Sch dnh tng hc sinh ph thng

16 Phng php v k thut gii nhanh ha hc

Cc cng thc gii nhanh trc nghim ha hc

MC LC
PHN I: 16 PHNG PHP V K THUT GII NHANH BI TP TRC
NGHIM HA HC 3

Phng php bo ton khi lng 4

Phng php 2: Phng php Bo ton nguyn t 16
Phng php 3: Phng php tng gim khi lng 24
Phng php 4: Phng php Bo ton in tch 40
Phng php 5: Phng php Bo ton electron 46
Phng php 6: Phng php trung bnh 62
Phng php 7: Phng php quy i 77
Phng php 8: Phng php ng cho 89
Phng php 9: Phng php h s 105
Phng php 10: Phng php s dng phng trnh ion thu gn 114
Phng php 11: Kho st th 125
Phng php 1:

Phng php kho st t l s mol CO v H O 133

Phng php 13: Phng php chia hn hp thnh hai phn khng
u nhau 145
Phng php 14: Phng php mi quan h gia cc i lng 150
Phng php 15: Phng php chn i lng thch hp 160
Phng php 16: Phng php chn i lng thch hp 170
Phng php 16+: Phng php s dng cng thc kinh nghim 178
Phng php 12:

PHN II: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRC NGHIM HA HC 185

CHNG I: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRONG HA HC 186
CHNG II: MT S BI TP THAM KHO 218
CHNG III: HNG DN GII BI TP 228
2

PHN I: 16 PHNG PHP V K THUT GII NHANH

BI TP TRC NGHIM HA HC

Phng php 1

Phng php bo ton khi lng

1. Ni dung phng php
- p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (BTKL): Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn
ng bng tng khi lng cc cht sn phm
iu ny gip ta gii bi ton ha hc mt cch n gin, nhanh chng
Xt phn ng: A + B C + D
Ta lun c: mA + mB = mC + mD (1)
* Lu : iu quan trng nht khi p dng phng php ny l vic phi xc nh ng
lng cht (khi lng) tham gia phn ng v to thnh (c ch n cc cht kt ta, bay hi,
c bit l khi lng dung dch).
2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp
H qu 1: Bit tng khi lng cht ban u khi lng cht sn phm
Phng php gii: m(u) = m(sau) (khng ph thuc hiu sut phn ng)
H qu 2: Trong phn ng c n cht tham gia, nu bit khi lng ca (n 1) cht th ta d
dng tnh khi lng ca cht cn li.
H qu 3: Bi ton: Kim loi + axit mui + kh
mmui = mkim loi + manion to mui
- Bit khi lng kim loi, khi lng anion to mui (tnh qua sn phm kh) khi
lng mui
- Bit khi lng mui v khi lng anion to mui khi lng kim loi
- Khi lng anion to mui thng c tnh theo s mol kh thot ra:
Vi axit HCl v H2SO4 long
+ 2HCl H2 nn 2Cl H2
+ H2SO4 H2 nn SO42 H2
Vi axit H2SO4 c, nng v HNO3: S dng phng php ion electron (xem thm
phng php bo ton electron hoc phng php bo ton nguyn t)
H qu 3: Bi ton kh hn hp oxit kim loi bi cc cht kh (H2, CO)
S : Oxit kim loi + (CO, H2) rn + hn hp kh (CO2, H2O, H2, CO)
Bn cht l cc phn ng: CO + [O] CO2
H2 + [O] H2O
n[O] = n(CO2) = n(H2O) mrn = m oxit - m[O]
4

5
3. nh gi phng php bo ton khi lng.
Phng php bo ton khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan
h v khi lng ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s
dng phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn.
Phng php bo ton khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton nhiu cht.
4. Cc bc gii.
- lp s bin i cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
- T gi thit ca bi ton tm

trc
m

sau
m

(khng cn bit phn ng l hon ton hay

khng hon ton)

- Vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng lp phng trnh ton hc, kt hp d kin khc
lp h phng trnh ton.
- Gii h phng trnh.
TH D MINH HA
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 3,9 gam kali vo 36,2 gam nc thu c dung dch c nng
A. 15,47%.

B. 13,97%.

C. 14,0%

D. 4,04%.

Gii:
2K + 2H2O

2KOH +

H2

0,1

0,10

0,05(mol)

mdung dch = mK + m H 2O - m H 2
C%KOH =

= 3,9 + 36,2 - 0,05 2 = 40 gam

0,1 56
100 % = 14% p n C
40

V d 2: in phn dung dch cha hn hp CuSO4 v KCl vi in cc tr n khi thy kh bt

u thot ra c hai in cc th dng li thy c 448 ml kh (ktc) thot ra anot. Dung dch
sau in phn c th ho tan ti a 0,8 gam MgO. Khi lng dung dch sau in phn gim
bao nhiu gam (coi lng H2O bay hi l khng ng k) ?
A. 2,7

B. 1,03

C. 2,95.

D. 2,89.

Gii:
CuSO4 + 2KCl Cu + Cl2 + K2SO4

(1)

0,01 0,01
Dung dch sau in phn ho tan c MgO L dung dch axit, chng t sau phn
ng (1) CuSO4 d
2CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + O2 + H2SO4

(2)

0,02 0,01 0,02 (mol)

n Cl + n O 2 =
2

480
= 0,02 (mol)
22400

H2SO4 + MgO MgSO4 + H2O

(3)

0,02 0,02 (mol)

mdung

dch gim

= mCu + m Cl 2 + m O 2 = 0,03 64 + 0,01x71 + 0,01x32 = 2,95 gam

p n C
V d 3: Cho 50 gam dung dch BaCl2 20,8 % vo 100 gam dung dch Na2CO3, lc b kt ta
c dung dch X. Tip tc cho 50 gam dung dch H2SO4 9,8% vo dung dch X thy ra 0,448 lt
kh (ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nng % ca dung dch Na2CO3 v khi lng
dung dch thu c sau cng l:
A. 8,15% v 198,27 gam.

B. 7,42% v 189,27 gam.

C. 6,65% v 212,5 gam.

D. 7,42% v 286,72 gam.

Gii:
n

= 0,05 mol; n

BaCl2

H2SO4

= 0,05 mol

BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl

0,05

0,05

0,05

0,1

Dung dch B + H2SO4 kh dung dch B c Na2CO3 d

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
0,02

0,02

n Na CO ban u = 0,05 + 0,02 = 0,07 mol

2

C%Na2CO3=

0,07 106
100% = 7,42%
100

LBTKL: mdd sau cng = 50 + 100 + 50 - m - mCO2

= 50 + 100 + 50 - 0,05.197 - 0,02.44 = 189,27 gam

p n B
V d 4: X l mt - aminoaxit, phn t cha mt nhm -NH2 v mt nhm -COOH. Cho 0,89
gam X phn ng va vi HCl thu c 1,255 gam mui. Cng thc to ra ca X l:
A. CH2 =C(NH2)-COOH.

B. H2N-CH=CH-COOH.

C. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH.

D. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH.

Gii:
HOOC - R - NH2 + HCl HOOC -R-NH3Cl

mHCl = m mui - maminoaxit = 0,365 gam mHCl = 0,01 (mol)

Maminoxit =

0,89
= 89
0,01

Mt khc X l -aminoaxit p n C
V d 5: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l:
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.

B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.

C. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.

D. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.

Gii:
2 ROH + 2Na 2 RONa + H2
Theo bi hn hp ru tc dng vi ht Na Hc sinh thng nhm l: Na va , do
thng gii sai theo hai tnh hung sau:
Tnh hung sai 1: nNa=

9,2
15,6
= 0,4 nru = 0,4 M ru =
= 39
23
0,4

p n A Sai.
Tnh hung sai 2: p dng phng php tng gim khi lng:
nru =

24,5 15,6
15,6
= 0,405 Mru =
= 38,52
22
0,405

p n A Sai

p dng phng php bo ton khi lng ta c:

m = mru + mNa - mrn = 15,6 + 9,2 - 24,5 = 0,3 gam
H2

nru= 2n H = 0,3 (mol) M ru =

2

15,6
= 52 p n B
0,3

V d 6: Trng hp 1,680 lt propilen (ktc) vi hiu sut 70%, khi lng polime thu c l:
A. 3,150 gam.

B. 2,205 gam.

C. 4,550 gam.

D.1,850 gam.

Gii:
LBTKL: mpropilen = mpolime =

70%
1,680
.42.
= 2,205 gam p n B
22,4
100%

V d 7: X phng ho hon ton 17,24 gam cht bo cn va 0,06 mol NaOH, c cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c khi lng x phng l:
A. 17,80 gam.

B.18,24 gam.

C. 16,68 gam.

D.13,38 gam.

(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)

Gii:
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3

0,06

0,02 (mol)
7

8
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
17,24 + 0,06.40= mx phng + 0,02.92 mx phng =17,80 gam

p n: A
V d 8: Cho 3,60 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch
gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan.
Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H5COOH.

B. CH3COOH.

C. HCOOH.

D.

C3H7COOH.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)
Gii:
RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H2O
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O
nNaOH = nKOH = 0,5.0,12 = 0,06 mol
LBTKL: mX + mNaOH + mKOH = mrn + m

m H O = 1,08 gam n
2

H2O

H2O

= 0,06 mol

nRCOOH = n H O= 0,06 mol MX = R + 45 =

2

3,60
= 60 R = 15
0,06

X: CH3COOH p n B
V d 9: Nung 14,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ho tr 2 c 7,6 gam cht rn
v kh X. Dn ton b lng kh X vo 100ml dung dch KOH 1M th khi lng mui thu c
sau phn ng l:
A. 15 gam

B. 10 gam

C. 6,9 gam

D. 5 gam

Gii:
X l CO2
LBTKL: 14,2 = 7,6 + mX mX = 6,6 gam nX = 0,15 mol
V:

m KOH
0,1
=
< 1 mui thu c l KHCO3
n CO 2
0,15

CO2 + KOH KHCO3

0,1

0,1

0,1 m

= 0,1.100 = 10 gam p n B

KHCO3

V d 10: Nhit phn hon ton M gam hn hp X gm CaCO3 v Na2CO3 thu c 11,6 gam
cht rn v 2,24 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Hm lng % ca CaCO3 trong X l:
A. 6,25%

B. 8,62%

C. 50,2%

D. 62,5%

9
Gii:
o

t
CaCO3
CaO + CO2

nCaCO 3 = nCO = 0,1 (mol) mCaCO 3 = 10 gam

2

Theo LBTKL: mX = mcht rn = mkh = 11,6 + 0,1 44=16 gam

%CaCO3=

10
100% = 62,5% p n: D
16

V d 11: un 27,6 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc vi H2SO4 c 140oC (H=100%) c 22,2

gam hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. S mol mi ete trong hn hp l:
A. 0,3.

B. 0,1

C. 0,2

D.0,05

Gii:
S ete thu c l:

3(3 + 1)
=6
2

LBTKL: 27,6= 22,2 + m H 2 O m H 2 O = 5,4 gam n H 2 O = 0,3 mol

H 2O

ete

= 6nete nmi ete = 0,3: 6 = 0,5 mol p n: D

V d 12: t chy hon ton 0,025 mol cht hu c X cn 1,12 lt O2 (ktc), dn ton b sn
phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng P2O5 khan v bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1
tng 0,9 gam, bnh 2 tng 2,2 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H4O.

B. C3H6O.

C. C3H6O2.

D. C2H4O2.

Gii
mbnh 2 tng = m CO 2 , mbnh 1 tng = m H 2 O
LBTKL: mx + m O 2 = m CO 2 + m H 2 O mx + 32.0,05 = 0,9 + 2,2

mx = 1,5 gam
Mx = 1,5:0,025=60 p n: D
V d 13: Cho 20,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol tc dng va vi K thy thot ra 5,6 lt H2(ktc) v
khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 3,92 gam

B. 29,4 gam

C. 32,9 gam

D. 31,6 gam

Gii:

R (OH)a + aK R (OK)a +
x

xa

a
H2
2
0,5 ax n H 2 = 0,5 ax = 0,25 ax = 0,5 mol

LBTKL: 20,2 + 39.0,5 = mmui + 2.0,25 mmui = 39,2 gam p n A

10
V d 14: X phng ho cht hu c X n chc c 1 mui Y v ancol Z. t chy hon ton
4,8 gam Z cn 5,04 lt O2 (ktc) thu c lng CO2 sinh ra nhiu hn lng nc l 1,2 gam.
Nung mui Y vi vi ti xt thu c kh T c t khi hi i vi H2 l 8. Cng thc cu to ca
X l:
A. C2H5COOCH3

B. CH3COOCH3

C. HCOOCH3.

D. CH3COOC2H5

Gii:
X + NaOH mui Y + ancol Z X: este n chc
o

t
RCOONa + ROH
RCOOR + NaOH

CaO/t0

RCOONa + NaOH

RH + Na2CO3

MRH = 8.2 =16 RH: CH4 RCOONa : CH3COONa

CxHyO(Z) + O2 CO2 + H2O
LBTKL: 4,8 + 0,225.32 = m CO 2 + m H 2 O = 12

m CO 2 = m H 2 O + 1,2 m CO 2 = 6,6 gam, m H 2 O = 5,4 gam

mC = 12. n CO 2 =1,8 gam; mH = 2. n H 2O = 0,6 gam; mO = 2,4 gam
x: y: z =

1,8 0,6 2,4

:
:
= 0,15: 0,6: 0,15 = 1: 4: 1
12 1 16

Z: CH3OH X : CH3COOCH3 p n B
V d 15: t chy hon ton 4,3 gam mt axit cacboxylic X n chc thu c 4,48lt CO2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. S mol ca X l:
A. 0,01mol

B. 0,02 mol

C. 0,04 mol

D. 0,05 mol

Gii:
Theo LBTKL: mX + m O 2 = m CO 2 + m H 2O

m O 2 = 2,7 + 0,2 44 4,3 = 10,3 gam n O 2 = 0,225 (mol)

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi:
nX + n O 2 = n CO 2 +

n H 2O
2

nX = n CO2 +

nH O
2

- n O 2 = 0,05(mol) p n D

V d 16: t chy hon ton x gam hn hp X gm propan, buten-2, axetilen thu c 47,96
gam CO2 v 21,42 gam H2O. Gi tr X l:
A. 15,46.

B. 12,46.

C. 11,52.

D. 20,15.

10

11
Gii:

n CO2 = 1,09 mol ; n H2O = 1,19 mol

x = mC + mH = 12. n CO2 + 2.n H 2 o = 15,46 gam p n A

V d 17: un nng 5,14 gam hn hp kh X gm metan, hiro v mt ankin vi xc tc Ni, thu
c hn hp kh Y. Cho hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch brom d thu c 6,048 lt hn hp
kh Z (ktc) c t khi i vi hiro bng 8. tng khi lng dung dch brom l:
A. 0,82 gam.

B. 1,62 gam

C. 4,6 gam

D. 2,98 gam.

Gii:
o

Ni, t
Br2
Y +

Z
X

Nhn thy: mkh tc dng vi dung dch brom = mkhi lng bnh brom tng
mX = mY = mZ + mkhi lng bnh brom tng
mkhi lng bnh brom tng = mX - mZ = 5,14 -

6,048
8 2 = 0,82 gam p n A
22,4

V d 18: Ho tan hon ton 8,9 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl d c 4,48 lt
(ktc). C cn dung dch thu c sau phn ng th lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 23,1 gam

B. 46,2 gam

C. 70,4 gam

D. 32,1 gam

Gii:
Cch 1: Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi M, ha tr n
2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2

0,2 (mol)

0,4

Theo LBTKL: mkim loi + mHCl = mmui + m H 2

mmui = 8,9 + 0,4 36,5 0,2 2 =23,1 gam p n A

Cch 2: mCl-mui = nH+ = 2.n H 2 = 0,4 (mol)
mmui = mkim loi + mCl-(mui) = 8,9 + 0,4 35,5 = 23,1 gam p n A
V d 19. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch
HNO3 thu c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung
dch X th lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 77,1 gam

B. 71,7 gam

C. 17,7 gam

D. 53,1 gam

Gii:
+5

+2

N + 3e N (NO)
0,9 0,3(mol)

11

12
V sn phm kh duy nht l NO n N O3

(trong mui)

e nhng (hoc nhn)

= 0,9 mol

(Xem thm phng php bo ton e)

mmui = mcation kim loi + mNO 3 (trong mui) 15,9 + 0,9 62 = 71,7 gam
p n B
BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe2O3 ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm.
Sau phn ng ta thu c hn hp rn c khi lng l
A.11,40 gam.

B. 9,40 gam.

C. 22,40 gam.

D. 9,45 gam.

Cu 2 : Trong bnh kn cha 0,5 mol CO v m gam Fe3O4. un nng bnh cho ti khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton, th kh trong bnh c t khi so vi kh CO ban u l 1,457. Gi tr ca m l.
A. 16,8

B. 21,5

C. 22,8

D. 23,2

Cu 3: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi n cc, sau mt thi gian my khi lng dung
dch gim 12 gam. Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch H2S 1M. Nng
mi ca dung dch CuSO4 trc khi in phn l
A. 1M.

B. 1,5 M.

C. 2M.

D. 2,5M.

Cu 4 : Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe2O3 t nng

sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng
s hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng FeO
trong hn hp A l
A. 13,03%.

B. 31,03%.

C. 68,03%.

D. 68,97%.

Cu 5 : Dn kh CO t t qua ng s ng 14 gam CuO, Fe2O3, FeO nung nng mt thi gian

thu c m gam cht rn X. Ton b kh thu c sau phn ng c dn chm qua dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d, kt ta thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 2,8 lt kh (ktc). Gi tr
ca m l
A. 6 gam.

B. 12 gam.

C. 8 gam.

D. 10 gam.

Cu 6 : Nung hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm CaCO3 v NaCl. Kt thc th nghim thu c
7,8 gam cht rn khan. Khi lng CaCO3 c trong X l
A. 5,0 gam.

B. 6,0 gam.

C. 7,0 gam.

D. 8,0 gam.

Cu 7 : Nung nng 34,8 gam hn hp X gm MCO3 v NCO3 c m gam cht rn Y v 4,48 lt

CO2 (ktc). Nung Y cho n khi lng khng i c hn hp rn Z v kh CO2 dn ton b
CO2 thu c qua dung dch KOH d, tip tc cho thm CaCl2 d th c 10 gam kt ta. Ho
12

13
tan hon ton Z trong V lt dung dch HCl 0,4M va c dung dch T. Gi tr m gam v V lt
ln lt l :
A. 26 v 1,5.

B. 21,6 v 1,5.

C. 26 v 0,6.

D. 21,6 v 0,6.

Cu 8 : Ho tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c
7,84 lt kh X (ktc), 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn
dung dch Z thu c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam.

B. 33,99 gam.

C. 19,025 gam.

D. 56,3 gam.

Cu 9 : Cho 11,0 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long d. thu c dung

dch Y (khng cha mui amoni), hn hp kh Y gm 0,2 mol NO v 0,3 mol NO2. C cn dung
dch Y th lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 33,4 gam.

B. 66,8 gam.

C. 29,6 gam.

D. 60,6 gam.

Cu 10 : Ho tan ht 7,8 gam hn hp Mg, Al trong dung dch HCl d. Sau phn ng thy khi
lng dung dch tng 7,0 gam so vi ban u. S mol axit phn ng l
A. 0,08 mol

B. 0,04 mol

C. 0,4 mol

D. 0,8 mol

Cu 11 : Cho x gam Fe ho tan trong dung dch HCl, sau khi c cn dung dch thu c 2,465
gam cht rn. Nu cho x gam Fe v y gam Zn vo lng dung dch HCl nh trn thu c 8,965
gam cht rn v 0,336 lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca x, y ln lt l:
A. 5,6 v 3,25

B. 0,56 v 6,5

C. 1,4 v 6,5.

D. 7,06 v 0,84

Cu 12 : Ho tan hon ton 11,4 gam hn hp X gm kim loi M (ho tr I) v kim loi N (ho
tr II) vo dung dch cha ng thi H2SO4 v HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp Y
gm NO2 v SO2 c t khi hi so vi hiro l 28,625 v mui khan c khi lng l:
A. 44,7 gam

B. 35,4 gam

C. 16,05 gam

D. 28,05 gam.

Cu 13: Ly 35,1 gam NaCl ho tan vo 244,9 gam H2O. Sau in phn dung dnh vi in
cc tr c mng ngn cho ti khi catot thot ra 1,5 gam kh th dng li. Nng cht tan c
trong dung dch sau in phn l:
A. 9,2%

B. 9,6%

C. 10%

D. 10,2%.

Cu 14: un a gam 1 ancol X vi H2SO4 c 170 C c 1 olefin. Cho a gam X qua bnh ng
CuO d, nung nng (H = l00%) thy khi lng cht rn gim 0,4 gam v hn hp hi thu c
c t khi hi i vi H2 l l5,5. Gi tr a gam l:
A. 23

B. 12,5

C. 1,15

D. 16,5.

13

14
Cu 15 : Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v H2 i qua ng s ng Ni nung nng thu
c khi Y. Dn Y vo lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 c 12 gam kt ta. Kh ra khi dung
dch phn ng va vi dung dch cha 16 gam Br2 v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton Z thu
c 0,1 mol CO2 v 0,25 mol nc.
A. 11,2

B. 13,44

C. 5,6

D. 8,96.

Cu 16 : un nng 7,6 gam hn hp X gm C2H2, C2H4 v H2 trong bnh kn vi xc tc Ni thu

c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, dn sn phm chy thu c ln lt qua
bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4 gam. Khi
lng tng ln bnh 2 l
A. 6,0 gam

B. 9,6 gam

C. 22,0 gam

D. 35,2 gam

Cu 17: t chy ht m gam hn hp X gm etan, etilen, axetilen v butaien-1,3 ri cho sn

phm chy hp th vo dung nh nc vi d, thu c 100 gam kt ta. Khi lng dung dch
nc vi sau phn ng gim 39,8 gam. Tr s ca m l:
A. 58,75 gam

B. 13,8 gam

C. 37,4 gam

D. 60,2 gam.

Cu 18 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C2H2, CH4, C3H6 v C4H10 thu c 4,4 gam
CO2 v 2,52 gam H2O. m c gi tri l:
A. 1,48 gam

B. 2,48 gam

C. 14,8 gam

D. 24,8 gam.

Cu 19: Thc hin phn ng ete ho hon ton 11,8 gam hn hp hai ru no n chc, mch
h, ng ng k tip thu c hn hp gm ba ete v l,98 gam nc. Cng thc hai ru l:
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH

B. C4H9OH, C5H11OH.

C. C2H5OH, C3H7OH

D. C3H7OH, C4H9OH.

Cu 20 : Cho 10,1 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht

vi 5,75 gam Na c 15,6 gam cht rn. Hai ancol cn tm l
A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.

B. CH3OH v C2H5OH.

C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.

D. C3H5OH v C4H9OH .

Cu 21: Ho tan 25,2 gam tinh th R(COOH)n.2H2O vo 17,25ml etanol (D = 0,8g/ml) c

dung dch X. Ly 7,8 gam dung dnh X cho tc ng ht vi Na va thu c cht rn Y v
2,464 lt kh H2 (ktc). Khi lng ca Y l:
A. 12,64 gam

B. 10,11 gam

C. 12,86 gam

D. 10,22 gam.

Cu 22 : t chy hon ton a gam 1 este n chc ca ru metylic cn 1,68 lt kh O2 (ktc)

thu c 2,64 gam CO2; 1,26 gam H2O v 0,224 lt N2 (ktc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca este
l:
A. CH3COOCH2NH2

B. CH3CH(NH2)COOCH3

C. H2NCH2CH2COOCH3

D. H2NCH2COOCH3
14

15
Cu 23 : Cho 14,8 gam hn hp bn axit hu c n chc tc dng vi lng va Na2CO3 to
thnh 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 15,9 gam

B. 17,0 gam

C. 19,3 gam

D. 19,2 gam.

Cu 24 : t hon ton 34 gam este X cn 50,4 lt O2 (ktc) thu c n CO 2 : n H 2O = 2 . un

nng 1 mol X cn 2 mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH3COOC6H5

B. C6H5COOCH3

C. C2H5COOC6H5

D. C6H5COOC2H5

Cu 25 : X phng ho hon ton m gam lipit X bng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 8%. Sau phn
ng c 9,2 gam glixerol v 94,6 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. (C17H35COO)3C3H5

B. (C15H31COO)3C3H5

C. (C17H33COO)3C3H5

D. (C17H31COO)3C3H5

Cu 26 : un nng 15 gam cht bo trung tnh vi 150ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Phi dnh 50ml
dung dch H2SO4 1M trung ho NaOH d. Khi lng x phng (cha 70% khi lng mui
nm ca axit bo) thu c t 2 tn cht bo trn l
A. 2062 kg

B. 3238 kg.

C. 2946 kg.

D. 2266 kg.

Cu 27 : x phng ho hon ton 1 kg cht bo (c ln 1 lng nh axit bo t do) c ch s

axit bng 8,4 phi dng 450ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Khi lng x phng thu c l
A. 1001,6 kg.

B. 978,7 gam.

C. 987,7 kg

D. 1006,1 gam.

Cu 28 : Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl

1,2M th thu c 18,504 gam mui. Th tch ung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt.

B. 0,08 lt.

C. 0,4 lt.

D. 0,04 lt

Cu 29 : Cho 0,01 mol amino axit X phn ng va vi 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1M thu c
1,695 gam mui. Mt khc 19,95 gam X tc dng vi 350ml dung dch NaOH 1M. C cn dung
dch thu c 28,55 gam cht rn. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HOOCCH(NH2)CH2NH2

B. NH2(CH2)3COOH.

C. HOOCCH2CH(NH2)COOH.

D. HOOC(CH2)2CH(NH2)COOH.

1A
11C
21A

2D
12D
22D

3D
13B
23D

4A
14C
24A

5B
15A
25D

P N
6A
7A
16C
17B
26C
27D

8A
18A
28B

9B
19C
29C

10D
20B

15

16

Phng php 2

Phng php Bo ton nguyn t

I. PHNG PHP GII
- Nguyn tc chung ca phng php l da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t (BTNT); Trong
cc phn ng ha hc thng thng, cc nguyn t lun c bo ton
iu ny c ngha l: Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X bt k trc v sau phn ng
l lun bng nhau
- im mu cht ca phng php l phi xc nh c ng cc hp phn c cha nguyn t X
trc v sau phn ng, p dng LBT nguyn t vi X rt ra mi quan h gia cc hp
phn t a ra kt lun chnh.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Phng php bo ton nguyn t c th p dng cho hu ht cc dng bi tp, c bit l cc
dng bi hn hp nhiu cht, xy ra nhiu bin i phc tp. Di y l mt s dng bi tp in
hnh.
Dng 1. T nhiu cht ban u to thnh mt sn phm.
T d kin bi s mol ca nguyn t X trong cc cht u tng s mol trong sn phm
to thnh s mol sn phm.
- Hn hp kim loi v oxit kim loi hyroxit kim loi oxit
- Al v Al2O3 + cc oxit st
n Al2 O3 (cui) =

t0

hn hp rn hyroxit Al2O3 + Fe2O3

n Al
+ n Al2 O3 (u) ; n Fe2 O3 (cui) =
2

Fe

(u)

Dng 2. T mt cht ban u to thnh hn hp nhiu sn phm

T d kin bi tng s mol ban u, s mol ca cc hp phn cho s mol ca cht
cn xc nh.
- Axit c tnh oxi ha (HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng)

Kim loi

Mui + kh

nX (axit) = nX (mui) + nX (kh) (X: N hoc S)

- Kh CO2 (hoc SO2) hp th vo dung dch kim:
CO2 CO32 + HCO3

SO2 SO32 + HSO3

n CO2 = n CO 2 + n HCO
3

n SO2 = n SO 2 + n HSO
3

16

17
- Tnh lng tnh ca Al(OH)3
Trng hp 1

Trng hp 2

OH
Al(OH)3 + [Al(OH)4]
Al3+

Al3+

= n [Al(OH)

3]

H
[Al(OH)4]
Al(OH)3 + Al3+

+ n Al(OH)3

[Al(OH) 4 ]

= n Al3+ + n Al(OH)3

t
hn hp cht rn + CO2 (H2O)
- Hn hp cc oxit kim loi + CO (H2)

Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t vi O:

* Khi H = 100%:

nO (oxit) = nO (rn) + nhn hp kh sau = nO (rn) + nhn hp kh trc

* Khi H < 100%:

nO (oxit) = nO (rn) +
- Bi ton cracking ankan:
Ankan X

mhn hp kh sau - mhn hp kh

trc

cracking

16

hn hp Y

Mc d c nhng bin i ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking, v Y thng l hn hp phc

tp (c th c H2), do phn ng cracking xy ra theo nhiu hng, vi hiu sut H < 100%.
Nhng ta ch quan tm n s bo ton nguyn t i vi C, H t d dng xc nh c tng
lng ca 2 nguyn t ny.

n C(Y) = n C(X)
n H(Y) = n H(X)

Thng thng bi cho s mol ankan X

Dng 3. T nhiu cht ban u to thnh hn hp nhiu sn phm

Trong trng hp ny khng cn thit phi tm chnh xc s mol ca tng cht, m ch quan tm
n h thc:

X( u)

X(cui)

Tc l ch quan tm n tng s mol ca nguyn t trc v sau phn ng. Nu bit

X( cui)

X( u)

v ngc li.

Vi dng ny, bi thng yu cu thit lp mt h thc di dng tng qut v s mol cc cht.
Dng 4. Bi ton it chy trong ha hu c
t0 CO + H O + N
Xt bi t chy tng qut: CxHyOzNt + O2
2
2
2

nC = n CO2
Theo LBT nguyn t:

nH = 2. n H 2O n O(Cx H y Oz N t ) = 2. n CO2 + n H 2O - 2. n O2
nN = 2. n N2

17

18
Phng php bo ton khi lng nguyn t vi O c s dng rt ph bin trong cc bi ton
ha hu c.
* Ch : i vi trng hp t chy hp cht hu c cha Nit bng khng kh, lng nit thu
c sau phn ng l: n N2

(sau phn ng)

= n N2

(t phn ng t chy)

+ n N2

(t khng kh)

p dng tt phng php BTNT, cn ch mt s im sau:

* Hn ch vit phng trnh phn ng m thay vo nn vit s phn ng (s hp
thc, c ch h s) biu din cc bin i c bn ca cc nguyn t quan tm.
* bi thng cho (hoc qua d kin bi ton s tnh c) s mol ca nguyn t quan tm,
t xc nh c lng (mol, khi lng) ca cc cht.
III. CC V D
V d 1: Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe2O3 vo dung dch HCl d c dung
dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch em nung
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn Y. Gi tri ca m l
A. 16,0.

B. 30,4.

C. 32,0.

D. 48,0.

Gii:

Fe
HCl FeCl 2 NaOH Fe(OH)2 t 0



Y{Fe 2O 3
Fe 2O 3
FeCl3
Fe(OH)3

S : X

Theo BTNT vi Fe: nFe2O3(Y) =

n Fe
0,2
+ n Fe2O3 (X) =
+ 0,1 = 0,2 mol
2
2

m = 0,2.160 = 32,0 p n C
V d 2: un nng hn hp bt X gm 0,06 mol Al, 0,01 mol Fe3O4, 0,015 mol Fe2O3 v 0,02
mol FeO mt thi gian. Hn hp Y thu c sau phn ng c ho tan hon ton vo dung dch
HCl d, thu c dung dch Z. Thm NH3 vo Z cho n d, lc kt ta T, em nung ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,16.

B. 6,40.

C. 7,78.

D. 9.46

Gii:

Theo BTNT vi Al: n Al2O3 =

n Al
= 0,03 mol
2
18

19

Theo BTNT vi Fe:

Fe 2O3

n Fe 3n Fe3O4 (X)
+
+ n Fe2O3 (X) = 0,04 mol
2
2

m = n Al2O3 + n Fe2O3 = 0,06.102 + 0,04.160 = 9,46 p n D

V d 3: t chy 9,8 gam bt Fe trong khng kh thu c hn hp rn X gm FeO, Fe3O4 v
Fe2O3. ho tan X cn dng va ht 500ml dung dch HNO3 1,6M, thu c V lt kh NO (sn
phm kh duy nht, do ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,16.

B. 10,08.

C. 11,76.

D. 14,0.

Gii:
+ O t0

HNO3
2,
S phn ng : Fe
X +
Fe(NO3 )3 + NO

Theo BNTN vi Fe: n Fe(NO3 )3 = nFe = 0,175mol

Theo BNTN vi N: nNO = n HNO3 3 n Fe(NO3 )3 = 0,5.1,6 3.0,175 = 0,275 mol

V = 0,275. 22,4 = 6,16 p n A

V d 4: Ly a mol NaOH hp th hon ton 2,64 gam kh CO2, thu c ng 200ml dung dch
X. Trong dung dch X khng cn NaOH v nng ca ion CO 32 l 0,2M. a c gi tr l :
A. 0,06.

B. 0,08.

C. 0,10.

D. 0,12.

Gii:
S phn ng :
CO2 + NaOH Na2CO3 + NaHCO3
Theo BNTN vi C : n NaHCO3 = n CO2 n Na 2CO3 =

2,64
0,2.0,2 = 0,02mol
44

Theo BNTN vi Na: a = 2 n Na 2CO 3 + n NaHCO 3 = 2. 0,04 + 0,02 = 0,1 p n C

V d 5: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm x mol FeS2 v y mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ), thu
c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. T s x/y l
A. 6/5.

B. 2/1.

C. 1/2.

D. 5/6.

Gii:
X ch cha 2 mui sunfat, kh NO l duy nht S chuyn ht thnh SO 24

2FeS2 Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 ; Cu 2S 2CuSO 4

0,5x
y
2y
x

S bin i:

Theo BTNT vi S: 2x + y = 3.0,5x + 2y 0,5x = y x/y = 2/1 p n B

19

20
V d 6: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C3H8, C4H6, C5H10 v C6H6 thu c 7,92
gam CO2 v 2,7 gam H2O, m c gi tr l
A. 2,82.

B. 2,67.

C. 2,46.

D. 2,31.

Gii:
0

CO 2
H 2 O

O2 ,t
S phn ng: X {C3H8 , C4H6 , C5H10 , C6H6} +

Theo BTNT vi C v H: m = mc + mH =

7,92
2,7
x12 +
= 2,46 p n C
44
9

V d 7: Tin hnh cracking nhit cao 5,8 gam butan. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp
kh X gm CH4 , C2H6, C2H4, C3H6 v C4H10. t chy hon ton X trong kh oxi d, ri dn ton
b sn phm sinh ra qua bnh ng H2SO4 c. tng khi lng ca bnh H2SO4 c l
A. 9,0 gam.

B. 4,5 gam.

C. 18,0 gam.

D. 13,5 gam.

Gii:
0

+ O2, t
cracking
S phn ng : C4H10
X
H2O

Khi lng bnh H2SO4 c tng ln l khi lng ca H2O b hp th

Theo BTNT vi H: n H 2O =

n H 10n C4H10
5,8
=
= 5.
= 0,5 mol
2
2
58

n H 2O = 0,5.18 = 9,0 gam p n A

V d 8: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol anehit n chc X cn dng va 12,32 lt kh O2 (ktc),
thu c 17,6 gam CO2, X l anehit no di y?
A. CH=C-CH2-CHO.

B. CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO.

C. CH2=CH-CH2-CHO.

D. CH2=C=CH-CHO.

Gii:

n O2 = 0,55 mol; n CO 2 = 0,4 mol

Nhn xt: X l anehit n chc nO(X) = nX = 0,1 mol
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O :

n H 2O = n O(H 2O) = nX + 2 n O2 - 2 n CO 2 = 0,1+2.0,55-2.0,4 = 0,4 mol

Nhn thy:

n H 2O = n CO2 = 0,4mol
X l CH3 CH2 CH2 CHO p n B
n CO2 = 4n X

20

21
V d 9: X l mt ancol no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi, thu c
hi nc v 6,6 gam CO2. Cng thc ca X l
A. C2H4(OH)2

B. C3H7OH.

C. C3H6(OH)2

D. C3H5(OH)3

Gii:

n O2 = 0,175mol; n CO 2 = 0,15mol
S chy: X + O2 CO2 + H2O
V X l ancol no, mnh h n H 2O = n X + n CO2 = 0,05+0,15 = 0,2 mol
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O :
nO(X) = 2n CO2 + n H 2O 2n O2 = 2.0,15 + 0,2 2.0,175 = 0,15mol

n CO2 = 3n X
X l C3H5(OH)3 p n D
n O(X) = 3n X

Nhn thy

V d 10: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin n chc X bng lng khng kh va thu
c

1,76 gam CO2; 1,26 gam H2O v V lt N2 (ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N2 V O2

trong oxi chim 20% v th tch. Cng thc phn t ca X v th tch V ln lt l

A. X l C2H5NH2 ; V = 6,72 1t.

B. X l C3H7NH2 ; V = 6,944 1t.

C. X l C3H7NH2 ; V = 6,72 1t.

D. X l C2H5NH2 ; V = 6,944 1t.

Gii:

n CO 2 = 0,04 mol; n H 2O = 0,07 mol

Nhn thy:

n H 0,07.2 7
=
= X l C2H5NH2
nC
0,04
2

S chy: 2C2H5NH2 + O2 4CO2 + 7H2O + N2

Theo LBT nguyn t vi N: n N 2 (t phn ng t chy) =
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O: n CO2 +

n H 2O
2

n X 0,02
=
= 0,01mol
2
2

= 0,04 +

0,07
= 0,075mol
2

n N 2 (t khng kh) = 4n O2 = 4. 0,075 = 0,3 mol

N 2 (thu c) =

n N 2 (t phn ng t chy) + n N 2

(t khng kh)=

0,01 + 0,3 = 0,31 mol

V= 22,4.0,31 = 6,944 lt p n D

21

22
IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Hn hp cht rn X gm 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton X bng
dung dch HCl d, thu c dung dch Y. Cho NaOH d vo Y, thu c kt ta Z. Lc ly kt
ta, ra sch ri em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th thu c cht rn c
khi lng l
A. 32,0 gam.

