Tonghop PPgiaihoa

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.
com
Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com
PHNG PHP S DNG CNG THC KINH NGHIM ............................................................. 3

PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG ................................................................................... 8
PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG ............................................................................... 19
PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH....................................................................................... 34
PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON ...................................................................................... 40
PHNG PHP TRUNG BNH ....................................................................................................... 56
PHNG PHP QUY I .............................................................................................................. 73
PHNG PHP NG CHO ..................................................................................................... 84
PHNG PHP PHN TCH H S ............................................................................................ 100
PHNG PHP S DNG PHNG TRNH ION THU GN ................................................... 109
PHNG PHP KHO ST TH ........................................................................................... 119
PHNG PHP KHO ST T L S MOL CO2 V H2O.......................................................... 126
PHNG PHP CHIA HN HP THNH HAI PHN KHNG U NHAU ............................ 137
PHNG PHP S DNG MI QUAN H GIA CC I LNG....................................... 142
PHNG PHP CHN I LNG THCH HP ...................................................................... 150
K THUT SO SNH PHN TCH .............................................................................................. 161
PHNG PHP S DNG CNG THC KINH NGHIM

I. PHNG PHP GII
1. N dung phng php
Xt bi ton tng qut quen thuc:
O2
M0
hn hp rn (M, MxOy) + HNO3 (H2SO4 c, nng) M+n + N (S )
(2)
(1)
m gam
m1 gam
(n: max)
Gi:
S mol kim loi l a
S oxi ha cao nht (max) ca kim loi l n
S mol electron nhn (2) l t mol
Ta c:
M
a mol
ne M+n
na mol
n e nhng = na (mol)
Mt khc:
ne nhn = ne (oxi) + ne (2)
=
m1 m
m m
.2+t = 1
+t
16
8
Theo nh lut bo ton electron: ne nhng = ne nhn na =
m1 m
+t
8
Nhn c 2 v vi M ta c:
(M.a)n =
M.(m1 m)
M.m1 M.n
+ M.t m.n =
+ M.t
8
8
8
Cui cng ta c:
M
.m1 M.t
m= 8
(1)
M
n
8
ng vi M l Fe (56), n = 3 ta c: m = 0,7.m1 + 5,6.t (2)

ng vi M l Cu (64), n = 2 ta c: m = 0,8.m1 + 6,4.t (3)
T (2, 3) ta thy:
Bi ton c 3 i lng: m, m1 v n e nhn (hoc Vkh (2))
Khi bit 2 trong 3 i lng trn ta tnh c ngay i lng cn li.
giai on (2) bi c th cho s mol, th tch hoc khi lng ca mt kh hoc nhiu
kh; giai on (1) c th cho s lng cht rn c th l cc oxit hoc hn hp gm kim loi
d v cc oxit.
2. Phm vi p dng v mt s ch
Ch dng khi HNO3 (hoc H2SO4 c nng) ly d hoc va .

Cng thc kinh nghim trn ch p dng vi 2 kim loi Fe v Cu.
3. Cc bc gii
Tm tng s mol electron nhn giai on kh N+5 hoc S+6.
3
Tm tng khi lng hn hp rn (kim loi v oxit kim loi): m1

p dng cng thc (2) hoc (3).
II TH D MINH HA
Th d 1. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp
X gm Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v mt phn Fe cn d. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp X trn
vo dung dch HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,896.
B. 0,672.
C. 1,792
D. 0,448
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2): 5,6 = 0,7. 7,36 + 5,6 n enhan (2)
enhan (2)
= 0,08
T d Y/H = 19 n NO = nNO = x
2
2 N + 4e N + N
4x
x
x 4x = 0,08 x = 0,02
Vy: V = 22,4. 0,02. 2 = 0,896 lt p n A.
Th d 2. m gam bt Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu dc 11,28 gam hn hp
X gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht X trong lng d dung dch HNO3 thu c 672ml kh NO
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,6.
B. 11,2.
C. 7,0.
D. 8,4.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2):
N+5 + 3e N+2
0,09
0,03
e nhn
= 0,09 m = 0,7. 11,28 + 5,6.0,09 = 8,4gam
p n D.
Th d 3. Cho 11,36 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung

dch HNO3 long, d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm 1 kh duy nht, o ktc) v dung
dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 49,09.
B. 35,50.
C. 38,72.
D. 34,36.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (2):
N+5 + 3e N+3
0,18 0,06 n e nhn = 0,18
n Fe(NO3 )3 = nFe =
0,7.11,36 5,6.0,18
= 0,16
56
m = 242 . 0,16 = 38,72gam

p n C.
Th d 4. Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d thu
c V lt kh Y gm NO v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng
4
hn hp X trn tc dng vi kh CO nng d th sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c

9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,40.
B. 2,80.
C. 5,60.
D. 4,20.
Hng dn gii:
T d Y/H = 19 n NO n NO x n e nhn = 4x
2
p dng cng thc: 9,52 = 0,7. 11,6 + 5,6. 4x x = 0,0625

