cht rn Z thu c (Hg =
200)
4. Mt hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k lien
tip ca bng h thng tun hon c tng khi lng l 41,9 gam.
a, Xc nh A, B v s mol mi cacbonat trong hn hp X bit rng khi cho
X tc dng vi H2SO4 d v cho kh CO2 to ra phn ng ht vi nc vi
d ta c 35 gam kt ta.
b, Dng 83,8 gam hn hp X cho tc dng vi 1 dung dch Y cha HCl 0,3M
v H2SO4 0,2M. Phi dng bao nhiu lt dung dch Y phn ng va vi
lng X trn, bit phn ng to ra CO2?
5. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B (u ha tr 2) vi MA MB, mX = 9,7
gam. Hn hp X tan ht trong 200 ml dung dch Y cha H2SO4 12M v HNO3 2M
to ra hn hp Z gm 2 kh SO2 v NO c t khi ca Z i vi H2 bng 23,5 v V
= 2,588 lt (ktc) v dung dch T
a, Tnh s mol SO2 v NO trong hn hp Z
b, Xc nh A, B v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp X

Tng kt v k thut ng cho

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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc

0985052510

Hy vng l qua mt lot cc VD v bi tp trn cc bn c th hiu thm


c phn no bn cht v nhng nt u vit ca phng php ng cho p
dng trong gii Ton ha hc. Vic phn chia cc dng ton nh trn l hon ton
ch quan v tng i, t vic nm c bn cht ca phng php m cc bn c
th c rt v m rng thm cc dng ton khc mt cch linh hot.
VD: t chy hon ton 28 gam mt dy st ta thu c 39,2 gam hn hp Fe2O3
v Fe3O4. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca Fe chuyn thnh Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.
Cch 1:
t x v y ln lt l s mol Fe chuyn thnh Fe2O3 v Fe3O4.
T gi thit, ta c h phng trnh:
nFe = x + y = 28 = 0,5mol
56

mhh = 160.0,5x + 232.

1
y = 39,2 g
3

Gii h 2 phng trnh trn ta thu c kt qu: x = 0,2 v y = 0,3.


T rt ra t l l 40% v 60%.
Cch 2:
Gi oxit thu c c cng thc: FexOy , ta c: nFe = 0,5 mol,
nO=

x 5
39, 2 28
= 0, 7 mol . Nh vy, t l = .
16
y 7

T p dng cng thc ng cho, ta c:


Fe2O3 (

x 2
= )
y 3

1
28

Fex Oy (

Fe3O4 (

x 3
= )
y 4

x 5
= )
y 7
1
21

t cng tm ra c kt qu nh trn.
Chc cc bn tm c nhiu iu th v khi p dng linh hot phng php gii
ton ha hc ny!

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