B. 16,0 gam.

C. 39,2 gam.

D. 40,0 gam.

Cu 2 : Cho 4,48 lt kh CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n

khi phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng
thc ca oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l:
A. FeO; 75%.

B. Fe2O3; 75%.

C. Fe2O3; 65%.

D. Fe3O4; 75%.

Cu 3 : Hn hp A gm etan, etilen, axetilen v butaien-1,3. t chy ht m gam hn hp A.

Cho sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch nc vi d, thu c 100 gam kt ta v khi lng
dung dch nc vi sau phn ng gim 39,8 gam. Tr s ca m l
A. 13,8 gam.

B. 37,4 gam.

C. 58,75 gam.

D. 60,2 gam.

Cu 4 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v a mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ),
thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,06.

B. 0,04.

C. 0,12.

D. 0,075.

Cu 5 : t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng
kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 9,9 gam
nc. Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin
trn l
A. 70,0 lt

B. 78,4 lt.

C. 84,0 lt.

D. 56,0 lt.

Cu 6 : Dn V lt ( ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro i qua ng s ng bt niken nung

nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 (hoc Ag2O) trong dung dch NH3 thu c
12 gam kt ta. Kh i ra khi dung dch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v cn li kh Z. t
chy hon ton kh Z thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 4,5 gam nc. Gi tr ca V bng
A. 5,6.

B. 13,44.

C. 11,2.

D. 8,96.

Cu 7: Ho tan hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp gm Al v Al4C3 vo dung dch KOH (d), thu c
x mol hn hp kh v dung dch X. Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch X, lng kt ta thu c l
46,8 gam. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,55.

B. 0,60.

C. 0,40.

D. 0,45.

22

23
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam oxit FexOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng va , c cha
0,075 mol H2SO4, thu c z gam mui v thot ra 168ml kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, o
ktc). Oxit FexOy l
A. FeO.

B. Fe2O3

C. Fe3O4

D. FeO hoc Fe3O4

Cu 9: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,27 gam bt nhm v 2,04 gam bt Al2O3 trong dung
dch NaOH d thu c dung dch X. Cho CO2 d tc dng vi dung dch X thu c kt ta Y,
nung Y nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z. Bit hiu sut cc phn ng
u t 100%. Khi lng ca Z l
A. 2,04 gam

B. 2,31 gam.

C. 3,06 gam.

D. 2,55 gam.

Cu 10 : un nng 7,6 gam hn hp A gm C2H2, C2H4 v H2 trong bnh kn vi xc tc Ni thu

c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton hn hp B, dn sn phm chy thu c ln lt qua
bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4 gam. Khi
lng tng ln bnh 2 l
A. 6,0 gam

B. 9,6 gam.

C. 35,2 gam.

D. 22,0 gam.

Cu 11 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc cng dy ng ng dng va

V lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 10,08 lt CO2 (ktc) v 12,6 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 17,92 lt.

B. 4,48 lt.

C. 15,12 lt.

D. 25,76 lt.

Cu 12 : t chy mt hn hp hidrocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O.

Th tch O2 tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 2,80 lt

B. 3,92 lt.

C. 4,48 lt.

D. 5,60 lt.

Cu 13 : Dung dch X gm Na2CO3, K2CO3, NaHCO3. Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1: tc dng vi nc vi trong d c 20 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c V lt kh CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24.

B. 4,48.

C. 6,72.

D. 3,36.

Cu 14 : Chia hn hp gm : C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau:

- t chy phn 1 thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
- Hiro ho phn 2 ri t chy ht sn phm th th tch CO2 (ktc) thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt.

B. 1,12 lt.

C. 3,36 lt.

D. 4,48 lt.

P N
1D

2B

3A

4A

5A

6C

7B

8C

9D

10D

11C

12B

13B

14A

23

24

Phng php 3

Phng php tng gim khi lng

I. PHNG PHP GII
1. Ni dung phng php
- Mi s bin i ha hc (c m t bng phng trnh phn ng) u c lin quan n s
tng hoc gim khi lng ca cc cht.
+ Da vo s tng hoc gim khi lng khi chuyn 1 mol cht X thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol
cht Y (c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca cc cht v ngc
li, t s mol hoc quan h v s mol ca 1 cc cht m ta s bit c s tng hay gim khi
lng ca cc cht X, Y.
+ Mu cht ca phng php l: * Xc nh ng mi lin h t l mi gia cc cht bit
(cht X) vi cht cn xc nh (cht Y) (c th khng cn thit phi vit phng trnh phn ng,
m ch cn lp s chuyn ha gia 2 cht ny, nhng phi da vo LBT nguyn t xc
nh t l mi gia chng).
* Xem xt khi chuyn t cht X thnh Y (hoc ngc li)
th khi lng tng ln hay gim i theo t l phn ng v theo cho.
* Sau cng, da vo quy tc tam sut, lp phng trnh
ton hc gii.
2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp
Bi ton 1: Bi ton kim loi + axit (hoc hp cht c nhm OH linh ng) mui + H2
2M + 2nHX 2MXn + nH2

(l)

2M + nH2SO4 M2(SO4)n + nH2

(2)

2R(OH)n + 2nNa 2R(ONa)n + nH2

(3)

T (l), (2) ta thy: khi lng kim loi gim v tan vo dung dch di dng ion, nhng nu
c cn dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng cht rn thu c s tng ln so vi khi lng
kim loi ban u, nguyn nhn l do c anion gc axit thm vo.
T (3) ta thy: khi chuyn 1 mt Na vo trong mui s gii phng 0,5 mol H2 tng ng vi s
tng khi lng l m = MRO. Do , khi bit s mol H2 v m => R.
Th d: Cho m gam ancol n chc X vo bnh ng Na d, sau phn ng c 0,1 mol H2 v
khi lng bnh tng 6,2gam. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
24

25

Hng dn gii
Theo (3), vi n = 1 : 1 mol Na 1 mol R- ONa
0,5 mol H2: m = MRO
0,1 mol H2: m = 6,2gam

RO = 31 R = 15 (CH3) X l CH3OH

Bi ton 2: Bi ton nhit luyn

Oxit (X) + CO (hoc H2) rn (Y) + CO2 (hoc H2O)
Ta thy: d khng xc nh c Y gm nhng cht g nhng ta lun c v oxi b tch ra khi
oxit v thm vo CO (hoc H2) to CO2 hoc H2O
m = mX - mY = mO nO =

m
= nCO = n CO 2 (hoc = n H2 = n H 2 )
16

Bi ton 3: Bi ton kim loi + dung dch mui: nA + mBn+ nAm+ + mB

Ta thy: tng (gim) khi lng ca kim loi chnh l gim (tng) khi lng ca
mui (v manion = const) .
* Ch : Coi nh ton b kim loi thot ra l bm ht ln thanh kim loi nhng vo dung dch
mui.
Bi ton 4: Bi ton chuyn ha mui ny thnh mui khc.
Khi lng mui thu c c th tng hoc gim, do s thay th anion gc axit ny bng
anion gc axit khc, s thay th ny lun tun theo quy tc ha tr (nu ha tr ca nguyn t kim
loi khng thay i).
* T 1 mol CaCO3 CaCl2: m = 71 - 60 = 11
( c 1 mol CO32 ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Cl ha tr 1)
* T 1 mol CaBr2 2 mol AgBr: m = 2. 108 - 40 = 176
( c 1 mol Ca2+ ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Ag+ ha tr 1)

Bi ton 5: Bi ton chuyn oxit thnh mui:

MxOy MxCl2y (c 1 mol O-2 c thay th bng 2 mol Cl)
MxOy Mx(SO4)y (c 1 mol O-2 c thay th bng 1 mol SO42)
* Ch : Cc iu ny ch ng khi kim loi khng thay i ha tr.
Bi ton 6: Bi ton phn ng este ha:
RCOOH + HO R RCOOR + H2O

25

26
- meste < mmui : m tng = mmui - meste
- meste > mmui : m gim = meste mmui
Bi ton 7: Bi ton phn ng trung ha: - OHaxit, phenol + kim
- OH(axit, phenol) + NaOH - ONa + H2O
(c 1 mol axit (phenol) mui: m = 23 1 = 22)
3. nh gi phng php tng gim khi lng
- Phng php tng gim khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan
h v khi lng v t l mi ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
- c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s
dng phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn.
- Cc bi ton gii bng phng php tng gim khi lng u c th gii c theo
phng php bo ton khi lng, v vy c th ni phng php tng gim khi lng v bo
ton khi lng l 2 anh em sinh i. Tuy nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay
phng php kia s l u vit hn.
- Phng php tng gim khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton hn hp nhiu
cht.
4. Cc bc gii.
- Xc nh ng mt quan h t l mi gia cht cn tm v cht bit (nh vn dng
LBTNL).
- Lp s chuyn ho ca 2 cht ny.
- Xem xt s tng hoc gim ca M v m theo phng trnh phn ng v theo d kin bi
ton
- Lp phng trnh ton hc gii.
II. TH D MINH HA
V d 1: Khi oxi ho hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng.
Cng thc anehit l
A. HCHO.

B. C2H3CHO.

C. C2H5CHO.

D. CH3CHO.

Gii:
[O]
RCHO
RCOOH

x mol

x mol

m tng= 16x = 3 2,2 x = 0,05

26

27

2,2
= 44 R = 15 CH 3CHO p n D
0,05

Manehit = (R+29) =

V d 2 : Oxi ho m gam X gm CH3CHO, C2H3CHO, C2H5CHO bng oxi c xc tc, sn phm

thu c sau phn ng gm 3 axit c khi lng (m + 3,2) gam. Cho m gam X tc dng vi
lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 th thu c x gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 10,8 gam

B. 21,6 gam

C. 32,4 gam

D. 43,2 gam

Gii
0

t
2 RCHO + O 2 xt,

2 RCOOOH

Khi lng tng 3,2 gam l khi lng ca oxi tham gia phn ng
nx = 2 n O 2 = 2 x

3,2
= 0,2(mol)
32

V cc anehit l n chc (khng c HCHO) nAg= 2nx= 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)

mAg = x = 0,4.108 = 43,2 gam p n D

V d 3 : Cho 3,74 gam hn hp 4 axit, n chc tc dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c V lt kh
CO2 (ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch th thu c 5,06 gam mui. Gi tr ca V lt l:
A. 0,224

B. 0,448.

C. 1,344.

D. 0,672

Gii:

RCOOH + NaCO 3
2RCOONa + CO 2 + H 2 O
a mol

a mol

0,5a mol

m tng = (23 - 1)a = 5,06 3,74 a = 0,06 mol

VCO2 = 0,06. 0,5. 22,4 = 0,672 lt p n D
V d 4: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip tc dng va vi Na
c 3,12 gam mui khan. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol l :
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH.

B. C2H5OH, C3H7OH.

C. C3H7OH, C4H9OH.

D. C4H9OH, C5H11OH.

Gii:

1
ROH + Na
RONa + H 2
2
a mol

a mol

mtng = 22a = 3,12 2,02 a = 0,05 mol

M 2 ru = M R +17 =

2,02
= 40,4 15 < M R = 23,4 < 29
0.05

2 ru l: CH3OH v C2H5OH p n A
27

28
V d 5: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml
dung dch NaOH 0,10M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi
lng l:
A. 8,64 gam.

B. 6,84 gam.

C. 4,90 gam.

D. 6,80 gam.

Gii:
nNaOH = 0,06mol
Hn hp X + NaOH
Mui + H2, trong nguyn t H trong nhm OH hoc COOH c
thay th bi nguyn t Na
tng khi lng = 22. 0,06 = 1,32 gam

Khi lng mui = 5,48 + 1,32 = 6,80gam p n D

V d 6 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp cc este no, n nhc, mch h. Dn ton b sn
phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 1,55 gam. Khi
lng kt ta thu c l:
A. 2,5 gam.

B. 4,925 gam.

C. 6,94 gam.

D. 3.52 gam.

Gii:
0

t
C n H 2n O 2 + O 2
nCO 2 + nH 2 O

na

a mol

na

CO 2 + Ba(OH) 2
BaCO 3 + H 2 O
na

na

m bnh = m CO 2 + m H 2 O = 44na + 18na = 1,55 na = 0,025

mkt ta = 0,025.197 = 4,925 gam p n B

V d 7: Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO4. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Zn trong
hn hp ban u l:
A. 90,28%

B. 85,30%

C. 82,20%

D. 12,67%

Gii:
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 +Cu (1)
x

mgim = (65 - 64)x = x

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu (2)
y

m tng = (64 - 56)y = 8y

28

29
V khi lng hn hp rn trc v sau phn ng i mgim = mtng x = 8y

65x
x 100% = 90,28% p n A
65x + 56y

%Zn =

V d 8: Cho 4,48 lt CO (ktc) tc dng vi FeO nhit cao mt thi gian, sau phn ng thu
c cht rn X c khi lng b hn 1,6gam so vi khi lng FeO ban u. Khi lng Fe thu
c v % th tch CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l:
A. 5,6gam; 40%

B. 2,8gam; 25%

C. 5,6gam; 50%

C. 11,2gam; 60%

Gii:
0

t
FeO + CO
Fe + CO 2

mgim = mO(oxit phn ng )=

1,6
= 0,1(mol)
16

n Fe = n CO 2 = 0,1 (mol) mFe = 0,1.56 = 5,6gam (*)

Theo bo ton nguyn t: n hn hp kh sau phn ng = nCO(ban u) = 0,2 (mol)

% th tch kh CO2 =

0,1
x100% = 50%(**)
0,2

T (*) v (**) p n C
V d 9 : Tin hnh 2 th nghim :
- TN 1 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V1 (lt) dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M.
- TN2 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V2 (lt) dung dch AgNO3 0,1M.
Sau khi cc phim ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng cht rn thu c 2 th nghim u bng
nhau. Gi tr ca Vl so vi V2 l
A. V1 = V2

B. Vl = l0V2

C. Vl = 5V2

D. Vl = 2V2

Gii:
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
V1 mol

V1 mol

m tng = 64V1 56V1 = 8V1 gam

Fe

2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag

0,05V2 mol

0,1V2 mol

mtng = 108.0,1V2 56.0,05V2 = 8V2 gam

Theo mrn (TN1) = mrn(TN2) 8V1= 8V2
V1 = V2 p n A

29

30
V d 10 : Nung 1 hn hp rn gm a mol FeCO3 v b mol FeS2 trong bnh kn cha khng kh
d. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn duy
nht l Fe2O3 v hn hp kh. Bit p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau v sau
cc phn ng lu hunh mc oxi ho +4, th tch cc cht rn l khng ng k. Mi lin h
gia a v b l
A. a = 0,5b.

B. a = b.

C. a = 4b.

D. a = 2b.
Gii:
2FeCO3+

1
t0
O 2
Fe 2O 3 +2CO2
2
a
4

Phn ng lm tng 1 lng kh l (a 2FeS2 +

11
t0
O 2 Fe 2 O 3 + 4SO 2
2

11b
4

a
3a
)=
mol
4
4

2b

11b
3b
2b =
mol
4
4

Phn ng lm gim mt lng kh l:

V ptrc = psau

3a 3b
=
a = b p n B
4
4

V d 11: Cho 5,90 gam amin n chc X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl sau khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 9,55 gam mui khan. S
cng thc cu to ng vi cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. 5.

B. 4.

C. 2.

D. 3.

Gii:
RNH2
x mol

HCl RNH3Cl
x mol

x mol

m tng = 36,5x = 9,55 5,9 x = 0,1

Mamin = MR +16 =

5,9
=59 MR = 43 X: C3H7NH2
0,1

CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2 ; (CH3)2CHNH2; CH3NHCH3CH2; (CH3)3N p n B

30

31
V d 12: Trong phn t amino axit X c 1 nhm amino v 1 nhm cacboxyl. Cho 15,0 gam X
tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 19,4 gam mui
khan. Cng thc ca X l
A. H2NC3H6COOH.

B. H2NCH2COOH.

C. H2NC2H4COOH.

D. H2NC4H8COOH.

Gii:
H2NRCOOH + NaOH H2NRCOONa + H2O
x mol

x mol

mtng = 22x = 19,4 15,0 x = 0,2 mol

Mx = MR +61 = 75 MR = 14 X: H2NCH2COOH p n B
V d 13: t chy hon ton 4,40 gam cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy gm
4,48 lt CO2 (ktc) v 3,60 gam H2O. Nu cho 4,40 gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va
n khi phn ng hon ton c 4,80 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l
A. etyl propionat.

B. metyl propionat

C. isopropyl axetat.

D. etyl axetat.

Gii :

n CO 2 = n H 2O = 0,2mol X l este no n
CnH2nO2 + (

3n 1
t0
) O2
nCO2 + nH2O
2

0,2
mol
n

0,2 mol

0,2
0,2
= 4,4 n = 4 X: C4H8O2 v nX =
= 0,05 mol
n
4
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH

mX = (14n + 32)

0,05 mol

0,05 mol

mX < mmui mtng = (23-R) 0,05 = 4,8 4,4 = 0,4 R= 15

Cng thc cu to ca X l: C2H5OHCOOCH3 p n B
V d 14: Hn hp X gm HCOOH v CH3COOH (t l mol 1:1). Ly 5,30 gam hn hp X tc
dng vi 5,75 gam C2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam este (hiu sut ca cc phn
ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 10,12 gam.

B. 6,48 gam.

C. 16,20 gam.

D. 8,10 gam.

31

32
Gii:

x mol

MX =

x mol

x mol

46x + 60x
= 53
2x

nX = 5,3 : 53 = 0,1 mol < n C 2 H 5OH = 0,125 mol khi lng este tnh theo s mol ca axit

mtng = (29-1)x = m - 5,3 m = 8,1 gam

Khi lng este thc t thu c l

8,1.80%
= 6,48gam
100%

p n B
V d 15: Dn t t hn hp kh CO v H2 qua ng s ng 55,4 gam hn hp bt CuO, MgO,
ZnO, Fe3O4 un nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 10,08 lt (ktc) hn hp kh
v hi ch cha CO2 v H2O, trong ng s cn li mt lng cht rn c khi lng l
A. 48,2 gam.

B. 36,5 gam.

C. 27,9 gam

D. 40,2 gam

Gii:
Bn cht ca cc phn ng CO, H2 + [O] CO2 , H2O

nO = n CO 2 + n H 2O = nCO + n H 2 = 0,45mol
m rn = moxit mO = 55,4 0,45.16 = 48,2 gam p n A
V d 16: Nung 47,40 gam kali pemanganat mt thi gian thy cn li 44,04 gam cht rn. %
khi lng kali pemanganat b nhit phn l
A. 50%.

B. 70%.

C. 80%.

D. 65%.

Gii:
0

t
2KMnO4
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

gim khi lng ca cht rn = m O 2 = 47,4 44,04 = 3,36gam

n O 2 = 3,36: 32 = 0,105 mol m KMnO 4 tham gia = 0,105.2 = 0,21 mol

% m KMnO 4 phn ng =

0,21.158
.100%= 70% p n B
47,4

V d 17 : Nhit phn a gam Zn(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian dng li lm ngui v em cn thy khi
lng gim i 2,700 gam (hiu sut phn ng l 60%). Gi tr a l
A. 4,725 gam.

B. 2,835 gam.

C. 7,785 gam.

D. 7.875 gam.

32

33
Gii:
0

t
ZnO + 2NO2
Zn(NO)2

xmol

2xmol

1
O2
2
0,5xmol

m rn gim = m NO 2 + m O 2 = 92x + 16x = 2,7 x = 0,025mol

H=

189x
.100% = 60% a = 7,875gam p n C
a

V d 18 : Cho 3,06 gam hn hp K2CO3 v MgCO3 tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c V lt
kh (ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X c 3,39 gam mui khan. Gi tr V (lt) l:
A. 0,224

B. 0,448

C. 0,336

D. 0,672.

Gii:
mtng = 11 n CO 2 = 3,39 3,06 n CO 2 = 0,03 mol VCO 2 = 0,672 lt

p n D
V d 19 : Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500ml dung dch
H2SO4 0,1M va . Sau phn ng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c
khi lng l
A. 7,71 gam.

B. 6,91 gam.

C. 7,61 gam.

D. 6,81 gam.

Gii:
O2-(trong oxit)
SO 42-

Khi lng tng: 0,05 (96 -16) = 4,0 gam

mmui = moxit + mmui = 2,81 + 4 = 6,81 gam
p n D
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dn 130 cm3 hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h qua dung dch Br2 d kh thot ra
khi bnh c th tch l 100cm3, bit dx/He = 5,5 v phn ng xy ra hon ton. Hai hirocacbon
cn tm l
A. metan, propen.

B. metan, axetilen.

C. etan, propen.

D. metan, xiclopropan.

Cu 2 : un nng 1,77 gam X vi 1 lng va 1,68 gam KOH c 2,49 gam mui ca axit
hu c Y v 1 ancol Z vi s mol Z gp 2 ln s mol Y (bit phn ng xy ra hon ton). X l
A. CH2(COOCH3)2

B. (COOCH3)2

C. HCOOC2H5

D. C2H4(COOCH3)2
33

99
Dng 6: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c.
V d 15 : Ho tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v BaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 448ml kh CO2 (ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 50%.

B. 55%

C. 60%.

D. 65%.

Gii:
Ta c:
nmui cacbonat = n CO 2 =

0,448
3,164
= 0,02mol M mui cacbonat =
= 158,2
22,4
0,02

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

BaCO3(M=197)

58,2

38,8

60%

M =158,2

CaCO3 (M=100)

40%

p n C
V d 16 : Cho 8,96 lt hn hp CO2 v NO2 (ktc) hp th vo mt lng dung dch NaOH va
to thnh cc mui trung ho sau em c cn dung dnh thu c 36,6 gam mui khan.
Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u l
A. 25% CO2 v 75% NO2.

B. 50% CO2 v 50% NO2

C. 75% CO2 v 25% NO2

D. 30% CO2 v 70% NO2

Gii:
S cc phn ng ha hc:
2NaOH + 2NO2
2NaOH + CO2

NaNO3 + NaNO2

Na2CO3

T phn ng, ta thy:

-

C 1 mol NO2 to ra 1 mol hn hp 2 mui, c M =

C 1 mol CO2 to ra 1 mol mui Na2CO3 c M= 106.

M hn hp = =

69+ 85
= 77
2

36,6
= 91,5
0,4

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

Na2CO3(M=106)

13

50%

13

50%

M hn hp =91,5

( M=77)

p n B
99

35
Cu 11: Ho tan ht 1,625 gam kim loi M vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thy khi lng dung dch
sau phn ng tng 1,575 gam. M l
A. Al.

B. Be.

C. Zn.

D. Cr.

Cu 12: Dn V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th hon ton vo 750ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M, sau
phn ng khi lng dung dch gim 5,45 gam v c hn hp 2 mui. Gi tr V lt l
A. l,68.

B. 2,24.

C. 1,12.

D. 3,36.

Cu 13: Cho 1,825 gam amin X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl, sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 2,7375 gam mui RNH3Cl. X c
tng s ng phn cu to amin bc 1 l:
A. 4.

B. 6.

C. 7.

D. 8.

Cu 14: Cho a gam hn hp gm metanol v propan-2-ol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton a hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 0,56) gam. Khi
lng CuO tham gia phn ng l
A. 0,56 gam.

B. 2,80 gam

C. 0,28 gam.

D. 5,60 gam.

Cu 15: Cho a gam hn hp cc ankanol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng. Sau khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton c hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 1,20) gam v c t khi hi i
vi H2 l 15. Gi tr ca a gam l
A. 1,05 gam.

B. 3,30 gam.

C. 1,35 gam.

D. 2,70 gam.

Cu 16: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. un ton b lng
Y thu c vi 200ml dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch Z. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Nng
mol ca dung dch NaOH phn ng l
A. 0,2500M.

B. 0,1250M.

C. 0,3750M.

D. 0,4750M.

Cu 17: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng
Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam
mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Gi tr a gam l
A. 3,325.

B. 6,325.

C. 3,875.

D. 5,875.

Cu 18: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng
Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam
mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Cng thc cu to ca X l
A.HOOC-CH(NH2)-COOH
B. HOOC-CH2CH(NH2)CH2-COOH
35

36
C. HOOC-CH2CH2CH2NH2
D. HOOC-CH2CH(NH2)-COOH
Cu 19: Cho amino axit x tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng
Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 1 lng
mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Khi lng mui khan thu c so vi khi lng ca Y
s
A. tng 1,65 gam.

B. gim 1,65 gam.

C. tng 1,10 gam.

D. gim 1,10 gam.

Cu 20: t chy hon ton 3,72 gam hp cht hu c X (bit d X/H 2 < 70), dn ton b sn phm
chy thu c qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy to ra 41,37 gam kt ta ng thi khi
lng dung dch gim 29,97 gam. Bit s mol NaOH cn dng phn ng ht vi X bng s
mol kh hiro sinh ra khi cho X tc dng vi Na d. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH3-C6H4(OH)2

B. C6H7COOH.

C. C5H6(COOH)2

D. HO-C6H4-CH2OH.

Cu 21: Th tch oxi phn ng l bao nhiu nu chuyn 1 th tch oxi thnh ozon thy th tch
gim i 7,0 cm3 (th tch cc kh o cng iu kin)
A. 21,0 dm3

B. 7,0 cm3

C. 21,0 cm3

D. 4,7 cm3

Cu 22: Trong 1 bnh kn dung tch khng i cha 0,2 mo1 CO v 1 lng hn hp X gm
Fe3O4 v FeCO3 (t l mol 1 : l). Nung bnh nhit cao cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v
a bnh v nhit ban u (th tch cc cht rn khng ng k) thy p sut trong bnh tng 2
ln so vi ban u. Tng s mol ca Fe3O4 v FeCO3 l:
A 0,4

B. 0,3.

C. 0,2.

D. 0,1.

Cu 23: t chy hon ton 16,8 gam mui sunfua ca kim loi ho tri II khng i thu c
cht rn X v kh B. Ho tan ht X bng 1 lng va dung dch H2SO4 35% c dung dch
mui c nng 44,44%. Ly dung dch mui ny lm lnh xung nhit thp thy tch ra 25
gam tinh th ngm nc Y v dung dch bo ho c nng 31,58%. Y c cng thc l
A. CuSO4.3H2O.

B. MgSO4.2H2O.

C. CuSO4.5H2O.

D. CuSO4.2H2O.

Cu 24: Thu phn hon ton 1,76 gam X n chc bng 1 lng va dung dch NaOH un
nng c 1,64 gam mui Y v m gam ancol Z. Ly m gam Z tc dng vi lng d CuO nung
nng n phn ng hon ton thy lng cht rn gim 0,32 gam. Tn gi ca X l
A. etyl fomat.

B. etyl propionat.

C. etyl axetat.

D. metyl axetat.
36

37
Cu 25: Cho hn hp X gm 2 axit ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi Na d thy s mol H2
bay ra bng

1
mol X. un 20,75 gam X vi 1 lng d C2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4 c) c
2

18,75 gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng 60%). % theo khi lng
cc cht c trong hn hp X l:
A. 27,71% HCOOH v 72,29% CH3COOH.
B. 27,71 % CH3COOH v 72,29% C2H5COOH.
C. 40% C2H5COOH v 60% C3H7COOH.
D. 50% HCOOH v 50% CH3COOH.
Cu 26: Ho tan 5,4 gam Al vo 0.5 lt dung dch X gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 c 42 gam rn
Y khng tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long v dung dch Z. Ly ton b dung dch Z cho tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH d th c 14,7 gam kt ta (cho phn ng xy ra hon ton). Nng
mi ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong dung dch X ln lt l:
A. 0,6M v 0,3M.

B. 0,6M v 0,6M.

C. 0,3M v 0,6M.

D. 0,3M v 0,3M.

Cu 27: Nhng m gam kim loi M ho tr II vo dung dch CuSO4 sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim
loi thy khi lng gim 0,075%. Mt khc, khi nhng m gam thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch
Pb(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng 10,65% (bit s
mol ca CuSO4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp l nh nhau). M l
A. Mg.

B. Zn.

C. Mn.

D. Ag.

Cu 28: Nhng 1 thanh Al v 1 thanh Fe vo dung dch Cu(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian ly 2 thanh kim
loi ra thy dung dch cn li cha Al(NO3)3 v Fe(NO3)2 vi t l mol 3 : 2 v khi lng dung
dch gim

2,23 gam (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Khi lng Cu bm vo thanh Al v Fe

l:
A. 4,16 gam.

B. 2,88 gam.

C. 1,28 gam.

D. 2,56 gam.

Cu 29 : Cho 32,50 gam Zn vo 1 dung dch cha 5,64 gam Cu(NO3)2 v 3,40 gam AgNO3 (cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton v tt c kim loi thot ra u bm vo thanh kim loi). Khi lng
sau cng ca thanh kim loi l
A. 1,48 gam.

B. 33,98 gam.

C. 32,47 gam.

D. 34,01 gam.

Cu 30: in phn l00ml dung dch M(NO3)n. Vi in cc tr cho n khi b mt catot xut
hin bt kh th ngng in phn. Phi dng 25ml dung dch KOH 2M trung ho dung dch sau
khi in phn. Mt khc, nu ngm 20 gam Mg vo 100ml dung dch M(NO3)n. Sau mt thi gian

37

114
Cu 3 : Cracking mt ankan thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 19,565. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng Cracking l 84%. Ankan cho l
A. butan

B. isobutan.

C. pentan.

D. propan.

Cu 4 : Sau khi ozon ho, th tch ca O2 gim i 5ml. Th tch kh O3 c to thnh l

A. 7,5ml.

B. 10ml

C. 5ml.

D. 15ml.

Cu 5 : Mt hn hp X gm H2 v N2. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH3 t hn hp X th thu

c hn hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 7,826. Hiu sut tng
hp NH3 l
A. 60,6%.

B. 17,39%.

C. 8,69 %.

D. 20%.

Cu 6 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, CO, C4H10. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O2.

Thnh phn % th tch C4H10 trong X l
A. 62,5%.

B. 54,4%.

C. 48,7%.

D. 45,2%.

Cu 7 : Trn 400ml hi ca mt hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 2 lt O2 ri t chy. Hn

hp kh sinh ra nu dn qua CaCl2 khan th th tch gim 1,6 lt. Nu dn tip qua KOH d th th
tch gim thm 1,2 lt na v thot ra sau cng l 400ml O2 cn d. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8O2

B. C3H8O

C. C3H8O3

D. C4H6O2

Cu 8 : Chia hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca

chng ch c mt nhm chc lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO2 v H2O) ln
lt qua bnh (1) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi
lng bnh (l) tng

2,16 gam v bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.

- Phn 2: cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H2 thu c ktc l

A. 0,224 lt.

B. 0,56 lt.

C. 2,24 lt.

D. 1,12 lt

P N
1A

2A

3C

4B

5D

6A

7A

8B

114

39
Cu 39: t chy hon ton 33,4 gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu ngoi khng kh thu c 41,4
gam hn hp Y gm ba oxit. Th tch ti thiu dung dch H2SO4 20% (D =1,14 g/ml) cn dng
ho tan ht hn hp Y l:
A. 215ml.

B. 8,6ml.

C. 245ml.

D. 430ml.

Cu 40: X l mt -aminoaxit ch cha 1 nhm -NH2 v 1 nhm -COOH. Cho 0,445 gam X
phn ng va vi NaOH to ra 0,555 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca X c th l
A. H2N-CH2-COOH.

B. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH.

C. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH.

D. H2N-CH=CH-COOH.

Cu 41: Cho hn hp X gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th lng kt ta

thu c sau phn ng bng khi lng AgNO3 tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % khi lng
NaCl trong X l
A. 27,88%.

B. 13,44%.

C. 15,20%.

D. 24,50%.

Cu 42: Cho 1,52 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dg vi Na va

, sau phn ng thu c 2,18 gam cht rn. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol v th tch kh thu
c sau phn ng ktc ln lt l:
A. CH3OH; C2H5OH v 0,336 lt.

B. C2H5OH; C3H7OH v 0,336 lt

C. C3H5OH; C4H7OH v 0,168 lt.

D. C2H5OH; C3H7OH v 0,672 lt.

Cu 43: Hn hp X c khi lng 25,1 gam gm ba cht l axit axetic, axit acrylic v phenol.
Lng hn hp X trn c trung ho va bng 100ml dung dch NaOH 3,5M. Tnh khi
lng ba mui thu c sau phn ng trung ho l
A. 32,80 gam.

B. 33,15 gam.

C. 34,47 gam.

D. 31,52 gam.

Cu 44: Ngm mt inh st sch trong 200ml dung dch CuSO4 n khi dung dch ht mu xanh,
ly inh st ra khi dung dch, ra sch, sy kh, cn thy inh st tng 0,8 gam. Nng mi
ca dung dch CuSO4 l
A. 0,5M.

B. 5M.

C. 0,05M.

D. 0,1M

Cu 45: Nung l00 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng
i c 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 16% v 84%.

B. 84% v 16%.

C. 26% v 74%.

D. 74% v 26%.

Cu 46: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn
ng hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh
H2 bay ra (ktc) l
A. 0,56 lt.

B. 1,12 lt.

C. 2,24 lt.

D. 4,48 lt.

39

40
Cu 47: Cho mt anken X tc dng ht vi H2O (H+, t0) c cht hu c Y, ng thi khi
lng bnh ng nc ban u tng 4,2 gam. Cng cho mt lng X nh trn tc dng vi HBr
va , thu c cht Z, thy khi lng Y, Z thu c khc nhau 9,45 gam (gi s cc phn ng
xy ra hon ton). Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H4

B. C3H6

C. C4H8

D. C5H10

P N
1A

2B

3D

4A

5D

6B

7C

8A

9A

10B

11C

12B

13A

14B

15B

16C

17A

18D

19A

20D

21C

22A

23C

24C

25A

26B

27B

28A

29B

30D

31A

32C

33A

34D

35B

36D

37A

38B

39A

40B

41A

42B

43A

44A

45A

46B

47A

Phng php 4

Phng php Bo ton in tch

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. C s: Nguyn t, phn t, dung dch lun lun trung ha v in
- Trong nguyn t: s proton = s electron
- Trong dung dch:

s mol in tch ion dng =

s mol in tch ion m

2. p dng v mt s ch
a, Khi lng dung dch mui (trong dung dch) =

khi lng cc ion to mui

b, Qu trnh p dng nh lut bo ton in tch thng kt hp:

- Cc phng php bo ton khc: Bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t
- Vit phng trnh ha hc dng ion thu gn

40

41
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
Dng 1: p dng n thun nh lut bo ton in tch
V d 1 : Mt dung dch c cha 4 ion vi thnh phn : 0,01 mol Na+, 0,02 mol Mg2+, 0,015 mol

SO 24 , x mol Cl . Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,015.

B. 0,035.

C. 0,02.

D. 0,01.

Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01.1 + 0,02.2 = 0.015.2 + x.1 x = 0,02 p n C
Dng 2: Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton khi lng
V d 2 : Dung dch A cha hai cation l Fe2+: 0,1 mol v Al3+: 0,2 mol v hai anion l Cl : x
mol v SO 24 : y mol. em c cn dung dch A thu c 46,9 gam hn hp mui khan. Gi tr ca
x v y ln lt l:
A. 0,6 v 0,1

B. 0,3 v 0,2

C. 0,5 v 0,15

D. 0,2 v 0,3

Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01.2 + 0,2.3 = x.1 +y.2 x + 2y = 0,8 (*)
Khi c cn dung dch khi lng mui = khi lng cc ion to mui
0,1.56 + 0,2.27 + x.35,5 + y.96 = 46,9 35,5x + 96y = 35,9 (**)
T (*) v (**) x = 0,2; y = 0,3 p n D.
V d 3 : Chia hn hp X gm hai kim loi c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan hon ton bng dung dch HCl d thu c 1,792 lt H2 (ktc).
Phn 2 : Nung trong khng kh d thu c 2,84 gam hn hp rn ch gm cc oxit. Khi lng
hn hp X l
A. 1,56 gam.