V = 22,4. 0,0625. 2 = 2,80 lt p n B.
Th d 5. Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO
v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng 1 thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6.
B. 14,72.
C. 21,12.
D. 22,4.
Hng dn gii:
O2
S ha bi ton: Cu (1)
X H2SO4 Cu+2 + S+4
(2)
p dng cng thc (3): m = 0,8.mrn + 6 4.ne nhn (2) m = 0,8.24,8 + 6,4.0,2.2 = 22,4gam
p n D.
III. BI TP P DNG
1. m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ca hn hp thu c
l 12 gam. Ha tan hn hp ny trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,6 gam.
B. 10,08 gam.
C. 11,84 gam.
D. 14,95 gam.
2. Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp X (Fe, Fe2O3) trong dung dch HNO3 va c 1,12
lt NO ( ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
d c kt ta Z. Nung Z trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c m gam cht rn.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 12 gam.
B. 16 gam.
C. 11,2 gam.
D. 19,2 gam.
3. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng d c 448
ml kh NO2 ( ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 14,52 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m
l
A. 3,36 gam.
B. 4,28 gam.
C. 4,64 gam.
D. 4,80 gam.
4. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong mt bnh oxi thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm
Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v mt phn Fe d. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X bng dung dch HNO3 thu c
V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V
A. 0,896 lt.
B. 0,672 lt.
C. 0,448 lt.
D. 1,08 lt.
5. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c
13,92 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht X bng HNO3 c, nng d c 5,824 lt NO2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 48 gam.
D. 64 gam.
6. Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d c V lt kh
Y gm NO v NO2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng hn hp X trn
tc dng vi kh CO d th sau khi phn ng hon ton c 9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,8 lt.
B. 5,6 lt.
C. 1,4 lt.
D. 1,344 lt.
7. Nung m gam bt ng kim loi trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp rn X gm Cu, CuO v
5
Cu2O. Ha tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy
nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6 gam.
B. 14,72 gam.
C. 21,12 gam.
D. 22,4 gam.
8. Ha tan hon ton 18,16 gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe3O4 trong 2 lt dung dch HNO3 2M
thu c dung dch Y v 4,704 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Phn trm khi
lng Fe trong hn hp X l
A. 38,23%.
B. 61,67%.
C. 64,67%.
D. 35,24%.
9. Cho m gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 3,2M. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton c 0,1 mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi
khng tan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,04 gam.
B. 19,20 gam.
C. 18,50 gam.
D. 20,50 gam.
10. m gam Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian c 7,52 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan
ht X trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d c 0,672 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn cn thn dung dch Y c m1 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v
m1 ln rt l
A. 7 gam v 25 gam.
C. 4,48 gam v 16 gam.
B. 4,2 gam v 1,5 gam.
D. 5,6 gam v 20 gam.
11. Cho 5,584 gam hn hp bt Fe v Fe3O4 tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch HNO3 long.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c 0,3136 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v
dung dch X. Nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO3 l
A. 0,472M.
B. 0,152M
C. 3,04M.
D. 0,304M.
12. kh hon ton 9,12 gam hn hp cc oxit: FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 cn 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc).
Nu ha tan 9,12 gam hn hp trn bng H2SO4 c, nng d th th tch kh SO2 (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc) thu c ti a l
A. 280 ml.
B. 560 ml.
C. 672 ml.
D. 896 ml.
13. Cho kh CO i qua ng s ng 16 gam Fe2O3 un nng, sau khi phn ng thu c hn
hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 Ha tan hon ton X bng H2SO4, c, nng thu c dung
dch Y. Khi lng mui trong Y l:
A. 20 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 40 gam.
D. 48 gam.
14. Ha tan 11,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HCI (d), thu c 4,48 lt ( ktc) H2. Cn
nu ho tan hn hp X gm 11,2 gam kim loi M v 69,6 gam oxit M xOy trong lng d dung
dch HNO3 th c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Cng thc ca oxit kim loi
l
A. Fe3O4.
B. FeO.
C. Cr2O3
D. CrO
15. Cho 37 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 640 ml dung dch HNO3 2M long, un
nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,92 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 4,48 lt.
C. 3,36 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
16. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s cha 0,12 mol hn hp gm FeO v Fe2O3 nung nng, phn
ng to ra 0,138 mol CO2. Hn hp cht rn cn li trong ng nng 14,352 gam gm 4 cht.
Ha tan ht hn hp 4 cht ny vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,244 lt.
B. 0,672 lt.
C. 2,285 lt.
D. 6,854 lt.
17. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 5,8 gam FexOy nung nng trong mt thi gian thu
c hn hp kh X v cht rn Y. Cho Y tc ng vi dung dch HNO3 d c dung dch Z
6
v 0,784 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). C cn dung dch Z c 18,15 gam mui
khan. Ha tan Y bng HCl d thy c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca st trong
Y l
A. 67,44%.
B. 32,56%.
C. 40,72%.
D. 59,28%.
18. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 30,4 gam hn hp X gm Fe2O3 v FeO nung nng
trong mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Ha tan ht Y trong HNO3 va c dung
dch Z. Nhng thanh ng vo dung dch Z n phn ng hon ton thy khi lng thanh ng
gim 12,8 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp X ln lt bng
A. 33,3% v 66,7%.
B. 61,3% v 38,7%.
C. 52,6% v 47,4%.
D. 75% v 25%.
19. Ha tan hon ton m gam Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3, ton b lng kh NO thot ra em
trn vi lng O2 va hn hp hp th hon ton trong nc c dung dch HNO3. Bit
th tch oxi tham gia vo qu trnh trn l 336 ml ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,8 gam.
B. 13,92 gam.
C. 23,2 gam.
D. 20,88 gam.
20. Thi t t V lt hn hp kh CO v H2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 7,5 qua mt ng s ng
16,8 gam hn hp 3 oxit CuO, Fe3O4, Al2O3 nung nng. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh v
hi c t khi so vi H2 l 15,5. Dn hn hp kh ny vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy c 5
gam kt ta. Th tch V ( ktc) v khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s ln lt l
A. 0,448 lt; 16,48 gam.
C. 1,568 lt; 15,68 gam
B. 1,12 lt; 16 gam.
D. 2,24 lt; 15,2 gam.
III. P N
1.B
2.C
3.C
4.A
5.A
6.A
7.D
8.B
9.C
10.D
11.A
12.C
13.C
14.A
15.B
16.C
17.B
18.C
19.B
20.D
PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG

PHNG PHP GII
1. Ni dung phng php
- p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (BTKL): Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng
tng khi lng cc cht sn phm

iu ny gip ta gii bi ton ha hc mt cch n gin, nhanh chng
Xt phn ng: A + B C + D
Ta lun c: mA + mB = mC + mD (1)
* Lu : iu quan trng nht khi p dng phng php ny l vic phi xc nh ng lng cht
(khi lng) tham gia phn ng v to thnh (c ch n cc cht kt ta, bay hi, c bit l khi
lng dung dch).
2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp
H qu 1: Bit tng khi lng cht ban u khi lng cht sn phm
Phng php gii: m(u) = m(sau) (khng ph thuc hiu sut phn ng)
H qu 2: Trong phn ng c n cht tham gia, nu bit khi lng ca (n 1) cht th ta d dng tnh
khi lng ca cht cn li.
H qu 3: Bi ton: Kim loi + axit mui + kh

mmui = mkim loi
+ m anion to mui
- Bit khi lng kim loi, khi lng anion to mui (tnh qua sn phm kh) khi lng
mui
- Bit khi lng mui v khi lng anion to mui khi lng kim loi
- Khi lng anion to mui thng c tnh theo s mol kh thot ra:
Vi axit HCl v H2SO4 long
+ 2HCl H2 nn 2Cl H2
+ H2SO4 H2 nn SO42 H2
Vi axit H2SO4 c, nng v HNO3: S dng phng php ion electron (xem thm phng
php bo ton electron hoc phng php bo ton nguyn t)
H qu 3: Bi ton kh hn hp oxit kim loi bi cc cht kh (H2, CO)

S : Oxit kim loi + (CO, H2) rn + hn hp kh (CO2, H2O, H2, CO)
Bn cht l cc phn ng: CO + [O] CO2
H2 + [O] H2O
n[O] = n(CO2) = n(H2O) m rn = moxit - m[O]
3. nh gi phng php bo ton khi lng.
Phng php bo ton khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan h v
khi lng ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
8

c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s dng
phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn.
Phng php bo ton khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton nhiu cht.
4. Cc bc gii.
- lp s bin i cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
- T gi thit ca bi ton tm
trc
m
sau
m
(khng cn bit phn ng l hon ton hay khng
hon ton)
- Vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng lp phng trnh ton hc, kt hp d kin khc lp
h phng trnh ton.
- Gii h phng trnh.
TH D MINH HA
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 3,9 gam kali vo 36,2 gam nc thu c dung dch c nng
A. 15,47%.
B. 13,97%.
C. 14,0%
D. 4,04%.
Gii:
2K + 2H2O
2KOH +
H2
0,1
0,10
0,05(mol)
mdung dch = mK + m H2O - m H 2

C%KOH =
= 3,9 + 36,2 - 0,05 2 = 40 gam
0,1 56
100 % = 14% p n C
40
V d 2: in phn dung dch cha hn hp CuSO4 v KCl vi in cc tr n khi thy kh bt u

thot ra c hai in cc th dng li thy c 448 ml kh (ktc) thot ra anot. Dung dch sau in phn
c th ho tan ti a 0,8 gam MgO. Khi lng dung dch sau in phn gim bao nhiu gam (coi
lng H2O bay hi l khng ng k) ?
A. 2,7
B. 1,03
C. 2,95.
D. 2,89.
Gii:
CuSO4 + 2KCl Cu + Cl2 + K2SO4
(1)
0,01 0,01
Dung dch sau in phn ho tan c MgO L dung dch axit, chng t sau phn ng (1)
CuSO4 d
2CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + O2 + H2SO4 (2)
0,02 0,01 0,02 (mol)
n Cl2 + n O2 =
480
= 0,02 (mol)
22400
H2SO4 + MgO MgSO4 + H2O
(3)
0,02 0,02 (mol)

9
mdung
= mCu + m Cl 2 + m O 2
dch gim
= 0,03 64 + 0,01x71 + 0,01x32 = 2,95 gam
p n C
V d 3: Cho 50 gam dung dch BaCl2 20,8 % vo 100 gam dung dch Na2CO3, lc b kt ta c dung
dch X. Tip tc cho 50 gam dung dch H2SO4 9,8% vo dung dch X thy ra 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Bit
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nng % ca dung dch Na2CO3 v khi lng dung dch thu c
sau cng l:
A. 8,15% v 198,27 gam.
B. 7,42% v 189,27 gam.
C. 6,65% v 212,5 gam.
D. 7,42% v 286,72 gam.
Gii:
n BaCl2 = 0,05 mol ; Hn2SO4
= 0,05 mol
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl

0,05
0,05
0,05
0,1
Dung dch B + H2SO4 kh dung dch B c Na2CO3 d

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
0,02
0,02
n Na2CO3 ban u = 0,05 + 0,02 = 0,07 mol

C%
Na2CO3
0,07 106
100% = 7,42%
100
LBTKL: mdd sau cng = 50 + 100 + 50 - m - mCO2

