BAI HOC T S CO CONG TRNH XAY

DNG
PGS.TS TRAN
CHUNG
Cuc Giam nh nha
nc
ve CLCTXD - BXD
Trong mot vai nam gan ay, tren the gii va ca nc
ta khong t cong trnh xay dng ke ca nhng cong trnh hien ai,
phc tap a b s co. Co the ke ra nhng s co ien hnh nh
sap o be bi AquaPark Matxcva; sap ga Hang khong san bay
Charles De Gaulle Pari; sap 2 nhp neo cau Can Th ang thi cong;
v 50m ap chnh ang thi cong cua cong trnh ho cha nc
Ca at (xem cac anh 1,2,3); sup toan bo tru s Vien KHXH
mien Nam do tac ong cua viec thi cong tang ham cao oc
Pacific tai TP. Ho Ch Minh; hay la s pha hoai cong trnh khi xay ra
ong at, lu lut va bao mi cap trung bnh; Tat ca nhng
s co tren khong ch lien quan ti nhng tac ong ac biet
cua thien nhien, cua viec khai thac s dung qua kha nang cho
phep hoac cua cac nhan to chu quan khac ma con lien quan
ti nhng quan niem a loi thi ve o an toan cua chnh ban
than cong trnh nh mot he thong phc tap ben vng lau dai
tong the trong qua trnh xay dng va khai thac s dung. ieu
nay at ra mot cau hoi: lieu nhng cong trnh cang hien ai,
phc tap th cang an cha nhieu rui ro? Hay nhng qui nh ky
thuat hien co a khong tiep can c cac tien bo trong ky
thuat xay dng ngay nay? Trc thc trang nay, viec xac nh
ro nguyen nhan cua s co, rut ra cac bai hoc e quan ly an
toan (QLAT) cong trnh xay dng la noi dung het sc quan trong
trong tien trnh oi mi he thong tieu chuan xay dng nc ta.
Vi t cach la mot chuyen gia a co nhieu nam theo doi va
trc tiep tham gia ieu tra s co cac cong trnh xay dng, toi xin
ong gop mot so y kien nham lam phong phu them noi dung
cua hoi thao khoa hoc nay. Mot so khai niem va quan iem
cua ca nhan neu trong bao cao nay, mong c s gop y cua
cac nha khoa hoc.
1. BAN VE MOT SO KHAI NIEM LIEN QUAN EN S CO
CONG TRNH XAY DNG
Trong noi dung cua He thong ch tieu thong ke quoc gia
hang nam co phan thong ke cua cac a phng, nganh ve s
co cac cong trnh xay dng [2]. e am bao s tiep can mot
cach thong nhat, Bo Xay dng a ban hanh He thong ch tieu

va che o bao cao thong ke tong hp nganh xay dng

hng dan chi tiet noi dung ke khai nay [3]. Tuy vay, noi dung
hng dan nay van cha cu the con nh tnh. Toi xin e xuat
them mot so khai niem nh lng e cu the hoa cac khai
niem nh tnh cua van ban neu tren nham phuc vu noi dung
bai viet nay va cung la gi y cho s oi mi cach nh ngha
nhng khai niem tren. Nhng khai niem nay khong co tnh
phap ly khi ap dung ma ch co y ngha tham khao.
a) nh ngha s co: S co cong trnh la nhng h hong
vt qua gii han an toan cho phep lam cho cong trnh co nguy c
sap o, a sap o mot phan hoac toan bo cong trnh hoac
cong trnh khong s dung c theo thiet ke ( khoan 29 ieu 3
Luat Xay dng) [1].