B. 1,8 gam.

C. 2,4 gam.

D. 3,12 gam.

Gii:
Nhn xt: Tng s mol in tch ion dng (ca hai kim loi) trong hai phn l bng nhau
Tng s mol in tch ion m trong hai phn cng bng nhau
O2- 2Cl
Mt khc: n Cl- = n H + = 2 n H 2 =

1,792
= 0,08mol
22,4

nO(trong oxit) = 0,04(mol)

Trong mt phn: mkim loi= moxit moxi = 2,84 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam

41

120
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch: (xem thm phng php bo ton in tch)

ncation . 2 = 0,1.1 +0,2.1 = 0,3 mol

ncation =0,15 mol
Mg2+

CO32-

MgCO3

Ba2+

CO32-

BaCO3

2-

CaCO3

Ca

2+

CO3

Hoc c th quy i 3 cation thnh M

M2+

2+

(xem thm phng php quy i)

CO32-

MCO3

n K 2CO3 = n CO 2 = n cation = 0,15 mol

3

VK 2CO3 = 0,15 lt = 150 ml

p n A.
V d 10 : Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d thu c kt ta
c khi lng ng bng khi lng AgNO3 phn ng . Tnh phn trm khi lng NaCl
trong hn hp u.
A. 23,3%

B. 27,84%.

C. 43,23%.

D. 31,3%.

Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
Ag+
+

Ag

Cl-

Br

AgCl

AgBr

t: nNaCl = x mol ; nNaBr = y mol

mAgCl + mAgBr = m AgNO3 (p.)

mCl- + mBr- = m NO3

35,5x + 80y = 62.(x+y)
x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53

%m NaCl =

58,5.36.100
= 27,84%
58,5.36 + 103.53

p n B.

C th gii bi ton bng vic kt hp vi phng php tng gim khi lng hoc phng php
ng cho.

120

43
H+ + AlO2 + H2O Al(OH)3

(2)

3H+ + Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3H2O

(3)

kt ta l ln nht khng xy ra (3) v nH+ = n AlO + nOH- = 0,5

2

VHCl =

0,5
= 0,25 (lt) p n B
2

Dng 5: Bi ton tng hp

V d 7: Hon ton 10 gam hn hp X gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch HCl 2M. Kt thc th
nghim thu c dung dch Y v 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). kt ta hon ton cc cation c trong Y cn
va 300ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,2 lt.

B. 0,24 lt.

C. 0,3 lt.

D. 0,4 lt

Gii:

n Na + = n OH = nNaOH = 0,6 (mol)

Khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Y (cha cc ion: Mg2+; Fe2+; H+ d; Cl ) cc ion dng s tc dng
vi OH to thnh kt ta. Nh vy dung dch thu c sau phn ng ch cha Na+ v Cl

n Cl = n Na + = 0,6 n H + = 0,6 VHCl=

0,6
= 0,3lt p n C
2

V d 8 : ho tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn va 700ml

dung dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H2 (ktc). Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X
ri ly ton b kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th lng
cht rn thu c l
A. 8 gam

B. 16 gam

C. 24 gam

D. 32 gam

Gii:
Vi cch gii thng thng, ta vit 7 phng trnh ho hc, sau t n s, thit lp h phng
trnh v gii
Nu p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
S mol HCl ho tan l Fe l: nHCl = 2n

H2

= 0,3(mol)

S mol HCl ho tan cc oxit = 0,7 0,3 = 0,4 mol

Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
nO2-(oxit) =

1
m m oxi 20 0,2.16
n Cl = 0,2(mol) n Fe(trongX) = oxit
=
= 0,3(mol)
2
56
56
43

44
C th coi: 2Fe (trong X) Fe2O3

n Fe 2 O 3 = 0,15mol m Fe 2 O 3 = 24 gam p n C

BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha a mol Na+ ; b mol Mg2+ ; c mol Cl v d mol SO 24 . Biu thc lin
h gia a, b, c, d l
A. a + 2b = c + 2d

B. a+ 2b = c + d.

C. a + b = c + d

D. 2a + b = 2c + d

Cu 2: C hai dung dch, mi dung dch u cha hai cation v hai anion khng trng nhau trong
cc ion sau : K+: 0,15 mol, Mg2+: 0,1 mol, NH4+ : 0,25 mol, H+ : 0,2 mol. Cl : 0,1 mol, SO 24 :

0,075 mol, NO 3 : 0,25 mol v CO 32 : 0,15 mol. Mt trong hai dung dch trn cha:
A. K+, Mg2+, SO 24 v Cl

B. K+, NH4+, CO 32 v Cl

D. Mg2+, H+, SO 24 v Cl

C. NH4+, H+, NO 3 v SO 24

Cu 3 : Dung dch Y cha Ca2+ 0,1 mol, Mg2+ 0,3 mol, Cl 0,4 mol, HCO 3 y mol. Khi c cn
dung dch Y th lng mui khan thu c l
A. 37,4 gam

B. 49,8 gam.

C. 25,4 gam.

D. 30,5 gam.

Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+, x mol Cl v y mol SO 24 . Tng khi
lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,03 v 0,02.

B. 0,05 v 0,01

C. 0,01 v 0,03

D. 0,02 v 0,05

Cu 5 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v x mol Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va
, thu c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii phng kh NO duy
nht. Gi tr X l
A. 0,03

B. 0,045

C. 0,06.

D. 0,09.

Cu 6 : Cho m gam hn hp Cu, Zn, Mg tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 long, d. C
cn cn thn dung dch thu c sau phn ng thu c (m + 62) gam mui khan. Nung hn hp
mui khan trn n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l
A. (m + 4) gam.

B. (m + 8) gam.

C. (m + 16) gam.

D. (m + 32) gam.

44

45
Cu 7 : Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2 sau phn
ng thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch th thu dc bao nhiu gam
mui clorua khan
A. 2,66 gam

B. 22,6 gam

C. 26,6 gam

D. 6,26 gam

Cu 8 : Trn dung dch cha Ba2+; OH 0,06 mol v Na+ 0,02 mol vi dung dch cha HCO 3
0,04 mol; CO 32 0,03 mol v Na+. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau khi trn l
A. 3,94 gam.

B. 5,91 gam.

C. 7,88 gam.

D. 1,71 gam

Cu 9 : Ho tan hon ton 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA vo nc
c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl c trong dung dch X trn ta cho ton b
lng dung dch X trn tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO3. Kt thc th nghim, thu c
dung dch Y v 17,22 gam kt ta. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch Y l
A. 4,86 gam.

B. 5,4 gam.

C. 7,53 gam.

D. 9,12 gam.

Cu 10 : Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO 32 ; 0,1 mol Na+ ; 0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl .Cho
270ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k). Tng
khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l.
A. 4,215 gam.

B. 5,296 gam.

C. 6,761 gam.

D. 7,015 gam.

Cu 11 : Trn 100ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vi 200ml dung dch NaOH l,8M n phn ng hon
ton th lng kt ta thu c l
A. 3,12 gam.

B. 6,24 gam.

C. 1,06 gam.

D. 2,08 gam.

Cu 12 : Dung dch B cha ba ion K+ ; Na+ ; PO 34 . 1 lt dung dch B tc dng vi CaCl2 d thu
c

31 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu c cn mt lt dung dch B thu c 37,6 gam cht rn

khan. Nng ca hai ba ion K+ ; Na+ ; PO 34 ln lt l .

A. 0,3M ; 0,3M v 0,6M

B. 0,1M ; 0,1M v 0,2M

C. 0,3M ; 0,3M v 0,2M

D. 0,3M ; 0,2M v 0,2M

Cu 13 : Cho dung dnh Ba(OH)2 n d vo 100ml dung dch X gm cc ion : NH4+ , SO 4 2 ,

NO 3 ri tin hnh un nng th thu c 23,3 gam kt ta v 6,72 lt (ktc) mt cht kh duy
nht. Nng kt ta (NH4)2SO4 v NH4NO3 trong dung dch X ln lt l:
A. 1M v 1M.

B. 2M v 2M.

C. 1M v 2M.

D. 2M v 1M.

Cu 14 : Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe3+, SO42 , NH4+ , Cl . Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn
bng nhau :

45

46
- Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc)
v

1,07 gam kt ta.

- Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2 thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.

- Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c
nc bay hi)
A. 3,73 gam.

B. 7,04 gam.

C. 7,46 gam.

D. 3,52 gam.

P N
1A

2B

3A

4A

5C

6B

7C

8A

9D

10C

11A

12C

13A

14C

Phng php 5

Phng php Bo ton electron

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. C s ca phng php
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh:

s electron nhng =

s mol electron nhng =

s electron nhn

s mol electron nhn

2. Mt s ch .
- Ch yu p dng cho bi ton oxi ha kh cc cht v c
- C th p dng bo ton electron cho mt phng trnh, nhiu phng trnh hoc ton b qu trnh.
- Xc nh chnh xc cht nhng v nhn electron. Nu xt cho mt qu trnh, ch cn xc nh
trng thi u v trng thi cui s oxi ha ca nguyn t, thng khng quan tm n trng
thi trung gian s oxi ha ca nguyn t.
- Khi p dng phng php bo ton electron thng s dng km cc phng php bo ton
khc (bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t)
- Khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 v dung dch sau phn ng khng cha mui amoni:

n NO =
3

s mol electron nhng (hoc nhn)

46

128
Gii:
Ta c:
a= 0,2.15 =0,3 mol; n =15,6 : 78 =0,2 mol
nn c 2 gi tr ca nNaOH v gi tr ln nht l: 4a - n = 4.0,3 0,2 = 1,0 mol.
Do , V = 1,0 : 0,5 = 2 lt

p n C.
V d 5 : X l dung dch AlCl3, Y l dung dch NaOH 2M. Thm 150ml dung dch Y vo cc
cha 100ml dung dch X, khuy u th trong cc to ra 7,8 gam kt ta. Li thm tip vo cc
100ml dung dch Y, khuy u th lng kt ta c trong cc l 10,92 gam. Cc phn ng u
xy ra hon ton. Nng mi ca dung dch X l
A. 1,6 M.

B. 5/3 M.

C. 1 M.

D. 1,4 M.

Gii:

n Al(OH)3
a

A
B

C
H

x1

3a

x2

D
4aC

n OH -

Nhn xt:
+ ln thm th nht: nNaOH = 0,15.2 = 0,3 mol; n Al(OH)3 = 7,8 : 78 = 0,1 mol
V cha t n cc i do c kt ta nh hn ln thm th 2.
+ ln thm th hai: nNaOH = 0,25.2 = 0,5 mol; n Al(OH)3 = 10,92 : 78 = 0,14 mol
Gi s ti gi tr VNaOH ny m vt n cc i th n Al(OH)3 =

n Al(OH)3
3

0,5
mol (khc vi 0,14
3

mol) nn ti v tr th hai vt qua cc i.

Trong tam gic cn AHD ta c: CX2 = X2D
Nn 4a x2 = CX2 = 0,14 4a =0,14 + x2 = 0,14 + 0,5 = 0,64

a = 0,16 mol
Nng AlCl3 l: 0,16 : 0,1 = 1,6 M

p n A.

128

48
Gii :
Cc phn ng c th c
0

t
2FeO
2Fe +O2

1)

t
Fe2O3

2Fe + 1,5O2

(2)

t
3Fe +2O2
Fe3O4

(3)

Cc phn ng ho tan c th c:
3FeO + 10HNO3
3Fe(NO3)3+NO+5H2O

(4)

Fe2O3 +6HNO3 2Fe(NO 3 ) 3 + 3H 2 O

(5)

3Fe3O4 +28HNO3 9Fe(NO 3 ) 3 + NO +14H 2 O

(6)

Xt c qu trnh ta thy c 3 qu trnh thay i s oxi ho l:

+Fe t Fe0 b oxi ho thnh Fe+3, cn N+5 b kh thnh N+2, O 02 b kh thnh 2O-2.
p dng bo ton khi lng:

m O 2 = mx mFe(ban u)= 1,016 0,728 n O2 = 0,009

Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn l:
Fe

Fe3+

- 3e

O2

0,013 0,039

4e 2O2-

0,009 0,036
N+5

3e N+2(NO)
3nNO nNO

p dng bo ton eletron, ta c: 3nNO + 0,036 = 0,039

nNO = 0,001 mol VNO= 0,001.22,4 = 0,0224 lt = 22,4ml p n B.

V d 3 : Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp nht rn X. Ho tan ht hn
hp X bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c 0,56 lt NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Gi tr ca
m l
A. 2,52 gam.

B. 2,22 gam.

C. 2,62 gam.

D. 2,32 gam.

Gii :

+2
NO
m gam Fe
X +3
Fe(NO 3 ) 3
0

+O 2

+5

+ HNO3

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :

48

49

m O 2 = mx mFe(ban u) = 3- m n O2 =

3m
32

Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn l :

Fe

- 3e

Fe3+

O2

m
3m

56
56

3- m
32
N+5

4e

4(3-m)
32

2O2-

3e N+2
0,075 0,025 (mol)

3m 4(3 m)
=
+ 0,075 m = 2,52gam p n A
56
32

V d 4 : Cho m gam bt Fe vo dng dch HNO3 ly d, ta c hn hp gm hai kh NO2 v

NO c VX = 8,96 lt (ktc) v t khi i vi O2 bng 1,3125. Thnh phn % NO v % NO2 theo
th tch trong hn hp X v khi lng m ca Fe dng ln lt l
A. 25% v 75% ; 1,12 gam.

B. 25% v 75% ; 11,2 gam.

C. 35% v 65% ; 11,2 gam.

D. 45% v 55% ; 1,12 gam.

Gii :
Ta c : nX = 0,4 mol; Mx= 42
S ng cho :
NO2:46

42 30 =12
42

NO:30

46 30 =12

n NO2 : n NO = 12 : 4 = 3
n NO = 0,1mol
%VNO = 25%

n NO2 + n NO = 0,4 mol

n NO2 = 0,3 mol %VNO2 = 75%
Fe 3e Fe3+

N+5 +3e N+2

x 3x

0,3 0,1
N+5 +1e N+4
0,3 0,3

Theo nh lut bo ton electron: 3x = 0,3 + 0,3 x = 0,2 mol

mFe= 0,2.56 =11,2 g p n B

49

137

X l ru no, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2Om

nX = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0,02

n CO2

S nguyn t cacbon =

nX

0,06
=3
0,02

V s mol kh H2 thu c bng ca X

X cha 2 nhm -OH

Cng thc phn t: C3H8O2 v m = 0,02. 76 = 1,52 gam

p n A.
V d 6. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c thuc cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca chng ch c mt
loi nhm chc. Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO2 v hi H2O) ln
lt qua bnh (l) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi
lng bnh (l) tng 2,16 gam, bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H2(ktc) thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 2,24 lt.

B. 0,224 lt.

C. 0,56 lt.

D. 1,12 lt

Gii:
V X tc dng vi Na gii phng H2 X l ru hoc axit.

n H 2O = 0,12 > n H 2O = 0,07

X gm 2 ru no. t cng thc tng qut 2 ru l CnH2n+2Om

nX = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0,05 mol
S nguyn t cacbon =

n CO2
nX

0,07
= 1,4
0,05

Ru th nht l: CH3OH
X l 2 ru no n chc
n H2 =

1
n X = 0,025 mol
2

V = 0,56 lt

p n C.
V d 7. t chy hon ton 1,46 gam hn hp 2 anehit mch h ng ng k tip thu c
l,568 lt CO2 (ktc) v 1,26 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca hai anehit ln lt l
A. HCHO v CH3CHO

B. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO

C. C2H5CHO v C3H7CHO

D. C2H4CHO v C3H6CHO

137

138
Gii:
Ta thy:

n CO 2 = 1,568 : 22,4 = 0,07 mol.

n H 2O = 1,26 : 18 = 0,07 mol.
V n CO 2 : n H 2O = 1 : 1 nn 2 andehit l no n chc mch h.
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 andehit l C n H 2 n +1CHO

C n H 2 n +1CHO

3n + 1
O 2 (n + 1)CO 2 + (n + 1)H 2 O
2

(n+1)a

(n+1)a

a(14n + 30) = 1,46

n = 4/3
Do : a(n + 1) = 0,07

p n B.
V d 8. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai cht hu c ng ng lin tip, thu
c

3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2.7 gam H2O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l:

A. 0,04 v 0,06.

B. 0,08 v 0,02.

C. 0,05 v 0,05.

D. 0,045 v 0,055.

Gii:

n H 2O =

2,7
3,36
= n CO2 =
= 0,15 (mol) X l hn hp hai axit no, n chc, mch h, c
18
22,4

cng thc tng qut CnH2nO2

S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh =

n CO2
nX

0,15
= 1,5 hai axit ln lt l HCOOH (a mol)
0,1

v CH3COOH (b mol)

a + b = 0,1

a = b = 0,05mol p n C
a + 2b = 0,15
V d 9. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm cc este no, n chc, mch h. Sn phm
chy c dn vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. S
mol CO2 v H2O sinh ra ln lt l
A. 0,1 v 0,1.

B. 0,01 v 0,1.

C. 0,1 v 0,01.

D. 0,01 v 0,01.
138

52
Gii:
Trong bi ton ny c hai th nghim:
+5

TN1: R1 v R2 nhng e cho Cu2+ chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho N thnh
+2

N (NO) . S mol e do R1v R2 nhng ra l:

+5

+5

3e N

0,15

1,12
= 0,05
22,4
+5

TN2. R1; R2 trc tip nhng e cho N to ra N2. Gi x l s mol N2, th s mol e thu c vo
l:
+5

2 N +10e N 02
10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15

VN = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt p n B
2

V d 9 : Hn hp X gm hai kim loi ng trc H trong dy in ho v c ho tr khng i

trong cc hp cht. Chia m gam X thnh hai phn bng nhau
- Phn 1 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch cha axit HCl v H2SO4 long to ra 3,36 lt kh H2
- Phn 2 : Tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht).
Bit cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.

B. 3,36 lt.

C. 4,48 lt.

D. 6,72 lt.

Gii:
Nhn xt:
V tng s mol e nhng trong 2 phn l nh nhau, nn s e nhn trong 2 phn cng nh nhau
-

Phn 1: 2H+ + 2e

H2

0,03
-

Phn 2: N+5 + 3e

0,015
N+2(NO)

0,03 0,01

VNO = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt

p n A.
52

53
V d 10: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c
hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO2. Bit phn ng khng to mui NH4NO3. Khi
lng mui to ra trong dung dch l:
A. 10,08 gam

B. 6,59 gam

C. 5,69 gam

D. 5,96 gam

Gii:
N+5

N+5

n NO- (mui) =
3

3e

N+2(NO)

0,03

0,01

1e

N+4(NO2)

0,04

0,04

electron nhng (hoc nhn)

= 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (mol)

mmui = mkim loi + m NO- (mui) = 1,35 + 0,07.63 = 5,69 gam

3
p n C.
V d 11: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO3 phn ng va thu c 1,792
lt kh X (ktc) gm N2 v NO2 c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng mol ca HNO3 trong
dung dch u l:
A. 0,28 M

B. 1,4 M

C. 1,7 M

D. 1,2 M

Gii:
Ta c M X = 9,25. 4 = 37 =
v NO2 nn: n N 2 = n NO2 =
2N+5
N+5

0,04

1e

N+4(NO2)

l trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca 2 kh N2

N2

0,4

0,04

n NO- (mui) =

nX
= 0,04 mol
2

10e

(M N2 + M NO2 )

0,04

electron nhng (hoc nhn)

= 0,4 + 0,04 = 0,44 mol

p dng bo ton nguyn t ta c:

n HNO3 (b kh) = n NO- (mui) + nN(trong kh) = 0,44 + 0,04.2 + 0,04 = 0,56 mol
3

[HNO3] =

0,56
= 0,28M
2

p n A

53

54
V d 12 : Chia m gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl d thu c 7,28 lt H2
- Phn 2 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 5,6 lt NO (sn phm kh
duy nht).
- Bit th tch cc kh o ktc Khi lng Fe, Al c trong X ln lt l:
A. 5,6 gam v 4,05 gam.

B. 16,8 gam v 8,1 gam.

C. 5,6 gam v 5,4 gam.

D. 11,2 gam v 4,05 gam.

Gii:
Tc dng vi HCl
Al

3e

Al3+

Fe

2e

Fe2+

2H+

2e

H2

0,65 0,325

Tc dng vi HNO3
3e

0,25

0,75

M3+

N+5

3e

N+2

0,75

0,25

Nhn xt:
S mol e hn hp Al; Fe nhng khi tc dng HCl : 0,65 mol
S mol e hn hp Al; Fe nhng khi tc dng HNO3: 0,75 mol
S mol e m Al nhng l nh nhau vi HCl v HNO3; 1 mol Fe nhng cho HNO3
nhiu hn cho HCl l 1 mol e;

nFe=0,75 - 0,65 = 0,1 mol mFe = 5,6 gam

nAl =0,25 - 0,1 = 0,15 mol mAl = 4,05 gam
p n A.
V d 13 : Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam hn hp Cu - Ag bng 19,6 gam dung dch H2SO4 c
un nng sau phn ung thu c kh X v dung dch Y. Ton b kh X c dn chm qua dung
dch nc clo d, dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi BaCl2 d thu c 18,64 gam kt ta.
Khi lng Cu, Ag v nng ca dung dch H2SO4 ban u ln lt l :
A. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 96%.

B. 4,72 ; 6,48 v 80%.

C. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 80%.

D. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 90%.

Gii:
t : nCu = x; nAg = y 64x + 108y = 11,2 (*)

54

55
Cu 2e Cu2+

S+6 +2e

x 2x

S+4(SO2)

0,16

0,08

Ag e Ag+
y y
Ta c s chuyn ho
Cl 2 + H 2O
BaCl 2
SO 24 SO 2 +
SO 24 +
BaSO 4

18,64
= 0,08 mol
233

0,08

p dng bo ton eletron: 2x + y = 0,16 (**)

T (*) (**) x = 0,04, y = 0,08

mCu = 0,04. 64 = 2,56gam; mAg = 8,64gam

p dng bo ton nguyn t ca lu hunh

n SO2 (axit) = n SO2 (mui) + n SO = (0,04 + 0,08 ) + 0,08 = 0,16

4
4
2
2

C%(H2SO4) =

0,16.98
.100% = 80% p n C
19,6

V d 14 : Cho hn hp X gm 0,1 mol Al v 0,1 mol Fe vo 100ml dung dch Y gm Cu(NO3)2

v AgNO3 sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi. Ho tan hon ton Z
bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,05 mol H2 v cn li 28 gam cht rn khng tan. Nng mi
ca Cu(NO3)2 v ca AgNO3 trong Y ln lt l :
A. 2M v 1M.

B. 1M v 2M.

C. 0,2M v 0,1M.

D. 0,5M v 0,5M.

Gii:
Tm tt s :

AgNO3 : x mol
Al

+ 100ml dung dch Y

Fe
Cu(NO3 ) 2 : y mol

8,3gam hn hp X

(nAl = nFe)

1,12 lt H2
Cht rn A
(3 kim loi)

HCl
+

2,8 gam cht rn khng tan B

t n AgNO3 = x mol v n Cu(NO3 )2 = y mol

Cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi 3 kim loi phi l: Ag, Cu, Fe

Al, Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 tham gia phn ng ht, Fe cha phn ng hoc d
55

56
Xt cho ton b qu trnh, ta c:
Ag+ +1e Ag0
x

Al 3e Al3+

xx

0,1 0,3

Cu2+ +2e Cu0

Fe 2e Fe2+

y 2y y

0,1 0,2

2H+ +2e H2
0,10,05
Theo nh lut bo ton eletron, ta c phng trnh:
x + 2y + 0,1 = 0,3 + 0,2 x + 2y = 0,4

(1)

Mt khc, cht rn khng tan l: Ag: x mol; Cu: y mol

108x + 64y = 28

(2)

Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,2 mol; y = 0,1 mol

[AgNO3] =

0,2
0,1
= 2M; [Cu(NO3 )2 ] =
= 1M p n B
0,1
0,1

V d 15 : Trn 0,54 gam bt Al vi hn hp bt Fe2O3 v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit

nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh mt thi gian. thu c hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan
hon ton X trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng, d th th tch NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht
ktc) thu c l
A. 0,672 lt.

B. 0,896 lt.

C. 1,12 lt.

D. 1,344 lt.

Gii:
Phn tch:
Nu gii theo cch thng thng s gp rt nhiu kh khn:
+ Phn ng nhit nhm l khng hon ton (tin hnh phn ng mt thi gian ), do c
nhiu sn phm v vy phi vit rt nhiu phng trnh
+ S n s cn t ln, trong khi bi ton ch cho mt d kin
Xt cho ton b qu trnh, ch c Al v N (trong HNO3) c s thay i s oxi ho trng thi
u v cui, do ch cn vit hai qu trnh:
Al

3e Al3+

0,02 0,06

N+5 +1e N+4 (NO2)

0,06

0,06

VNO2 = 0,06. 22,4 = 1,344 lt p n D

56

57
V d 16 : Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu
c cht rn X. Ho tan X bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch Y v kh Z. t chy
hon ton Z cn ti thiu V lt O2 (ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 11,2.

B. 21.

C. 33.

D. 49.

Gii:
V nFe > nS =

30
nn Fe d v S ht
32

Kh C l hn hp H2S v H2. t Z thu c SO2 v H2O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn

ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O2 thu e
Fe -

2e

Fe2+

O2 + 4e 2O-2

60
60
2. mol
56
56
S

4e

x 4x
S+4

30
30
4. mol
32
32

2.

60
30
+ 4. = 4x x = 1,4732 mol
56
32

VO2 = 22,4. 1,4732 = 33 lt p n C

V d 17 : Ho tan hon ton 1,08 gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 d, sn phm ng thu c
0,336 lt kh X (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. NO2

B. N2O

C. N2

D. NO

Gii:
nAl = 0,04 ; nX = 0,015
Al

3e Al3+

0,04

N+5

0,12 mol

ne
0,12

X5-n

0,12
mol
n

0,12
= 0,015 n = 8 ng vi 2N+5 + 8e 2N+1 (N2O) p n B
n
V d 18 : Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 m c, thy c 49 gam
H2SO4 tham gia phn ng to mui MgSO4, H2O v sn phm kh X l :
A. SO2

B. S.

C. H2S.

D. H2

57

154
V d 9: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi 1 dung dch
cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l:
A. a = b.

B. a = 2b.

C. b = 5a.

D. a < b < 5a.

Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH

+ HCl

a mol

a mol

NaAlO2

NaCl + H2O

(1)

+ HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl

(2)

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O

NaAlO2

(3)

+ 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O

a mol

(4)

4a mol

iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl 4 n NaAlO2 + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < 4 n NaAlO2 + nNaOH

a < b < 5a
p n D.
V d 10: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H3PO4 sinh ra hn
hp Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4. T s
A. 1 <

a
l:
b

a
<2
b

B.

a
3
b

C. 2 <

a
<3
b

D.

a
1
b

Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4

H2O

(1)

2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4

2H2O

(2)

3H2O

(3)

3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4

Ta c: nNaOH = a mol,

n H3PO 4 = b mol

thu c hn hp mui Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4 th phn ng xy ra c 2 phng trnh (2) v

(3), do :

2<

n NaOH
<3
n H3PO 4

Tc l:

2<

a
<3
b

p n C.

154

155
V d 11: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H2O d th thu c V1 lt H2 .
- Th nghim 2: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V2 lt H2.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l:
A. V1 = V2.

B. V1 > V2.

C. V1 < V2.

D. V1 V2.

Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H2O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
Na

2Al

H2O

NaOH +

1
H2
2

(1)

+ 6H2O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 (2)

t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y mol.

Th nghim 1: x y nNaOH va hoc d khi ha tan Al c 2 th nghim cng to thnh

x 3x
( + ) mol H 2 V1 = V2
2 2
Th nghim 2: x < y Trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht n H 2 (TN2) > n H 2 (TN1)

V2 > V1
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V1 V2

p n D.
V d 12: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH3 v V lt O2 cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc
NH3 chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO2. NO2 v lng O2 cn li trong bnh
hp th va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO3. T s V:V l:
A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
o

xt, t
4NH3 + 5O2
4NO + 6H2O

5V/4

2NO + O2
V

V/2

4NO2

V = 4 (V

2NO2
V
O2

(V

2H2O

4HNO3

5V V
)
4
2

5V V
V'
)
= 2 p n B.
4
2
V
155

157
V d 15: Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi
khuy u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch
X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a,b l:
A. V = 22,4(a b)

B. V = 11,2(a b)

C. V = 11,2(a + b)

D. V = 22,4(a + b)

Gii:
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3, ta c phng trnh:
HCl

Na2CO3

NaHCO3

b mol

HCl

NaHCO3

NaCl

(a b)

NaCl

+ CO2

(1)

+ H2O (2)

(a b) mol

Dung dch X cha NaHCO3 d, do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,

NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d CaCO3

NaOH + H2O

Vy: V = 22,4(a b) p n A.
V d 16 : Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn
t clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3.

B. 6.

C. 4.

D. 5.

Gii:
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH2

kCl2

xt,t0

Cl

CHCH

CH CH2
Cl

n-k

Cl

Cl

Do % mCl = 63,96%

% mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
Vy

35,5. (n - k) + 35,5. 2. k 63,96

n
=
=3
27. (n k) + 26. k
36,04
k

p n A.
V d 17: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi n cc 1 tr c mng
ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin
ca a v b l ( bit ion SO42- khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b >2a.

B. b = 2a.

C. b < 2a.

D. 2b - a.

Gii:
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
157

158
pdd

CuSO4 + 2NaCl

c mng ngn

Cu

+ Cl2 + Na2SO4

(1)

Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th
dung dch NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl

pdd

+ 2H2O

2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

(2)

Vy: b > 2a p n A.

III. BI TP T LUYN
+

Cu 1 : Dung dch X c a mol NH4 , b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42- V b mol HCO3. Biu thc no
hiu th s lin quan gia a. b, c, d sau y l ng ?
A. a + 2b = c + d.

B. A + 2b = 2c + d.

C. a + b = 2c + d.

D. a + b = c + d.

Cu 2 : Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO3. a v b c quan h nh th
no thu c dung dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng ?
A.b = 2a.

B. b a.

C. b = 3a.

D. b a.

Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3: b mol; CO32 : c mol; SO 24 : d mol.
to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/l. Biu thc xc
nh x theo a v b l
A. x = a + b.

C. x =

B. x = a b.

a+b
0,2

D. x =

a+b
0,1

Cu 4 : Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2 Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung
dch HCl th lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
A. 1.

B. 1,25.

a
c gi tr bng:
b
C. 1,5.

D. 1,75.

Cu 5 : Oxi ho mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon

ton hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s
A. 0,75.

B. 1.

a
c gi tr bng
b
C. 1,25.

D. 1,5.

Cu 6 : C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau mi phn cha a mol
HCHO.
-

Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag.

158

159
- Phn 2: Oxi ho bng oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch X. Cho X
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s
A. 0,2.

B. 0,4.

m'
c gi tr bng
m

C. 0,6.

D. 0,8.

Cu 7 : X l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol X tc dng vi dung
dch cha a mol Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch Y. Ngi ta nhn thy :
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch Y lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch Y lm xanh qu tm. Cng thc cu to ca Y l
A. CH3CH2COOH.

B. CH2=CHCOOH.

C. CHCCOOH.

D. HOOCCH2COOH.

Cu 8 : C 2 axit hu c no : (Y) l axit n chc v (Z) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x

mol (Y) v y mol (Z). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3
v MY < MZ. Vy cng thc cu to ca (Y) l
A. CH3COOH.

B. C2H5COOH.

C. HCOOH.

D. C3H7COOH.

Cu 9 : Hn hp X gm Al v Fe2O3 c khi lng trung bnh l M X . Tin thnh phn ng

nhit nhm, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y c phn t khi trung bnh l M Y . Quan h
gia M X v M Y l
A. M X = M Y

B. M X > M Y

C. M X < M Y

D. M X M Y

Cu 10 : Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H2. Ho tan hon ton lng st sinh ra
trn trong dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H2. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng
thc oxit st l
A. Fe2O3

B. FeO.

C. Fe3O4.

D. Fe2O3 hoc Fe3O4

P N
1B

2C

3C

4B

5A

6D

7D

8C

9A

10D

159

164
o

N2 +

xt, t
3H2

Ban u:

0,4

0,6

Phn ng:

0,08 0,6.0,4 0,16 mol

Sau phn ng:

0,32

Tng:

nY = 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;

0,36

2NH3 (vi hiu sut 40%)

0,16 mol

Theo LBTKL, ta c: mX = mY

MY =

12,4
= 14,76 gam p n C.
0,84

Cu 9: Phng in qua O2 c hn hp kh O2, O3 c M =33 gam. Hiu sut phn ng l:

A. 7,09%.

B. 9,09%.

C. 11,09%.

D.13,09%.

Gii:

3O2 TL

2O3

Chn 1 mol hn hp O2, O3, ta c:

n O2 = a mol n O 2 = (1 a) mol.
32.a+48.(1 a) = 33 a =

n O3 = 1 -

15
mol O2
16

1 3 3
15 1
=
n O 2 b oxi ho = . = mol
16 16
16 2 32

Hiu sut phn ng l :

3
32

3 15
+
32 16

x 100% = 9,09% p n B

Cu 10: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe3C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm

lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe3C l a%. Gi tr a l:
A. 10,5.

B. 13,5

C. 14,5

D. 16.

Gii:
Xt 100 gam hn hp X, ta c mC = 3,1 gam , m Fe3C = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam

m C (trong Fe3C) = 100 96 3,1 =

12a
a = 13,5 p n B.
180

Cu11: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO3 (phn cn li l tp ho cht tr)
mt thi gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65% CaO. Hiu sut phn hu CaCO3 l:
A. 50%.

B. 75%.

C. 80%.

D. 70%.

164

64

* Da vo s nguyn t C trung bnh: c Cx < C < CY = Cx + 1 Cx

* Da vo s nguyn t H trung bnh: c Hx < H < HY = Hx + 2 HX
Nu cha bit 2 cht l k tip hay khng:
Da vo bi i lng trung bnh X hai cht c X ln hn v nh hn X . Sau
da vo iu kin ca bi kt lun cp nghim tho mn. Thng thng ta d dng xc nh
c cht th nht, do ch c duy nht 1 cht c i lng X tho mn XX < X hoc X < XY;
trn c s v s mol ta tm c cht th hai qua mi quan h vi X .
Nu cha bit hai cht c cng thuc mt dy ng ng hay khng. Thng thng ch cn s
dng mt i lng trung bnh; trong trng hp phc tp hn phi kt hp s dng nhiu i
lng.
Mt s ch quan trng
* Theo tnh cht ton hc lun c: min(Xi) < X < max(Xi) .
* Nu cc cht trong hn hp c s mol bng nhau tr trung bnh ng bng trung bnh
cng, v ngc li.
* Nu bit t l mol cc cht th nn chn s mol ca cht c s mt t nht l 1 s mol cc
cht cn li X .
* Nn kt hp s dng phng php ng cho.
III. MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1: Ho tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim
vo dung dch HCl d thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Kim loi kim l
A. Li.

B. Na.

C. K.

D. Rb.

64

65
Gii:
C kim loi kim cn tm l M
Cc phn ng :
M2CO3 +2HCl 2MCl +H2O+CO2

(1)

M2SO3+2HCl 2MCl +H2O +SO2

(2)

T (1),(2) nmui = nkh = 0,15mol M mui= nkh = 0,15mol M mui =

16,8
= 112
0,15

2M + 60 < M mui < 2M + 80 16 < M < 26 M = 23 (Na) p n B

V d 2: Dung dch X cha 8,36 gam hn hp hiroxit gn 2 kim loi kim. trung ho X cn
dng ti thiu 500ml dung dch HNO3 0,55M. Bit hiroxit ca kim loi c nguyn t khi ln
hn chim 20% s mol hn hp. K hiu ho hc ca 2 kim loi kim ln lt l
A Li v Na.

B. Na v K.

C. Li v K.

D. Na v Cs.

Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca hai hiroxit kim loi kim l MOH
Phng trnh phn ng : MOH + HNO 3 M NO 3 + H 2 O

MOH =

8,36
= 30,4 7(Li) < M = 13,4 < KLK 2
0,5.0,55

Kim loi th nht l Li. Gi kim loi kim cn li l M c s mol l x

4x + x = 0,275
x = 0,055

p n C
24.4x + (M + 17).x = 8,36 M = 39(K)
V d 3. Trong t nhin kali c 2 ng v

39
19

K v

41
19

K . Thnh phn % khi lng ca

39
19

K trong

KClO4 l (cho O = 16,00 ; Cl = 35,50 ; K = 39,13)

A. 26,39%.

B. 26,30%.

C. 28,23%.

D. 28,16%.

65

66
Gii:
Gi a l % s ng v ca

39
19

K AK =

Thnh phn % khi lng ca

% m 39 K =
19

m 39 K
19

m KClO4

.100% =

39
19

39a + 41.(100 a)
= 39,13 a = 93,5
100

K trong KClO4 l:

39.0,935
.100% = 26,30% p n B
39,13 + 35,50 + 4.16,00

V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al, Mg bng dung dch HNO3 long thu c
dung dch X (khng cha mui amoni) v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh khng mu c khi
lng 2,59 gam, trong c mt kh bi ho nu trong khng kh. C cn cn thn dung dch X th
lng mui khan thu c l
A. 19,621 gam.