= 50 + 100 + 50 - 0,05.197 - 0,02.44 = 189,27 gam
p n B
V d 4: X l mt - aminoaxit, phn t cha mt nhm -NH2 v mt nhm -COOH. Cho 0,89 gam X
phn ng va vi HCl thu c 1,255 gam mui. Cng thc to ra ca X l:
A. CH2 =C(NH2)-COOH.
B. H2N-CH=CH-COOH.
C. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH.
D. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH.
Gii:
HOOC - R - NH2 + HCl HOOC -R-NH3Cl
mHCl = m mui - maminoaxit = 0,365 gam mHCl = 0,01 (mol)

Maminoxit =
0,89
= 89
0,01
Mt khc X l -aminoaxit p n C
V d 5: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi
9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l:
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.
D. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
10

Gii:
2 ROH + 2Na 2 RONa + H2
Theo bi hn hp ru tc dng vi ht Na Hc sinh thng nhm l: Na va , do thng
gii sai theo hai tnh hung sau:
Tnh hung sai 1: nNa=
15,6
9,2
= 0,4 nru = 0,4 M ru =
= 39
23
0,4
p n A Sai.
Tnh hung sai 2: p dng phng php tng gim khi lng:
nru =
24,5 15,6
= 0,405 M
22
ru
15,6
= 38,52
0,405
p n A Sai
p dng phng php bo ton khi lng ta c:

m H2 = mru + mNa - mrn = 15,6 + 9,2 - 24,5 = 0,3 gam
nru= 2nH2 = 0,3 (mol) M
ru =
15,6
= 52 p n B
0,3
V d 6: Trng hp 1,680 lt propilen (ktc) vi hiu sut 70%, khi lng polime thu c l:
A. 3,150 gam.
B. 2,205 gam.
C. 4,550 gam.
D.1,850 gam.
Gii:
LBTKL: mpropilen = mpolime =
70%
1,680
.42.
= 2,205 gam p n B
100%
22,4
V d 7: X phng ho hon ton 17,24 gam cht bo cn va 0,06 mol NaOH, c cn dung dch sau
phn ng thu c khi lng x phng l:
A. 17,80 gam.
B.18,24 gam.
C. 16,68 gam.
D.13,38 gam.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)

Gii:
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3
0,06
0,02 (mol)
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
17,24 + 0,06.40= mx phng + 0,02.92 mx phng =17,80 gam
p n: A
V d 8: Cho 3,60 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch gm
KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc
phn t ca X l:
A. C2H5COOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCOOH.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)

Gii:
RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H2O
11
D. C3H7COOH.

RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O
nNaOH = nKOH = 0,5.0,12 = 0,06 mol
LBTKL: mX + mNaOH + mKOH = mrn + mH2O
m H2O = 1,08 gam n H2O = 0,06 mol

nRCOOH = n H2O = 0,06 mol MX = R + 45 =
3,60
= 60 R = 15
0,06
X: CH3COOH p n B
V d 9: Nung 14,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ho tr 2 c 7,6 gam cht rn v kh
X. Dn ton b lng kh X vo 100ml dung dch KOH 1M th khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng
l:
A. 15 gam
B. 10 gam
C. 6,9 gam
D. 5 gam
Gii:
X l CO2
LBTKL: 14,2 = 7,6 + mX mX = 6,6 gam nX = 0,15 mol
V:
m KOH
0,1
=
< 1 mui thu c l KHCO3
n CO 2
0,15
CO2 + KOH KHCO3

0,1
0,1
0,1
m KHCO = 0,1.100 = 10 gam p n B

3
V d 10: Nhit phn hon ton M gam hn hp X gm CaCO3 v Na2CO3 thu c 11,6 gam cht rn
v 2,24 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Hm lng % ca CaCO 3 trong X l:
A. 6,25%
B. 8,62%
C. 50,2%
D. 62,5%
Gii:
t
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
o
nCaCO 3 = nCO = 0,1 (mol) mCaCO 3 = 10 gam

2
Theo LBTKL: mX = mcht rn = mkh = 11,6 + 0,1 44=16 gam
%CaCO3=
10
100% = 62,5% p n: D
16
V d 11: un 27,6 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc vi H2SO4 c 140oC (H=100%) c 22,2 gam
hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. S mol mi ete trong hn hp l:
A. 0,3.
B. 0,1
C. 0,2
Gii:
S ete thu c l:
3(3 1)
=6
2
LBTKL: 27,6= 22,2 + m H 2 O m H 2 O = 5,4 gam n H 2O = 0,3 mol
H 2O
ete
= 6nete nmi ete = 0,3: 6 = 0,5 mol p n: D

12
D.0,05

V d 12: t chy hon ton 0,025 mol cht hu c X cn 1,12 lt O 2 (ktc), dn ton b sn phm thu
c qua bnh 1 ng P2O5 khan v bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 0,9 gam, bnh
2 tng 2,2 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H4O.
B. C3H6O.
C. C3H6O2.
D. C2H4O2.
Gii
mbnh 2 tng = m CO 2 , mbnh 1 tng = m H 2 O
LBTKL: mx + m O 2 = m CO 2 + m H 2 O mx + 32.0,05 = 0,9 + 2,2
mx = 1,5 gam
Mx = 1,5:0,025=60 p n: D
V d 13: Cho 20,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol tc dng va vi K thy thot ra 5,6 lt H 2(ktc) v khi
lng mui thu c l:
A. 3,92 gam
B. 29,4 gam
C. 32,9 gam
D. 31,6 gam
Gii:
R (OH)a + aK R (OK)a +
x
a
H2
2
0,5 ax n H 2 = 0,5 ax = 0,25 ax = 0,5 mol
xa
LBTKL: 20,2 + 39.0,5 = mmui + 2.0,25 mmui = 39,2 gam p n A

V d 14: X phng ho cht hu c X n chc c 1 mui Y v ancol Z. t chy hon ton 4,8
gam Z cn 5,04 lt O2 (ktc) thu c lng CO2 sinh ra nhiu hn lng nc l 1,2 gam. Nung mui
Y vi vi ti xt thu c kh T c t khi hi i vi H 2 l 8. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. C2H5COOCH3
B. CH3COOCH3
C. HCOOCH3.
D. CH3COOC2H5
Gii:
X + NaOH mui Y + ancol Z X: este n chc
t
RCOOR + NaOH
RCOONa + ROH
o
RCOONa + NaOH
CaO/t0
RH + Na2CO3
MRH = 8.2 =16 RH: CH4 RCOONa : CH3COONa

CxHyO(Z) + O2 CO2 + H2O
LBTKL: 4,8 + 0,225.32 = m CO 2 + m H 2 O = 12
m CO 2 = m H 2 O + 1,2 m CO 2 = 6,6 gam, m H 2 O = 5,4 gam

mC = 12. n CO 2 =1,8 gam; mH = 2.nH2O = 0,6 gam; mO = 2,4 gam
x: y: z =
1,8 0,6 2,4

:
:
= 0,15: 0,6: 0,15 = 1: 4: 1
12 1 16
13
Z: CH3OH X : CH3COOCH3 p n B
V d 15: t chy hon ton 4,3 gam mt axit cacboxylic X n chc thu c 4,48lt CO 2 (ktc) v
2,7 gam H2O. S mol ca X l:
A. 0,01mol
B. 0,02 mol
C. 0,04 mol
D. 0,05 mol
Gii:
Theo LBTKL: mX + m O 2 = m CO 2 + m H2O
m O 2 = 2,7 + 0,2 44 4,3 = 10,3 gam n O2 = 0,225 (mol)

p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi:
nX + n O 2 = n CO 2 +
n H 2O
2
nX = n CO 2 +
nH O
2
- n O 2 = 0,05(mol) p n D
V d 16: t chy hon ton x gam hn hp X gm propan, buten-2, axetilen thu c 47,96 gam CO2
v 21,42 gam H2O. Gi tr X l:
A. 15,46.
B. 12,46.
C. 11,52.
D. 20,15.
Gii:
n CO 2 = 1,09 mol ; n H 2O = 1,19 mol
x = mC + mH = 12. n CO 2 + 2.n H2o = 15,46 gam p n A