Anh
1:
Toan
canh khu nha
ch 2E San
bay Charles de
Gaulle
sau
khi
sap o ngay
23/5/2004

Anh 2: Toan
canh 2 nhp
neo cau Can
Th sau s co
sap o ngay
26/9/2007

Anh 3: Toan
canh ap Ca
at cao trnh 50
ang thi cong
b pha hoai do
lu
ngay
4/10/2007

b) Phan loai s co:

- S co sap o: bo phan cong trnh hoac toan bo cong
trnh b sap o phai d bo e lam lai.
- S co ve bien dang: Nen, mong b lun; ket cau b
nghieng, van, vong khong the s dung c bnh thng phai
sa cha mi dung c.
- S co sai lech v tr: Mong, coc mong sai lech v tr,
hng; sai lech v tr qua ln cua ket cau hoac chi tiet at
san phai sa cha hoac thay the.
- S co ve cong nang: cong nang khong phu hp; tham
dot; cach am, cach nhiet khong at yeu cau; tham my phan
camphai sa cha, thay the e ap ng cong nang cua
cong trnh.
c) Cap o cua s co:
- S co cap o nhe: la cong trnh hoac bo phan cong
trnh b h hong hoac co dau hieu h hong vt qua gii han an
toan cho phep nhng cha b sap o hoac co nguy c b pha
hoai. Chi ph khac phuc s co nay nho hn mot ty Viet nam
ong.
- S co cap o va: la bo phan ket cau, bo phan cong
trnh b sap o hoac b h hai e doa tnh mang cua con ngi
hoac co nguy c gay o nhiem moi trng. Khac phuc loai s co
nay can kinh ph t 1 ty en 5 ty Viet nam ong hoac s co
nay a gay thng tch 01 ngi tr len.
- S co cap o nghiem trong: la cong trnh b sap o
hoan toan hoac bo phan cong trnh b sap o, b h hai nang
ne gay thiet hai ve ngi, tai san e doa o nhiem moi
trng. S co a gay thiet hai ve con ngi (t 01 ngi en
03 ngi) hoac chi ph khac phuc hau qua t 05 ty en 50 ty
Viet Nam ong.
- S co ac biet nghiem trong: la s sap o toan bo cong
trnh hoac bo phan cong trnh gay thiet hai ve ngi va gay o
nhiem moi trng. S co cong trnh a gay thiet hai ve sinh
5

mang t 03 ngi tr len hoac kinh ph khac phuc hau qua tren
50 ty Viet Nam ong.
2. BAI HOC G T NHNG S CO CONG TRNH XAY
DNG?
Theo suy ngh cua toi, bat ky mot s co cong trnh hay
mot tai nan nghe nghiep nao trong xay dng, trc het ban
than no phai c coi la mot phan hay la mot mat xch trong
he thong nhieu mat xch cua hoat ong xay dng. Noi vay
khong co ngha chung ta coi s co hoac nhng sai pham ky
thuat la ng nhien trong hoat ong xay dng ma chung ta
can tha nhan thc te o e chu ong phong nga cac rui
ro ky thuat. Chung ta ch co the tranh khoi cac rui ro o khi
a xac nh ro cac nguyen nhan rui ro va chu ong co cac
giai phap phong nga trong quan ly chat lng cong trnh
cac giai oan thiet ke, thi cong va khai thac s dung. Nhng
nguyen nhan t nhng sai sot ky thuat, nhng s co CTXD
c chon loc thanh cac bai hoc. V vay, viec phan tch nguyen
nhan s co, sai sot ky thuat nen c coi la mot lnh vc can
c au t nghien cu mot cach he thong trong chien lc
phat trien KHCN xay dng nc nha. Thc te cho thay, nhng
s co xay ra trong nhng nam qua eu trong giai oan ang thi
cong va co chung nguon goc la s hieu biet cua chung ta
con cha ay u ve nhng tac ong ac biet cua thien
nhien, s thieu o d tr ve o ben, o on nh cua chnh
ban than cac giai phap trong qua trnh xay dng ieu tra s
co cong trnh la mot cong viec cc ky phc tap khong ch
oi hoi trnh o chuyen mon cao ma can co tinh than trach
nhiem cao trc cong ong. Do o, viec ieu tra bat ky mot s
co nao can phai c to chc mot cach khoa hoc, khach quan
vi s tham gia cua cac chuyen gia co kinh nghiem va cac trang
thiet b ky thuat hien ai tuy theo cap o cua s co cong
trnh hay nhng sai sot ky thuat. Noi cach khac, bat ky mot sai
sot nho lam sai lech bc tranh toan canh s co th se a ra
nhng ket luan khong khach quan hoac tham ch sai lam va nh
vay no chang giup ch g cho s phat trien ben vng nganh
xay dng.
V vay, e tranh c nhng ket qua map m va khong
co c s khoa hoc, t cac s co trong nc [4] va nc ngoai
[6] cho phep rut ra bai hoc t cac s co xay ra trong thi gian
qua, theo toi co the phan thanh 3 nhom c ban.
Nhom th nhat gom nhng loi va vi pham nang cac
tieu chuan, nh mc trong thiet ke va thi cong. Kinh nghiem
cho thay rang, khi mac nhng loi nay th s pha hoai mot phan
hoac toan bo cong trnh ve nguyen tac se xay ra con trong giai
oan thi cong. Nhieu trng hp nh vay a c biet en trong
thc te.