B. 8,771 gam.

C. 28,301 gam.

D. 32,641 gam.

Gii:
nX =

1,568
= 0,07(mol) . Kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh l NO:
22,4

NO (M = 30)

Kim loi + HNO3 kh khng mu l 2 trong 3 kh N 2 O (M = 44)

N (M = 28)
2
MNO < M x =

2,59
= 37 < Mkh cn li kh cn li l N2O
0,07

x + y = 0,07
x = y = 0,035 mol
30 x + 44 y = 2,59

t nNO = x; n N 2O = y
+5

N + 3e

0,105
+5

N + 4e

0,28

+2

N (NO)
0,035 mol
+1

N (N 2 O)

0,035.2 mol

66

67

Tng s mol e nhn: 0,105 + 0,28 = 0,385 mol

mmui = 4,431 + 62.0,385 = 28,301gam p n C
V d 5: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hidrocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brm (d).
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t
chy hon ton l,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l
(cc th tch kh u do ktc)
A. CH4 v C2H4

B. CH4 v C3H4

C. CH4 v C3H6

D. C2H6 v C3H6.

Gii:

Theo bi ra:

n Br2

4/160
=
=1
k hidrocacbon khng no =
n hidrocacbon khng no (1,68 1,62)/22,4

C = VCO2 = 2,8 = 5 = 1,67

Loi D

Vhh 1,68 3

Loi B

p n A hoc C c 1 hirocacbon l CH4

Chirocacbon khng no =

2,8 1,12.1
= 3 Hirocacbon cn li l C3H6 p n C
0,56

V d 6: em ho hi 6,7 gam hn hp X gm CH3COOH, CH3COOC2H5 , CH3COOCH3 v

HCOOC2H5 thu c 2,24 lt hi (ktc). t chy hon ton 6,7 gam X thu c khi lng
nc l
A. 4,5 gam.

B. 3,5 gam.

C. 5,0 gam.

D. 4,0 gam.

Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca X l: C n H 2 n O 2 Mx = 14n + 32 =

6,7
= 67 n = 2,5
0,1

S chy: C n H 2 n O 2 nCO 2 + nH 2 O

n H2O = 2,5. 0,2 = 0,25 mol m H 2 O = 0,25. 18 = 4,5gam p n A

67

68
V d 7: t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2
v 2 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi cng iu kin nhit p sut). Cng thc phn t
ca X l
A. C2H6

B. C2H4

C. CH4

D. C3H8

Gii:
t chy hn hp kh cho: VCO2 < VH 2O X l ankan

C=

VCO2
Vhh

2
= 2 Phn t X c 2 nguyn t C X l C2H6
1

p n A
V d 8: Hn hp X gm 2 ancol no. t chy hon ton 8,3 gam X bng 10,64 l O2 thu c
7,84 lt CO2 cc th tch kh u o ktc. Cng th hai ancol trong X ln lt l :
A. CH3CH2CH2OH v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
B. CH3CH2CH2OH v HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
C. HOCH2CH2CH2OH v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
D. HOCH2CH2CH2OH v HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung X l: C n H 2 n + 2m (OH) m
S chy: C n H 2 n + 2m (OH) m + O2 CO2 + H2O
Theo LBT khi lng:

m H 2 O = mx + m O 2 - m CO 2 = 8,3 +

10,64
7,84
.32
.44 = 8,1 gam
22,4
22,4

n H2 O = 0,45mol
n X = n H2 O n CO2 = 0,45 0,35 = 0,1 M X = 83 (1)
n CO2 = 0,35mol

C:

p dng LBT nguyn t vi oxi: nO(x)= n O(CO2 ) + n O(H2 O) - n O(O2 )

no(x) = 2. 0,35 + 0,45 - 2. 0,475 = 0,2 mol

68

69

m=

n O(X)
nX

0,2
= 2 (2)
0,1

T (1),(2) X gm HOCH2CH2CH2OH v HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH

p n D
V d 9: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4
lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton s mol Br2 gim i mt na v khi lng
bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l :
A. C2H2 v C4H6

B. C2H2 v C4H8

C. C3H4 v C4H8

D. C2H2 v C3H8

Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca hn hp X l: C n H 2 n + 22 k
nx = 0,2 mol; n Br2

(phn ng)

= 0,35mol k =

0,35
= 1,75 Loi A
0,2

Nu ch c 1 hirocacbon (Y) b hp th Y phi c dng CnH2n-2

nY =

n Br2 (
2

p )

= 0,175mol M Y =

6,7
= 38,3 (loi)
0,175

Vy ton b X b hp th ht Loi D

C : M X =

6,7
= 33,5 > 26 ( C 2 H 2 ) p n B
0,2

V d 10: Thu phn hon ton 444 gam mt lipit thu c 46 gam glixerol v hai loi axit bo.
Hai loi axit bo l :
A. C15H31COOH v C17H35COOH.

B. C17H33COOH v C15H31COOH.

C. C17H31COOH v C17H33COOH.

D C17H33COOH v C17H35COOH.

Gii:
Gi cng thc lipit l (RCOO) 3 C3 H 5

69

70

nlipit = nglixerol = 0,5mol M lipit =

444
715 239.2 + 237
= 888 R =
=
0,5
3
3

Hai gc axit bo trong lipit l C17H35(239) v C17H33(237) p n D

V d 11: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH3COOH (t l mi 1 : 1). Hn hp Y gm
ancol CH3OH v ancol C2H5OH (t l mi 3 : 2). Ly 11,13 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 7,52
gam hn hp Y (c xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng
este ho u bng 80%) Gi tr ca m l
A 11,616

B. 12,197.

C. 14,52.

D. 15,246.

Gii:

46 + 60

= 53 ; n X = 0,21 mol

5
Ancol ht tnh theo ancol
32.2 + 46.2
MY =
= 37,6; n Y = 0,20 mol
55

MX =

H=80%

Phn ng este ha: RCOOH + R'OH

RCOOR' + H 2 O

Theo LBT khi lng: m = ( (M X + M Y 18). 0,20. 80%

m = (53 + 37,6 - 18). 0,20. 80% = 11,616 gam. p n A.

V d 12: Nitro ho benzen thu c 2 cht hu c X v Y, trong Y nhiu hn X mt nhm NO2. t chy hon ton 12,75 gam hn hp X,Y thu c CO2 , H2O v 1,232 lt kh N2 (ktc).
Cng thc phn t v s mol ca X trong hn hp l
A. C6H5NO2 v 0,9 mol.

B. C6H5NO2 v 0,09 mol

C. C6H4(NO2)2 v 0,1 mol.

D. C6H4(NO)2 v 0,01 mol.

Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t chung ca hn hp X, Y l C6 H 6m (NO 2 ) m
S t chy:

70

71

m
N2
12,75 m

2
. = 0,055 m = 1,1

78 + 45m 2

0,055

C6 H 6m (NO 2 ) m
12,75
78 + 45.m

X l C6H5NO2 ; Y l C6H4(NO2)2
Gi a l % s mol ca X trong hn hp ta c:

m = 1.a + 2.(1 a) = 1,1 a = 0,9 n X = n C6H5NO2 =

12,75
.0,9 = 0,09 mol p n B
78 + 45.1,1

V d 13: Hn hp X gm ba amin n chc l ng ng k tip nhau. t chy hon ton 11,8

gam X thu c 16,2 gam H2O, 13,44 lt CO2 v V lt kh N2 (ktc). Ba amin trn ln lt l
A. CH3-NH2

CH3-CH2-NH2

CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2

B CH C-NH3

CHC-CH2-NH2

CHC-CH2-CH2-NH2

C. CH2=CH-NH2

CH3-CH=CH-NH2

CH3-CH=CH-CH2-NH2

D. CH3-CH2-NH2

CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2

Gii:

n H2 O = 0,9mol; n CO2 = 0,6 mol

Nhn thy:

n
n

H
C

2.0,9
= 3 X phi c CH3NH2 hoc C2H5NH2
0,6

X l hn hp amin no, mch h A hoc D ng

Gi cng thc phn t chung ca X l C n H 2 n +3 N

n
n

H
C

2n + 3
=3 n =3
n

X c cha CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2 p n D

71

72
V d 14: T khi hi ca hn hp X (gm 2 hirocacbon mch h) so vi H2 l 11,25. Dn 1,792
lt X (ktc) i tht chm qua bnh ng dung dch Brom d, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton
thy khi lng bnh tng 0,84 gam. X phi cha hirocacbon no di y ?
A. Propin.

B. Propan.

C. Propen.

D. Propaien.

Gii:
Theo bi ra ta c: M X = 22,5 X cha CH4
Vi: m CH4 =

1,792
0,96
.22,5 0,84 = 0,96 gam n CH4 =
= 0,06 mol
16
22,4

Gi hirocacbon cn li l Y nY =

MY =

1,792
0,06 = 0,02 mol
22,4

0,84
= 42(C3 H 6 ) p n C
0, 02

V d 15: Hn hp X gm hai este u n chc. X phng ho hon ton 0,3 mol X cn dng
va ht 200ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c mt anehit Y v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z
thu c 32,0 gam hai cht rn. Bit phn trm khi lng ca oxi trong anehit Y l 27,59%.
Cng thc cu to ca hai este l :
A. HCOOC6H5 v HCOOCH=CH-CH3
B. HCOOCH=CH-CH3 v HCOOC6H4-CH3
C. HCOOC6H4-CH3 v CH3-COOCH=CH-CH3
D. C3H5COOCH=CH-CH3 v C4H7COOCH=CH-CH3
Gii:
Este l n chc Y l n chc vi MY =

16
= 58 Y l C2H5CHO
0,2759

Trong X c 1 este dng RCOOH = CH CH3

V NaOH va ht Hai cht rn thu c khi c cn Z l hai mui hai este c chung gc axit

72

191

191

74

IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hidrocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc
dng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 0,448 lt kh ( ktc). Kim loi M l
A. Li

B. Na.

C. K.

D. Rb.

Cu 2 : Ho tan hon ton 12,0 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mi 1 : l) bng axit HNO3 thu
c V lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X gm NO v NO2) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui
v axit d). T khi ca X i vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,72.

B. 4,48.

C. 5,60.

D. 3,36.

Cu 3 : Cho 1,7 gam hn hp gm Zn v kim loi X thuc nhm IIA tc dng vi dung
dch HCl d, sinh ra 0,672 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Mt khc, khi cho 1,9 gam X tc dng vi
dung dch H2SO3 long, th th tch kh H2 sinh ra cha n 1,12 lt ( ktc). Kim loi
X l
A. Ba.

B. Ca

C. Mg.

D. Fe.

Cu 4 : Cho m gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v Na2SO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4

long d thu c 2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Hn hp kh ny c t khi so vi hiro l
27. Khi lng ca Na2CO3 trong hn hp ban u l
A. 5,3 gam.

B. 5,8 gam.

C. 6,3 gam.

D. 11,6 gam.

Cu 5 : Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO4. Sau khi kt

thc cc phn ng, loi b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn phn
trm theo khi lng ca Zn trong hn hp bt ban u l.
A. 90,27%.

B. 85,30%.

C. 82,20%.

D. 12,67%.

Cu 6 : Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca

ng l 63,54. Thnh phn % khi lng ca 63Cu trong CuCl2 l (cho Cl = 35,5)
A. 12,64%.

B. 26,77%.

C. 27,00%.

D. 34,19%.

Cu 7 : t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v hirocacbon Y thu

c 30,8 gam CO2 v 10,8 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca Y l :
A. C2H2

B. C3H2

C. C3H4

D. C4H2

74

196

196

76

thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi Hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l

(Cho H = l, C = 12, O = 16)
A. C3H8

B. C3H6

C. C4H8

D. C3H4

Cu 14 : Cho m gam hn hp gm hai cht X v Y u thuc dy ng ng ca axit

metacrylic tc dng vi 300ml dung dch Na2CO3 0,5M. phn hu lng mui
cacbonat d cn dng va ht 100ml dung dch HCl l,0 M. Mt khc, t chy hon ton
m gam hn hp trn ri dn sn phm chy qua bnh I cha dung dch H2SO4 c sau
qua bnh II cha dung dch NaOH c th thy tng khi lng ca II nhiu hn I l
20,5 gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 12,15.

B. 15,1.

C. 15,5.

D. 12,05.

Cu 15: t chy hon ton 11,85 gam hn hp hai este n chc X, k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng cn dng ti thiu 63,0 lt khng kh (O2 chim 20% th tch, o ktc).
Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh I ng dung dch H2SO4 c, sau qua bnh II ng
dung dch Ca(OH)2 c, d th thy khi lng bnh I tng m gam v bnh II tng 23,1
gam. Cng thc cu to ca cc este trong X ln lt l :
A. HCOOCH2CH3 v HCOOCH2CH2CH3
B. HCOOCH=CH2 v HCOOCH=CH-CH3
C. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOCH2CH3
D. HCOOCCH v HCOOCC-CH3

1B
8B

2C
9A

3B
10B

4A
11A

P N
5A
12A

6D
13C

7A
14B

15B

76

77

Phng php 7

Phng php quy i

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc chung
Quy i l mt phng php bin i ton hc nhm a bi ton ban u l mt hn hp
phc tp v dng n gin hn, qua lm cho cc php tnh tr nn dng, thun tin.
Khi p dng phng php quy i phi tun th 2 nguyn tc sau :
+ Bo ton nguyn t.
+ Bo ton s oxi ho.
2. Cc hng quy i v ch
(l) Mt bi ton c th c nhiu hng quy i khc nhau, trong c 3 hng chnh :
Quy i hn hp nhiu cht v hn hp hai hoc ch mt cht.
Trong trng hp ny thay v gi nguyn hn hp cc cht nh ban u, ta chuyn thnh hn
hp vi s cht t hn (cng ca cc nguyn t ), thng l hn hp 2 cht, thm ch l 1 cht
duy nht.
V d, vi hn hp cc cht gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 ta c th chuyn thnh cc t hp sau
: (Fe v FeO), (Fe v Fe3O4), (Fe v Fe2O3), (FeO v Fe3O4), (FeO v Fe2O3), (Fe3O4 v Fe2O3)
hoc FexOy.
Quy i hn hp nhiu cht v cc nguyn t tng ng.
Thng thng ta gp bi ton hn hp nhiu cht nhng v bn cht ch gm 2 (hoc 3)
nguyn t. Do , c th quy i thng hn hp u v hn hp ch gm 2 (hoc 3) cht l cc
nguyn t tng ng.
V d ; (Fe, FeS, FeS2, Cu, CuS, Cu2S)

quy i

(Cu, Fe, S).

Khi thc hin php quy i phi m bo :

* S electron nhng, nhn l khng i (LBT electron).
* Do s thay i tc nhn oxi ho c s thay i sn phm cho ph hp.
Thng thng ta hay gp dng bi sau :
Kim loi

OXH1

Hn hp sn phm trung gian

OXH2

Sn phm cui

V d : Qu trnh OXH hon ton Fe thnh Fe3+

77

78
Fe

+ O2
+ O2
(1)

Fe3+
+ HNO3

FexOy

(2)

y, v trng thi u (Fe) v trng thi cui (Fe3+) hai qu trnh l nh nhau, ta c th quy
i hai tc nhn OXH O2 v HNO3 thnh mt tc nhn duy nht l O2
(2) Do vic quy i nn trong mt s trng hp s mol mt cht c th c gi tr m tng
s mol mi nguyn t l khng i (bo ton).
(3) Trong qu trnh lm bi ta thng kt hp s dng cc phng php bo ton khi lng,
bo ton nguyn t v bo ton electron, kt hp vi vic s ho bi ton trnh vit phng
trnh phn ng, qua rt ngn thi gian lm bi.
(4) Phng n quy i tt nht, c tnh khi qut cao nht l quy i thng v cc nguyn t
tng ng. y l phng n cho li gii nhanh, gn v d hiu biu th ng bn cht ho hc.
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
V d 1: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn
hp X trong dung dch HNO3 d thot ra 0,56 lt ktc NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr
ca m l:
A. 2,52

B. 2,22

C. 2,62

D. 2,32

Gii:
S ho bi ton:

Fe
FeO

+ [O]
Fe
X
Fe 2 O3
Fe3O 4
m gam

+ dung dch HNO3

Kh NO
(0,56 lt, ktc)
Dung dch Fe3+

3,0 gam

C: nNO = 0,025mol
Trong trng hp ny ta c th quy i hn hp ban u v cc hn hp khc n gin gm hai
cht (Fe v Fe2O3; FeO v Fe2O3 ; Fe3O4 v Fe2O3; Fe v FeO; Fe v Fe3O4 ; FeO v Fe3O4
hoc thm ch ch mt cht FexOy y tc gi ch trnh by hai phng n ti u nht
Phng n 1:

Fe : x mol
Fe 2O3 : y mol

Quy i hn hp X thnh

Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x +160y = 3,0 (1)

Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron:

78

79
Fe

Fe3+ + 3e

N+5 + 3e N+2

3x

0,075

0,025

Theo bo ton electron: 3x = 0,075 x = 0,025 (2)

x = 0,025
; Vy X gm
y = 0,01

T (1) v (2)

Fe : 0,025mol

Fe 2O3 : 0,01mol

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:

nFe = nFe + 2 n Fe 2O3 = 0,045 mol m =56.0,045= 2,52 p n A

Fe : x mol
FeO : y mol

Phng n 2: Quy i hn hp X thnh

Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x+72y = 3,0 (3)

Cc qu trnh nhng nhn ca eletron:
Fe0 Fe3+ + 3e
x

3x

Fe+2 Fe3++ 1e ;
y

N+5 + 3e N+2

0,075

0,025

Theo bo ton eletron: 3x + y = 0,075 (4)

x = 0,015
Fe : 0,015 mol
; Vy X gm:
y = 0,03
FeO : 0,03 mol

T (3) (4)

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:

nFe = nFe + nFeO = 0,045 mol m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 p n A.
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam rn X gm c CuS Cu2S v S bng HNO3 d, thot ra 20,16
lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 81,55.

B. 104,20.

C. 110,95.

D. 115.85.

Gii:

Cu : x mol
CuS : y mol

Qui i hn hp X thnh

Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x+96y= 30,4(5)

S ho bi ton:

0
Cu
X
CuS0
30,4 gam

+5

+ HNO3 d

+2

Kh NO
(20,16 lt , ktc)

+2

2+

Dung dch Y Cu
SO42-

+ Ba(OH)2 d

Cu(OH)2
+6

BaSO4
m gam

79

80
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron
Cu0 Cu2+ + 2e ;

CuS Cu2+ + S+6 + 8e ;

2x

N+5 + 3e

8y

N+2

2,7

0,9

Theo bo ton eletron: 2x +8y = 2,7 (6)

x = 0,05
Cu : 0,05 mol
X gm
y = 0,35
CuS : 0,35 mol

T (5),(6)

n Cu(OH) 2 = n Cu = 0,3mol
n BaSO 4 = n S = 0,35 mol

Theo bo ton nguyn t:

m = 98.0,3 + 233.0,35 m=110,95 p n C

V d 3: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy
hon ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l
A. 18,60 gam.

B. 18,96 gam.

C. 19,32 gam.

D. 20,40 gam.

Gii:

C3 H8 +O2 , t 0 CO 2

H 2 O
C3 H 4

S t chy:

Tng khi lng CO2 v H2O thu c l:

M = 44.0,3 +18.(0,06. 4 + 0,042) = 18,96 gam p n B

 Tng t c th quy i hn hp X thnh (C3H8 v C3H6) hoc (C3H6 v C3H4) cng thu c
kt qu trn
V d 4: Nung m gam bt Cu trong Oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v
Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi
tr ca m l
A. 9,6.

B. 14,72.

C. 21,12.

D. 22,4.
Gii:
S ho bi ton

Cu

Cu
X CuO
Cu O
2
+[O]

H2SO4

Kh SO2
(0,2 mol)
Dung dch Cu2+

Cu : x mol
CuO : y mol

Quy i hn hp X thnh

Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x +80y = 24,8

(9)
80

81
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn eletron:
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
x

S+6 + 2e S+4

2x

0,4

LBT e

0,2

x = 0,2 (10)

x = 0,2
Cu : 0,2 mol
; Vy X gm:
y = 0,15
CuO : 0,15 mol

T (9) v (10)

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu :

n Cu = nCuO = 0,2 + 0,15 = 0,35mol m = 64. 0,35 = 22,4 p n D

 Tng t c th quy i hn hp X thnh (Cu v Cu2O) hoc (CuO v Cu2O)

2. Quy i nhiu hp cht v cc nguyn t hoc n cht tng ng
V d 5: (Lm li v d 1) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X.
Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh
duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,52.

B. 2,22.

C. 2,62.

D. 2,32.

Gii:

Fe : x mol
O : y mol

Quy i hn hp X thnh:
S ho bi ton:

+5
Fe0
N O3
Fe
X 0 dd
H

+[O]

NO: 0,025 mol

Fe3+: x mol
O2-: y mol

Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x + 16y = 3,0 (11)

Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron:
Fe
X

Fe+3 + 3e ; O0 + 2e O-2 ; N+5 + 3e N+2

3x

2y

0,075

0,025

x = 0,045
Fe : 0,045 mol
; Vy X gm
y = 0,03
Cu : 0,03 mol

T (11) v (12)

m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 p n A.

V d 6: Trn 5,6 gam bt mt vi 2,4 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (trong iu kin khng c
khng kh) thu c hn hp rn M. Cho M tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl thy gii

81

213

213

214

214

84
Cu Cu+2 + 2e ;

O0 +

2e O-2 ; S+6 + 2e S+4

2y

2x

0,4

0,2

Theo bo ton electron: x y =0,2 (16)

x = 0,35
y = 0,15

T (15),(16)

Cu : 0,35 mol
O : 0,15 mol

Vy X gm

m= 64.0,35 =22,4
p n D.
3. Quy i mt cht thnh nhiu cht.
V d 10: Khi t chy hon ton mt polime X (to thnh t phn ng ng trng hp gia
buta-1,3-ien v acrilo nitrin) vi lng oxi va thy to thnh mt hn hp kh nng p
sut xc nh cha 59,1 % CO2 v th tnh. T l s mol hai loi monome l
A.

3
5

B.

3
3

C.

1
3

D.

3
2

Gii:
Quy i polime thnh 2 monome ban u
C4H6 4CO2 + 3H2O
x

4x

3x

C3H3N 3CO2 + 1,5 H2O + 0,5 N2

y

3y

1,5y

0,5y

Ta c:

4x + 3y
x 1
= 0,591 =
7x + 5y
y 3

p n C

4. Quy i tc nhn oxi ha

V d 11: (Lm li v d 1) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X.
Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh
duy nht). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52

B. 2,22

C. 2,62

D. 2,32

84

85
Gii:
S ha bi ton:

Fe
FeO

+[O]
Fe X
Fe 2O3
Fe3O 4
m gam

NO

dd HNO3

(0,025 mol)
dd Fe3+

3,0 gam

Thay vai tr oxi ha ca HNO3 bng [O], ta c:

Fe
FeO

+[O]
Fe
X
(*)
Fe 2 O 3
Fe3O 4
m gam

+[O]
Fe 2O 3

(**)

3 gam

y ta thay vai tr nhn electron ca N+5 bng O:

N+5 +

3e
0,075

N+2

O0 + 2e O-2

0,025

Theo nguyn tc quy i, s electron do N+5 nhn v O0 nhn phi nh nhau:

2nO(**) = 0,075
nO(**) = 0,0375
Theo bo ton khi lng: m Fe 2O3 = m X + m O(**) = 3,0 + 16.0,0375 = 3,6 gam
Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe: nFe = 2 n Fe 2O3 =

2.3,6
= 0,045mol
160

m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 gam

p n A.
V d 12: (Lm li v d 4) Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X
gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy
nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6

B. 14,72.

C. 21,12.

D. 22,4.

Gii:
S ha bi ton:

85

86

Cu

Cu
X CuO
Cu O
2
+[O]

m gam

H2SO4

Kh SO2
(0,2 mol)
Dung dch Cu2+

24,8 gam

Thay vai tr oxi ha ca H2SO4 bng [O]:

Cu

Cu X CuO
(*)
Cu O
2
+[O]

m gam

+[O]
CuO

(**)

24,8 gam

y ta thay vai tr nhn electron ca S+6 bng O:

S+6 + 2e S+4

O0 + 2e O-2

0,4 0,2
Theo nguyn tc quy i: nO(**) =0,2 mol.
Theo bo ton khi lng: mCuO =mX + mO(**) = 24,8 + 16.0,2 =28 gam

m=

28
.64 = 22,4
80

p n D.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 (trong s mol FeO
bng s mol Fe2O3) cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,08.

B. 0,16.

C. 0,18.

D. 0,23.

Cu 2 : Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 Phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt khi NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn
dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan Gi tr ca m l
A. 49,09.

B. 38,72.

C. 35,50.

D. 34,36.

Cu 3 : Oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4

Fe2O3 v Fe d. Ho tan hon ton X trong HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt NO (cht kh duy nht, o
ktc). Gi tr m l
A. 7,57.

B. 7,75.

C. 10,08.

D. 10,80.

86

87
Cu 4 : t chy 6,72 gam bt Fe trong khng kh d c m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4
Fe2O3 v Fe d. ho tan X cn dng va ht 255ml dung dch cha HNO3 2M thu c V lt
kh NO2 (Sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Gi tr ca m, V ln lt l
A. 8,4 v 3,360.

B. 8,4 v 5,712.

C. 10,08 v 3,360.

D. 10,08 v 5,712.

Cu 5 : Hn hp X gm Mg, MgS v S. Ho tan hon ton m gam X trong HNO3 c, nng thu
c 2,912 lt kh N2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y c 46,55 gam
kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,8.

B. 7,2.

C. 9,6.

D. 12,0.

Cu 6 : Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe3O4 vo 200ml HNO3 un nng. Sau phn ng thu
c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch X v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi cha tan. Nng
mol ca dung dch HNO3 dng l
A. 2,7M.

B. 3,2M.

C. 3,5M.

D. 2,9M.

Cu 7 : Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeCl2 , FeCl3 trong H2SO4 c nng, thot
ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y . Thm NH3 d vo Y thu c 32,1 gam kt
ta. Gi tr m l
A. 16,8.

B. 17,75.

C. 25,675.

D. 34,55.

Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton 34,8 gam mt oxit st dng FexOy trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng.
Sau phn ng thu c 1,68 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht o ktc). Oxit FexOy l
A. FeO.

B. Fe3O4

C. FeO hoc Fe3O4

D. Fe2O3

Cu 9 : Ho tan hon ton 25,6 gam cht rn X gm Fe , FeS, FeS2 v S bng dung dch HNO3
d, ktc ra V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y . Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c
126,25 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 17,92.

B. 19,04.

C. 24,64.

D. 27,58.

Cu 10 : Cho hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 vi s mol bng nhau. Ly a gam X cho phn
ng vi CO nung nng sau phn ng trong bnh cn li 16,8 lt hn hp rn Y. Ho tan hon ton
Y trong H2SO4 c, nng thu c 3,36 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca a v s mol H2SO4
phn ng ln lt l
A. 19,20 v 0,87.

B. 19,20 v 0,51.

C. 18,56 v 0,87.

D. 18,56 v 0,51.

87

88
Cu 11 : Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 27,8 gm butan, metylxiclopropan, but-2-en,
etylaxetilen v ivinyl. Khi t chy hon ton 0,15 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu
c l
A. 34,50 gam.

B. 36,66 gam.

C. 37,20 gam.

D. 39,90 gam.

Cu 12 : Ho tan hon ton 14,52 gam hn hp X gm NaHCO3 , KHCO3 v MgCO3 trong dung
dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui KCl to thnh trong dung dch
sau phn ng l
A. 8,94 gam.

B. 16, 7 gam.

C. 7,92 gam.

D. 12,0 gam.

Cu 13 : Cho 13,92 gam hn hp X gm Cu v mt oxit st vo dung dch HNO3 long d thu

c 2,688 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu
c 42,72 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeO.

B. Fe3O4

C. Fe2O3

D. Fe3O4 hoc FeO.

Cu 14 : Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y ; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl2 v m
gam FeCl3 . Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,875 .

B. 9,60.

C. 9,75.

D. 4,80.

P N
1A

2B

3C

4A

5C

6B

7D

8B

9C

10D

11B

12A

13A

14C

88

89

Phng php 8

Phng php ng cho

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc
- Bi ton lin quan n hn hp cc cht l mt trong nhng bi ton ph bin nht trong
chng trnh Ho hc ph thng, hu ht cc bi ton thng gp u t nhiu c cc d kin lin
quan n mt hn hp cht no , c th l hn hp kim loi, hn hp kh, hn hp cc cht
ng ng, hn hp dung dch, . . . . a nhng bi ton nh vy u c th vn dng c
phng php ng cho v gii ton.
- Phng php ny thng c p dng cho cc bi ton hn hp cha 2 thnh phn m yu
cu ca bi ton l xc nh t l gia 2 thnh phn .
- Phng php ng cho t n khng phi l gii php quyt nh ca bi ton (hon ton c
th gii bng phng php t n - gii h) nhng p dng ng cho hp l, ng cch, trong
nhiu trng hp s gip tc lm bi tng ln ng k, iu ny c bit quan trng khi lm
bi thi trc nghim nh hin nay.
2. Phn loi cc dng ton v mt s ch khi gii ton
Phng php ng cho l mt trong nhng cng c ph bin v hu hiu nh trong gii ton
ho hc chng trnh ph thng. C th p dng linh hot phng php ny cho rt nhiu dng
bi khc nhau. Mt s dng bi tiu biu c tng kt v lit k ra di y :
Dng 1 : Tnh ton hm lng cc ng v
- ng v (cng v tr) l cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s khi (do khc
nhau s ntron) nn cng thuc mt nguyn t ho hc v c cng v tr trong tun hon cc
nguyn t ho hc.
- Khc vi s khi ca ng v, khi lng nguyn t trung bnh l gi tr trung bnh cc s
khi ca cc ng v to nn nguyn t . Trong trng hp nguyn t c to nn bi 2 ng
vi ch yu, ta c th d dng tnh c hm lng cht mi ng v bng phng php ng
cho.
Dng 2 : Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi
- Hn hp kh, nht l hn hp 2 kh l mt d kin d dng bt gp trong nhiu l ton ho
hc m thng thng ta s phi tnh s mol hoc t l s mol hoc th tch hoc t l th tch
tm ra c gi tr cui cng ca bi ton.
89

90
Dng 3 : Tnh ton trong pha ch cc dung dch c cng cht tan
- Trong trng hp bi ton c s thay i v nng ca dung dch do b pha long hoc do
b trn ln vi mt dung dch c nng khc, ta c th p dng ng cho tm ra t l gia
cc dung dch ny. Cc cng thc thng s dng trong dng ton ny l :
- Khi pha long VA lt dung dch A nng CM A vi VB lt dung dch B nng CM B c cng
cht tan, ta thu c dung dch mi c nng CM ( CM A < CM < CM B ) trong t l th tch
ca 2 dung dch ban u l :

CM B - CM

CM A

CM
CM - CM A

CM B

VA CM B C M
=
VB CM CM A

Ch : l cng thc trn chi ng trong trng hp th tch ca dung dch mi bng tng th tch
ca 2 dung dch ban u (ni cch khc, s hao ht v th tch khi pha ch 2 dung dch ny l
khng ng k).
- Khi pha mA gam dung dch A nng A% vi mB gam dung dch B nng B% cng cht
tan, ta thu c dung dch mi c nng C% ( A% < C% < B%) trong t l khi lng ca 2
dung dch ban u l:
B% - C%

A%

C%
C% - A%

B%

m A B% C%
=
m B C% A%

Ch : V m = d.V vi d l khi lng ring hay t khi ca cht lng nn nu t khi ca 2 dung
dch ban u bng nhau v bng vi t khi ca dung dch mi sinh. (t khi dung dch thay i
khng ng k) th t l v khi lng cng chnh li l th tch ca 2 dung dch :

m A d VA VA
=
=
m B d VB VB

90

91
- Trong trng hp t khi ca 2 dung dch b thay i sau khi pha trn : Khi pha VA lt dung
dch A c t khi d1 vi VB lt dung dch B c t khi d2 c cng cht tan, ta thu c dung dch
mi c t khi d (d1 < d < d2) trong t l th tch ca 2 dung dch ban u l:

d2 - d

d1

d
d - d1

d2

VA d 2 d
=
VB d d1

Ngoi ra, khi lm cc bi dng ny, ta cn phi ch mt s nguyn tc mang tnh gi nh di

y :
+ Cht rn khan coi nh dung dch c nng C% = 100%
+ Cht rn ngm nc coi nh mt dung dch c C% bng % khi lng cht tan trong .
+ Oxit hay qung thng c coi nh dung dch ca kim loi c C% bng % khi lng
ca kim loi trong oxit hay qung (hoc coi nh dung dch ca oxi c C% bng % khi lng
ca oxi trong oxit hoc qung )
+ H2O (dung mi) coi nh dung dch c nng 0% hay 0M
+ Oxit tan trong nc (tc dng vi nc) coi nh dung dch axit hoc baz tng ng c
nng C% > 100%
+ Khi lng ring hay t khi ca H2O l D = 1g/ml
Dng 4 : Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz vi a axit
- T l : phng trnh - s mol
Dng 5 : Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht hu c
- Bi ton hn hp 2 cht hu c, c bit, 2 cht ng ng k tip l mt d kin rt hay gp
trong bi ton ha hu c ph thng. Trong nhng bi ton ny, nu c yu cu tnh t l % ca 2
cht trong hn hp ban u (v khi lng hoc th tch hoc s mol) ta nn p dng phng
php ng cho
- Ch l d kin ng ng lin tip ch phc v vic bin lun gi tr ri rc, khng lin quan
n vic s dng ng cho tnh t l, do , trong trng hp bit gi tr ca i lng c
trng ca 2 cht (XA v XB trong bi ton tng qut) th ta vn hon ton c th tnh c t l ny, d
hai cht khng phi l ng ng lin tip, thm ch khng phi l ng ng.
91

92
- i lng trung bnh dng lm cn c tnh ton trn ng cho trong trng hp ny
thng l: S nguyn t C trung bnh, khi lng phn t trung bnh, s nguyn t H trung bnh,
s lin kt pi trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh v t l thu c l t l s mol 2 cht.
Dng 6 : Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c
- Bi ton 2 cht v c cng kh thng gp trong s cc bi ton ha hc. Thng thng
l hn hp 2 kim loi, 2 mui, m kh nng phn ng v ha tr ca chng trong cc phn ng
ha hc l tng ng nhau, trong trng hp ny, ta thng dng gi tr khi lng phn t
trung bnh l c s tnh ton trn ng cho.
- Trong mt s trng hp khc, ha tr v kh nng phn ng ca cc cht trong hn hp
khng tng ng nhau th ta dung ha tr trung bnh lm c s p dng phng php ng
cho.
Dng 7: p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp nhiu hn 2 cht.
- V nguyn tc, phng php ng cho ch p dng cho hn hp 2 thnh phn, iu ny khng
th thay i. Tuy nhin khi nim 2 thnh phn khng c ngha l 2 cht, c th l hai hn
hp, hoc hn hp vi 1 cht, min sao ta c th ch ra mt i lng c trng c th gip
chia tt c cc cht ban u thnh 2 nhm, 2 thnh phn l c th p dng ng cho.
- Ngoi ra, c th nhng hn hp c nhiu hn 2 thnh phn, nhng ta bit t l ca mt vi
thnh phn so vi cc thnh phn cn li trong hn hp th vn hon ton c th gii bng
phng php ng cho.
Dng 8 :p dng phng php ng cho nh gi kh nng phn ng ca cc cht
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
Dng 1: Tnh ton hm lng cc ng v.
V d 1 : Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v bn
Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
A. 54,5%

81
35

79
35

Br v

81
35

Br .

Br l :

B. 55,4%

C. 45,5%

D. 44,6%

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
79

Br(M = 79)

1,09

0,545

54,5%

79,91
81

Br(M = 81)

0,91

0,455

45,5%

p n C
92

93

V d 2 : Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Bo l 10,812. Hi mi khi c 94 nguyn t

th c bao nhiu nguyn t

11
5

10
5

B?