V d 17: un nng 5,14 gam hn hp kh X gm metan, hiro v mt ankin vi xc tc Ni, thu c
hn hp kh Y. Cho hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch brom d thu c 6,048 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc)
c t khi i vi hiro bng 8. tng khi lng dung dch brom l:
A. 0,82 gam.
B. 1,62 gam
C. 4,6 gam
D. 2,98 gam.
Gii:
Br2
Ni,t
Z
X
Y
o
Nhn thy: mkh tc dng vi dung dch brom = mkhi lng bnh brom tng
mX = mY=mZ + mkhi lng bnh brom tng
mkhi lng bnh brom tng = mX - mZ = 5,14 -
6,048
8 2 = 0,82 gam p n A
22,4
V d 18: Ho tan hon ton 8,9 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl d c 4,48 lt (ktc).
C cn dung dch thu c sau phn ng th lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 23,1 gam
B. 46,2 gam
C. 70,4 gam
Gii:
Cch 1: Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi M, ha tr n

2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2
0,4
0,2 (mol)
Theo LBTKL: mkim loi + mHCl = mmui + m H 2

14
D. 32,1 gam
mmui = 8,9 + 0,4 36,5 0,2 2 =23,1 gam p n A
Cch 2: mCl-mui = nH+ = 2.n H 2 = 0,4 (mol)

mmui = mkim loi + mCl-(mui) = 8,9 + 0,4 35,5 = 23,1 gam p n A
V d 19. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch HNO 3 thu
c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch X th lng
mui khan thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 77,1 gam
B. 71,7 gam
C. 17,7 gam
D. 53,1 gam
Gii:
5
N + 3e N (NO)
0,9 0,3(mol)
V sn phm kh duy nht l NO n N O3
(trong mui)
n e nhng (hoc nhn)
= 0,9 mol
(Xem thm phng php bo ton e)

mmui = mcation kim loi + mNO 3 (trong mui) 15,9 + 0,9 62 = 71,7 gam
p n B
BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe2O3 ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm. Sau phn
ng ta thu c hn hp rn c khi lng l
A.11,40 gam.
B. 9,40 gam.
C. 22,40 gam.
D. 9,45 gam.
Cu 2 : Trong bnh kn cha 0,5 mol CO v m gam Fe3O4. un nng bnh cho ti khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton, th kh trong bnh c t khi so vi kh CO ban u l 1,457. Gi tr ca m l.
A. 16,8
B. 21,5
C. 22,8
D. 23,2
Cu 3: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi n cc, sau mt thi gian my khi lng dung dch
gim 12 gam. Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch H2S 1M. Nng mi ca
dung dch CuSO4 trc khi in phn l
A. 1M.
B. 1,5 M.
C. 2M.
D. 2,5M.
Cu 4 : Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe2O3 t nng sau khi
kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s hp th vo
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng FeO trong hn hp A l
A. 13,03%.
B. 31,03%.
C. 68,03%.
D. 68,97%.
Cu 5 : Dn kh CO t t qua ng s ng 14 gam CuO, Fe2O3, FeO nung nng mt thi gian thu c
m gam cht rn X. Ton b kh thu c sau phn ng c dn chm qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, kt
ta thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 2,8 lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
15
A. 6 gam.
B. 12 gam.
C. 8 gam.
D. 10 gam.
Cu 6 : Nung hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm CaCO3 v NaCl. Kt thc th nghim thu c 7,8
gam cht rn khan. Khi lng CaCO3 c trong X l
A. 5,0 gam.
B. 6,0 gam.
C. 7,0 gam.
D. 8,0 gam.
Cu 7 : Nung nng 34,8 gam hn hp X gm MCO3 v NCO3 c m gam cht rn Y v 4,48 lt CO2
(ktc). Nung Y cho n khi lng khng i c hn hp rn Z v kh CO2 dn ton b CO2 thu c
qua dung dch KOH d, tip tc cho thm CaCl2 d th c 10 gam kt ta. Ho tan hon ton Z trong
V lt dung dch HCl 0,4M va c dung dch T. Gi tr m gam v V lt ln lt l :
A. 26 v 1,5.
B. 21,6 v 1,5.
C. 26 v 0,6.
D. 21,6 v
0,6.
Cu 8 : Ho tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt
kh X (ktc), 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn dung dch Z thu
c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam.
B. 33,99 gam.
C. 19,025 gam.
D. 56,3 gam.
Cu 9 : Cho 11,0 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long d. thu c dung dch Y
(khng cha mui amoni), hn hp kh Y gm 0,2 mol NO v 0,3 mol NO2. C cn dung dch Y th
lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 33,4 gam.
B. 66,8 gam.
C. 29,6 gam.
D. 60,6 gam.
Cu 10 : Ho tan ht 7,8 gam hn hp Mg, Al trong dung dch HCl d. Sau phn ng thy khi lng
dung dch tng 7,0 gam so vi ban u. S mol axit phn ng l
A. 0,08 mol
B. 0,04 mol
C. 0,4 mol
D. 0,8 mol
Cu 11 : Cho x gam Fe ho tan trong dung dch HCl, sau khi c cn dung dch thu c 2,465 gam cht
rn. Nu cho x gam Fe v y gam Zn vo lng dung dch HCl nh trn thu c 8,965 gam cht rn v
0,336 lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr ca x, y ln lt l:
A. 5,6 v 3,25
B. 0,56 v 6,5
C. 1,4 v 6,5.
D. 7,06 v 0,84
Cu 12 : Ho tan hon ton 11,4 gam hn hp X gm kim loi M (ho tr I) v kim loi N (ho tr II)
vo dung dch cha ng thi H2SO4 v HNO3 c nng thu c 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp Y gm NO2
v SO2 c t khi hi so vi hiro l 28,625 v mui khan c khi lng l:
A. 44,7 gam
B. 35,4 gam
C. 16,05 gam
D. 28,05 gam.
Cu 13: Ly 35,1 gam NaCl ho tan vo 244,9 gam H2O. Sau in phn dung dnh vi in cc tr
c mng ngn cho ti khi catot thot ra 1,5 gam kh th dng li. Nng cht tan c trong dung dch
sau in phn l:
A. 9,2%
B. 9,6%
C. 10%
10,2%.
16
D.

Cu 14: un a gam 1 ancol X vi H2SO4 c 1700C c 1 olefin. Cho a gam X qua bnh ng CuO
d, nung nng (H = l00%) thy khi lng cht rn gim 0,4 gam v hn hp hi thu c c t khi
hi i vi H2 l l5,5. Gi tr a gam l:
A. 23
B. 12,5
C. 1,15
D. 16,5.
Cu 15 : Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v H2 i qua ng s ng Ni nung nng thu c khi

Y. Dn Y vo lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 c 12 gam kt ta. Kh ra khi dung dch phn ng
va vi dung dch cha 16 gam Br2 v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton Z thu c 0,1 mol CO2 v
0,25 mol nc.
A. 11,2
B. 13,44
C. 5,6
D. 8,96.
Cu 16 : un nng 7,6 gam hn hp X gm C2H2, C2H4 v H2 trong bnh kn vi xc tc Ni thu c

hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, dn sn phm chy thu c ln lt qua bnh 1 ng
H2SO4 c, bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4 gam. Khi lng tng ln bnh
2 l
A. 6,0 gam
B. 9,6 gam
C. 22,0 gam
D. 35,2 gam
Cu 17: t chy ht m gam hn hp X gm etan, etilen, axetilen v butaien-1,3 ri cho sn phm chy
hp th vo dung nh nc vi d, thu c 100 gam kt ta. Khi lng dung dch nc vi sau phn
ng gim 39,8 gam. Tr s ca m l:
A. 58,75 gam
B. 13,8 gam
C. 37,4 gam
D. 60,2 gam.
Cu 18 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C2H2, CH4, C3H6 v C4H10 thu c 4,4 gam CO2
v 2,52 gam H2O. m c gi tri l:
A. 1,48 gam
B. 2,48 gam
C. 14,8 gam
D. 24,8 gam.
Cu 19: Thc hin phn ng ete ho hon ton 11,8 gam hn hp hai ru no n chc, mch h, ng
ng k tip thu c hn hp gm ba ete v l,98 gam nc. Cng thc hai ru l:
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH
B. C4H9OH, C5H11OH.
C. C2H5OH, C3H7OH
D. C3H7OH, C4H9OH.
Cu 20 : Cho 10,1 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi

5,75 gam Na c 15,6 gam cht rn. Hai ancol cn tm l
A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
B. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
D. C3H5OH v C4H9OH .
Cu 21: Ho tan 25,2 gam tinh th R(COOH)n.2H2O vo 17,25ml etanol (D = 0,8g/ml) c dung dch
X. Ly 7,8 gam dung dnh X cho tc ng ht vi Na va thu c cht rn Y v 2,464 lt kh H 2
(ktc). Khi lng ca Y l:
A. 12,64 gam
B. 10,11 gam
C. 12,86 gam
D.
10,22
gam.
Cu 22 : t chy hon ton a gam 1 este n chc ca ru metylic cn 1,68 lt kh O2 (ktc) thu c
2,64 gam CO2 ; 1,26 gam H2O v 0,224 lt N2 (ktc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca este l:
17
A. CH3COOCH2NH2
B. CH3CH(NH2)COOCH3
C. H2NCH2CH2COOCH3
D. H2NCH2COOCH3
Cu 23 : Cho 14,8 gam hn hp bn axit hu c n chc tc dng vi lng va Na 2CO3 to thnh

2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 15,9 gam
B. 17,0 gam
C. 19,3 gam
D. 19,2 gam.
Cu 24 : t hon ton 34 gam este X cn 50,4 lt O2 (ktc) thu c n CO 2 : n H2O = 2 . un nng 1 mol
X cn 2 mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH3COOC6H5
B. C6H5COOCH3
C. C2H5COOC6H5
D. C6H5COOC2H5
Cu 25 : X phng ho hon ton m gam lipit X bng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 8%. Sau phn ng c
9,2 gam glixerol v 94,6 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. (C17H35COO)3C3H5
B. (C15H31COO)3C3H5
C. (C17H33COO)3C3H5
D. (C17H31COO)3C3H5
Cu 26 : un nng 15 gam cht bo trung tnh vi 150ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Phi dnh 50ml dung
dch H2SO4 1M trung ho NaOH d. Khi lng x phng (cha 70% khi lng mui nm ca axit
bo) thu c t 2 tn cht bo trn l
A. 2062 kg
B. 3238 kg.
C. 2946 kg.
D. 2266 kg.
Cu 27 : x phng ho hon ton 1 kg cht bo (c ln 1 lng nh axit bo t do) c ch s axit

bng 8,4 phi dng 450ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Khi lng x phng thu c l
A. 1001,6 kg.
B. 978,7 gam.
C. 987,7 kg
D. 1006,1 gam.
Cu 28 : Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 1,2M th

thu c 18,504 gam mui. Th tch ung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt.
B. 0,08 lt.
C. 0,4 lt.
D. 0,04 lt
Cu 29 : Cho 0,01 mol amino axit X phn ng va vi 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1M thu c 1,695
gam mui. Mt khc 19,95 gam X tc dng vi 350ml dung dch NaOH 1M. C cn dung dch thu c
28,55 gam cht rn. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HOOCCH(NH2)CH2NH2
B. NH2(CH2)3COOH.
C. HOOCCH2CH(NH2)COOH.
D. HOOC(CH2)2CH(NH2)COOH.
1A
11C
21A
2D
12D
22D
3D
13B
23D
4A
14C
24A
5B
15A
25D
6A
16C
26C
P N
7A
8A
17B 18A
27D 28B
18
9B
19C
29C
10D
20B
PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG

I. PHNG PHP GII
1. Ni dung phng php

- Mi s bin i ha hc (c m t bng phng trnh phn ng) u c lin quan n s tng
hoc gim khi lng ca cc cht.
+ Da vo s tng hoc gim khi lng khi chuyn 1 mol cht X thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol cht Y
(c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca cc cht v ngc li, t s mol
hoc quan h v s mol ca 1 cc cht m ta s bit c s tng hay gim khi lng ca cc cht X,
Y.
+ Mu cht ca phng php l:
* Xc nh ng mi lin h t l mi gia cc cht bit (cht X) vi cht cn xc nh (cht Y) (c
th khng cn thit phi vit phng trnh phn ng, m ch cn lp s chuyn ha gia 2 cht ny,
nhng phi da vo LBT nguyn t xc nh t l mi gia chng).
* Xem xt khi chuyn t cht X thnh Y (hoc ngc li) th khi lng tng ln hay gim i theo t l
phn ng v theo cho.
* Sau cng, da vo quy tc tam sut, lp phng trnh ton hc gii.
2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp

Bi ton 1: Bi ton kim loi + axit (hoc hp cht c nhm OH linh ng) mui + H2
2M + 2nHX 2MXn + nH2
(l)
2M + nH2SO4 M2(SO4)n + nH2
(2)
2R(OH)n + 2nNa 2R(ONa)n + nH2
(3)
T (l), (2) ta thy: khi lng kim loi gim v tan vo dung dch di dng ion, nhng nu c cn
dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng cht rn thu c s tng ln so vi khi lng kim loi ban u,
nguyn nhn l do c anion gc axit thm vo .
T (3) ta thy: khi chuyn 1 mt Na vo trong mui s gii phng 0,5 mol H2 tng ng vi s tng
khi lng l m = MRO. Do , khi bit s mol H2 v m => R.
Th d: Cho m gam ancol n chc X vo bnh ng Na d, sau phn ng c 0,1 mol H2 v khi
lng bnh tng 6,2gam. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Hng dn gii
Theo (3), vi n = 1 : 1 mol Na 1 mol R- ONa
0,5 mol H2: m = MRO
RO = 31 R = 15 (CH3) X l CH3OH
0,1 mol H2: m = 6,2gam
Bi ton 2: Bi ton nhit luyn
Oxit (X) + CO (hoc H2) rn (Y) + CO2 (hoc H2O)
Ta thy: d khng xc nh c Y gm nhng cht g nhng ta lun c v oxi b tch ra khi oxit v
thm vo CO (hoc H2) to CO2 hoc H2O
m
m = mX - mY = mO nO =
= nCO = n CO2 (hoc = n H2 = n H2 )
16
Bi ton 3: Bi ton kim loi + dung dch mui: nA + mBn+ nAm+ + mB
Ta thy: tng (gim) khi lng ca kim loi chnh l gim (tng) khi lng ca mui (v
manion = const) .
* Ch : Coi nh ton b kim loi thot ra l bm ht ln thanh kim loi nhng vo dung dch mui.
Bi ton 4: Bi ton chuyn ha mui ny thnh mui khc.
Khi lng mui thu c c th tng hoc gim, do s thay th anion gc axit ny bng anion gc
axit khc, s thay th ny lun tun theo quy tc ha tr (nu ha tr ca nguyn t kim loi khng thay
i).
* T 1 mol CaCO3 CaCl2: m = 71 - 60 = 11
19

( c 1 mol CO32 ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Cl ha tr 1)
* T 1 mol CaBr2 2 mol AgBr: m = 2. 108 - 40 = 176
( c 1 mol Ca2+ ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Ag+ ha tr 1)
Bi ton 5: Bi ton chuyn oxit thnh mui:
MxOy MxCl2y (c 1 mol O-2 c thay th bng 2 mol Cl)
MxOy Mx(SO4)y (c 1 mol O-2 c thay th bng 1 mol SO42)
* Ch : Cc iu ny ch ng khi kim loi khng thay i ha tr.
Bi ton 6: Bi ton phn ng este ha:
RCOOH + HO R RCOOR + H2O
- meste < m
m
- meste
mui : m tng =mui
- meste > mmui : m gim = meste mui
m
Bi ton 7: Bi ton phn ng trung ha: - OHaxit, phenol + kim
- OH(axit, phenol) + NaOH - ONa + H2O
(c 1 mol axit (phenol) mui: m = 23 1 = 22)
3. nh gi phng php tng gim khi lng

- Phng php tng gim khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan h v
khi lng v t l mi ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
- c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s dng
phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn.
- Cc bi ton gii bng phng php tng gim khi lng u c th gii c theo phng php
bo ton khi lng, v vy c th ni phng php tng gim khi lng v bo ton khi lng l 2
anh em sinh i. Tuy nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay phng php kia s l u vit
hn.
- Phng php tng gim khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton hn hp nhiu cht.
4. Cc bc gii.
- Xc nh ng mt quan h t l mi gia cht cn tm v cht bit (nh vn dng LBTNL).
- Lp s chuyn ho ca 2 cht ny.