Nhom th hai co the gom mot loat nguyen nhan ma s

ket hp cua chung co the dan ti s co. Trc het o la
nhng thieu sot va nhng loi khac nhau trong thiet ke va thi
cong a lam giam mc d tr o ben cua cac chi tiet ket
cau rieng re. Nhng cong trnh b nhng thieu sot dang nay
cung cha u gay len s co. e lam giam ang ke chat lng
hoac gay pha hoai cong trnh con phai ke en nhng tac ong
trong qua trnh khai thac s dung.
V du ve cac tac ong theo thi gian va gia tang trong qua
trnh khai thac s dung nh: lun khong eu cua nen, mong; s
moi cua ket cau; s dung sai cong nang Viec lam ro va
anh gia c nhng loai sai sot khac nhau va nhng yeu to
anh hng ti chat lng cong trnh la nhiem vu cua viec
tham tra thiet ke, giam sat thi cong xay dng va giam sat
qua trnh khai thac s dung.
Nhom th ba la nhng tac ong nguy hiem t moi trng
a ky thuat va moi trng thien nhien ma cac ket cau cua
cong trnh khong c thiet ke e san sang tiep nhan va co
the vt qua nhng g ma tieu chuan ky thuat qui nh hay tieu
chuan ky thuat khong qui nh. Nhng tac ong nay thuoc nhom
nay hien nay ang la nguy c ln nhng khong de loai tr.
Nhng van e nay, thc te hien nay ton tai khap ni,
ke ca tai cac nc phat trien. ieu nay c giai thch bi s
phat trien ky thuat va cong nghe, viec nang cao nhng yeu
cau oi vi khai thac s dung khong tng xng vi yeu cau
cu van con c gi lai trong he thong cac qui nh ky thuat.
Mat khac, ve chu quan, con ngi thc thi cac nhiem vu ma ac
biet la ngi chu tr van cha u nang lc chuyen mon va kinh
nghiem e hieu c mot cach he thong cong trnh phc tap
co oi hoi rat cao ve s an toan, ve s ben vng tong the
trong suot qua trnh xay dng va khai thac. Phai chang chung ta
ang thieu nhng Tong chu tr thiet ke; Tong cong trnh s, nhng
Ky s trng, nhng Ky s chnh thc thu tren cong trng? Nen
chang chung ta sm hnh thanh oi ngu nay mot cach chuyen
nghiep.
3. VAN E D TR O BEN VNG CUA CONG TRNH
Chung ta can ban ti viec am bao kha nang d tr an
toan cua cong trnh trong cong tac thiet ke, thi cong. Trong qua
trnh ieu tra s co, yeu to quan trong cho phep nh hng trong
viec tm kiem nguyen nhan s co la trnh t sap o. Nhng g
lien quan en chat lng vat lieu, ket cau th hoan toan co
the kiem tra bang thiet b. Nhng khi kiem tra thiet ke, ket qua
tnh toan co o chnh xac tng oi va khong cho phep anh
gia kha nang d tr thc te ve o ben vng cua cong trnh
co tnh en toan bo he thong, ac biet tai nhng thi iem
nam ngoai giai oan an hoi trc s co. Nhng cai tien trong
7