A. l88

B. 406

C. 812

D. 94

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
10

B(M = 10)

0,184

94

0,812

406

10,812
11

B(M = 11)

p n B
V d 3 : Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng
l 63,54. Thnh phn % khi lng ca 63Cu trong CuSO4 l (cho S = 32, O = 16)
A. 39,83%

B. 11%

C. 73%

D. 28,83%

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
63

Cu(M = 63)

1,46

73%

0,54

27%

63,54
65

Cu(M = 65)

Xt trong 1 mol CuSO4 , ta d dng c:

%m 63Cu =

0,73.63
.100% = 28,83%
63,54 + 96

p n D
Dng 2: Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi.
V d 4 : Mt hn hp gm O2 , O3 iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18. Thnh
phn % v th tch ca O3 trong hn hp l
A. 15%.

B. 25%.

C. 35% .

D. 45%.

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

93

94

O 2 (M = 32)

12

75%

25%

18.2=36

O3 (M = 48)
p n B

Dng 3: Tnh ton trong pha ch dung dch.

V d 5 : Th tch dung dch HCl 10M v th tch H2O cn dng pha thnh 400ml dung dch
2M ln lt l :
A. 20ml v 380ml

B. 40ml v 360ml

C. 80ml v 320ml

D. 100ml v 300ml

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

HCl (10M)

80

2M

H 2O (0M)

320

p n C
V d 6 : Trn m1 gam dung dch NaOH 10% vi m2 gam dung dch NaOH 40% thu c 60
gam dung dch 20% . Gi tr ca m1, m2 tng ng l :
A. 10 gam v 50 gam

B. 45 gam v 15 gam

C. 40 gam v 20 gam

D. 35 gam v 25 gam

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

NaCl (10%)

20

40

10

20

20%

NaCl (40%)
p n C

94

95
V d 7 : Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4 8%
pha thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO4 16% ?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam

B. 330 gam v 250 gam

C. 60 gam v 220 gam

D. 40 gam v 240 gam

Gii:
CuSO4.5H2O Coi CuSO4.5H2O l dung dch CuSO4 c:
160
250

C% =

160
.100% = 64%
250

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

CuSO4 .5H2O (64%)

40

48

240

16%

CuSO 4 8%
p n D

V d 8 : Ho tan 200 gam SO3 vo m gam dung dch H2SO4 49% ta c dung dch H2SO4
78,4%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 133,3 gam.

B. 300 gam.

C. 150 gam.

D. 272,2 gam.

Gii:
Do c phn ng ha hc:
SO3

H2SO4

Coi SO3 l Dung dch H2SO4 c C% =

98
.100% = 122,5%
80

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

SO3 (122,5%)

29,4

200

78,4%

H 2SO 4 49%

44,1

300

p n B

95

96
V d 9 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Na2O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu
c dung dch NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m l m l:
A. 10 gam

B. 20 gam

C. 30 gam

D. 40 gam

Gii:
Do c phn ng ha hc
Na2O

2NaOH

Coi Na2O l Dung dch NaOH c C% =

80
.100% = 129%
62

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

Na2O (129 %)

39

20

78

40

51%

NaOH 12%

p n B
V d 10 : Cn bao nhiu lt axit H2SO4 (d = 1,84) v bao nhiu lt nc ct (d = 1) pha thnh
9 lt dung dch H2SO4 c d = 1,28 ?
A. 2 lt v 7 lt

B. 3 lt v 6 lt

C. 4 lt v 5 lt

D. 6 lt v 3 lt

Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

H2O (d = 1)

0,56

0,28

d=1,28

H 2SO 4 (d = 1,84)
p n B

V d 11 : Mt loi ru c t khi d = 0,95 th ru ca n l bao nhiu ? Bit t khi ca

H2O v ru nguyn cht ln lt l 1 v 0,8
A. 25,5

B. 12,5

C. 50

D. 25

Gii:
ru l s ml ru nguyn cht trong 100ml dung dch ru.
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

96

97

H2O (d = 1)

0,15

75

0,05

25

d=0,95

C 2 H 5OH(d = 0,8)

p n D
Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz vi a axit.
V d 12: Thm 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M. Mui to thnh
v khi lng tng ng l:
A. 14,2 gam Na2HPO4; 32,8 gam Na3PO4
B. 28,4 gam Na2HPO4; 16,4 gam Na3PO4
C. 12 gam NaH2PO4; 28,4 gam Na2HPO4
D. 24 gam NaH2PO4; 14,2 gam Na2HPO4
Gii:
Xt t l n =

S mol baz
S mol axit

Ta c:

1< n =

n NaOH 0,25.2 0,5 5

=
=
= <2
n H3PO4 0,2.1,5 0,3 3

To ra hn hp 2 mui NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

NaH2 PO4 (n = 1)

1/3

2/3

0,1 mol

n=5/3

Na2HPO4 (n=2)

0,2 mol

m NaH2PO4 = 0,1.120 = 12 gam v m Na 2HPO4 = 0,2.142 = 28,4 gam

p n C
Dng 5: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht hu c.
V d 13: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon ng ng lin tip, thu c 0,9 mol CO2
v 1,4 mol H2O. Thnh phn % v th tch ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u ln lt l:
A. 25% v 75%

B. 20% v 80%

C. 40% v 60%

D. 15% v 85%

97

98
Gii: V n CO 2 < n H 2O suy ra: hai hirocacbon cho l 2 ankan.
Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh ca 2 ankan ny l: C n H 2 n + 2 th t gi thit ta c:

n H 2O
n CO2

n + 1 1,4
=
n = 1,8
0,9
n

Hai ankan l CH4 v C2H6

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

CH4 (C = 1)

0,2

20%

0,8

80%

n =1,8

C 2 H 6 (C = 2)

p n B
V d 14 : Cho Na d tc dng hon ton vi 0,1 mol hn hp ru X. thu c 2,688 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun. Bit c 2 ru trong X u c kh nng ho tan Cu(OH)2 to thnh dung
dch mu xanh lam v khi t chy mi ru u thu c th tch CO2 nh hn 4 ln th tch
ru b t chy. S mol ca mi lt trong X l
A. 0,025 mol v 0,075 mol.

B. 0,02 mol v 0,08 mol.

C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol.

D. 0.015 mol v 0,085 mol.

Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh ca X l: R(OH)n
V c 2 ru u c kh nng ha tan Cu(OH)2 n 2
V c 2 ru u c t hn 4C n 3
+ Na

T gi thit, ta c phn ng: R(OH) 2

n
H2
2

2,688
.2
22,4
n=
= 2,4
0,1
C mt ru l C3H5(OH)3 v ru cn li l 2 chc.
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

(n = 1)

0,6

0,06

0,4

0,04

n =2,4

C3H 5 (OH)3 (n = 3)

p n C
98

99
Dng 6: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c.
V d 15 : Ho tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v BaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 448ml kh CO2 (ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 50%.

B. 55%

C. 60%.

D. 65%.

Gii:
Ta c:
nmui cacbonat = n CO 2 =

0,448
3,164
= 0,02mol M mui cacbonat =
= 158,2
22,4
0,02

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

BaCO3(M=197)

58,2

38,8

60%

M =158,2

CaCO3 (M=100)

40%

p n C
V d 16 : Cho 8,96 lt hn hp CO2 v NO2 (ktc) hp th vo mt lng dung dch NaOH va
to thnh cc mui trung ho sau em c cn dung dnh thu c 36,6 gam mui khan.
Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u l
A. 25% CO2 v 75% NO2.

B. 50% CO2 v 50% NO2

C. 75% CO2 v 25% NO2

D. 30% CO2 v 70% NO2

Gii:
S cc phn ng ha hc:
2NaOH + 2NO2
2NaOH + CO2

NaNO3 + NaNO2

Na2CO3

T phn ng, ta thy:

-

C 1 mol NO2 to ra 1 mol hn hp 2 mui, c M =

C 1 mol CO2 to ra 1 mol mui Na2CO3 c M= 106.

M hn hp = =

69+ 85
= 77
2

36,6
= 91,5
0,4

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

Na2CO3(M=106)

13

50%

13

50%

M hn hp =91,5

( M=77)

p n B
99

100
Dng 7: p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp nhiu hn 2 cht.
V d 17 : Cho hn hp gm H2, N2 v NH3 c ti khi hi so vi H2 bng 8 i qua dung dch
H2SO4 c, d th th tch kh cn lt mt na. Thnh phn % th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp
ln lt l
A. 25%, 25%, 50%

B. 20%, 30%, 50%.

C. 50%, 25%, 25%

D. 15%, 35%, 50%.

Gii:
Khi b gi li do phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 chnh l NH3 v c th tch bng th tch hn
hp kh ban u.
Gi khi lng phn t trung bnh ca H2 v N2 trong hn hp l M , ta d dng thy:

M + 17
= 16 M = 15
2
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
H2(M=2)

13

25%

M = 15

N2(M=28)

13

25%

p n A
V d 18 : t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v C2H6, sn phm thu c
dn qua bnh I ng dung dch H2SO4 c v bnh II ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau th
nghim, thy trong bnh II c 15 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh II tng nhiu hn bnh I l 2,55
gam. Thnh phn % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp u l :
A. 50%, 30%, 20%

B. 30%, 40%, 30%

C. 50%, 25%, 25%

D. 50%, 15%, 35%

Gii:
T gi thit, ta c:

n CO 2 =
n H 2O =

15
= 0,15 mol
100

0,15.44 2,55
= 0, 255 mol
18

Gi C x H y l cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hn hp ban u, ta c:

C x H y xCO 2 +

y
H 2O
2
100

101

Bo ton nguyn t 2 v, ta d dng c:

x = 1,5 v y = 4,5

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

CH4(C=1)

0,5

50%

C = 1,5

C2H4,C2H6 (C=2)

0,5

50%

C2H6(H = 6)

0,5

25%

1,5

75%

H = 4,5

CH4,C2H4 (H =4)

p n C
BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca rubii l 85,559. Trong t nhin rubii c hai ng v
85
37

Rb v

87
37

Rb. Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca ng v

A. 72,05%.

B. 44,10%.

Cu 2 : Trong t nhin ch c 2 ng v

35
17

Cl v

85
37

Rb l

C. 5590%.
37
17

D. 27,95%

Cl . Thnh phn % khi lng ca

37
17

Cl trong

KClO4 l (cho O =16; Cl = 35,5; K = 39)

A. 6,25%.

B. 6,32%.

C. 6,41%.

D. 6,68%.

Cu 3 : Mt hn hp gm CO v CO2 iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18,2.

Thnh phn % v th tch ca CO2 trong hn hp l
A. 45,0%.

B. 47,5%.

C. 52,5%.

D. 55,0%.

Cu 4 : Ho tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t

khi so vi H2 bng 16,75. T l th tch kh NO : N2O trong hn hp l :
A. 2: 3.

B. l: 2.

C. l: 3.

D. 3: l.

Cu 5 : Cho hn hp FeS v FeCO3 tc dng ht dung dch HCl thu hn hp kh X c t khi hi

so H2 l 20,75. % khi lng ca FeS trong hn hp u l
A. 20,18%

B. 79,81%

C. 75%

D. 25%

Cu 6: thu c dung dch HCl 30% cn ly a gam dung dch HCl 55% pha vi b gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l a/b l:
A. 2/5

B. 3/5

C. 5/3

D. 5/2

101

102
Cu 7 : pha c 100ml dung dch nc mui c nng mol 0,5M ly Vml dung dch
NaCl 2,5M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 80,0.

B. 75,0.

C. 25,0.

D. 20,0.

Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Na2O nguyn cht vo 75,0 gam dung dch NaOH 12,0% thu
c dung dch NaOH 58,8%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 66,0.

B. 50,0.

C. 112,5.

D. 85,2.

Cu 9 : thu c 42 gam dung dch CuSO4 16% cn ho tan x gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo
y gam dung dch CuSO4 8%. Gi tr ca y l
A. 35.

B. 6.

C. 36.

D. 7.

Cu 10 : Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 98% (d= 1,84 g/ml)
c dung dch mi c nng 10% l
A. 14,192 lt.

B. 15,1921t.

C. 16,192lt.

D. 17,l92 lt.

Cu 11 : t chy hon ton m gam photpho ri ly sn phm ho tan vo 500 gam nc c

dung dch X c nng 9,15%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,55

B. 15,5.

C. 155.

D. 31

Cu 12 : Lng SO3 cn thm vo dung dch H2SO4 10% c 100 gam dung dch H2SO4
20% l
A. 2,5 gam.
Cu 13 : Bit D C 2 H 5 OH

B. 8,88 gam
(nguyn cht)

C. 6,66 gam.

D. 24,5 gam.

= 0,8 g/ml, D H 2 O =lg/ml. Dung dch ru etylic 13,80 c khi

lng ring l:
A. 0,805 g/ml.

B. 0,855 g/ml

C. 0,972 g/ml

D. 0,915 g/ml

Cu 14 : Thm 150ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120ml dung dch H3PO4 1M. Khi lng cc
mui thu c trong dung dch l :
A. 9,57 gam K2HPO4 ; 8,84 gam KH2PO4
B. 10,44 gam K2HPO4 ; 12,72 gam K3PO4
C. 10,24 gam K2HPO4 ; 13,50 gam KH2PO4
D. 13,05 gam K2HPO4 ; 10,60 gam K3PO4
Cu 15 : t chy hon ton 1,55 gam photpho ri ly sn phm cho tc dng vi 400ml dung
dch NaOH 0,3 M, sau em c cn th thu dc m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,48 gam.

B. 7,54 gam.

C. 8,12 gam.

D. 9,96 gam.

Cu 16 : Nung hn hp X gm CaCO3 v CaSO3 ti phn ng hon ton c cht rn Y c khi

lng bng 50,4% khi lng ca X. Thnh phn % khi lng ca CaCO3 trong X l
A. 60%.

B. 54,5%

C. 45,5%.

D. 40%.

102

103
Cu 17 : Ho tan hon ton 34,85 gam hn hp 2 mui BaCO3 v Na2CO3 bng dung dch HCl
thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc). S mol BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 0,20.

B. 0,15.

C. 0,10 .

D. 0,05.

Cu 18 : Nhit phn hon ton 108 gam hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 c cht rn Y c

khi lng bng 75,4% khi lng ca X. Khi lng NaHCO3 c trong X l
A. 54,0 gam.

B. 27,0 gam.

C. 72,0 gam.

D. 36,0 gam.

Cu 19 : t chy hon ton 21,0 gam dy st trong khng kh thu c 29,4 gam hn hp cc
oxit Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Khi lng Fe2O3 to thnh l
A. 12,0 gam

B. 13,5 gam.

C. 16,5 gam.

D. 18,0 gam.

Cu 20: Ho tan 55g hn hp Na2CO3 v Na2SO3 vi lng va 500ml axit H2SO4 1M thu
c mt mui trung ho duy nht v hn hp kh X. Thnh phn phn trm th tch ca hn hp
kh X l :
A. 80% CO2 ; 20% SO2

B. 70% CO2 ; 30% SO2

C. 60% CO2 ; 40% SO2

D. 50% CO2 ; 50% SO2

Cu 21 : X l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu2O. Y l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO cn trn
X v Y theo t l khi lng t =

mX
c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c
mY

ti a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht. Gi tr ca t l

A.

5
3

B.

5
4

C.

4
5

D.

3
5

Cu 22: X l qung hematit cha 60% Fe2O3 Y l qung manhetit cha 69,6% Fe3O4. Trn a tn
qung X vi b tn qung Y thu c qung Z, m t 1 tn qung Z c th iu ch c 0,5 tn
gang cha 4% cacbon. T l a/b l
A

5
2

B.

4
3

C.

3
4

D.

2
5

Cu 23: Cho 6,72 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm C2H4, C3H4 li t t qua bnh ng dung dch Br2
thy khi lng bnh tng 10,8 gam. Thnh phn % th tch mi khi trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 33,3% C2H4 v 66,7% C3H4

B. 20,8% C2H4 v 79,2% C3H4

C. 25,0% C2H4 v 75,0% C3H4

D. 30,0% C2H4 v 70,0% C3H4

Cu 24 : t chy hon ton 12,0 lt hn hp hai hp cht hu c k tip nhau trong dy ng

ng thu c 41,4 lt CO2. Thnh phn % th tch ca hp cht c khi lng phn t nh hn l
(cc th tch kh o cng iu kin)
A. 55,0%.

B. 51,7%.

C. 48,3%.

D. 45,0%.

103

104
Cu 25: t chy hon ton 15,68 lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy
ng ng, c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC thu c

n CO 2
n H 2O

24
. Cng thc phn
31

t v % khi lng tng ng vi cc hirocacbon ln lt l:

A. C2H6 (28,57%) v C4H10 (71,43%).

B. C3H8 (78,57%) v C5H12 (21,43%).

C. C2H6 (17,14%) v C4H10 (82,86%).

D. A v B

Cu 26 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, CO, C4H10. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O2.

Thnh phn % th tch C4H10 trong X l
A. 62,5%.

B. 54,4%.

C. 48,7%.

D. 45,2%.

Cu 27 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, C2H4, C3H6 trong s mol C2H4 bng s mol C3H6. T khi
ca X so vi H2 bng 7,6. Thnh phn % th tch cc kh trong X l :
A. 40% H2, 30% C2H4, 30% C3H6

B. 60% H2, 20% C2H4, 20% C3H6

C. 50% H2, 25% C2H4, 25% C3H6

D. 20% H2, 40% C2H4, 40% C3H6

P N
1A

2D

3C

4D

5A

6B

7D

8B

9C

10C

11B

12B

13C

14B

15B

16D

17B

18C

19A

20A

21D

22D

23A

24A

25D

26A

27B

104

105

Phng php 9

Phng php h s
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc
- H s cn bng ca phn ng l mt b s thu c sau khi ta tin hnh cn' bng 2 v ca phn
ng ho hc. T trc ti nay, h s cn bng ca phn ng thng ch c ch cc phng
php cn bng phn ng m cha c ng dng nhiu vo gii ton. Vi c im mi ca k
thi trc nghim, i hi nhng k thut gii ton sng to, nhanh v hiu qu th Phn tch h s
thc s l mt phng php ng c quan tm.
- H s cn bng ca phn ng l mt b s th hin y mi tng quan gia cc thnh phn
c mt trong phn ng. C th xem n l kt qu ca mt lot nhng nh lut ho hc quan trng
nh nh lut bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton in tch, bo ton electron, . . . ,
ng thi cng phn nh s tng gim v khi lng, th tch, s moi kh, . . . trc v sau mi
phn ng. Do , ng dng h s cn bng vo gii ton c th cho nhng kt qu c bit th v
m cc phng php khc khng th so snh c.
2. Phn loi v cc ch khi gii ton
Dng 1: H s phn ng phn nh nh lut bo ton nguyn t
- Bo ton nguyn t l mt trong nhng nh lut quan trng bc nht, ng thi cng l mt
cng c mnh trong gii ton ho hc. Trong mt phn ng ho hc c th, nh lut bo ton
nguyn t c biu hin qua chnh h s cn bng ca cc cht trong phn ng .
- y l mt phng php gii rt hiu qu cho cc bi ton xc nh cng thc phn t c cht
hu c v v c. Ngoi ra, n cng h tr cho vic tnh ton nhiu i lng quan trng khc.
- Ch l khi vit s phn ng km theo h s, ta ch cn a vo s nhng cht bit h
s v nhng cht cn quan tm. iu ny s mang li hiu qu cao hn nhiu so vi vic vit
phng trnh phn ng y v cn bng.
- Xem thm chng . . . "Phng php bo ton nguyn t"

Dng 2: H s phn ng phn nh s tng gim th tch kh trong phn ng

- y l mt dng ton quan trng p dng cho cc bi tp m phn ng ho hc trong c s
tham gia v to thnh cht kh, nh : cracking ankan, tng hp amoniac, ozon ho O2, oxi ho
SO2 thnh SO3..
105

106
- a s cc bi ton loi ny c th gii bng phng php a thm s liu (t chn lng cht)
kt hp vi t n - gii h phng trnh. Tuy nhin, nu bit cch phn tch h s ch ra t l
tng - gim th tch kh ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng th vic gii ton s tr nn n gin
v nhanh chng hn nhiu.
- Mt ch trong cc bi ton ny l : trong phn ng c hiu sut nh hn 100%, nu t l cc
cht tham gia phn ng bng ng h s cn bng trong phng trnh phn ng, th sau phn
ng, phn cht d cng c t l ng vi h s cn bng ca phn ng.
Dng 3: H s phn ng phn nh kh nng phn ng ca cc cht.
- Trong mt hn hp cc cht, kh nng phn ng ca tng cht vi tc nhn khng phi lc no
cng nh nhau, iu ny c phn nh qua cc h s phn ng khc nhau gia chng.
- im c bit ca dng ton ny l c th kt hp rt hiu qu vi phng php ng cho
tm ra s mol hoc t l s mol ca mi cht hoc nhm cht trong hn hp. iu quan trng l
phi ch ra v nhm cc cht trong hn hp ban u li vi nhau to thnh 2 nhm cht c kh
nng phn ng khc nhau. Vi cch lm nh vy, ta c th p dng c phng php ng
cho k c trong trng hp nhiu hn 2 cht trong hn hp ban u.
- Dng bi ny c th p dng cho cc bi ton hn hp nhiu phn ng khc nhau, nh: kim
loi + axit, mui + axit, cc n cht + oxi, baz + axit, kim loi + phi kim, ....
Dng 4: H s phn ng trong cc phn ng t chy cht hu c
- Ta bit mt cht hu c bt k cha 3 nguyn t C, H, O c cng thc phn t l
CnH2n+2-2kOx vi k l bt bo ho (bng tng s vng v s lin kt trong cng thc cu to)
Xt phn ng chy ca hp cht ny, ta c :
CnH2n+2-2kOx nCO2 + (n + 1 k)H2O
Phn tch h s phn ng ny, ta c mt kt qu rt quan trng l.

nX =

n H 2 O n CO 2
1- k

Vi nx l s mt cht hu c b t chy.
Hai trng hp ring hay gp trong cc bi tp ph thng l k = 0 (hp cht no,

mch h

CnH2n+2Ox) c n X = n H 2O n CO2 (ankan, ru no mch h, ete no mch h, ...) v k = 2 c

n X = n CO2 n H 2O (ankin, ankaien, axit khng no 1 ni i, anehit khng no 1 ni i, xeton

khng no 1 ni i, ...)
- Kt qu ny c th m rng cho c cc phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c cha nhm nit
106

107
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP

Dng 1: H s phn ng phn nh nh lut bo ton nguyn t

V d 1. t chy hon ton 100 ml hi cht A, cn ng 250 ml oxi, ch to ra 200 ml CO2 v
200 ml hi nc (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
A. C2H4

B. C2H6O

C. C2H4O

D. C3H6O

Gii:
C th gii rt nhanh bi ton cho nh sau:
CxHyOz

2,5O2

2 CO2

+ 2H2O

Cn c vo h s phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, d dng c A l C2H4O

p n C
-V th tch kh t l thun vi s mol, do , ta c th in ngay h s vo phn ng v chia 2 v
cho 100 cho n gin !
V d 2. Ho tan hon ton a gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H2SO4 m c va , c cha
0,075 mol H2SO4 thu c b gam mt mui v c 168ml kh SO2 (ktc) duy nht thot ra. Gi tr
ca b l
A. 8 gam.

B. 9 gam.

C. 16 gam.

D. 12 gam.

Gii:
Gi cng thc ca oxit cho l FexOy

nSO 2 =

0,168
= 0,0075 mol
22,4

Ta vit li phn ng dng s c km theo h s:

FexOy +

0,075H2SO4

Fe2(SO4)3 +

0,0075SO2

- y, ta khng cn quan tm n s c mt ca H2O trong phng trnh!

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t S, ta c:

0,075 - 0,0075
= 0,0225 mol b = 0,0225.400 = 9 gam
3
p n B
n Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 =

- Cch lm ny nhanh v n gin hn rt nhiu so vi vic vit v cn bng phng trnh phn
ng vi h s ch ri gii h phng trnh !
V d 3. t chy hon ton 2a mol ru no X cn ti thiu 35a mol khng kh. Cng thc phn
t ca X l
A. C2H5OH.

B. C2H4(OH)2

C. C3H6(OH)2

D. C3H5(OH)3
107

108
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t ca X l CnH2n+2Ok
Khng lm mt tnh tng qut, ta chn a = 1 lm n gin bi ton.
Trong 35 lt khng kh c 7 mol O2. T gi thit, ta c th vit s phn ng vi h s:
2CnH2n+2Ok + 7O2 2nCO2

+ 2(n+1)H2O

Cn c vo h s phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi O, ta c:

2k + 14 = 4n + 2n + 2 n =

k+6
3

T , d dng c n = k = 3 p n D
Dng 2: H s phn ng phn nh s tng gim th tch kh trong phn ng
V d 4. a mt hn hp kh N2 v H2 c t l 1 : 3 vo thp tng hp, sau phn ng thy th
tch kh i ra gim

1
so vi ban u. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca hn hp kh sau
10

phn ng.
A. 20%, 60%, 20%.

B. 22,22%, 66,67%, 11,11%.

C. 30%, 60%, 10%.

D. 33,33%, 50%, 16,67%.

Gii:
N2 + 3H2

2NH3

gii nhanh bi ton ny, ta da vo 2 kt qu quan trng:

- Trong phn ng c hiu sut nh hn 100%, nu t l cc cht tham gia phn ng bng ng h
s cn bng trong phng trnh phn ng, th sau phn ng, phn cht d cng c t l ng vi
h s cn bng ca phn ng. C th trng hp ny l 1: 3. Do A v B c kh nng l p n
ng, C v D b loi.
- Trong phn ng tng hp amoniac, th tch kh gim sau khi phn ng (2 mol) ng bng th
tch kh NH3 sinh ra (2 mol)
Trong trng hp ny %NH3 =

1
1
hn hp u hay l = 11,11% hn hp sau.
10
9

p n B.
V d 5. Cracking 560 lt C4H10 thu c 1010 lt hn hp kh X khc nhau. Bit cc th tnh kh
u o ktc. Th tnh (lt) C4H10 cha b cracking l
A. 60.

B. 110

C. 100.

D. 450.

108

109
Gii:
Cc phn ng xy ra c th s ha thnh:
Ankan Cracking

Ankan + Anken
Da vo h s cn bng ca phn ng crackinh, ta thy: Th tch (hay s mol) kh tng sau phn
ng ng bng th tch (hay s mol) ankan tham gia cracking.
y l: V= 1010 - 560 =450 lt.
Do , phn C4H10 cha b crackinh l 110 lt

p n B.
V d 6. Cracking C4H10 thu c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c t khi hi so vi H2 l
16,325. Hiu sut ca phn ng cracking l
A. 77,64%.

B. 38,82%.

C. 17,76%.

D.

16,325%.
Gii:
Khi lng hn hp trc v sau phn ng c bo ton: mt = ms
Do , ta c t l:

d t H2
d s H2

mt
M
n
n
58
58
= t = t = s =
=
M s m s n t 16,325.2 32,65
ns

V s mol hn hp sau nhiu hn s mol ban u chnh s mol ankan cracking nn:

58

H% =
1.100% = 77,64%
32,65

p n A

Dng 3: H s phn ng phn nh kh nng phn ng ca cc cht.

V d 7. T khi ca hn hp gm H2 , CH4 , CO so vi hiro bng 7,8. t chy hon ton
mt th tch hn hp ny cn 1,4 th tch oxi. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong
hn hp u l:
A. 20%, 50%, 30%

B. 33,33%, 50%, 16,67%

C. 20%, 60%, 20%

D. 10%, 80%, 10%

Gii:
Cch 1: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php ng cho:
Phn tch h s cn bng ca cc phn ng t chy, ta thy:

109

110

1
O2
2

CO +

1
O2
2

CH4 +

2 O2

H2

tc l c 2 nhm cht tc dng vi O2 theo t l 1:

1
v 1: 2.
2

Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

(CO,H2 )

1
2

0,6

40%

1,4

(CH 4 ) 2
Vy

0,9

60%

%VCH 4 = = 60%

p n C.
C th tip tc gii bi ton cho hon thin nh sau:
Gi M l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca CO v H2 trong hn hp kh ban u. T kt qu
ng cho trn, ta c:

M.0,4 + 16.0,6 = 7,8.2 = 15,6

M = 15

p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp kh CO v H2, ta c:

CO (M = 28)

H 2 (M = 2)

13

20%

M = 15
13

20%

Cch 2: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php a thm s liu (t chn lng cht)
Gi s c 1 mol hn hp kh ban u s mol kh O2 cn dng l 1,4 mol.
Nu t l phn ng vi O2 ca c 3 cht u l 1: 0,5 th s mol O2 cn ch l 0,5 mol.
Chnh lch 0,9 mol kh O2 ny l do CH4 phn ng vi O2 theo t l 1 : 2 v bng 1,5 s mol CH4
s mol CH4 l

2
.0,9 = 0,6 mol
3

p n C.

V d 8. Trn ln 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M, ri c cn dung
dch sau phn ng. % khi lng ca Na2HPO4 trong hn hp cht rn thu c l
A. 29,7%.

B. 70,3%.

C. 28,4%.

D. 56,8%.

110

111
Gii:
Xt t l n =

s mol baz
,
s mol axit

ta c:

1< n =

n NaOH 0,25.2 0,5 5

=
=
= <2
n H3PO 4 0,2.1,5 0,3 3

To ra hn hp 2 mui: NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

NaH2 PO4 (n = 1)

5
n=
3

Na 2 HPO 4 (n = 2)
m NaH2PO 4 = 0,1.120 = 12 gam
%m NaH 2PO 4 =

1
3

0,1 mol

2
3

0,2 mol

v m Na 2HPO 4 = 0,2.142 = 28,4gam

12
.100% = 29,7% %m Na 2HPO 4 = 70,3%
12 + 28,4

p n B

V d 9. Dn 2,24lt ( ktc) mt hn hp gm etilen, propen, cc buten v axetilen qua dung

dch ng brom d th thy lng brom trong bnh gim 19,2 gam. Tnh lng CaC2 cn dng
iu ch c lng axetilen c trong hn hp trn.
A. 6,4 gam

B. 1,28 gam

C. 2,56 gam

D. 3,2 gam

Gii:

n Br2 =

19,2
= 0,12 mol
160

n hh =

2,24
= 0,1 mol
22,4

Cch 1: Phng php phn tch h s

Phn tch h s cn bng ca phn ng, ta c:
Anken + 1Br2
C2H2

+ 2Br2

n CaC2 = n C2H 2 = n Br2 n Anken = 0,12 0,1 = 0,02 mol

m CaC2 = 0,02.64 = 1,28 gam

p n B.
Cch 2: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php ng cho
111

112
Bng cch phn tch h s nh trn, ta thy c th sp xp hn hp cc cht trong hn hp ban
u thnh 2 nhm phn ng vi Br2 theo t l 1 : 1 v 1 : 2
Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
(Anken) 1

0,8

0,08 mol

0,2

0,02 mol

1,2
(C2H2)

Suy ra, m CaC2 = 64.0,02 = 1,28 gam

p n B.
Dng 4: H s phn ng trong cc phn ng t chy cht hu c
V d 10. Hn hp X gm ru metylic, ru etylic, ru propylic v nc. Cho a gam X tc
dng vi natri d c 0,7 mol H2. t chy hon ton a gam X thu c b mol CO2 v 2,6 mol
H2O. Gi tr ca a v b ln lt l
A. 42 gam v 1,2 mol.

B. 19,6 gam v 1,9 mol.

C. 19,6 gam v 1,2 mol.

D. 28 gam v 1,9 mol.

Gii:
Cc phn ng vi Na c th vit chung l:
ROH +

Na

RONa

1
H2
2

Do , n X = 2n H 2 = 1,4 mol
Cc cht trong hn hp X c dng CnH2n+2O nn:

n X = n H 2O n CO2 b = 1,2 mol

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:

n O2 =

2,6 + 1,2.2 1,4

= 1,8 mol
2

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:

a = m CO2 + m H 2O m O2 = 42 gam

p n A.

V d 11. Mt hn hp gm anehit acrylic v mt anehit n chc X. t chy hon ton 1,72

gam hn hp trn cn va ht 2,296 lt kh oxi (ktc). Cho ton b sn phm chy hp th ht vo
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 8,5 gam kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HCHO.

B. C2H5CHO.

C. CH3CHO.

D. C3H5CHO.
112

113
Gii:

n O2 = 0,1025 mol

n CO 2 = n CaCO3 = 0,085 mol

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:

mAndehit + m O 2 = m H 2 O + m CO 2
m H 2 O = 1,26 gam n H 2O = 0,07 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
nAndehit = 2.0,085 + 0,07 2. 0,1025 = 0,035 mol
Do , khi lng phn t trung bnh ca 2 anehit l:

M=

1,72
= 49,14
0,035

Anehit acrylic c M = 56 anehit cn li c M < 4 9,14 , tc l p n A hoc C.

Anehit acrylic (C3H4O) l anehit khng no 1 ni i, anehit cn li l no n chc nn:

n C3H 4O = n CO2 n H 2O = 0,015 mol

V anehit cn li c s mol l 0,02 mol.
Gi M l khi lng phn t ca Anehit cn li th:
mAnehit = 56. 0,015 + M. 0,02 = 1,72 gam
M = 44
X l CH3CHO

p n C.
IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn. Bit X tc dng vi HCl th thu c 12,32 lt kh, cn
khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c, nng th thu c 29,12 lt kh NO2. Bit cc th
tch kh u o ktc. Khi lng ca Fe trong hn hp X l
A. 11,2 gam.

B. 8,4 gam.

C. 5,6 gam.

D. 14 gam.

Cu 2 : Hn hp X gm 0,6 mol kim loi cha Fe, Mg v Al. Bit X tc dng vi HCl thu c
17,92 lt kh. Nu cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th th tch kh thu c l bao nhiu ?
Bit cc th tch kh u o ktc.
A. 13,44 lt.

B. 6,72 lt

C. 4,48 lt.

D. 17,92 lt.
113

114
Cu 3 : Cracking mt ankan thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 19,565. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng Cracking l 84%. Ankan cho l
A. butan

B. isobutan.

C. pentan.

D. propan.

Cu 4 : Sau khi ozon ho, th tch ca O2 gim i 5ml. Th tch kh O3 c to thnh l

A. 7,5ml.

B. 10ml

C. 5ml.

D. 15ml.

Cu 5 : Mt hn hp X gm H2 v N2. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH3 t hn hp X th thu

c hn hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 7,826. Hiu sut tng
hp NH3 l
A. 60,6%.

B. 17,39%.

C. 8,69 %.

D. 20%.

Cu 6 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, CO, C4H10. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O2.

Thnh phn % th tch C4H10 trong X l
A. 62,5%.

B. 54,4%.

C. 48,7%.

D. 45,2%.

Cu 7 : Trn 400ml hi ca mt hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 2 lt O2 ri t chy. Hn

hp kh sinh ra nu dn qua CaCl2 khan th th tch gim 1,6 lt. Nu dn tip qua KOH d th th
tch gim thm 1,2 lt na v thot ra sau cng l 400ml O2 cn d. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8O2

B. C3H8O

C. C3H8O3

D. C4H6O2

Cu 8 : Chia hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca

chng ch c mt nhm chc lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO2 v H2O) ln
lt qua bnh (1) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi
lng bnh (l) tng

2,16 gam v bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.

- Phn 2: cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H2 thu c ktc l

A. 0,224 lt.

B. 0,56 lt.

C. 2,24 lt.

D. 1,12 lt

P N
1A

2A

3C

4B

5D

6A

7A

8B

114

115

Phng php 10

Phng php s dng phng trnh ion thu gn

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Phng trnh ha hc thng c vit di hai dng l phng trnh ha hc dng phn t v
dng ion thu gn. Ngoi vic th hin c ng bn cht ca phn ng ha hc, phng trnh
ion thu gn cn gip gii nhanh rt nhiu dng bi tp kh hoc khng th gii theo cc phng
trnh ha hc dng phn t.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Phn ng axit, baz v pH ca dung dch
V d 1 : Cho mt mu hp kim Na - Ba tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36
lt H2 ( ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H2SO4 2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l
A. 150ml.

B. 75ml.

C. 60ml.

D. 30ml.

Gii:
Na

H2O

NaOH

Ba

2H2O

Ba(OH)2 +

1
H2
2

(1)

H2

(2)

Theo (1) v (2): n OH (dd X) = 2n H 2 = 0,3 mol.

Phng trnh ion rt gn ca dung dch axit vi dung dch baz l
H+

n H + = n OH = 0,3 mol
VH 2SO 4 =

OH-

0,15
= 0,075 lt = 75 ml
2

H2O

n H 2SO 4 = 0,15 mol

p n B

V d 2: Trn 100ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400ml dung dch (gm
H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung dch X l
A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Gii:

n Ba(OH)2 = 0,01mol

n NaOH = 0,01mol

Tng

n OH = 0,03 mol

115

116

n H 2SO4 = 0,015mol

n HCl = 0,005mol

Tng

n H + = 0,035 mol

Khi trn hn hp dung dch baz vi hn hp dung dch axit ta c phng trnh ion rt gn:
H+
Ban u

0,035

Phn ng

0,03

OH-

H2O\

0,03 mol

0,03

Sau phn ng: n H +(d) = 0,035 0,03 = 0,005 mol.