- Xem xt s tng hoc gim ca M v m theo phng trnh phn ng v theo d kin bi ton
- Lp phng trnh ton hc gii.
II. TH D MINH HA
V d 1: Khi oxi ho hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng. Cng
thc anehit l
A. HCHO.
B. C2H3CHO.
C. C2H5CHO.
Gii:
[O]
RCHO
RCOOH
x mol
x mol
m tng= 16x = 3 2,2 x = 0,05

Manehit = (R+29) =
2,2
44 R 15 CH3CHO p n D
0,05
20
D. CH3CHO.

V d 2 : Oxi ho m gam X gm CH3CHO, C2H3CHO, C2H5CHO bng oxi c xc tc, sn phm thu
c sau phn ng gm 3 axit c khi lng (m + 3,2) gam. Cho m gam X tc dng vi lng d dung
dch AgNO3/NH3 th thu c x gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 10,8 gam
B. 21,6 gam
C. 32,4 gam
D.
43,2
gam
Gii
t
2 RCHO O 2 xt,
2 RCOOOH
Khi lng tng 3,2 gam l khi lng ca oxi tham gia phn ng
nx = 2 n O2 = 2 x
3,2
0,2(mol)
32
V cc anehit l n chc (khng c HCHO) nAg= 2nx= 2. 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
mAg = x = 0,4. 108 = 43,2 gam p n D

V d 3 : Cho 3,74 gam hn hp 4 axit, n chc tc dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c V lt kh CO2
(ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch th thu c 5,06 gam mui. Gi tr ca V lt l:
A. 0,224
B. 0,448.
C. 1,344.
D. 0,672
Gii:
RCOOH NaCO 3
2RCOONa CO2 H 2 O
a mol
a mol 0,5a mol
m tng = (23 - 1)a = 5,06 3,74 a = 0,06 mol

VCO 2 = 0,06. 0,5. 22,4 = 0,672 lt p n D
V d 4: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip tc dng va vi Na c
3,12 gam mui khan. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol l :
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH, C3H7OH.
C. C3H7OH, C4H9OH.
D. C4H9OH, C5H11OH.
Gii:
1
ROH Na
RONa H2
2
a mol
a mol
mtng = 22a = 3,12 2,02 a = 0,05 mol
M 2 ru = M R +17 =
2,02
40,4 15 M R = 23,4 < 29
0.05
2 ru l: CH3OH v C2H5OH p n A
V d 5: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml dung
dch NaOH 0,10M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l:
21
A. 8,64 gam.
B. 6,84 gam.
C. 4,90 gam.
D.
6,80
gam.
Gii:
nNaOH = 0,06mol
Mui + H2, trong nguyn t H trong nhm OH hoc COOH c thay

Hn hp X + NaOH
th bi nguyn t Na
tng khi lng = 22. 0,06 = 1,32 gam
Khi lng mui = 5,48 + 1,32 = 6,80gam p n D

V d 6 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp cc este no, n nhc, mch h. Dn ton b sn phm
chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 1,55 gam. Khi lng kt ta thu
c l:
A. 2,5 gam.
B. 4,925 gam.
C. 6,94 gam.
D. 3.52 gam.
Gii:
t
C n H 2n O 2 O 2
nCO2 nH 2 O
0
na
a mol
na
CO2 Ba(OH) 2
BaCO 3 H 2 O
na
na
m bnh m CO2 + m H 2 O = 44na 18na 1,55 na 0,025
mkt ta = 0,025.197 = 4,925 gam p n B

V d 7: Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO 4. Sau khi kt thc phn ng
lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Zn trong hn hp
ban u l:
A. 90,28%
B. 85,30%
C. 82,20%
Gii:
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 +Cu (1)
x
mgim = (65 - 64)x = x

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 +Cu (2)
y
m tng = (64 - 56)y = 8y

V khi lng hn hp rn trc v sau phn ng i mgim = mtng x = 8y
%Zn =
65x
x 100% 90,28% p n A
65x 56y
22
D. 12,67%

V d 8: Cho 4,48 lt CO (ktc) tc dng vi FeO nhit cao mt thi gian, sau phn ng thu c
cht rn X c khi lng b hn 1,6gam so vi khi lng FeO ban u. Khi lng Fe thu c v %
th tch CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l:
A. 5,6gam; 40%
B. 2,8gam; 25%
C. 5,6gam; 50%
C. 11,2gam; 60%
Gii:
t
FeO + CO
Fe CO2
0
mgim = mO(oxit phn ng )=
1,6
0,1(mol)
16
n Fe = n CO 2 = 0,1 (mol) mFe = 0,1.56 = 5,6gam (*)

Theo bo ton nguyn t: n hn hp kh sau phn ng = nCO(ban u) = 0,2 (mol)
% th tch kh CO2 =
0,1
x100% 50%(**)
0,2
T (*) v (**) p n C
V d 9 : Tin hnh 2 th nghim :
- TN 1 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V1 (lt) dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M.
- TN2 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V2 (lt) dung dch AgNO3 0,1M.
Sau khi cc phim ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng cht rn thu c 2 th nghim u bng nhau. Gi
tr ca Vl so vi V2 l
A. V1 = V2
B. Vl = l0V2
C. Vl = 5V2
D. Vl = 2V2
Gii:
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
V1 mol
V1 mol
m tng= 64V1 56V1 = 8V1 gam

Fe
2Ag+ Fe2+ +
0,05V2 mol
2Ag
0,1V2 mol
mtng = 108.0,1V2 56.0,05V2 = 8V2 gam

Theo mrn (TN1) = mrn(TN2) 8V1= 8V2 V1 = V2 p n A
V d 10 : Nung 1 hn hp rn gm a mol FeCO3 v b mol FeS2 trong bnh kn cha khng kh d. Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn duy nht l Fe2O3 v
hn hp kh. Bit p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau v sau cc phn ng lu hunh
mc oxi ho +4, th tch cc cht rn l khng ng k. Mi lin h gia a v b l
A. a = 0,5b.
B. a = b.
C. a = 4b.
23
D. a = 2b.

Gii:
1
t0
O 2
Fe2O3 +2CO2
2
2FeCO3+
a
4
Phn ng lm tng 1 lng kh l (a 2FeS2 +
11
t0
O 2 Fe2O3 4SO 2
2
11b
4
a
3a
mol
)=
4
4
2b
11b
3b
2b mol
Phn ng lm gim mt lng kh l:
4
4
V ptrc = psau
3a 3b
a b p n B
4
4
V d 11: Cho 5,90 gam amin n chc X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 9,55 gam mui khan. S cng thc cu
to ng vi cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 2.
D. 3.
Gii:
RNH2
x mol
HCl RNH3Cl
x mol
x mol
m tng = 36,5x = 9,55 5,9 x = 0,1
Mamin = MR +16 =
5,9
=59 MR = 43 X: C3H7NH2
0,1
CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2 ; (CH3)2CHNH2; CH3NHCH3CH2; (CH3)3N p n B

V d 12: Trong phn t amino axit X c 1 nhm amino v 1 nhm cacboxyl. Cho 15,0 gam X tc dng
va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 19,4 gam mui khan. Cng thc
ca X l
A. H2NC3H6COOH.
B. H2NCH2COOH.
C. H2NC2H4COOH.
D. H2NC4H8COOH.
Gii:
H2NRCOOH + NaOH H2NRCOONa + H2O
x mol
x mol
mtng = 22x = 19,4 15,0 x = 0,2 mol