thiet ke rut kinh nghiem t nhng s co cong trnh la phai

giai quyet c bai toan phan phoi lai noi lc trong ket cau.
Th du Thap T do (Freedom Tower) c xay dng tai ni toa thap
oi WTC tng toa lac New York trc vu khung bo ngay 11-92001 co cau truc loi thep, he thong dam va cac cot chu lc
c thiet ke sao cho khi mot hoac mot so tru chnh b h hai th
trong lc cua toan nha c phan phoi eu cho cac ket cau
con lai. Khong nhng the, he ket cau nay con d tr kha
nang lam viec trong cac tnh huong bat li am bao thoa man
cac yeu cau khat khe khac ve an toan cho con ngi.
Nhng tac ong cua moi trng theo thi gian nh lun
khong eu, nhiet am, moi ve nguyen tac co tnh chat tch luy,
nhng thieu sot trong thiet ke, thi cong a the hien ra t rat
sm dang nt, vong nhng rat tiec, chung ta khong coi trong
quan sat. Do o, viec xay dng mot he thong quan sat lun va
trang thai lam viec cua cong trnh hoat ong lien tuc, thong
suot la het sc can thiet e ngan chan rui ro ve chat lng.
Viec theo doi, quan trac e anh gia c kha nang d tr
cua cong trnh nham kp thi a ra cac cac canh bao can
thiet ngan chan s co can phai thc hien khong ch nhng
cong trnh ang xay dng ma con rat can thiet oi vi cac
cong trnh ang s dung [5]. Nhng lu y nay khong mi va a
c qui nh trong cac van ban qui pham phap luat nhng rat
tiec, nhng van e kinh ph ang can tr viec thc thi cong viec
nay. Khong nen tr hoan bi nguy c s co cong trnh gay tham
hoa oi vi con ngi va moi trng ang hien hu. V vay
hay lam tat ca nhng g co the lam c va lam thng
xuyen sao cho co the loai tr c nhng s co au long a
xay ra trong nam 2007.
4. KET LUAN
Thong tin ve cac s co cong trnh la het sc bo ch oi
vi thc tien nhng tiec thay chung ta cha co thoi quen la can
pho bien. Cach nhn nhan cua chung ta ve s co cong trnh
van con nang ve trach nhiem cua to chc va ca nhan lien
quan ti s co o. Nh a phan tch tren, gia tr cua viec
pho bien s co se mang lai gia tr thc s ln o la bai hoc
giup chung ta phong nga e khong tai lap nhng s co tng
t. La mot ngi nghien cu nhieu nam ve Benh hoc cong
trnh va a trc tiep tham gia ieu tra nhieu s co cong trnh t
1988 ti nay, toi cho rang that sai lam neu muc tieu ban au
cua nhiem vu ieu tra s co cong trnh la tm ngi co loi. V
vay, muc tieu quan trong nhat cua bat ky cuoc ieu tra s co
cong trnh hay ieu tra s xuong cap sm la tm nguyen nhan
ky thuat cua s viec o e t o tm ra bai hoc e nhng s
co, s xuong cap o khong xay ra trong tng lai. Khi a co
nguyen nhan c xac nh mot cach khoa hoc, khach quan,

chnh xac th viec phan nh loi cua to chc ca nhan mi thc

s cong bang va tam phuc, khau phuc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
[1] Luat Xay dng (so 16/2003/QH11 ngay 26 thang 11 nam 2003).
[2] Quyet nh so 305/2005/Q-TTg ngay 24/11/2005 cua Thu
tng Chnh phu ve viec ban hanh He thong ch tieu thong ke
quoc gia.
[3] Quyet nh so 28/2007/Q-BXD ngay 28/12/2007 ve viec ban
hanh He thong ch tieu va che o bao cao thong ke tong
hp nganh xay dng.
[4] Tran Chung : S co va bai hoc. Bai giang tai cac lp boi
dng nghiep vu T van giam sat thi cong xay dng. Ha Noi
2008.
[5] Tran Chung : Bao am xay dng cac cong trnh phai an
toan. Bao cao khoa hoc tai Hoi ngh thng nien Mang kiem
nh chat lng cong trnh xay dng Viet Nam lan th V, ak
Lak 02-2008.
[6] Cong nghe mi xay dng nha va cong trnh tren the gii.
Trung tam Tin hoc Bo Xay dng so 1-2005.