Vdd(sau trn) = 100 + 400 = 500 ml =0,5 lt

[H + ] =

0,005
= 0,01 10 2
0,5

pH=2

p n B

V d 3: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit
H2SO4 0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i).
Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 1

B. 2

C. 6

D. 7

Gii:

Mg
2Al

2H + Mg 2+ + H 2

3+

6H 2Al + 3H 2

(1)
(2)

n HCl = 0,25mol ; n H 2SO 4 = 0,125 n H + = 0,5mol;

n H + (phn ng) = 2n H 2

(to thnh)

= 0,475 mol

n H + (d) = 0,5 - 0,475 = 0,025 mol

[H + ] =

0,025
= 0,1 = 10 1 M pH = 1
0,25

p n A
Dng 2: CO2, SO2 tc dng vi dung dch baz
V d 4 : Sc t t 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X cha NaOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)2
0,1M th lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0 gam.

B. 5 gam.

C. 10 gam.

D. 15 gam.

Gii:

n CO 2 = 0,35 mol; nNaOH = 0,2 mol; n Ca(OH)2 = 0,1 mol

Tng: nOH- = 0,2 + 0,1. 2 = 0,4 mol v nCa2+ = 0,1 mol.

116

117
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
CO2 + 2OH- CO32- + H2O
0,35
0,2

0,4
0,4

0,2 mol

n CO 2 (d) = 0,35 0,2 = 0,15 mol

Tip tc xy ra phn ng:
CO32- + CO2
Ban u :

0,2

Phn ng:

0,15 0,15 mol

CO32-

2HCO3-

+ H2O

0,15 mol

Ca2+

CaCO3

n CO 2 (d) = 0,05 mol < n Ca 2+

3

n CaCO3 = n CO 2 (d) = 0,05 mol

3

mCaCO 3 = 0,05. 100 = 5 gam

p n B
Dng 3: Bi ton lin quan n oxit v hiroxit lng tnh
V d 5 : Ho tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c
dung dch A v c 1,12 lt H2 bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl3 vo dung dch
A. Khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0,78 gam.

B. 0,81 gam.

C. 1,56 gam.

D. 2,34 gam.

Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi l M
M

nH2O

M(OH)n

n
H2
2

n OH- = 2n H 2 = 0,1 mol

Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl3:
Al3+
Ban u :

0,03

Phn ng:

0,03

3OH-

Al(OH)3

0,03 mol

0,1 mol

0,09

n OH (d) = 0,01 mol

117

118
Kt ta b ha tan (mt phn hoc hon ton). Theo phng trnh :
Al(OH)3

OH-

0,01

0,01 mol

AlO2-

n Al(OH) 3 = 0,03 0,01 = 0,02 m Al(OH) 3 = 78.0,02 = 1,56 gam

2H2O

p n C

Dng 4: Cht kh tc dng vi dung dch cha H+ v NO3V d 6 : Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO3)3 v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ho tan ti a bao
nhiu gam Cu kim loi ? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
A. 2,88 gam.

B. 3,2 gam.

C. 3,92 gam.

D. 5,12 gam.

Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu

8H+

Ban u:

0,15

Phn ng: 0,045

0,12

Cu

0,005

2NO3-

3Cu2+ +

2NO + 4H2O

0,03 mol

2Fe3+

0,03 mol

2Fe2+

Cu2+

0,01 mol

mCu (ti a) = (0,045 + 0,005). 64 = 3,2 gam

p n B.
V d 7 : Ho tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120ml dung dch X gm HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M.
Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt.

B. 1,49 lt

C. 0,672 lt.

D. 1,12 lt.

Gii:

n HNO3 = 0,12 mol ; n H 2SO 4 = 0,06 mol

Tng: nH+ = 0,24 mol v n NO = 0,12 mol

3
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu

8H+

2NO3-

3Cu2+ +

2NO

+ 4H2O
Ban u:

0,1

0,24

0,12 mol

Phn ng:

0,09

0,24

0,06

0,06

mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01(d)

(ht)

0,06(d)
118

119

VNO = 0,06. 22,4 =1,344 lt

p n A.
V d 8 : Thc hin hai th nghim :
- Th nghim 1 : Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra Vl lt NO
- Th nghim 2 : Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M
thot ra V2 lt NO
- Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia Vl v V2 l
A. V2 = V1

B. V2 = 2Vl.

C. V2 = 2,5Vl

D. V2 = l,5Vl.

Gii:

3,84

= 0,06mol n H + = 0,08 mol

n Cu =
64
Th nghim 1:

n NO3 = 0,08 mol

n HNO = 0,08mol
3

3Cu

8H+

2NO3-

3Cu2+ +

2NO + 4H2O

0,02 mol

(1)
Ban u:

0,06

Phn ng:

0,03

0,08

0,08

0,08 mol

0,02

V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.

Th nghim 2: nCu =0,06 mol; n HNO3 = 0,08 mol ; n H 2SO 4 = 0,04 mol

nH+ = 0,16 mol ; n NO = 0,08 mol

3

3Cu

8H+

2NO3-

3Cu2+ +

2NO + 4H2O

(2)
Ban u:

0,06

Phn ng:

0,06

0,16

0,16

0,08 mol

0,04

0,04 mol

T (1) v (2) suy ra: V2 = 2V1

p n B.

Dng 5: Cc phn ng dng ion thu gn khc (to cht kt ta, cht d bay hi, cht in
li yu)
V d 9 : Dung dch X c cha 5 ion : Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3- . Thm dn
V lt dung dch K2CO3 1M vo X n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th gi tr V ti thiu cn
dng l
A. 150ml.

B. 300ml.

C. 200ml.

D. 250ml.

119

120
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch: (xem thm phng php bo ton in tch)

ncation . 2 = 0,1.1 +0,2.1 = 0,3 mol

ncation =0,15 mol
Mg2+

CO32-

MgCO3

Ba2+

CO32-

BaCO3

2-

CaCO3

Ca

2+

CO3

Hoc c th quy i 3 cation thnh M

M2+

2+

(xem thm phng php quy i)

CO32-

MCO3

n K 2CO3 = n CO 2 = n cation = 0,15 mol

3

VK 2CO3 = 0,15 lt = 150 ml

p n A.
V d 10 : Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d thu c kt ta
c khi lng ng bng khi lng AgNO3 phn ng . Tnh phn trm khi lng NaCl
trong hn hp u.
A. 23,3%

B. 27,84%.

C. 43,23%.

D. 31,3%.

Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
Ag+
+

Ag

Cl-

Br

AgCl

AgBr

t: nNaCl = x mol ; nNaBr = y mol

mAgCl + mAgBr = m AgNO3 (p.)

mCl- + mBr- = m NO3

35,5x + 80y = 62.(x+y)
x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53

%m NaCl =

58,5.36.100
= 27,84%
58,5.36 + 103.53

p n B.

C th gii bi ton bng vic kt hp vi phng php tng gim khi lng hoc phng php
ng cho.

120

121
V d 11 : Cho 270 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO32- ; 0,1 mol
Na+ ; 0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl- v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k). Tng
khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau phn ng gim i bao nhiu gam ?
A. 4,215 gam.

B. 5,296 gam.

C. 6,761 gam.

D. 7,015 gam.

Gii:

n Ba(OH)2 = 0,054 mol n Ba 2+ = 0,054 mol ; n OH = 0,108 mol

Ba2+

CO32-

BaCO3

(1)

nBa2+ > n CO 2 n BaCO3 = n CO 2 = 0,025 mol m BaCO3 = 4,925 gam.

3

NH4

OH

NH3

H2O

(2)

nOH- < n NH 4+ n NH3 = n OH = 0,108 mol m NH3 = 1,836 gam

Khi lng 2 dung dch gim = 4,925 + 1,836 = 6,716 gam

p n C.
V d 12 : Trn 100ml dung dch A (gm KHCO3 1M v K2CO3 1M ) vo 100ml dung dch B
(gm NaHCO3 1M v Na2CO3 1M ) thu c dung dch C. Nh t t 100ml dung dch D (gm
H2SO4 1M v HCl 1M ) vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO2 (ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung
dch Ba(OH)2 ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt.

B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.

C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt.

D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.

Gii:
Dung dch C cha: HCO3- :0,2 mol; CO32-: 0,2 mol
Dung dch D c tng : nH+ = 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO320,2

H+

HCO3-

0,2

0,2 mol

H2O

HCO3 +

Ban u:

0,4

0,1 mol

Phn ng:

0,1

D:

0,1

CO2
0,1 mol

0,3 mol

Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch E:

Ba2+

HCO3- +
0,3

OH-

BaCO3

0,3 mol

H2O

121

122
Ba2+

SO42-

BaSO4

0,1

0,1 mol

VCO 2 = 0,1. 22,4 = 2,24 lit

Tng khi lng kt ta:
m= 0,3. 197 + 0,1. 233 = 82,4 gam

p n A.

III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Th tch dung dch HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn hp: NaOH 0,1M
v Ba(OH)2 0,1M l
A. 100ml.

B. 150ml.

C. 200ml.

D. 250ml.

Cu 2 : trung ho 150ml dung dch X gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,5M cn bao nhiu ml

dung dch cha HCl 0,3M v H2SO4 0,1M ?
A.180.

B. 600.

C. 450.

D. 90.

Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v 0,1M.

Dung dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M. Th tnh dung
dch X cn trung ho va 40ml dung dch Y l
A. 0,063 lt.

B. 0,125 lt.

C. 0,15 lt.

D. 0,25 lt

Cu 4 : Trn 250ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01 M vi 250ml dung dch
NaOH x M c 500ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,1.

B. 0,12.

C. 0,13.

D. 0,14.

Cu 5 : Trn 3 dung dch HCl 0,3M ; H2SO4 0,2M v H3PO4 0,1M vi nhng th tch bng nhau
thu c dung dch X. Dung dch Y gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M. trung ho 300ml
dung dch X cn va V ml dung dch Y. Gi tr ca V l
A. 200.

B. 333,3.

C. 600.

D. 1000.

Cu 6 : Hp thu hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) vo 500ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH
0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M, sinh ra m gm kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 19,7

B. 17,73.

C. 9,85.

D. 11,82.

Cu 7 : Ho tan mu hp kim Na - Ba (t l 1 : l) vo nc c dung dch X v 0,672 lt kh

(ktc). Sc 1,008 lt CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch X c m (gam) kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,94.

B. 2,955.

C. 1,97.

D. 2,364.
122

123
Cu 8 : Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3; 0,05 mol HCl v
0,025 mol H2SO4 n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V
thu c lng kt ta trn l
A. 0,4

B. 0,35.

C. 0,25.

D. 0,2.

Cu 9 : Thm m gam Kali vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1 M thu c
dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1 M thu c kt ta Y.
lng kt ta Y ln nht thi gi tr ca m l
A. 1,17.

B. 1,71.

C. 1,95.

D. 1,59.

Cu 10 : Dung dch X gm cc cht NaAlO2 0,16 mol; Na2SO4 0,56 mol; NaOH 0,66 mol. Th
tch ca dung dch HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch X thu c 0,1 mol kt ta l
A. 0,50 lt hoc 0,41 lt.

B. 0,41 lt hoc 0,38 lt.

C. 0,38 lt hoc 0,50 lt.

D. 0,25 lt hoc 0,50 lt.

Cu 11 : Cho 3,2 gam bt Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO3 0,8M v H2SO4
0,2 M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, sinh ra V lt kh NO (sn phn kh duy nht
ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,746.

B. 0,448.

C. 1,792.

D. 0,672.

Cu 12 : Ho tan 9,6 gam bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,5M v H2SO4 1,0M.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch
X c khi lng mui khan l
A. 28,2 gam

B. 35,0 gam.

C. 24,0 gam.

D. 15,8 gam.

Cu 13 : Cho 5,8 gam FeCO3 tc dng va vi dung dch HNO3 c hn hp kh CO2, NO

v dung dch X. Khi thm dung dch H2SO4 long d vo X th dung dch thu c ho tan ti a
m gam Cu (bit rng c kh NO bay ra). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16

B. 14,4

C. 1,6

D. 17,6

Cu 14 : Ho tan 9,6 gam bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,5M v H2SO4 1,0M.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X . C cn cn thn dung dch
X c khi lng mui khan l
A. 28,2 gam.

B. 25,4 gam.

C. 24 gam.

D. 32 gam.

Cu 15 : Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe3+, SO42- , NH4+, Cl- . Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn
bng nhau:
- Phn 1: tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc)
v 1,07 gam kt ta;
- Phn 2: tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2 thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.

123

124
Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c nc
bay hi)
A. 3,73 gam.

B. 7,04 gam.

C. 7,46 gam.

D. 3,52 gam.

Cu 16 : Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO32- ; 0,1 mol Na+ ; 0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl- . Cho
270ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k). Tng
khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l :
A. 4,215 gam.

B. 5,296 gam.

C. 6,761 gam.

D. 7,015 gam.

Cu 17 : Cho hn hp X gm 0,05 mol CaCl2; 0,03 mol KHCO3; 0,05 mol NaHCO3; 0,04 mol
Na2O; 0,03 mol Ba(NO3)2 vo 437,85 gam H2O. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c a
gam kt ta v dung dch Y c khi lng l
A. 420 gam.

B. 400 gam.

C. 440gam.

D. 450 gam

Cu 18 : Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS2 v 0,09 mol Cu2FeS2 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3
d thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gam NO v NO2 . Thm BaCl2 d vo dung dch X
thu c m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta nung trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c x gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v x ln lt l :
A. 111,84 v 157,44.

B. 111,84 v 167,44.

C. 112,84 v 157,44.

D. 112,84 v 167,44.

P N
1A

2B

3B

4B

5A

6C

7B

8A

11D

12C

13D

14C

15C

16C

17D

18A

9A

10C

124

125

Phng php 11

Kho st th
Dng 1: Dng CO2 (SO2) tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2:
-Nu hin tng v gii thch khi sc t t kh CO2 vo dung dch c cha a mol Ca(OH)2 cho
n d.
-Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol CO2.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
CO2

Ca(OH)2

CaCO3

CaCO3 +

CO2

H2O

a
+

H2O

Ca(HCO3)2

Hin tng:
Xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
th (Hnh 1):

a
y

n CaCO 3

x1

x2

2a

n CO 2

Nhn xt:
+ Nu n > a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th.
+ Nu n = a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht n CO 2 = a
+ Nu 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x1 v x2.
D thy:
x1 = n v x2 = a + (x2 - a) m x2 - a =a-x1 nn x2 = 2a x1 = 2a - n
V d 1 : Sc t t V lt kh CO2 (ktc) vn 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M thu c 15 gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 3,36 hoc 4,48.

B. 4,48 hoc 5,60.

C. 5,60 hoc 8,96.

D. 3,36 hoc 5,60.

125

126

Gii:
Ta c: a=0,2.1 =0,2 mol, 0< n1 =0,15 mol < 0,2 nn ta c 2 gi tr l:
x1 = 0,15 v x2 = 2.0,2 0,15 = 0,25
nn V1 = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt
v V2 =0,25.22,4 = 5,6 lt

p n D.
V d 2 : Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt CO2 ( ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng b mol/l
thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca b l
A. 0,032.

B. 0,04.

C. 0,048.

D. 0,06.

Gii:
Ta c:

n = 15,76/197 = 0,08 mol

n CO 2 = 2,688/22,4 = 0,12 mol ;

Do n CO2 > n ngha l x1 >

n nn x2 = 2a - n

1
1
a = .(x 2 + n ) = ( 0,12 + 0,08) = 0,1 mol b = 0,1/2,5 = 0,04M
2
2
p n B.
Dng 2: Mui Al3+ tc dng vi dung dch OH+ Nu hin tng v gii thch khi cho t t dung dch OH- vo dung dch c cha a mol AlCl3
cho n d.
+ Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol OHTa c phng trnh phn ng:
Al3+

3OH-

3a

Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3
a mol

OHa

[Al(OH)4]a

Hin tng:
Xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
th (Hnh 2):

126

127

n Al(OH)3
A

H
0

x1

3a x2

4a

n OH -

Nhn xt:
+ n

> a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th.

+ n

= a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht nOH- = 3a.

+ 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x1 v x2

D thy:

x1 n
=
do 2 tam gic OX1B v OHA l ng dng nn x1 =3 n v
3a
a

x2 =3a + (x2 -3a) m x 2 3a =

x 2 = 3a +

1
do X1H = 3X2H nn
3(3a x1 )

1
x
= 4a 1 = 4a n
3(3a x1 )
3

V d 3 : Cho t t dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch c cha 26,7 gam AlCl3 cho n khi thu
c 11,7 gam kt ta th dng li. Th tch dung dch NaOH dng l :
A. 0,45 lt hoc 0,6 lt.

B. 0,6 lt hoc 0,65 lt.

C. 0,65 lt hoc 0,75 lt.

D. 0,45 lt hoc 0,65 lt.

Gii:
Ta c:

n = 11,7 : 78 = 0,15 mol

a = 26,7 : 133,5 = 0,2 mol
nn c 2 gi tr:
x1 = 3 n = 3.0,15 =0,45 mol
x1 = 4.0,2-0,15=0,65 mol

p n D.
V d 4 : Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 l,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M lng kt
ta thu c l 15,6 gam. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 1,8.

B. 2,4.

C. 2.

D.1,2
127

128
Gii:
Ta c:
a= 0,2.15 =0,3 mol; n =15,6 : 78 =0,2 mol
nn c 2 gi tr ca nNaOH v gi tr ln nht l: 4a - n = 4.0,3 0,2 = 1,0 mol.
Do , V = 1,0 : 0,5 = 2 lt

p n C.
V d 5 : X l dung dch AlCl3, Y l dung dch NaOH 2M. Thm 150ml dung dch Y vo cc
cha 100ml dung dch X, khuy u th trong cc to ra 7,8 gam kt ta. Li thm tip vo cc
100ml dung dch Y, khuy u th lng kt ta c trong cc l 10,92 gam. Cc phn ng u
xy ra hon ton. Nng mi ca dung dch X l
A. 1,6 M.

B. 5/3 M.

C. 1 M.

D. 1,4 M.

Gii:

n Al(OH)3
a

A
B

C
H

x1

3a

x2

D
4aC

n OH -

Nhn xt:
+ ln thm th nht: nNaOH = 0,15.2 = 0,3 mol; n Al(OH)3 = 7,8 : 78 = 0,1 mol
V cha t n cc i do c kt ta nh hn ln thm th 2.
+ ln thm th hai: nNaOH = 0,25.2 = 0,5 mol; n Al(OH)3 = 10,92 : 78 = 0,14 mol
Gi s ti gi tr VNaOH ny m vt n cc i th n Al(OH)3 =

n Al(OH)3
3

0,5
mol (khc vi 0,14
3

mol) nn ti v tr th hai vt qua cc i.

Trong tam gic cn AHD ta c: CX2 = X2D
Nn 4a x2 = CX2 = 0,14 4a =0,14 + x2 = 0,14 + 0,5 = 0,64

a = 0,16 mol
Nng AlCl3 l: 0,16 : 0,1 = 1,6 M

p n A.

128

129

Dng 3: Mui AlO2- tc dng vi dung dch axit H+ :

+ Nu hin tng v gii thch khi cho t t dung dch axit H+ vo dung dch c cha a mol
AlO2- cho n d.
+ Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol H+.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
AlO2-

H+

H2O

Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3
a

3H+

3a

Al3+

3H2O

Hin tng: xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.

Nhn xt:
+ n

> a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th.

+ n

= a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht nH+ = a.

+ 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x1 v x2

D thy:

x1 n
=
do 2 tam gic OX1B v OHA l ng dng nn x1 = n v
a
a

x2 =a + (x2 -a) m x 2 a = 3(a x1 ) do X1H =

1
X H nn
3 2

x 2 = a + 3(a x1 ) = 4a x1 = 4a 3n
V d 6 : Cho t t V lt dung dch HCl 0,5M vo 200ml dung ch NaAlO2 1M thu c 11,7
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,3 hoc 0,4.

B. 0,4 hoc 0,7.

C. 0,3 hoc 0,7.

D. 0,7.

Gii:
Ta c:

n = 11,7 : 78 = 0,15 mol; n AlO = 0,2.1 = 0,2 mol

2

Nn theo trn ta c 2 kt qu l:
x1 =

n = 0,15 mol

x2 = 4.0,2 3.0,15 =0,35 mol

Do V c 2 gi tr l: 0,3 v 0,7
129

130

p n C.
V d 7 : Cho 100ml dung dch AlCl3 2M tc dng vi dung dch KOH 1M.
a) Th tch dung dch KOH ti thiu phi dng khng c kt ta l
A. 0,2 lt.

B. 0,6 lt.

C. 0,8 lt.

D. 1,0 lt.

b) Cho dung dch sau phn ng trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl 2M ta thu c 3,9 gam kt ta
keo. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,025 lt.

B. 0,325 lt.

C. 0,1 lt

D. 0,025 lt hoc 0,325 lt.

Gii:
a) Theo hnh 2. khng thu c kt ta th nOH- 4a =4.0,1.2 = 0,8 mol
Vy th tch ti thiu l: 0,8 : 1 = 0,8 lt.

p n C.
b) Ta c n Al(OH)3 = n Al+ = 0,2 mol; n = 3,9 : 78 = 0,05 mol. Nn c 2 gi tr.
Theo hnh 3 ta c:
x1 = n = 0,05 mol.
x2 = 4a - 3 n = 4.0,2 3.0,05 = 0,65 mol
Vy c 2 gi tr: VHCl l 0,025 hoc 0,325.

p n D.
III. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Cho 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH 1M nhn thy khi dng
180ml hay dng 340ml dung dch NaOH u thu c mt lng kt ta bng nhau. Nng
dung dch Al2(SO4)3 trong th nghim trn l
A. 0,125M.

B. 0,25M

C. 0,375M.

D. 0,5M.

Cu 2 : Rt 200ml dung dch NaOH nng a mol/l vo cc ng 200ml dung dch AlCl3 2M.
Kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 5,1 gam cht rn.
Gi tr ca a l:
A. l,5M.

B. 7,5m.

C 1,5M hoc 7,5M.

D. 1,5M hoc 3M.

Cu 3 : Dung dch X gm cc cht NaAlO2 0,16 mol ; Na2SO4 0,56 mol ; NaOH 0,66 mol. Th
tch ca dung dch HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch X c 0,1 mol kt ta l
A. 0,41 lt hoc 0,38 lt.

B. 0,38 lt hoc 0,8 lt.

C. 0 50 lt hoc 0,41 lt.

D. 0,25 lt hoc 0,50 lt

130

131
Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha x mol NaAlO2 tc dng vi dung dch cha y mol HCl. iu kin
thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A.x = y.

B. x = 2y.

C. y > 4x.

D. y < 4x.

Cu 5 : Mt dung dch cha X mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch cha y mol mui Al3+ .
iu kin thu kt ta sau phn ng l
A. x < 4y.

B. x > 4y.

C. x = 2y.

D. 2y < x < 4y.

Cu 6 : Cho dung dch c cha a mol AlCl3 vo dung dch c cha b mol NaOH, iu kin c
kt ta ln nht v b nht ln lt l
A.b = 3a v b = 4a.

B. b = 4a v b = 3a.

C.b = 3a v b > 4

D.b > a v b > 4a

Cu 7 : Cho dung dch c cha x mol Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch cha y mol NaOH, iu kin
thu dc kt ta ln nht v b nht ln lt l
A. y = 3x v y 4x.

B.y = 4x v y 5x.

C y = 6x v y > 7x.

D. Y = 6x v y 8x.

Cu 8 : Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong c cha 0,075 mol
Ca(OH)2 sn phm thu c sau phn ng
A. ch c CaCO3

B. ch c Ca (HCO3)2

C. C CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2

D. khng CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2

Cu 9 : Cho 10 hn hp kh X (ktc) gm N2 v CO2 i chm qua 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2

0,02M thu c 1 gam kt ta. % theo th tch ca CO2 c trong X l
A. 8,96% hoc 2,24%.

B. 15,68% hoc 8,96%

C. 2,24% hoc 15,68%.

D. 8,96%.

Cu 10 : Dn t t 112cm3 kh CO2 (ktc) qua 200ml dung dch nc vi nng a M th thy

khng c kh thot ra v thu c 0,1 gam kt ta trng. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,01.

B. 0,015.

C. 0,02.

D. 0,025.

Cu 11 : Hn hp X gm Al v Al2O3 c t l khi lng tng ng l 0,18: 1,02. Cho X tan va

trong dung dch NaOH c dung dch Y v 0,672 lt kh. Cho Y tc dng vi 200ml dung
dch HCl c kt ta Z. Nung Z n khi lng khng i c 3,57 gam rn. Nng ca
dung dch HCl l
A. 0,35M hoc 0,55 M.

B.0,35M hoc 0,75M.

C. 0,55M hoc 0,75 M.

D.0,3M hoc 0,7M.

131

132
Cu 12 : Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,1 mol H2SO4
n khi phn ng hon ton thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng
kt ta trn l
A. 0,45.

B, 0.35.

C. 0,25.

D. 0,05.

Cu 13 : Thm m gam K vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu c
dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1 M thu c kt ta Y.
thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tri ca m l
A. 1,59.

B. 1,17.

C. 1,71.

D. 1,95.

Cu 14 : 100ml ung dch X cha NaOH 0,1 M v NaAlO2 0,3 M. Thm t t dung dch HCl
0,1M vo dung dch X cho n khi kt ta tan tr li 1 phn. em nung kt ta n khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn nng 1,02 gam. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1 M dng l
A. 0,5 lt.

B. 0,6 lt.

C. 0,7 lt.

D. 0,8 lt.

Cu 15: Ho tan 10,8 gam Al trong mt lng H2SO4 va du c dung dch X. Th tch
dung dch NaOH 0,5M phi thm vo dung dch X c kt ta sau khi nung n khi lng
khng i cho ta mt cht rn c khi lng 10,2 gam l :
A. 1,2 lt hoc 2,8 lt.

B. 1,2 lt.

C. 0,6 lt hoc 1,6 lt.

D. 1,2 lt hoc 1,4 lt.

P N
1B

2C

3B

4D

5A

11A

12A

13C

14C

15A

6C

7D

8C

9C

10B

132

133

Phng php 12

Phng php kho st t l s mol CO2 v H2O

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Cc hp cht hu c khi t chy thng cho sn phm CO2 v H2O. Da vo t l c
bit ca

n CO2
n H 2O

hoc

VCO2
VH2 O

trong cc bi ton t chy xc nh dy ng ng, cng thc

phn t hoc tnh ton lng cht.

1. Vi hydrocacbon
Gi cng thc tng qut ca hidrocacbon l CnH2n+2-2k (k: Tng s lin kt v vng)
CnH2n+2-2k +
Ta c:

n H 2O
n CO2
n H2 O
n CO2

3n + 1 k
O2 nCO2 + (n + 1 k) H2O
2

n +1 k
1 k
= 1+
n
n

> 1 ( n H 2O > n CO2 ) k = 0 hyrocacbon l ankan (paraffin)

Cng thc tng qut l CnH2n+2

n H2 O
n CO2

= 1 ( n H 2O = n CO2 ) k = 1

hyrocacbon l anken (olefin) hoc xicliankan Cng thc tng qut l CnH2n

n H2 O
n CO2

< 1 k < 1 hyrocacbon c tng s lin kt v vng 2

* Mt s ch :
a, Vi ankan (paraffin): n ankan = n H 2O - n CO2
b, Vi ankin hoc ankaien): n ankin = n CO2 - n H 2O
1. Vi cc hp cht c cha nhm chc
a, Ancol, ete
Gi cng thc ca ancol l : CnH2n + 2 2k m(OH)m hay CmH2n + 2 2kOm
CnH2n+2-2kOm +

3n + 1 k m
O2 nCO2 + (n + 1 k) H2O
2
133

134

n H 2O
n CO2

n +1 k
1 k
= 1+
> 1 khi v ch khi k = 0
n
n

Ancol no, mch h, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2Om v n ancol = n H 2O - n CO2
b, Anhit, xeton
Gi cng thc ca anehit l : CnH2n + 2 2k m(CHO)m
Ta c phng trnh t chy

3n + 1 k m
O2 (n + m)CO2 + (n + 1 k)H2O
2

CnH2n + 2 2k m(CHO)m +

n H 2O
n CO2
n H2 O
n CO2

n +1 k n +1
k
=

n+m
n+m n+m

= 1 ( n H 2O = n CO2 ) khi v ch khi k = 0 v m = 1 anehit no, n chc, mch

h, cng thc tng qut l: CnH2n + 1CHO hay CxH2xO (x 1)

Tng t ta c:

n H2 O
n CO2

= 1 ( n H 2O = n CO2 ) xeton no, n chc, mch h

c, Axit, este
Gi cng thc ca axit l: CnH2n + 2 2k m(COOH)m
Ta c phng trnh t chy

3n + 1 k
O2 (n + m)CO2 + (n + 1 k)H2O
2

CnH2n + 2 2k m(COOH)m +

n H 2O
n CO2
n H2 O
n CO2

n +1 k n +1
k
=

n+m
n+m n+m

= 1 ( n H 2O = n CO2 ) khi v ch khi k = 0 v m = 1 axit no, n chc, mch h,

cng thc tng qut l: CnH2n + 1COOH hay CxH2xO2 (x 1)

Nhn thy: Cng thc tng qut ca axit v este trng nhau, nn:

n H2 O
n CO2

=1

( n H 2O = n CO2 ) este no, n chc, mch h, c cng thc tng qut l: CnH2n + 1COOH hay
CxH2xO2 (x 2)

134

135
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho tng loi hirocacbon:
V d 1. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v 0,132 mol H2O. Khi
X tc dng vi kh Clo (theo t l s mol 1 : l) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Tn gi
ca X l
A. 2-metylbutan

B. 2-metylpropan

C. 2,2-imetylpropan

D. etan

Gii:

n H 2O > n CO 2

X l ankan, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2.

nankan = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0,022 mol

S nguyn t cacbon =

0,11
= 5 C5 H12
0,022

Mt khc, do tc dng vi kh Clo (theo t l s mol 1 : 1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy

nht nn cng thc cu to ca X l :

CH3
CH3

CH3

CH3

p n C.
V d 2. t chy hon ton hirocacbon mch h X bng O2 va . Dn ton b sn phm
chy qua bnh ng H2SO4 c d, th th tch sn phm gim i mt na. X thuc dy ng ng
A. anken.

B. ankan.

C. ankin.

D. xicloankan.

Gii:
Sn phm chy l CO2 v H2O, khi i bnh ng H2SO4 c d, th th tch sn phm gim i mt
na,

VCO 2 = VH 2O
X l anken hoc xicloankan.
Do X c mch h

X l anken
p n A
135

136
V d 3: Chia hn hp 2 ankin thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,54 gam H2O.
- Phn 2: Dn qua dung dch Br2 d. Khi lng Br2 phn ng l:
A. 2,8 gam

B. 3,2 gam

C. 6,4 gam

D. 1,4 gam

Gii:

S mol ankin = n CO 2 - n H 2O =1,76 : 44 0,54 : 18 = 0,01 mol.

S mol Br2 phn ng = 2nankin = 0,02 mol.

Khi lng Br2 phn ng = 0,02.160 = 3,2 gam

p n B.
Dng 2: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho hn hp hirocacbon:
V d 4. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X gm: CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 v C4H10
thu c 6,16 gam CO2 v 4,14 gam H2O. S mol C2H4 trong hn hp X l
A. 0,09.

B. 0,01.

C. 0,08.

D. 0,02.

Gii:
Hn hp kh X gm anken (C2H4) v cc ankan, khi t chy ring tng loi hidrocacbon, ta c:
Ankan: n H 2O - n CO 2 = nankan
Anken: n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0

S mol Ankan (X) = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 4,14 : 18 - 6,16 : 44 = 0,09 mol

S mol C2H4 = nX nankan = 2,24 : 22,4 0,09 = 0,01
p n B.
Dng 3: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho tng loi dn xut hirocacbon:
V d 5. t chy hon ton m gam mt ru X thu c 1,344 lt CO2 (ktc) v 1,44 gam H2O.
X tc dng vi Na d cho kh H2 c s mol bng s mol ca X. Cng thc phn t ca X v gi
tr m ln lt l
A. C3H8O2 v 1,52.

B. C4H10O2 v 7,28.

C. C3H8O2 v 7,28.

D. C3H8O3 v 1,52.

Gii:
Ta c: n CO 2 = 1,344 : 22,4 = 0,06 mol; n H 2O = 1,44 : 18 = 0,08 mol.

n CO 2 < n H 2O
136

137

X l ru no, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2Om

nX = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0,02

n CO2

S nguyn t cacbon =

nX

0,06
=3
0,02

V s mol kh H2 thu c bng ca X

X cha 2 nhm -OH

Cng thc phn t: C3H8O2 v m = 0,02. 76 = 1,52 gam

p n A.
V d 6. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c thuc cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca chng ch c mt
loi nhm chc. Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO2 v hi H2O) ln
lt qua bnh (l) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi
lng bnh (l) tng 2,16 gam, bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H2(ktc) thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 2,24 lt.

B. 0,224 lt.

C. 0,56 lt.

D. 1,12 lt

Gii:
V X tc dng vi Na gii phng H2 X l ru hoc axit.

n H 2O = 0,12 > n H 2O = 0,07

X gm 2 ru no. t cng thc tng qut 2 ru l CnH2n+2Om

nX = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0,05 mol
S nguyn t cacbon =

n CO2
nX

0,07
= 1,4
0,05

Ru th nht l: CH3OH
X l 2 ru no n chc
n H2 =

1
n X = 0,025 mol
2

V = 0,56 lt

p n C.
V d 7. t chy hon ton 1,46 gam hn hp 2 anehit mch h ng ng k tip thu c
l,568 lt CO2 (ktc) v 1,26 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca hai anehit ln lt l
A. HCHO v CH3CHO

B. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO

C. C2H5CHO v C3H7CHO

D. C2H4CHO v C3H6CHO

137

138
Gii:
Ta thy:

n CO 2 = 1,568 : 22,4 = 0,07 mol.

n H 2O = 1,26 : 18 = 0,07 mol.
V n CO 2 : n H 2O = 1 : 1 nn 2 andehit l no n chc mch h.
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 andehit l C n H 2 n +1CHO

C n H 2 n +1CHO

3n + 1
O 2 (n + 1)CO 2 + (n + 1)H 2 O
2

(n+1)a

(n+1)a

a(14n + 30) = 1,46

n = 4/3
Do : a(n + 1) = 0,07

p n B.
V d 8. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai cht hu c ng ng lin tip, thu
c

3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2.7 gam H2O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l:

A. 0,04 v 0,06.

B. 0,08 v 0,02.

C. 0,05 v 0,05.

D. 0,045 v 0,055.

Gii:

n H 2O =

2,7
3,36
= n CO2 =
= 0,15 (mol) X l hn hp hai axit no, n chc, mch h, c
18
22,4

cng thc tng qut CnH2nO2

S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh =

n CO2
nX

0,15
= 1,5 hai axit ln lt l HCOOH (a mol)
0,1

v CH3COOH (b mol)

a + b = 0,1

a = b = 0,05mol p n C
a + 2b = 0,15
V d 9. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm cc este no, n chc, mch h. Sn phm
chy c dn vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. S
mol CO2 v H2O sinh ra ln lt l
A. 0,1 v 0,1.

B. 0,01 v 0,1.

C. 0,1 v 0,01.

D. 0,01 v 0,01.
138

139
Gii:
Khi lng bnh ng dung dch nc vi trung tng = m H 2 O + m CO 2
Mt khc X l hn hp este no, n chc, mch h n CO 2 = n H 2O =

x(44+18) = 6,2 x = 0,1 p n A.

Dng 4: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho hn hp dn xut hirocacbon
V d 10. Hn hp X gm cc axit hu c no, n chc, mch h v este no, n chc, mch h.
t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X bng mt lng oxi va . Ton b sn phm chy c
dn chm qua dung dch H2SO4 c d thy khi lng bnh ng axit tng m gam v c 13,44 lt
kh (ktc) thot ra. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,4 gam

B. 7,2 gam.

C. 10.8 gam.

D. 14,4 gam.

Gii:
- Sn phm chy gm CO2 v H2O khi lng bnh ng dung dch H2SO4 c tng chnh l
khi lng ca H2O b gi li
- V X gm cc axit hu c no, n chc, mch h v este no, n chc, mch h.

X c cng thc tng qut chung l CnH2nO2 v n CO 2 = n H 2O = 13,44 : 22,4 = 0,6 mol
m= 0,6. 18 - 10,8 gam p n C.
V d 11: Chia m gam X gm : CH3CHO, CH3COOH v CH3COOCH3 thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- t chy hon ton phn 1 cn ti thiu 5,04 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 5,4 gam H2O.
- Cho phn 2 tc dng ht vi H2 d (Ni, to ) c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, thu
c V lt CO2 (ktc).
Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 22,8 v 1,12.