24
Mx = MR +61 = 75 MR = 14 X: H2NCH2COOH p n B
V d 13: t chy hon ton 4,40 gam cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy gm 4,48 lt
CO2 (ktc) v 3,60 gam H2O. Nu cho 4,40 gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va n khi phn
ng hon ton c 4,80 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l
A. etyl propionat.
B. metyl propionat
C. isopropyl axetat.
D. etyl axetat.
Gii :
n CO 2 = n H 2O = 0,2mol X l este no n
CnH2nO2 + (
3n 1
t0
) O2
nCO2 + nH2O
2
0,2
mol
n
0,2 mol
mX = (14n + 32)
0,2
0,2
= 4,4 n = 4 X: C4H8O2 v nX =
n
4 = 0,05 mol
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH

0,05 mol
0,05 mol
mX < mmui mtng = (23-R) 0,05 = 4,8 4,4 = 0,4 R= 15

Cng thc cu to ca X l: C2H5OHCOOCH3 p n B
V d 14: Hn hp X gm HCOOH v CH3COOH (t l mol 1:1). Ly 5,30 gam hn hp X tc dng vi
5,75 gam C2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u
bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 10,12 gam.
B. 6,48 gam.
C. 16,20 gam.
D. 8,10 gam.
Gii:
x mol
MX
x mol
x mol
46x 60x
53
2x
nX = 5,3: 53 = 0,1 mol < n C2H5OH = 0,125 mol khi lng este tnh theo s mol ca axit
mtng = (29-1)x = m -5,3 m = 8,1 gam

8,1.80%
Khi lng este thc t thu c l 100% 6,48gam
p n B
25

V d 15: Dn t t hn hp kh CO v H2 qua ng s ng 55,4 gam hn hp bt CuO, MgO, ZnO,
Fe3O4 un nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 10,08 lt (ktc) hn hp kh v hi ch
cha CO2 v H2O, trong ng s cn li mt lng cht rn c khi lng l
A. 48,2 gam.
B. 36,5 gam.
C. 27,9 gam
D.
40,2
gam
Gii:
Bn cht ca cc phn ng CO, H2+[O] CO2 , H2O
nO = n CO 2 + n H 2O = nCO+ n H 2 = 0,45mol
m rn = moxit mO = 55,4 0,45.16 = 48,2 gam p n A
V d 16: Nung 47,40 gam kali pemanganat mt thi gian thy cn li 44,04 gam cht rn. % khi lng
kali pemanganat b nhit phn l
A. 50%.
B. 70%.
C. 80%.
D. 65%.
Gii:
t
2KMnO4
K2 MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
0
gim khi lng ca cht rn = m O 2 = 47,4 44,04 = 3,36gam
n O2 = 3,36: 32 = 0,105 mol m KMnO4 tham gia = 0,105.2 = 0,21 mol

% m KMnO4 phn ng =
0,21.158
.100%= 70% p n B
47,4
V d 17 : Nhit phn a gam Zn(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian dng li lm ngui v em cn thy khi lng
gim i 2,700 gam (hiu sut phn ng l 60%). Gi tr a l
A. 4,725 gam.
B. 2,835 gam.
C. 7,785 gam.
D. 7.875 gam.
Gii:
t
Zn(NO)2
ZnO + 2NO2
0
xmol
2xmol
1
O2
2
0,5xmol
m rn gim = m NO2 + m O 2 = 92x + 16x = 2,7 x = 0,025mol

H=
189x
.100% 60% a 7,875gam p n C
a
V d 18 : Cho 3,06 gam hn hp K2CO3 v MgCO3 tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c V lt kh
(ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X c 3,39 gam mui khan. Gi tr V (lt) l:
A. 0,224
B. 0,448
C. 0,336
Gii:
mtng = 11 n CO 2 = 3,39 3,06 n CO 2 = 0,03 mol VCO 2 = 0,672 lt
p n D
26
D. 0,672.

V d 19 : Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500ml dung dch H2SO4
0,1M va . Sau phn ng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
A. 7,71 gam.
B. 6,91 gam.
C. 7,61 gam.
D.
6,81
gam.
Gii:
O2-(trong oxit) SO24-
Khi lng tng: 0,05 (96 -16) = 4,0 gam

mmui = moxit + mmui = 2,81 + 4 = 6,81 gam
p n D
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dn 130 cm3 hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h qua dung dch Br 2 d kh thot ra khi
bnh c th tch l 100cm3, bit dx/He = 5,5 v phn ng xy ra hon ton. Hai hirocacbon cn tm l
A. metan, propen.
B. metan, axetilen.
C. etan, propen.
D. metan, xiclopropan.
Cu 2 : un nng 1,77 gam X vi 1 lng va 1,68 gam KOH c 2,49 gam mui ca axit hu c
Y v 1 ancol Z vi s mol Z gp 2 ln s mol Y (bit phn ng xy ra hon ton). X l
A. CH2(COOCH3)2
B. (COOCH3)2
C. HCOOC2H5
D. C2H4(COOCH3)2
Cu 3: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml dung dch NaOH
0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l
A. 8,64 gam.
B. 6,84 gam.
C. 4,90 gam.
D.
6,80
gam.
Cu 4: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO 3 c 7,28 gam mui ca
axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH2=CH-COOH
B. CH3COOH
C. CH C-COOH
D. CH3-CH2-COOH
Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton 2,1 gam mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II trong dung dch H2SO4 long
c 3 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tri II l:
A. CaCO3
B. Na2CO3
C. FeCO3
D. MgCO3
Cu 6: Cho ancol X tc dng vi Na d thy s mol khi bay ra bng s mol X phn ng. Mt khc, X
tc dng vi lng d CuO nung nng n phn ng hon ton thy lng rn gim 1,2 gam v c
2,7 gam cht hu c a chc Y. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l:
A. OHC-CH2-CH2-CHO
B. OHC-CH2-CHO
C. CH3-CO-CO-CH3
D. OHC-CO-CH3
27

Cu 7: Cho 26,80 gam hn hp KHCO3 v NaHCO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d c 6,72 lt
kh (ktc). Sau phn ng c cn c a gam mui khan. Gi tr ca a gam l:
A. 34,45.
B. 20,15.
C. 19,15.
D. 19,45.
Cu 8: Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp gm CO v H2 qua ng s nung nng cha hn hp FeO, Al2O3 (cc

phn ng xy ra hon ton) c hn hp kh v hi nng hn hn hp kh ban u 2 gam. Gi tr ca
V lt l
A. 2,80.
B. 5,60.
C. 0,28.
D. 0,56
Cu 9: Nung hn hp rn gm FeCO3 v FeS2 (t l mol 1 : 1) trong 1 bnh kn cha khng kh d vi