B. 22,8 v 6,72.

C. 11,4 v 16,8.

D. 11,4 v 6,72.

Gii:
- 3 cht trong X u l no, n chc, mch h, cng thc tng qut : CnH2nOm

Khi t chy: n CO 2 = n H 2O = 5,4 : 18 = 0,3 mol

VCO2 = 0,3 . 22,4 = 6,72 lt
X

+ O2 CO2 + H2O

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:

mX (mt phn) = 0,3(44 + 18) 5,04 : 22,4. 32 = 11,4 gam

mX = 22,8 gam

p n B.

139

140
Dng 5: Kt hp kho st t l v mi lin h gia cc hp cht
V d 12. Cho hn hp X gm hai anehit l ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H2 d (Ni, to) thu
c hn hp hai ancol n chc. t chy hon ton hn hp hai ancol ny thu c 11 gam
CO2 v 6,3 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai anehit l
A. C2H3CHO, C3H5CHO

B. C2H5CHO, C3H7CHO

C. C3H5CHO, C4H7CHO

D. CH3CHO, C2H5CHO

Gii:
Khi t chy ancol cho n CO2 =

6,3
11
= 0,35 > n H 2O =
= 0,25
18
44

2 ru l no, mch h
nX = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 0,1 S nguyn t cacbon =

n CO2
nX

0,25
= 2,5
0,1

hai ru l C2H5OH v C3H7OH hai anehit tng ng l CH3CHO v C2H5CHO p

n D.
V d 13. Hn hp X gm CH3COOH v C3H7OH vi t l mi 1: l. Chia X thnh hai phn:
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
- em este ho hon ton phn 2 thu c este Y (gi s hiu sut phn ng t 100%). t chy
hon ton Y th khi lng nc thu c l
A. 1,8 gam.

B. 2,7 gam.

C. 3,6 gam.

D. 0,9 gam.

Gii:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

- Tng s mol cacbon trong hn hp X bng tng s mol cacbon c trong Y (Xem thm phng
php bo ton nguyn t)
Mt khc Y l este no, n chc, mch h, nn:

khi t chy n H 2O = n CO 2 = 2,24 : 22,4 = 0,1 mol m H 2 O = 1,8 gam

p n A.

140

141
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : t chy hai hirocacbon l ng ng lin tip c nhau ta thu c 7,02 gam H2O v
10,56 gam CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l
A. C2H4 v C3H6

B. CH4 v C2H6.

C. C2H6 v C3H8

D. C2H2 v C3H4

Cu 2 : t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X bng mt lng va oxi. Dn hn hp sn

phm chy qua H2SO4 c th th tch kh gim hn mt na. X thuc dy ng ng
A. ankan.

B. anken.

C. ankin.

D. ankaien.

Cu 3 : t chy hon ton hn hp hai hirocacbon c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28

vC thu c 4,48 l CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon ln
lt l
A. C2H4 v C4H8

B. C2H2 v C4H6

C. C3H4 v C5H8.

D. CH4 v C3H8.

Cu 4 : t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h thu c 16,8 lt kh CO2

(ktc) v 8,1 gam H2O. Hai hirocacbon trong hn hp X thuc dy ng ng no di y ?
A. ankaien.

B. ankin.

C. aren.

D. ankan.

Cu 5 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho sn phm chy

ln lt i qua bnh (l) ng P2O5 d v bnh (2) ng KOH rn, d, sau th nghim thy khi
lng bnh (1) tng 4,14 gam, bnh (2) tng 6,16 gam. S mol ankan c trong hn hp l
A. 0,06 mol.

B. 0,09 mol.

C. 0,03 mol.

D. 0,045 mol.

Cu 6 : Chia hn hp X gm hai ru n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng thnh hai phn bng

nhau:
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc)
- Phn 2 : Thc hin phn ng tch nc hon ton vi H2SO4 c, 180oC thu c hn
hp Y gm hai anken. t chy hon ton hn hp Y ri cho ton b sn phm chy i chm qua
bnh ng dung dch nc vi trng d, kt thc th nghim thy khi lng bnh tng ln m
gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,4.

B. 1,8.

C. 6,2.

D. 10.

Cu 7 : t chy hon ton hn hp hai ru n chc k tip trong dy ng ng thu c

CO2 v hi nc c t l th tch VCO2 : VH 2O = 7 : 10. Cng thc phn t ca hai ru ln rt l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.

B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH

C. C2H5OH v C3H7OH

D. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.

141

142
Cu 8 : Khi thc hin phn ng tnh nc i vi ancol X, ch thu c mt anken duy nht. Oxi
ho hon ton mt lng cht X thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. S cng thc cu
to ph hp vi X l
A. 2.

B. 3.

C. 4.

D. 5.

Cu 9 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng thu
c 70,4 gam CO2 v 39,6 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,32 gam

B. 33,2 gam.

C. 16,6 gam.

D. 24,9 gam.

Cu 10 : t chy hon ton mt ru X thu c CO2 v H2O c t l s mol tng ng l 3 : 4.

Th tch O2 cn dng t chy X bng 1,5 ln th tch kh CO2 thu c ( cng iu kin).
Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8O.

B. C3H8O3

C. C3H4O.

D. C3H8O2

Cu 11 : Hn hp M gm 2 cht hu c X, Y k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng phn t ca

chng ch c mt loi nhm chc. t chy hon ton 1,29 gam hn hp M, cho ton b sn
phm chy (ch c CO2 v H2O) vo bnh nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 4,17 gam
v to ra 6,0 gam cht kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.

B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.

C. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO.

D. C2H4(OH)2 v C3H6(OH)2

Cu 12 : Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol thu c c hn hp Y gm cc

olefin. Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO2. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng
khi lng nc v CO2 sinh ra l
A. 1,76 gam.

B. 2,76 gam.

C. 2,48 gam.

D. 2,94 gam.

Cu 13 : t chy hon ton hn hp M gm hai ru (ancol) X v Y l ng ng k tip ca

nhau, thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,425 mol H2O. Mt khc, cho 0,25 mol hn hp M tc dng vi
Na (d) thu c cha n 0,15 mol H2. Cng thc phn t ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C3H6O, C4H8O

B. C2H6O, C3H8O

C. C2H6O2, C3H8O2

D. C2H6O, CH4O

Cu 14 : Khi t chy hon ton anehit no, n chc, mch h bng oxi th t l sn phm chy
thu c l
A.

n H 2O
n CO 2

=1

B.

n H 2O
n CO 2

C.

n H 2O
n CO 2

>1

D.

n H 2O
n CO2

1
2

Cu 15 : t chy hn hp X gm cc ng ng ca anehit, thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol

H2O. X l dy ng ng ca
A. anehit no, n chc, mch h.
B. anehit no, n chc, mch vng.
142

143
C. anehit hai chc no, mch h.
D. anehit cha no (c mt lin kt i), n chc.
Cu 16 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h thu c
0,4 mol CO2. Mt khc hiro ho hon ton m gam X cn va 0,2 mol H2 (Ni, to), sau phn
ng thu c hn hp hai ancol. t chy hon ton hn hn hai ancol ny th s mol H2O thu
c l bao nhiu
A. 0,3 mol

B. 0,4 mol

C. 0,6 mol

D. 0,8 mol

Cu 17 : t chy hon ton 0,44 gam mt axit hu c, sn phm chy c hp thu hon ton
vo bnh 1 ng P2O5 v bnh 2 ng dung dch KOH. Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh 1
tng 0,36 gam v bnh 2 tng 0,88 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit.
A. C2H4O2

B. C3H6O2

C. C5H10O2

D. C4H8O2

Cu 18 : t chy hon ton hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam
H2O. Hai axit trn thuc loi no trong nhng loi sau ?
A. No, n chc, mch h

B. Khng no, n chc

C. No, a chc

D. Thm, n chc.

Cu 19 : t chy hon ton 1,76 gam mt axit hu c X mch thng c 1,792 lt kh CO2
(ktc) v 1,44 gam H2O. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH3CH2CH2COOH.

B. C2H5COOH.

C. CH3CH=CHCOOH.

D. HOOCCH2COOH.

Cu 20 : t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp 2 este, cho sn phm phn ng nhy qua bnh
ng P2O5 d, khi lng bnh tng thm 6,21 gam, sau cho qua tip dung dch Ca(OH)2 d,
thu c 34,5 gam kt ta. Cc este trn thuc loi g ? (n chc hay a chc, no hay khng no).
A. Este thuc loi no
B. Este thuc loi no, n chc, mch h
C. Este thuc loi khng no
D. Este thuc loi khng no a chc
Cu 21 : Khi t chy hon ton mt este X cho n CO 2 = n H 2O . Thu phn hon ton 6,0 gam este
X cn va dung dch cha 0,1 mol NaOH. Cng thc phn t ca este l
A. C2H4O2

B. C3H6O2

C. C4H8O2

D. C5H8O4

Cu 22 : t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X cn dng va 3,92 lt O2 (ktc), thu c
CO2 v H2O c l s mol l 1: 1. X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. S ng phn cu
to ca X tho mn iu kin trn l
A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3 .

D. 4.

143

144
Cu 23 : t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai este no, n chc mch h. Sn phm chy c
dn vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 12,4 gam v to ra c m
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 12,4.

B. 10.

C. 20.

D. 28,18.

Cu 24 : Khi t chy 4,4 gam hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy ch gm 4,48 lt CO2
(ktc) v 3,6 gam H2O. Nu cho 4,4 gam X tc dng vi NaOH va c 4,8 gam mui ca
axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l
A. etyl axetat.

B. etyl propionat.

C. isopropyl axetat.

D. metyl propionat.

Cu 25 : X phng ho hon ton 1,48 gam hn hp hai este A, B l ng phn ca nhau cn

dng ht 20ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc khi t chy hon ton hn hp hai este th thu
c kh CO2 v H2O vi th tch bng nhau ( cng iu kin). Cng thc cu to hai este l
A. CH3COOCH3 v HCOOC2H5
B. CH3COOC2H5 v C2H5COOCH3
C. HCOOCH2H2CH3 v HCOOCH(CH3)2
D. CH3COOCH=CH2 v CH2=CHCOOCH3
Cu 26 : t chy hn hp hai este no, n chc ta thu c 1,8 gam H2O. Thu phn hon ton
hn hp 2 este trn ta thu c hn hp X gm ru v axit. Nu t chy hon ton mt na
hn hp X th th tch CO2 thu c l bao nhiu ?
A. 1,12 lt

B. 2,24 lt

C. 3.36 lt

D. 4,48 lt

Cu 27 : C cc loi hp cht sau: anken; xicloankan; anehit no, n chc, mch h; este no,
n chc mch h; ru no, n chc, mch h; axit no, hai chc, mch h. C bao nhiu loi
hp cht trn khi t chy hon ton cho s mol H2O bng mol CO2.
A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

P N
1B

2A

3D

4B

5B

6C

7C

8C

9B

10A

11A

12C

13B

14A

15A

16C

17D

18A

19A

20B

21A

22B

23C

24D

25A

26A

27C

144

145

Phng php 13

Phng php chia hn hp thnh hai phn khng u nhau

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Cch nhn dng bi ton
- S liu cho cc phn theo cc n v khc nhau (thng l s gam v s mol).
- Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn nhng khng cho bit t l.
- Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn theo khi lng c th, v c t nht mt phn khng bit
khi lng c th (cho dng khi qut).
2. Phng php gii thng thng
V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp l khng i. Nu coi phn ny c khi lng
gp k ln phn kia th s mol cc cht tng ng cng gp k ln, t tm mi lin h gia cc
phn gii hoc t thm n s ph l k, sau thit lp h phng trnh v gii.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
V d 1 : X l hn hp 2 anehit n chc mch h. 0,04 mol X c khi lng 1,98 gam tham
gia phn ng ht vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 10,8 gam Ag. m gam X kt hp va
vi 0,35 gam H2. Gi tr ca m l .
A. 4,95 gam

B. 5,94 gam

C. 6,93 gam.

D. 9,9 gam

Gii:
V nAg = 10,8 : 108 = 0,1 mol > 2nX =0,08 mol C 1 anehit l HCHO
Gi anehit cn li l RCHO
HCHO

4Ag

a
RCHO

4a (mol)

2Ag
2b (mol)

a + b = 0,04
a = 0,01, b = 0,03

4a + 2b = 0,1

30a + (R + 29)b = 1,98 R = 27

Vy anehit cn li l: CH2=CH-CHO v n CHCHO : n C 2 H 3CHO = 0,01 : 0,03 = 1 : 3

V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp X l khoogn i trong m gam X, nu nCHCHO = x

n C2H3CHO = 3x
145

146
o

HCHO +
x

Ni, t

H2

CH3CHO

x (mol)
o

Ni, t
CH3-CH2-CHO
CH2=CH-CHO + 2H2

3x

7x =

6x (mol)

0,35
x = 0,025
2

S mol HCHO trong m gam X gp 0,025 : 0,01 = 2,5 ln khi lng ban u (1,98 gam)
m = 2,5. 1,98 = 4,95 gam
p n A.
V d 2 : Hn hp X c C2H5OH, C2H5COOH, CH3CHO trong C2H5OH chim 50% theo s
mol. t chy m gam hn hp X thu c 3,06 gam H2O v 3,136 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc 13,2
gam hn hp X thc hin phn ng trng bc thy c p gam Ag kt ta. Gi tr ca p l
A. 6,48 gam.

B. 8,64 gam.

C. 9,72 gam.

D. 10,8 gam.

Gii:
Nhn thy: C2H5CHOOH v CH3CHO (axit v anehit no n chc, mch h) khi t chy cho
s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O.

n C2H5OH = n H 2O - n CO 2 = 3,06 : 18 3,136 : 22,4 = 0,03 (mol)

C2H5OH

0,03

2CO2 + 3H2O
0,06

C2H5COOH 3CO2 + 3H2O

x

3x

CH3CHO 2CO2 + 2H2O

y

2y

3x + 2y + 0,06 = 0,14 x = 0,02

x + y = 0,03
y = 0,01
m = 74. 0,02 + 44. 0,01 +46. 0,03 = 3,3 gam
Trong 13,2 gam X, s mol CH3CHO bng 13,2: 3,3. 0,01 = 0,04 (mol)
nAg = 2 n CH3CHO = 0,08 mol m Ag = 8,64 gam
p n B.

146

147
V d 3 : C mt hn hp X gm C2H2, C2H6 v C3H6. t chy hon ton 24,8 gam hn hp
trn thu c 1,6 mol nc. Mt khc 0,5 mol X tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,625 mol
Br2. Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 50%, 20%, 30%.

B. 50%, 25%, 25%.

C. 60%, 20%, 20%.

D. 80%, 10%, 10%.

Gii:
Gi s mol cc kh trong 24,8 gam hn hp X ln lt l x, y, z v s mol cc kh trong 0,5 mol
hn hp X ln lt l kx, ky, kz
O2

C2H2 +

H2O

C2H2 + 2Br2

kx

O2
C2H6 +

3H2O

C3H6

3y

C2H2Br4

2kx
+ Br2

kz

C3H6Br2

kz

O2
C3H6 +

3H2O

3z

26x + 30y + 42z = 24,8

k = 1,6
x + 3y + 3z = 1,6
%VC2H 2 = 50%

x = 0,4 mol

kx + ky + kz = 0,5
y = z = 0,2 mol %VC2H 6 = %VC3H6 = 25%

2kx + kz = 0,625
p n B.
V d 4 : Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm m gam X gm bt Al v st oxit FexOy trong iu kin
khng c khng kh, c hn hp Y. Nghin nh, trn u hn hp B ri chia thnh 2 phn :
- Phn 1 c khi lng 14,49 gam c ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 un nng thu c
danh dch C v 0,165 mol NO (sn phm kh duy nht)
- Phn 2 tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH un nng thy gii phng 0,015 mol kh H2 v
cn li 2,52 gam cht rn. Cng thc ca oxit v gi tr ca m ln lt l:
A. FeO v 19,32 gam.

B. Fe2O3 v 28,98 gam.

C. Fe3O4 v 19,32 gam.

D. Fe3O4 v 28,98 gam.

Gii:
2yAl

+ 3FexOy yAl2O3 + 3xFe

(1)

Y gm: Fe, Al2O3 v Al d (do Y + dung dch NaOH H2)

Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra 2 phn l:
- Phn 2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d:
147

148

Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 +

3
H2
2

Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O

n Fe =

2,52
2
= 0,045(mol) v n Al = = 0,01 (mol)
56
3

t s mol Al2O3 trong phn 2 l a v phn 1 c khi lng gp k ln phn 2.

Trong phn 1: Fe : 0,045k (mol); Al2O3 : ka (mol); Al : 0,01k (mol)

- Khi cho phn 1 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 un nng:
Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
Al + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,01k

0,01k

Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

0,045k

0,045k

0,01k + 0,045k = 0,165 k = 3

56. 0,045k + 102. ka + 27. 0,01k = 14,49 a = 0,02
n Al2O3 =

Theo (1)
T s:

2
n H = 0,01 (mol)
3 2

n Fe
3x 0,045
x 3
=
=
=
n Al2O3
y
0,02
y 4

Oxit cho l Fe3O4

Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c: mX = mY = 14,49 : 3 + 14,49 =19,32 gam.

p n C.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Cho 100ml dung dch amino axit X 0,2M tc dng va vi 80ml dung dch NaOH 0,25M.
Sau phn ng c 2,5 gam mui khan. Mt khc ly 100 gam dung dch amino axit ni trn c nng
20,6% phn ng va vi 400ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. H2NC3H6COOH

B. (H2N)2C2H2COOH

C. H2NCH(CH3)COOH

D. H2N[CH2]2COOH

Cu 2: t chy hon ton 11 gam hn hp X cha axetilen, propilen v metan thu c 12,6 gam
nc. Mt khc, 5,6 lt hn hp trn phn ng va vi dung dch cha 50 gam brom. Bit cc th
tch kh c o ktc. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 50%, 20%, 30%

B. 50%, 25%, 25%

C. 60%, 20%, 20%

D. 80%, 10%, 10%

148

149
Cu 3: Ha tan hon ton 20 gam mt hn hp X gm MgO, CuO v Fe2O3 phi dng va ht
350ml dung dch HCl 2M. Mt khc nu ly 0,4 mol hn hp X t nng trong ng s (khng
c khng kh) ri thi mt lung H2 d i qua phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c m gam
cht rn v 7,2 gam nc. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam

B. 32 gam

C. 24,8 gam

D. 28,4 gam

Cu 4: Hp cht X to bi kim loi M c ha tr khng i v phi kim X (nm chu k 3, nhm

VIA). Ly 13 gam X chia lm hai phn:
-

Phn 1: tc dng vi oxi to ra kh Y.

Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d to ra kh Z.

Trn Y v Z thu c 7,68 gam kt ta vng v cn li mt cht kh m khi gp nc clo to

dung dch T. Cho dung dch T tc dng vi AgNO3 c 22,96 gam kt ta. Cng thc phn t
ca X l:
A. FeS

B. Fe2S3

C. Al2S3

D. ZnS

Cu 5: Hn hp X khi lng 14,46 gam gm Al v Fe2O3. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm
hon ton thu c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn:
-

Phn 1: Ha tan trong dung dch NaOH d thu c 0,672 lt kh H2

Phn 2: Ha tan trong dung dch axit H2SO4 long d thu c 3,136 lt kh H2.

Khi lng ca Al trong X l:

A. 2,97 gam

B. 7,02 gam

C. 5,94 gam

D. 3,51 gam

Cu 6: Nung nng m gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe2O3 ti phn ng hon ton, thu c cht rn

Y. Chia Y lm 2 phn:
-

Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH n d thu c 0,672 lt H2(ktc) v cht rn
Z. Ha

tan cht rn Z trong dung dch HCl d thu c 2,688 lt kh H2(ktc)

-

Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 10,08 lt kh H2(ktc). Gi tr ca m l

A. 29,04 gam

B. 43,56 gam

C. 53,52 gam

D. 13,38 gam

Cu 7: Cho 8 gam CaC2 ln 20% tp cht tr tc dng vi nc thu c mt lng C2H2. Chia
lng C2H2 ny thnh 2 phn:
-

Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 9,6 gam kt ta.

149

150
-

Phn 2: Trn vi 0,24 gam H2 c hn hp X. Nung nng hn hp X vi bt Ni thu

c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
+ Phn (1): Cho qua bnh ng Br2 d cn li 748ml kh thot ra ktc.
+ Phn (2): Cho qua AgNO3/NH3 d thu c m gam kt ta, bit % s mol C2H2

chuyn ha thnh C2H6 bng 1,5 ln C2H2 thnh C2H4.

Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,2 gam

B. 2,4 gam

C. 3,6 gam

D. 4,8 gam

Cu 8: Hn hp X gm Al, Fe v Mg. Cho 15,5 gam hn hp X vo 1 lt dung dch HNO3 2M.

Sau phn ng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt NO duy nht (ktc). Mt khc cho 0,05 mol X vo
500ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5M thu c dung dch Z. Cho dung dch Z tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d ri ly ton b kt ta thu c em nung nng trong khng kh n khi lng khng
i thu c 2 gam cht rn. Thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi trong X ln lt l:
A. 36,13%; 11,61% v 52,26%

B. 17,42%; 46,45% v 36,13%

C. 52,26%; 36,13% v 11,61%

D. 17,42%; 36,13% v 46,45%

P N
1A

2B

3A

4C

5B

6C

7A

8D

Phng php 14

Phng php mi quan h gia cc i lng

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
lm c cc bi tp v mi lin quan gia cc i lng dng khi qut i hi cc em
hc sinh phi nm chc cc kin thc c bn theo c hai chiu t c th ti tng qut v ngc li
t tng qut ti c th. Cc vn v kin thc phc v phng php ny cn phi hiu k bn
cht mt cch y .
Ch : Phng php ny bao hm kin thc rt rng c ba khi (lp 10, 11 v 12) nn cn
phi nm chc y kin thc c bn mi c th t duy v vn dng tt c.

150

151
I. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
V d 1 : Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO2 v b
mol H2O Kt lun no sau y l ng ?
A. a = b.

B. a = b 0,02.

C. a = b 0,05.

D. a = b 0,07.

Gii:
Khi t chy cc ankan ta c:
S mol cc ankan = S mol H2O S mol CO2
0,05 = b a a = b 0,05

p n C
V d 2: T l th tch CO2 v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton cc
ankin ?
A. 1 < T 2.

B. 1 T < 1,5.

C. 0,5 < T 1.

D. 1< T < 1,5.

Gii:
CnH2n-2

nCO2 + (n - 1)H2O

iu kin: n 2 v n N

T=
1< T =

n CO2
n H 2O

n
n 1

n
1
= 1+
2 v n 2
n 1
n 1

Vy 1 < T 2.

p n A.
V d 3: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol X l CnHmOx. cho X l ancol no, mch h th m
phi c gi tr l:
A. m = 2n.

B. m = 2n + 2.

C. m = 2n - 1.

D. m = 2n + 1.

Gii:
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l CnH2n+2x(OH)x hay
CnH2n+2Ox . Vy m = 2n+2.

p n B.
V d 4: Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta
th cn c t l:
A. a: b = 1: 4.

B. a: b < 1: 4

C. a: b = 1: 5.

D. a: b > 1: 4.

151

152
Gii:
Trn a mol AlCl3 vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th:

Al3+
+ 3OH Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3 + OH Al(OH)4
Al3+
+ 4OH Al(OH)4
a

4a mol

kt ta tan hon ton th

Vy c kt ta th

n OH
n Al3+

b
4.
a

b
< 4 a: b > 1: 4 p n D.
a

V d 5: t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2. Mt khc, trung ha a mol
Y cn va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l:
A. HCOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH.

B. C2H5-COOH.

C. CH3-COOH.

D. HOOC-COOH.

Gii:
t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y c 2 nguyn t C trong phn t.
Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc
cacboxyl (COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gi ca Y l HOOC-COOH p n D.
V d 6: Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l. Gi tr pH ca hai dung
dch tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH3COOH th c 1
phn t in li)
A. y = 100x.

B. y = 2x.

C. y = x 2.

D. y = x + 2.

Gii:
pHHCl = x [H+]HCl = 10-x

pH CH3COOH = y [H + ]CH3COOH = 10 y
Ta c:

HCl

H+ + Cl-

10-x

10-x M
H+ + CH3COO-

CH3COOH
100.10-y

10-y M

Mt khc: [HCl] = [CH3COOH]

10-x = 100.10-y y = x + 2

p n D.
152

153
V d 7: thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al2O3, b mol CuO, c mol Ag2O),
ngi ta ha tan X bi dung dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO3 c dung dch Y, sau cn
thm (gi thit hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y.

B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.

C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y.

D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.

Gii:
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3
Al2O3

6HNO3

2Al(NO3)3

6a

2a mol

2HNO3

Cu(NO3)2

2b

b mol

Ag2O

2HNO3

2AgNO3

2c

CuO

3H2O

H2O

H2O

2c mol

Dung dch HNO3 va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO3)3, b mol Cu(NO3)2, 2c mol AgNO3.
thu Ag tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu

2AgNO3

Cu(NO3)2

+ 2Ag

c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y p n B.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO2 v c mol H2O
(bit b = a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy
ng ng anehit
A. no, n chc.

B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.

C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc.

D. no, hai chc.

Gii:
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi v:
+1

+3

RCHO RCOOHNH4
trong : C+1 C+3 + 2e.
Mt cht hu c khi chy cho: nX = n CO2 n H 2O

Cht c 2 lin kt : 1 nhm chc CHO v 1 lin kt mch C.

p n C.

153

154
V d 9: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi 1 dung dch
cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l:
A. a = b.

B. a = 2b.

C. b = 5a.

D. a < b < 5a.

Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH

+ HCl

a mol

a mol

NaAlO2

NaCl + H2O

(1)

+ HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl

(2)

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O

NaAlO2

(3)

+ 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O

a mol

(4)

4a mol

iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl 4 n NaAlO2 + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < 4 n NaAlO2 + nNaOH

a < b < 5a
p n D.
V d 10: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H3PO4 sinh ra hn
hp Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4. T s
A. 1 <

a
l:
b

a
<2
b

B.

a
3
b

C. 2 <

a
<3
b

D.

a
1
b

Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4

H2O

(1)

2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4

2H2O

(2)

3H2O

(3)

3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4

Ta c: nNaOH = a mol,

n H3PO 4 = b mol

thu c hn hp mui Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4 th phn ng xy ra c 2 phng trnh (2) v

(3), do :

2<

n NaOH
<3
n H3PO 4

Tc l:

2<

a
<3
b

p n C.

154

155
V d 11: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H2O d th thu c V1 lt H2 .
- Th nghim 2: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V2 lt H2.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l:
A. V1 = V2.

B. V1 > V2.

C. V1 < V2.

D. V1 V2.

Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H2O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
Na

2Al

H2O

NaOH +

1
H2
2

(1)

+ 6H2O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 (2)

t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y mol.

Th nghim 1: x y nNaOH va hoc d khi ha tan Al c 2 th nghim cng to thnh

x 3x
( + ) mol H 2 V1 = V2
2 2
Th nghim 2: x < y Trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht n H 2 (TN2) > n H 2 (TN1)

V2 > V1
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V1 V2

p n D.
V d 12: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH3 v V lt O2 cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc
NH3 chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO2. NO2 v lng O2 cn li trong bnh
hp th va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO3. T s V:V l:
A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
o

xt, t
4NH3 + 5O2
4NO + 6H2O

5V/4

2NO + O2
V

V/2

4NO2

V = 4 (V

2NO2
V
O2

(V

2H2O

4HNO3

5V V
)
4
2

5V V
V'
)
= 2 p n B.
4
2
V
155

156
V d 13: Cht X c phn t khi l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng
ring D g/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l:
A.

a.M
10D

B.

D.M
10a

C.

10a
M.D

D.

a.M
1000D

Gii:
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:

nX = a mol mX = a.M mdd X =

a.M.100
= 1000D
C%

p n A.
V d 14: Thc hin 2 th nghim:
1. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M thot ra
V2 lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l:
A. V1 = V2

B. V2 = 2V1

C. V2 = 2,5V1

D. V2 = 1,5V1

Gii:

3,84

= 0,06 mol n H + = 0,08 mol

n Cu =
64
TN1:

n NO3 = 0,08 mol

n HNO = 0,08 mol
3

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO

u bi:

0,06

0,08

Phn ng:

0,03 0,08 0,02

+ 4H2O

0,08

0,02 mol

V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.

TN2: nCu = 0,06 mol; n HNO3 = 0,08 mol; n H 2SO 4 = 0,04 mol.

Tng nH+ = 0,16 mol; n NO = 0,08 mol

3

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO

u bi:

0,06

0,16

Phn ng:

0,06 0,16 0,04

+ 4H2O

0,08

0,04 mol

V2 tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO Nh vy V2 = 2V1 p n B.

Nhm nhanh: Lng Cu khng i, lng NO3- khng i m lng H+ tng gp i v va

V2 = 2V1 p n B.

156

157
V d 15: Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi
khuy u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch
X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a,b l:
A. V = 22,4(a b)

B. V = 11,2(a b)

C. V = 11,2(a + b)

D. V = 22,4(a + b)

Gii:
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3, ta c phng trnh:
HCl

Na2CO3

NaHCO3

b mol

HCl

NaHCO3

NaCl

(a b)

NaCl

+ CO2

(1)

+ H2O (2)

(a b) mol

Dung dch X cha NaHCO3 d, do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,

NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d CaCO3

NaOH + H2O

Vy: V = 22,4(a b) p n A.
V d 16 : Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn
t clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3.

B. 6.

C. 4.

D. 5.

Gii:
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH2

kCl2

xt,t0

Cl

CHCH

CH CH2
Cl

n-k

Cl

Cl

Do % mCl = 63,96%

% mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
Vy

35,5. (n - k) + 35,5. 2. k 63,96

n
=
=3
27. (n k) + 26. k
36,04
k

p n A.
V d 17: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi n cc 1 tr c mng
ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin
ca a v b l ( bit ion SO42- khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b >2a.

B. b = 2a.

C. b < 2a.

D. 2b - a.

Gii:
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
157

158
pdd

CuSO4 + 2NaCl

c mng ngn

Cu

+ Cl2 + Na2SO4

(1)

Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th
dung dch NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl

pdd

+ 2H2O

2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

(2)

Vy: b > 2a p n A.

III. BI TP T LUYN
+

Cu 1 : Dung dch X c a mol NH4 , b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42- V b mol HCO3. Biu thc no
hiu th s lin quan gia a. b, c, d sau y l ng ?
A. a + 2b = c + d.

B. A + 2b = 2c + d.

C. a + b = 2c + d.

D. a + b = c + d.

Cu 2 : Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO3. a v b c quan h nh th
no thu c dung dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng ?
A.b = 2a.

B. b a.

C. b = 3a.

D. b a.

Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3: b mol; CO32 : c mol; SO 24 : d mol.
to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/l. Biu thc xc
nh x theo a v b l
A. x = a + b.

C. x =

B. x = a b.

a+b
0,2

D. x =

a+b
0,1

Cu 4 : Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2 Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung
dch HCl th lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
A. 1.

B. 1,25.

a
c gi tr bng:
b
C. 1,5.

D. 1,75.

Cu 5 : Oxi ho mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon

ton hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s
A. 0,75.

B. 1.

a
c gi tr bng
b
C. 1,25.

D. 1,5.

Cu 6 : C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau mi phn cha a mol
HCHO.
-

Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag.

158

159
- Phn 2: Oxi ho bng oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch X. Cho X
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s
A. 0,2.

B. 0,4.

m'
c gi tr bng
m

C. 0,6.

D. 0,8.

Cu 7 : X l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol X tc dng vi dung
dch cha a mol Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch Y. Ngi ta nhn thy :
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch Y lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch Y lm xanh qu tm. Cng thc cu to ca Y l
A. CH3CH2COOH.

B. CH2=CHCOOH.

C. CHCCOOH.

D. HOOCCH2COOH.

Cu 8 : C 2 axit hu c no : (Y) l axit n chc v (Z) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x

mol (Y) v y mol (Z). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3
v MY < MZ. Vy cng thc cu to ca (Y) l
A. CH3COOH.

B. C2H5COOH.

C. HCOOH.

D. C3H7COOH.

Cu 9 : Hn hp X gm Al v Fe2O3 c khi lng trung bnh l M X . Tin thnh phn ng

nhit nhm, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y c phn t khi trung bnh l M Y . Quan h
gia M X v M Y l
A. M X = M Y

B. M X > M Y

C. M X < M Y

D. M X M Y

Cu 10 : Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H2. Ho tan hon ton lng st sinh ra
trn trong dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H2. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng
thc oxit st l
A. Fe2O3

B. FeO.

C. Fe3O4.

D. Fe2O3 hoc Fe3O4

P N
1B

2C

3C

4B

5A

6D

7D

8C

9A

10D

159

160

Phng php 15

Phng php chn i lng thch hp

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
- C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
- C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt. N mol hoc
cho t l th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht..
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt
nht ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t hoc phn t cht tham gia phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn mt mol hn hp cc cht tham gia phn ng.
Cch 3: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thong s mt gi tr ph hp n gin php tnh.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t hoc phn t cht tham gia phn ng
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ho tr n bng mt lng va dung dch
H2SO4 9,8%, thu c dung dch mui sunfat c nng l 14,18%. Kim loi M l:
A. Cu.

B. Fe.

C. Al.

D. Zn.

Gii:
Chn 1 mol mui M2(CO3)n
M2(CO3)n

nH2SO4

M2(SO4)n + nCO2 + nH2O

C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M+96n) gam

m dd H 2SO4 =

98n.100
=1000n gam
9,8

mdd mui = m M 2 (CO3 )n + m dd H 2SO4 m CO2

= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M+1016.n) gam.
C%dd

mui =

(2M + 96n)
100% =14,18%
2M + 1016n

M = 28.n n = 2; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe p n B

160

161
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th
thu c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 20

B. 16

C. 15

D. 13

Gii:
Xt 1 mol CH3COOH:
CH3COOH + NaOH

CH3COONa + H2O

60 gam 40 gam

m dd CH3COOH =

82 gam

60.100
gam
x

mdd NaOH =

40.100
= 400 gam
10

mdd mui =

60.100
82.100
+ 400 =
gam.
x
10,25

x = 15% p n C.
Cu 3: Khi ho tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)2 bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 20% thu
c dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l:
A. Cu.

B. Zn.

C. Fe.

D. Mg.

Gii:
Xt 1 mol (OH)2 tham gia phn ng
M(OH)2

H2SO4

MSO4

2H2O

C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M + 96) gam

m dd H 2SO 4 =

98.100
= 490 gam
20

m dd MSO 4 = (M + 34 + 490) =

(M + 96 100)
27,21

M= 64 M l Cu p n A.
Cu 4: Oxi ho C2H5OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH3CHO,
C2H5OH d v H2O c M = 40 gam. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ho l:
A. 25%.

B. 35% .

C. 45%.

D. 55%.

Gii:
Xt 1 mol C2H5OH. t a mol C2H5OH b oxi ho. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ho
ancol.

161

162

C2H5OH +
Ban u:

1 mol

Oxi ho:

a mol

CuO

CH3CHO + H2O + Cu

Sau phn ng: (1 a )mol C2H5OH d

M=

a mol

a mol

a mol

a mol

46(1 a) + 44a + 18a

= 40 gam
1+ a

a = 0,25 hay hiu sut l 25% p n A

Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ho tr n bng dung dch H2SO4 long ri c cn
dung dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng gp 5 ln khi lng kim
loi R ban u em ho tan. Kim loi R l:
A. Al.

B. Ba.

C. Zn.

D. Mg

Gii:
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R gam tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH2SO4 R2(SO4)n + nH2

C R gam

(2R + 96) = 5R

2R + 96n

gam mui
2

R = 12n tha mn vi n = 2

Vy R = 24 (Mg) p n D
Dng 2: Chn mt mol hn hp cc cht tham gia phn ng
Cu 6: Hn hp X gm N2 v c H2 c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn
ng tng hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 4. Hin sut phn tng hp l:
A. 10%.

B. 18,75%.

C. 20%.

D. 25%.

Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c: mX = M X = 7,2 gam.
t n N 2 = a mol, ta c: 28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2.

a = 0,2 n N 2 = 0,2 mol v n H 2 = 0,8 mol H2 d.

N2
Ban u:
Phn ng:

xt, t
3H2
2NH3

0,2

0,8

3x

Sau phn ng: (0,2-x)

(0,8-3x)

2x
2x

162

163
nY = (1 2x) mol
p dng LBTKL, ta c mX = mY

7, 2
mY
(1 2x) =
x = 0,05.
MY
8

nY =

Hiu sut phn ng xc nh theo N2 l

0,05
100% = 25% p n D.
0,2

Cu 7: Hn hp A gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi H2 bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken nung

nng c hn hp B c t khi so vi H2 bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l 100%).
Cng thc phn t ca anken l:
A. C2H4

B. C3H6.

C. C4H8

D. C5H10

Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol CnH2n v (1 a) mol H2 )
Ta c 14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8 (*)
Hn hp B c M =16 < 14n (vi n 2) trong hn hp B c H2 d
o

Ni, t
CnH2n + H2
CnH2n+2

Ban u:

a mol

Phn ng

(1-a) mol

a mol

Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1-2a) mol H2 (d) v a mol CnH2n+2

tng nB = 1 a
p dng LBTKL, ta c mA = mB

nB =

mB
12,8
(1 a) =
a = 0,2 mol
MB
16

Thay a = 0,2 vo (*) ta c: 14.0,2.n + 2.(1 0,2) = 12,8

n = 4 anken l C4H8 p n C.
Cu 8: Hn hp X gm N2 v H2 c M X = 12,4. Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri nung nng
bit rng hiu sut tng hp NH3 t 40% th thu c hn hp Y. M Y c tr s l:
A. 15,12.

B. 18,23.

C. 14,76.

D. 13,48.

Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp X mX = 12,4 gam gm a mol N2 v (1 a) mol H2.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol H2= 0,6 mol

163

164
o

N2 +

xt, t
3H2

Ban u:

0,4

0,6

Phn ng:

0,08 0,6.0,4 0,16 mol

Sau phn ng:

0,32

Tng:

nY = 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;

0,36

2NH3 (vi hiu sut 40%)

0,16 mol

Theo LBTKL, ta c: mX = mY

MY =

12,4
= 14,76 gam p n C.
0,84

Cu 9: Phng in qua O2 c hn hp kh O2, O3 c M =33 gam. Hiu sut phn ng l:

A. 7,09%.

B. 9,09%.

C. 11,09%.

D.13,09%.

Gii:

3O2 TL

2O3

Chn 1 mol hn hp O2, O3, ta c:

n O2 = a mol n O 2 = (1 a) mol.
32.a+48.(1 a) = 33 a =

n O3 = 1 -

15
mol O2
16

1 3 3
15 1
=
n O 2 b oxi ho = . = mol
16 16
16 2 32

Hiu sut phn ng l :

3
32

3 15
+
32 16

x 100% = 9,09% p n B

Cu 10: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe3C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm

lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe3C l a%. Gi tr a l:
A. 10,5.

B. 13,5

C. 14,5

D. 16.

Gii:
Xt 100 gam hn hp X, ta c mC = 3,1 gam , m Fe3C = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam

m C (trong Fe3C) = 100 96 3,1 =

12a
a = 13,5 p n B.
180

Cu11: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO3 (phn cn li l tp ho cht tr)
mt thi gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65% CaO. Hiu sut phn hu CaCO3 l:
A. 50%.

B. 75%.

C. 80%.

D. 70%.

164

165
Gii:
Chn mX = 100gam m CaCO3 = 80 gam v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
o

t
CaCO3

Phng trnh:

100 gam

Phn ng:

80.h gam

CaO

CO2

(hiu sut = h)

56 gam 44gam

50.80
44.80
.h
.h
100
100

Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l:

mX m CO 2 = 100

44.80.h
100

56.80
45,65
44 80 h
h=
100

100
100
100

h = 0,75 Hiu sut phn ng bng 75% p n B.

Dng 3: Chn ng t l lng cht theo u bi
Cu 12: Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon
ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H2SO4 c, thu c hn hp
kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C3H8

B. C3H6

C. C4H8

D. C3H4

Gii:
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm CxHy (1 mol) v O2 (10 mol).
CxHy +

x +

y
y
O2 xCO2 + H2O
2
4

y
mol x mol
4

1 mol x +

y
mol
2

Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO2 v 10 x + mol O2 d

4

M Z = 19. 2 = 38

(n CO2 )

44

38

(n O2 )

32

n CO2
n O2

1
1

165

166

Vy: x = 10 x

y
4

8x = 40 y.

x = 4, y = 8 tha mn p n C.
Cu 13: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng
nhit p sut theo t l th tch (1 : 15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch
khng i V. Nhit v p sut trong bnh l toC v p atm. Sau khi t chy A, trong bnh ch c
N2, CO2 v hi nc vi VH 2O : VCO2 = 7 : 4. a v bnh toC, p sut trong bnh sau khi t l
p1 c gi tr l:
A. p1 =

47
p.
48

B. p1 = p.

C. p1 =

16
p.
17

D. p1 =

3
p.
5

Gii:

t A : CxHy + x +

y
y
O2 xCO2 + H2O
2
4

V phn ng ch c N2, H2O, CO2 cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O2 va .

Chn n Cx H y = 1 nB = 15 mol n O2 p. = x +

n N 2 = 4 n O2

x=

y 15
=
= 3 mol
4
5

x + = 3
= 12 mol
4
x : y/2 = 7 : 4

7
8
;y=
3
3

V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:

47
p1 7/3 + 4/3 + 12 47
=
=
p1 =
p p n A.
1 + 15
p
48
48
Dng 4: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp n gin php tnh
V d 14: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon A,B thu c
v

132.a
gam CO2
41

45a
gam H2O. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn hp X ri t chy hon
41

ton th thu c

165a
60,75a
gam CO2 v
gam H2O. Bit A, B khng lm mt mu nc brom.
41
41

a) Cng thc phn t ca A l:

A. C2H2

B. C2H6

C. C6H12

D. C6H14
166

167
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l:
A. C2H2

B. C6H6

C. C4H4

D. C8H8

C. 50%, 50%.

D. 30%, 70%.

c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l:

A. 60%, 40%.

B. 25%, 75%.

Gii:
a) Chn a = 41 gam.

t X

t X +

1
A
2

n CO 2 =

132
45
= 3 mol v n H 2O =
= 2,5 mol.
44
18

n CO 2 =

165
60,75
= 3,75 mol v n H 2O =
= 3,375 mol.
44
18

1
A thu c (3,75 - 3) = 0,75 mol CO2 v (3,375 - 2,5) = 0,875 mol H2O.
2

t chy A thu c n CO 2 =1,5 v n H 2O =1,75 mol.

V n H 2O > n CO 2 A thuc ankan, do :
CnH2n+2 +

n CO2
n H 2O

3n + 1
O2
2

CO2 (n+1)H2O

n
1,5
=
n = 6 A l C6H14
n + 1 1,75

p n D.

b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO2 v (2,5 1,75)= 0,75 mol H2O
Nh vy:

1
1,5
nC
=
= Cng thc tng qut ca B l(CH)n v X khng lm mt mu
n H 0,75 2 1

nc brom nn B thuc aren B l C6H6 p n B.

c) V A, B c cng nguyn t nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO2 do A,B to ra bng nhau (1,5
mol) nA = nB %nA = %nB = 50% p n C.
Cu 15: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C6H14 v C6H6 theo t l s mol (1 :1) vi m gam
mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c

275a
94,5a
gam CO2 v
gam H2O.
82
82

a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no?

A. CnH2n+2.

B. CnH2n-2

C. CnH2n

D. CnHn

B. 3,75

C. 5

D. 3,5

b) Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,75
Gii:
a) Chn a = 82 gam
167

168
t X v m gam D (CXHY), ta c:

n CO 2 =

275
= 6,25 mol
44

n H 2O =

94,5
= 5,25 mol
18

C6H14 +

19
O2 6 CO2 + 7 H2O
2

C6H6 +

15
O2 6 CO2 + 3 H2O
2

y
y
t D: CxHy + x + O2 xCO2 +
H2O

t n C6H14 = n C6H6 = b mol, ta c 86b + 78b = 82 b = 0,5 mol

t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:

n CO 2 = 0,5.(6+6) = 6 mol
n H 2O = 0,5.(7+3) = 5 mol

t chy m gam D thu c:

n CO 2 = 6,25 6 = 0,25 mol
n H 2O = 5,25 5 = 0,25 mol
Do n CO 2 = n H 2O D thuc CnH2n

p n C.

b) mD = mC + mH = 0,25.(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam p n D.

BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Cho hirocacbon X v oxi (oxi c ly gp i lng cn thit t chy hon ton X)
vo bnh dung tch 1 lt 406,5K v p sut l atm. Sau khi t p sut trong bnh (o cng nhit
) tng 5%, lng nc thu c l 0,162 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H6

B. C3H6

C. C4H8

D. C4H10

Cu 2: Hn hp X gm 2 olefin. t chy 7 th tch X cn 31 th tch O2 (ktc). Bit rng olefin

cha nhiu cacbon hn chim khong 40 50 th tch ca X. Cng thc phn t 2 olefin l:
A. C2H4, C4H8.

B. C2H4, C3H6

C. C3H6, C4H8.

D. C2H4, C5H10.

Cu 3: Cho natri d dung dch cn (C2H5OH + H2O), thy khi lng hiro bay ra bng 3% khi
lng cn dng. Dung dch cn c nng phn trm l:
A. 75,57%.

B. 72,57%.

C. 70,57%.

D. 68,57%.
168

169
Cu 4: Hn hp kh X gm hiro v 2 anken (k tip trong dy ng ng), c t khi hi so vi
hiro bng 8,26. un nng hn hp X vi bt Ni lm xc tc th thu c hn hp kh Y khng
lm mt mu dung dch nc brom v c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 11,8. Cng thc phn t
ca cc anken trong X l:
A. C2H4 v C3H6.

B. C3H6 v C4H8.

C. C4H8 v C5H10.

D. C5H10 v C6H12

Cu 5: Mt hn hp kh X gm mt ankin v H2 c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 0,6. Nung nng hn

hp kh X c xc tc Ni phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so
vi CH4 l 1. Cng thc phn t ca akin l:
A. C2H2

B. C3H4

C. C4H6

D. C5H8.

Cu 6: Hn hp kh X gm etan v propan. t chy mt t hn hp X thu c kh CO2 v hi nc

theo t l tch VCO2 : VH 2O = 11: 15. Thnh phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 45% v 55%.

B. 18,52% v 81,48%.

C. 25% v 75%.

D. 28,13% v 71,87 %

Cu 7: Cho hn hp X gm N2, H2 v NH3 c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 8. Dn hn hp X qua

dung dch H2SO4 c d thy th tch kh cn li mt na. Phn trm th tch mi kh ln lt
trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 11,11%, 22,22%, 66,67%.

B. 20%, 20%, 40%.

C. 30%, 30%, 40%.

D. 25%, 25%, 50%.

Cu 8: Mt hn hp X gm N2 v H2. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH3 t hn hp X thu c

hn hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 9,0. Hiu sut phn ng tng
hp NH3 l:
A. 70%

B. 60%

C. 50%

D. 30%

Cu 9: Cracking C5H12 thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 l 20. Hiu sut ca phn

ng cracking l:
A. 70%

B. 50%

C. 80%

D. 30%.

Cu 10: Sau khi tch H2 hon ton khi hn hp X gm etan v propan thu c hn hp Y gm
etilen v propilen. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca Y bng 93,45% khi lng phn t trung
bnh ca X. Thnh phn trm v th tch ca hai cht trong X ln lt l:
A. 50% v 50%.

B. 60% v 40%

C. 96,2% v 3,8%.

D. 46,4% v 53,6%
P N

1B

2A

3A

4B

5B

6C

7D

8C

9C

10C

169

170

Phng php 16

Phng php chn i lng thch hp

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Thng qua vic phn tch, so snh, khi qut ha tm ra cc im chung v cc im
c bit ca bi ton, t tm ra c phng php hoc phi hp cc phng php gip gii
nhanh bi ton mt cch ti u.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Da vo s khc bit ca phn ng hoc hiu r bn cht, quy tc phn ng:
Cu 1: C6H12 c bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h tc dng vi HBr ch cho mt sn phm
duy nht?
A. 4

B. 3

C. 2

D. 1

Gii:
- C6H12 c cu to mch h l anken (olefin)
- Phn ng cng hp vo anken ch tun theo quy tc maccopnhicop khi anken v tc nhn cng
hp u bt i.

C6H12 tc dng vi HBr cho mt sn phm duy nht C6H12 c cu to i xng:

CH3CH2CH = CHCH2CH3 v (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2

p n C
Cu 2: C5H12O c bao nhiu ng phn cu to tc dng vi CuO, un nng to sn phm (gi
nguyn cacbon) c phn ng trng gng ?
A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7

Gii:
- Ch c cc ancol bc mt mi oxi ho to anehit.
- Vit cu to mch cacbon, c xt yu t i xng, t tm ra s lng cc ng phn ancol bc 1
CCCC
CCCCC

CCC
C

1 ng phn

2 ng phn

1 ng phn

p n A
Cu 3: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to mch h c cng thc phn t C6H10 tc dng vi H2 d
(Ni, to) thu c sn phm iso-hecxan ?
A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7
170

171
Gii:
o

Ni, t
- C6H10 + H2
CH3 CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH3

C6H10 c cu to mch ging iso-hecxan

- C6H10 c mch h v c bt bo ho = 2, v vy ch cn vit cc ng phn
ankin v ankaien c cu to cacbon ging iso-hecxan
CCCCC

CCCCC

2 ng phn akin

5 ng phn ankadien

p n D
Cu 4: Hn hp kh X gm mt ankin v H2 c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 0,5. Nung nng hn hp
X c xc tc Ni phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi CH4
l 1. Cho hn hp Y qua dung dch brom d th khi lng bnh cha dung dch brom tng ln l
bao nhiu?
A. 0 gam

B. 8 gam

C. 16 gam

D. 24 gam

Gii:
Ankin c cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2 (n 2) Phn t khi ca akin > 24g/mol
Mt khc DY/H Trong Y c H2 d.
V phn ng xy ra hon ton trong Y ch c ankan v H2 d

Khng c kh no phn ng vi dung dch Br2 p n A

Cu 5: Hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h 2,76 gam X tc dng vi Na d thu
c

0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc, oxi ho hon ton 2,76 gam X bng CuO (to) thu c hn

hp anehit. Cho ton b lng anehit ny tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c
19,44 gam cht kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca hai ru l:
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.

B. CH3OH v CH3CH2CH2OH.

C. CH3OH v CH3CH(CH3)OH.

D. C2H5OH v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Gii:
V oxi ho hai ru hn hp anehit 2 ru l bc 1
V hai ru n chc nX = 2 n H 2 = 0,06 (mol)
nAg =

19,44
= 0,18 > 2.nX = 0,12 c mt ru l CH3OH
108
o

CuO, t
AgNO3/NH 3 ,t
CH3OH +

HCHO +
4Ag

4a

171

172
o

CuO, t
AgNO3 /NH3 ,t
RCH2OH +

RCHO +
2Ag

2b

a + b = 0,6

(1)

4a + 2b = 0,18

(2)

32a + (R + 31) = 2,76 (3)

R = 29 R l C2H5 p n B.
Dng 2: Da vo quan h s mol cc cht gia cc phn ng
Cu 6: Nung nng hon ton 27,3 gam hn hp NaNO3, Cu(NO3)2. Hn hp kh thot ra c
dn vo nc d th thy c 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp th (lng O2 ho tan khng ng
k). Khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 18,8 gam

B. 10,2 gam

C. 8,6 gam

D. 4,4 gam

Gii:
o

t
2NaNO3
2NaNO2 + O2
o

(1)

t
2Cu(NO3)2
2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

(2)

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

(3)

Phn tch phng trnh (2) v (3), ta thy n NO2 : n O2 = 4 : 1

Nh vy kh thot ra khi bnh l ton b O2 (1)

n NaNO3 = 2 n O2 = 2.

1,12
= 0,1 (mol) m NaNO3 = 0,1. 85 = 8,5 gam
22,4

m Cu(NO3 )2 = 27,3 8,5 = 18,8 gam p n A

Cu 7: Hn hp cht hu c X c cng thc tng qut CxHyOzNt. Thnh phn % khi lng ca
N v O trong X ln lt l 15,730% v 35,955%. Khi X tc dng vi HCl ch to ra mui
R(Oz)NH3Cl (R l gc hirocacbon). Bit X c trong thin nhin v tham gia phn ng trng
ngng. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. H2NCH2COOCH3

B. H2NCH2CH2COOH

C. H2NCH(CH3)COOH.

D. HO-[CH2]4-NH2

Gii:
X+ HCl R(Oz)NH3Cl X ch cha mt nguyn t nit X: CxHyOzN
%N =

14 15,73
=
Mx = 89
M x 100

%O =

16z 35,955
=
z = 2 Loi D
89
100
172

173
X c trong thin nhin v tham gia phn ng trng ngng p n C
Dng 3: Da vo bn cht phn ng v s phi hp gia cc phng php:
Cu 8: t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X ch cha mt nhm chc cn dng va
3,92 lt O2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v H2O c t l s mol l 1:1. X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht
hu c. S ng phn cu to ca X tho mn iu kin trn l:
A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Gii:
- X tc dng vi KOH To ra 2 cht hu c X c nhm chc este.
- Khi t chy X cho n CO 2 = n H 2O X l este no, n chc, mch h

Cng thc tng qut: CnH2nO2

Da vo cc d kin n = 3 Cng thc phn t C3H6O2

C hai cng thc cu to p n B

Cu 9: Cho 0,2 mol hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt anken tc dng vi H2 d (Ni,to )thu c
hn hp hai ankan l ng ng k tip. Mt khc t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X c 16,8 lt
CO2 (ktc) v

14,4 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon ln lt l:

A. C3H8, C4H8

B. C2H6, C3H6

C. C3H8, C2H4.

D. C4H10, C3H6

Gii:

n CO 2 =

16,8
14,4
= 0,7 ; n H 2O =
= 0,8
22,4
18

Mt khc: nanken = n H 2O n CO 2 = 0,1 mol

nanken = 0,2 - 0,1 = 0,1 mol

Gi cng thc chung ca hai hirocacbon l CxHy
x=

0,7
2.0,8
=3,5 ; y =
=8
0,2
0,2

Do s mol 2 hirocacbon l nh nhau v s nguyn t hiro trung bnh bng 8

Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon l C3H8 v C4H8 p n A

Cu 10: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, thu c
0,4 mol CO2. Mt khc, hiro hon ton m gam X cn 0,2 mol H2 (Ni, to), sau phn ng thu c
hn hp hai ancol no, n chc. t chy hon ton hn hp hai ancol ny th s mol H2O thu
c l bao nhiu ?
A. 0,3 mol

B. 0,4 mol

C. 0,6

mol

D. 0,8 mol

Gii:
Anehit no, n chc, mch h khi t chy: n H 2O = n CO 2 = 0,4 mol
173

174
0

Ni , t
CnH2n+1CHO + H2
CnH2n+1CH2OH

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t :

n H 2O = n H 2O

(to thnh t anehit)

+ n H 2O

(to thnh t H 2 cng vo)

= 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 (mol)

p n C.
Cu 11: Cho hn hp X gm 0,2 mol axetilen v 0,35 mol H2 vo bnh kn c xc tc Ni nung
nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y gm 4 kh. Khi cho Y li qua dung dch brom d
thy c 4,48 lt (ktc) kh Z bay ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 4,5. tng khi lng ca bnh
brom l:
A. 5,2 gam

B. 2,05 gam

C. 5,0 gam

D. 4,1 gam

Gii:
nz =

4,48
=0,2 (mol); M Z = 4,5. 2 = 9 mz = 9. 0,2 = 1,8 (gam)
22,4

mx= 0,2. 26 + 0,35. 2 = 5,9 gam

Theo LBTKL: mX = mY

tng khi lng ca bnh brom = 5,9 - 1,8 = 4,1 gam p n D.

Cu 12: X l mt este no n chc, c t khi hi i vi CH4 l 5,5. un nng 2,2 gam este X
vi dung dch NaOH (d) th thu c 2,05 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. HCOOCH2CH2CH3

B. C2H5COOCH3

C. HCOOCH3

D. CH3COOC2H5

Gii:
V este n chc v meste < mmui Meste < Mmui phn t ca gc ru trong este phi nh
hn 23 (Na) Loi phng n A, D
Mt khc: Meste = 16. 5,5 = 88 p n B
Cu 13: Cho m gam Cu phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c 8,96 lt kh (ktc) hn hp
kh NO v NO2 c khi lng 15,2 gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam

B. 16 gam

C. 2,56 gam

D. 8 gam

Gii:
- Nhn thy M (kh ) =

M NO + M NO2
15,2
= 38 =
s mol hai kh bng nhau v c th quy
2
0,4

i thnh 1 kh duy nht c s mol l 0,4 v s oxi ho l + 3

- p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta thy: s oxi ho Cu tng = s oxi ho ca N +5 gim = 2

nCu = nkh = 0,4 mol.

Vy m = 0,4. 64 = 25,6 p n A.
174

175
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: un nng isopren vi cht xc tc thch hp ch thu c mt phn sn phm X. Cho X
tc dng vi H2 (Ni, to) c hn hp Y gm cc hirocacbon trong c cht metylxiclobutan.
S hirocacbon no cha trong Y l:
A. 3

B. 4

C. 2

D. 5

Cu 2: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h c cng thc phn t C5H8 tc dng vi H2 d
(Ni, to) thu c sn phm iso-pentan ?
A. 3

B. 4

C. 5

D. 6

Cu 3: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol ng ng ta c hn hp Y gm cc

olefin. t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO2. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi
lng nc v CO2 to ra l:
A. 2,94 gam

B. 2,48 gam

C. 1,76 gam

D. 2,76 gam

Cu 4: Hn hp X gm ancol metylic v mt ancol no, n chc M, mch h. Cho 2,76 gam X

tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc, oxi ho hon ton 2,76 gam X bng
CuO (to) thu c hn hp Y. Cho ton b lng Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu
c 12,96 gam kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca M l:
A. C2H5OH

B. CH3CH2CH2OH

C. CH3CH(CH3)OH.

D. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Cu 5: Nung nng hon ton 28,9 gam hn hp KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Hn hp kh sinh ra c

dn vo nc ly d th cn 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp th (coi oxi khng tan trong nc). %
khi lng KNO3 trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 92,53%

B. 65,05%

C. 34,95%

D. 17,47%

Cu 6: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon

ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l:
A. 20,40 gam

B. 18,60 gam

C. 18,96 gam

D. 16,80 gam

Cu 7: un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C2H2 v 0,04 mol H2 vi xc tc Ni, sau mt thi gian
thu c kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom (d) th cn li 0,448
lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi O2 l 0,5. Khi lng bnh dung dch brom tng l:
A. 1,04 gam

B. 1,32 gam

C. 1,64 gam

D. 1,20 gam

Cu 8: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C2H7NO2 tc dng va

vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm hai
kh (u lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi ca Z i vi H2 bng 13,75. C cn dung dch Y
thu c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 16,5 gam

B. 14,3 gam

C. 8,9 gam

D. 15,7 gam
175

176
Cu 9: t chy ht hai cht hu c cha C, H, O k tip nhau trong dy ng ng phn t cha
mt loi nhm chc ri cho sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 5,24
gam v c 7 gam kt ta. Hai cht l:
A. C2H4(OH)2 v C3H6(OH)2

B. CH3OH v C2H5OH.

C. HCHO v CH3CHO

D. HCOOH v CH3COOH

Cu 10: Este X to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc c t khi hi so vi CO2 bng 2. Khi
un nng X vi dung dch NaOH to ra lng mui c khi lng ln hn lng este phn
ng. Tn gi ca X l:
A. metyl axetat

B. propyl axetat

C. metyl propionat.

D. etyl axetat

Cu 11: Hn hp M gm hai ancol n chc. Chia 30,4 gam M thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho
phn 1 tc dng vi Na d c 0,15 mol kh. Cho phn 2 phn ng hon ton vi CuO c hn
hp M1 cha hai anehit (ancol ch bin thnh anehit). Ton b lng M1 phn ng ht vi
AgNO3/NH3 c 0,8 mol Ag. Cng thc cu to ca hai ancol l:
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH

B. CH3OH, CH3CH2CH2OH

C. C2H5OH, CH3CH2CH2OH

D.C2H5OH, CH3CHOHCH3

Cu 12: Cho a gam hn hp CH3COOH v C3H7OH tc dng ht vi Na th th tch kh H2 (ktc)

thu c l 2,24 lt. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 3 gam

B. 6 gam

C. 9 gam

D. 12 gam

Cu 13: Cho hn hp X gm N2, H2 v NH3 i qua dung dch H2SO4 c, d th th tch kh cn

li mt na. Thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca NH3 trong X l:
A. 25,0%

B. 50,0%

C. 75,0%

D. 33,33%

Cu 14: Mt hirocacbon X mch thng c cng thc phn t l C6H6. Khi cho X tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 th thu c hp cht hu c Y c MY MX = 214 vC. Cng thc
cu to ca X l:
A. CH C-CH2-CH2-C CH

B. CH3-C C-CH2-C CH

C. CH3-CH2-C C-C CH

D. CH C-CH(CH3)-C CH

Cu 15: Cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) c phn t khi bng 74 gam/mol. S lng cc ng

phn mch h ca X phn ng c vi NaOH l:
A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

Cu 16: Cho 100ml dung dch hn hp CuSO4 1M v Al2(SO4)3 1,5M tc dng vi dung dch
NH3 d, lc ly kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l:
A. 30,6 gam

B. 8,0 gam

C. 15,3 gam

D. 23,3 gam

176

177
Cu 17: Cho lung kh CO d di qua ng s cha 0,05 mol Fe3O4, 0,05mol FeO, v 0,05 mol Fe2O3
nhit cao n phn ng hon ton. Kt thc th nghim khi lng cht rn thu c l:
A. 5,6 gam

B. 11,2 gam

C. 22,4 gam

D. 16,8 gam

Cu 18: Ho tan 9,6 bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,5M v H2SO4 1,0 M. Sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch X
c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 28,2 gam

B. 25,4 gam

C. 24,0 gam.

D. 32,0 gam

Cu 19: in phn dung dch cha hn hp mui CuCl2 v FeCl2 vi cng dng khng i
I = 2A trong 48 pht 15 giy, catot thy thot ra 1,752 gam kim loi. Khi lng ca Cu thot
ra l:
A. 0,576 gam

B. 0,408 gam

C. 1,344 gam.

D. 1,176 gam

Cu 20: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm C3H8, C3H6, C3H4 (DX / H 2 =21), ri
dn ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong th tng khi lng ca
bnh l:
A. 4,2 gam

B. 5,4 gam

C. 13,2 gam

D. 18,6 gam

Cu 21: Nung hn hp kh X gm ankin Y v H2 trong bnh kn c Ni n phn ng hon ton

c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H2 bng 8. Dn ton b hn hp Y qua bnh ng dung dch
Br2 d th:
A. Khi lng bnh brom tng bng khi lng ankin d
B. Khi lng bnh brom khng i
C. Khi lng bnh brom tng bng khi lng ankin d v anken
D. Khi lng bnh brom tng chnh l hn hp ca hn hp Y.
P N
1A

2A

3B

4C

5C

6C

7B

8B

9B

10C

11B

12D

13B

14A

15D

16C

17D

18C

19A

20D

21B

177

178

Phng php 16+

Phng php s dng cng thc kinh nghim

I. PHNG PHP GII
1. N dung phng php
Xt bi ton tng qut quen thuc:
O2
(1)

M0

hn hp rn (M, MxOy)

+ HNO3 (H2SO4 c, nng)

M+n + N (S)
(2)

m1 gam

m gam

(n: max)

Gi:
S mol kim loi l a
S oxi ha cao nht (max) ca kim loi l n
S mol electron nhn (2) l t mol
Ta c:
M ne M+n
a mol

na mol

n e nhng = na (mol)

Mt khc:
ne nhn = ne (oxi) + ne (2)
=

m1 m
m m
.2+t = 1
+t
16
8

Theo nh lut bo ton electron: ne nhng = ne nhn na =

m1 m
+t
8

Nhn c 2 v vi M ta c:
(M.a)n =

M.(m1 m)
M.m1 M.n
+ M.t m.n =
+ M.t
8
8
8

Cui cng ta c:

M
.m1 + M.t
m= 8
(1)
M
n+
8

178

179
ng vi M l Fe (56), n = 3 ta c: m = 0,7.m1 + 5,6.t (2)
ng vi M l Cu (64), n = 2 ta c: m = 0,8.m1 + 6,4.t (3)
T (2, 3) ta thy:
Bi ton c 3 i lng: m, m1 v

e nhn

(hoc Vkh (2))

Khi bit 2 trong 3 i lng trn ta tnh c ngay i lng cn li.

giai on (2) bi c th cho s mol, th tch hoc khi lng ca mt kh hoc nhiu
kh; giai on (1) c th cho s lng cht rn c th l cc oxit hoc hn hp gm kim loi d
v cc oxit.
2. Phm vi p dng v mt s ch

Ch dng khi HNO3 (hoc H2SO4 c nng) ly d hoc va .

Cng thc kinh nghim trn ch p dng vi 2 kim loi Fe v Cu.

3. Cc bc gii

Tm tng s mol electron nhn giai on kh N+5 hoc S+6.

Tm tng khi lng hn hp rn (kim loi v oxit kim loi): m1

p dng cng thc (2) hoc (3).

II TH D MINH HA
Th d 1. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X
gm Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v mt phn Fe cn d. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp X trn vo dung
dch HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr
ca V l
A. 0,896.

B. 0,672.

C. 1,792

D. 0,448

Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2): 5,6 = 0,7. 7,36 + 5,6

e nhan (2)

e nhan (2)

= 0,08

T d Y/ H2 = 19 n NO2 = nNO = x
+5

+4

+2

2 N + 4e N + N
4x

4x = 0,08 x = 0,02

Vy: V = 22,4. 0,02. 2 = 0,896 lt p n A.

179

180
Th d 2. m gam bt Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu dc 11,28 gam hn hp X gm 4
cht. Ha tan ht X trong lng d dung dch HNO3 thu c 672ml kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,6.

B. 11,2.

C. 7,0.

D. 8,4.

Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2):
N+5 + 3e N+2
0,09

0,03

e nhn

= 0,09 m = 0,7. 11,28 + 5,6.0,09 = 8,4gam

p n D.
Th d 3. Cho 11,36 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO3 long, d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm 1 kh duy nht, o ktc) v dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 49,09.

B. 35,50.

C. 38,72.

D. 34,36.

Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (2):
N+5 + 3e N+3
0,18

0,06

n Fe( NO3 )3 = nFe =

e nhn

= 0,18

0, 7.11, 36 + 5, 6.0,18
= 0,16
56

m = 242 . 0,16 = 38,72gam

p n C.
Th d 4. Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d thu
c V lt kh Y gm NO v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng
hn hp X trn tc dng vi kh CO nng d th sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 9,52
gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,40.

B. 2,80.

C. 5,60.

D. 4,20.

Hng dn gii:
T d Y/ H2 = 19 n NO2 = n NO = x

e nhn =

4x

p dng cng thc: 9,52 = 0,7. 11,6 + 5,6. 4x x = 0,0625

V = 22,4. 0,0625. 2 = 2,80 lt p n B.
180

181
Th d 5. Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO
v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng 1 thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6.

B. 14,72.

C. 21,12.

D. 22,4.

Hng dn gii:
S ha bi ton: Cu

O2
(1)

H2SO4
(2)

Cu+2 + S+4

p dng cng thc (3): m = 0,8.mrn + 6 4.ne nhn (2) m = 0,8.24,8 + 6,4.0,2.2 = 22,4gam
p n D.
III. BI TP P DNG
1. m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ca hn hp thu c l
12 gam. Ha tan hn hp ny trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,6 gam.

B. 10,08 gam.

C. 11,84 gam.

D. 14,95 gam.

2. Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp X (Fe, Fe2O3) trong dung dch HNO3 va c 1,12 lt
NO ( ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d
c kt ta Z. Nung Z trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c m gam cht rn. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 12 gam.

B. 16 gam.

C. 11,2 gam.

D. 19,2 gam.

3. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng d c 448 ml
kh NO2 ( ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 14,52 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,36 gam.

B. 4,28 gam.

C. 4,64 gam.

D. 4,80 gam.

4. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong mt bnh oxi thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm
Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v mt phn Fe d. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X bng dung dch HNO3 thu c
V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V
A. 0,896 lt.

B. 0,672 lt.

C. 0,448 lt.

D. 1,08 lt.

5. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c
13,92 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht X bng HNO3 c, nng d c 5,824 lt NO2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16 gam.

B. 32 gam.

C. 48 gam.

D. 64 gam.

181

182
6. Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d c V lt kh Y
gm NO v NO2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng hn hp X trn tc
dng vi kh CO d th sau khi phn ng hon ton c 9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,8 lt.

B. 5,6 lt.

C. 1,4 lt.

D. 1,344 lt.

7. Nung m gam bt ng kim loi trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp rn X gm Cu, CuO v
Cu2O. Ha tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy
nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6 gam.

B. 14,72 gam.

C. 21,12 gam.

D. 22,4 gam.

8. Ha tan hon ton 18,16 gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe3O4 trong 2 lt dung dch HNO3 2M thu
c dung dch Y v 4,704 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Phn trm khi lng Fe
trong hn hp X l
A. 38,23%.

B. 61,67%.

C. 64,67%.

D. 35,24%.

9. Cho m gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 3,2M. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton c 0,1 mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi
khng tan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,04 gam.

B. 19,20 gam.

C. 18,50 gam.

D. 20,50 gam.

10. m gam Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian c 7,52 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan
ht X trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d c 0,672 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn cn thn dung dch Y c m1 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v m1
ln rt l
A. 7 gam v 25 gam.

C. 4,48 gam v 16 gam.

B. 4,2 gam v 1,5 gam.

D. 5,6 gam v 20 gam.

11. Cho 5,584 gam hn hp bt Fe v Fe3O4 tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch HNO3 long.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c 0,3136 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v
dung dch X. Nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 l
A. 0,472M.

B. 0,152M

C. 3,04M.

D. 0,304M.

12. kh hon ton 9,12 gam hn hp cc oxit: FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 cn 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc).
Nu ha tan 9,12 gam hn hp trn bng H2SO4 c, nng d th th tch kh SO2 (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc) thu c ti a l
A. 280 ml.

B. 560 ml.

C. 672 ml.

D. 896 ml.

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13. Cho kh CO i qua ng s ng 16 gam Fe2O3 un nng, sau khi phn ng thu c hn hp
X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 Ha tan hon ton X bng H2SO4, c, nng thu c dung dch
Y. Khi lng mui trong Y l:
A. 20 gam.

B. 32 gam.

C. 40 gam.

D. 48 gam.

14. Ha tan 11,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HCI (d), thu c 4,48 lt ( ktc) H2. Cn nu
ho tan hn hp X gm 11,2 gam kim loi M v 69,6 gam oxit MxOy trong lng d dung dch HNO3
th c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Cng thc ca oxit kim loi l
A. Fe3O4.

B. FeO.

C. Cr2O3

D. CrO

15. Cho 37 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 640 ml dung dch HNO3 2M long, un
nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,92 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.

B. 4,48 lt.

C. 3,36 lt.

D. 6,72 lt.

16. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s cha 0,12 mol hn hp gm FeO v Fe2O3 nung nng, phn
ng to ra 0,138 mol CO2. Hn hp cht rn cn li trong ng nng 14,352 gam gm 4 cht. Ha
tan ht hn hp 4 cht ny vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,244 lt.

B. 0,672 lt.

C. 2,285 lt.

D. 6,854 lt.

17. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 5,8 gam FexOy nung nng trong mt thi gian thu c
hn hp kh X v cht rn Y. Cho Y tc ng vi dung dch HNO3 d c dung dch Z v 0,784
lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). C cn dung dch Z c 18,15 gam mui khan. Ha
tan Y bng HCl d thy c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca st trong Y l
A. 67,44%.

B. 32,56%.

C. 40,72%.

D. 59,28%. 18.

Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 30,4 gam hn hp X gm Fe2O3 v FeO nung nng trong
mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Ha tan ht Y trong HNO3 va c dung dch Z.
Nhng thanh ng vo dung dch Z n phn ng hon ton thy khi lng thanh ng gim
12,8 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp X ln lt bng
A. 33,3% v 66,7%.

B. 61,3% v 38,7%.

C. 52,6% v 47,4%.

D. 75% v 25%.

19. Ha tan hon ton m gam Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3, ton b lng kh NO thot ra em
trn vi lng O2 va hn hp hp th hon ton trong nc c dung dch HNO3. Bit
th tch oxi tham gia vo qu trnh trn l 336 ml ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,8 gam.

B. 13,92 gam.

C. 23,2 gam.

D. 20,88 gam.
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20. Thi t t V lt hn hp kh CO v H2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 7,5 qua mt ng s ng
16,8 gam hn hp 3 oxit CuO, Fe3O4, Al2O3 nung nng. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh v
hi c t khi so vi H2 l 15,5. Dn hn hp kh ny vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy c

5 gam

kt ta. Th tch V ( ktc) v khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s ln lt l

A. 0,448 lt; 16,48 gam.

C. 1,568 lt; 15,68 gam

B. 1,12 lt; 16 gam.

D. 2,24 lt; 15,2 gam.

III. P N

1.B

2.C

3.C

4.A

5.A

6.A

7.D

8.B

9.C

10.D

11.A

12.C

13.C

14.A

15.B

16.C

17.B

18.C

19.B

20.D

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PHN II: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRC NGHIM HA HC

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CHNG I: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRONG HA HC

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CHNG II: MT S BI TP THAM KHO

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CHNG III: HNG DN GII BI TP

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