p sut l p1 atm. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn
duy nht l Fe2O3 v p sut kh trong bnh lc ny l p2 atm (th tch cc cht rn khng ng k v sau
cc phn ng lu hunh mc oxi ho + 4). Mi lin h gia pl v p2 l:
A. pl = p2
B. pl = 2p2
C. 2pl = p2
D. pl = 3p2
Cu 10: Dn kh CO i qua ng s nung nng cha 0,02 mol hn hp X gm FeO v Fe2O3 phn ng
xy ra hon ton thu c 1,96 gam cht rn Y, kh i ra khi ng s hp th hon ton vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d th thy khi lng bnh tng 2,20 gam. Hn hp X c:
A. 50%FeO v 50% Fe2O3
B. 13,04%FeO v 86,96% Fe2O3
C. 20%FeO v 80% Fe2O3
D. 82%FeO v 18%Fe2O3
Cu 11: Ho tan ht 1,625 gam kim loi M vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2 thy khi lng dung dch sau phn
ng tng 1,575 gam. M l
A. Al.
B. Be.
C. Zn.
D. Cr.
Cu 12: Dn V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th hon ton vo 750ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M, sau phn ng
khi lng dung dch gim 5,45 gam v c hn hp 2 mui. Gi tr V lt l
A. l,68.
B. 2,24.
C. 1,12.
D. 3,36.
Cu 13: Cho 1,825 gam amin X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton
thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 2,7375 gam mui RNH 3Cl. X c tng s ng
phn cu to amin bc 1 l:
A. 4.
B. 6.
C. 7.
D. 8.
Cu 14: Cho a gam hn hp gm metanol v propan-2-ol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton a hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 0,56) gam. Khi lng CuO
tham gia phn ng l
A. 0,56 gam.
B. 2,80 gam
C. 0,28 gam.
D.
5,60
gam.
Cu 15: Cho a gam hn hp cc ankanol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton c hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 1,20) gam v c t khi hi i vi H 2 l 15.
Gi tr ca a gam l
28
A. 1,05 gam.
B. 3,30 gam.
C. 1,35 gam.
D.
2,70
gam.
Cu 16: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn ng.
Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. un ton b lng Y thu c
vi 200ml dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch Z. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Nng mol ca dung
dch NaOH phn ng l
A. 0,2500M.
B. 0,1250M.
C. 0,3750M.
D.
0,4750M.
Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng Y tc dng
va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam mui khan. Bit
X lm qu tm ho . Gi tr a gam l
A. 3,325.
B. 6,325.
C. 3,875.
D. 5,875.
va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam mui khan. Bit
X lm qu tm ho . Cng thc cu to ca X l
A.HOOC-CH(NH2)-COOH
B. HOOC-CH2CH(NH2)CH2-COOH
C. HOOC-CH2CH2CH2NH2
D. HOOC-CH2CH(NH2)-COOH
Cu 19: Cho amino axit x tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn ng.
va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 1 lng mui khan. Bit X lm
qu tm ho . Khi lng mui khan thu c so vi khi lng ca Y s
A. tng 1,65 gam.
B. gim 1,65 gam.
C. tng 1,10 gam.
D. gim 1,10 gam.
Cu 20: t chy hon ton 3,72 gam hp cht hu c X (bit d X/H2 < 70), dn ton b sn phm chy
thu c qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy to ra 41,37 gam kt ta ng thi khi lng dung
dch gim 29,97 gam. Bit s mol NaOH cn dng phn ng ht vi X bng s mol kh hiro sinh ra
khi cho X tc dng vi Na d. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH3-C6H4(OH)2
B. C6H7COOH.
C. C5H6(COOH)2
D. HO-C6H4-CH2OH.
Cu 21: Th tch oxi phn ng l bao nhiu nu chuyn 1 th tch oxi thnh ozon thy th tch gim
i 7,0 cm3 (th tch cc kh o cng iu kin)
29

A. 21,0 dm3
B. 7,0 cm3
C. 21,0 cm3
D. 4,7 cm3
Cu 22: Trong 1 bnh kn dung tch khng i cha 0,2 mo1 CO v 1 lng hn hp X gm Fe 3O4 v
FeCO3 (t l mol 1 : l). Nung bnh nhit cao cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v a bnh v nhit
ban u (th tch cc cht rn khng ng k) thy p sut trong bnh tng 2 ln so vi ban u. Tng
s mol ca Fe3O4 v FeCO3 l:
A 0,4
B. 0,3.
C. 0,2.
D. 0,1.
Cu 23: t chy hon ton 16,8 gam mui sunfua ca kim loi ho tri II khng i thu c cht rn
X v kh B. Ho tan ht X bng 1 lng va dung dch H2SO4 35% c dung dch mui c nng
44,44%. Ly dung dch mui ny lm lnh xung nhit thp thy tch ra 25 gam tinh th ngm nc
Y v dung dch bo ho c nng 31,58%. Y c cng thc l
A. CuSO4.3H2O.
B. MgSO4.2H2O.
C. CuSO4.5H2O.
D. CuSO4.2H2O.
Cu 24: Thu phn hon ton 1,76 gam X n chc bng 1 lng va dung dch NaOH un nng
c 1,64 gam mui Y v m gam ancol Z. Ly m gam Z tc dng vi lng d CuO nung nng n
phn ng hon ton thy lng cht rn gim 0,32 gam. Tn gi ca X l
A. etyl fomat.
B. etyl propionat.
C. etyl axetat.
D. metyl axetat.
Cu 25: Cho hn hp X gm 2 axit ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi Na d thy s mol H2 bay ra

bng
1
mol X. un 20,75 gam X vi 1 lng d C 2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4 c) c 18,75 gam hn
2
hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng 60%). % theo khi lng cc cht c trong hn
hp X l:
A. 27,71% HCOOH v 72,29% CH3COOH.
B. 27,71 % CH3COOH v 72,29% C2H5COOH.
C. 40% C2H5COOH v 60% C3H7COOH.
D. 50% HCOOH v 50% CH3COOH.
Cu 26: Ho tan 5,4 gam Al vo 0.5 lt dung dch X gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 c 42 gam rn Y khng
tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long v dung dch Z. Ly ton b dung dch Z cho tc dng vi dung
dch NaOH d th c 14,7 gam kt ta (cho phn ng xy ra hon ton). Nng mi ca AgNO 3 v
Cu(NO3)2 trong dung dch X ln lt l:
A. 0,6M v 0,3M.
B. 0,6M v 0,6M.
C. 0,3M v 0,6M.
D. 0,3M v 0,3M.
Cu 27: Nhng m gam kim loi M ho tr II vo dung dch CuSO4 sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi
thy khi lng gim 0,075%. Mt khc, khi nhng m gam thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch Pb(NO 3)2
sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng 10,65% (bit s mol ca CuSO 4
v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp l nh nhau). M l
30
A. Mg.
B. Zn.
C. Mn.
D.
Ag.
Cu 28: Nhng 1 thanh Al v 1 thanh Fe vo dung dch Cu(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian ly 2 thanh kim loi
ra thy dung dch cn li cha Al(NO3)3 v Fe(NO3)2 vi t l mol 3 : 2 v khi lng dung dch gim
2,23 gam (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Khi lng Cu bm vo thanh Al v Fe l:
A. 4,16 gam.
B. 2,88 gam.
C. 1,28 gam.
D.
2,56
gam.
Cu 29 : Cho 32,50 gam Zn vo 1 dung dch cha 5,64 gam Cu(NO3)2 v 3,40 gam AgNO3 (cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton v tt c kim loi thot ra u bm vo thanh kim loi). Khi lng sau cng ca
thanh kim loi l
A. 1,48 gam.
B. 33,98 gam.
C. 32,47 gam.
D.
34,01
gam.
Cu 30: in phn l00ml dung dch M(NO3)n. Vi in cc tr cho n khi b mt catot xut hin bt
kh th ngng in phn. Phi dng 25ml dung dch KOH 2M trung ho dung dch sau khi in phn.
Mt khc, nu ngm 20 gam Mg vo 100ml dung dch M(NO3)n. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh Mg ra, sy
kh v cn li thy khi lng tng thm 24% so vi lng ban u. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Cng thc ho hc ca M(NO3)n l
A. Cu(NO3)2
B. Ni(NO3)2
C. Pb(NO3)2
D.
AgNO3
Cu 31: Nung 46,7 gam hn hp Na2CO3 v NaNO3 n khi lng khng i thu c 41,9 gam cht
rn. Khi lng Na2CO3 trong hn hp u l
A. 21,2 gam.
B. 25,5 gam.
C. 21,5 gam.
D.
19,2
Cu 32: Nung 104,1 gam hn hp K2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng khng i thu c
88,6
gam.
gam cht rn % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp u l
A. 20% v 80%.
B. 45,5% v 54,5%.
C. 40,35% v 59,65%.
D. 35% v 65%.
Cu 33: Dn kh CO qua ng s cha 7,6 gam hn hp gm FeO v CuO nung nng, sau 1 thi gian
c hn hp kh X v 6,8 gam rn Y. Cho hn hp kh X hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2
d thy c kt ta. Khi lng kt ta
A. 5 gam.
B. 10 gam.
C. 15 gam.
D. 20 gam.
Cu 34: t chy hon ton m gam hai kim loi Mg, Fe trong khng kh, thu c (m + 0,8) gam hai
oxit. hon tan ht lng oxit trn th khi lng dung dch H 2SO4 20% ti thiu phi dng l
A. 32,6 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 28,5 gam.
gam.
31
D.
24,5

Cu 35: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng
hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh H 2 bay ra
(ktc) l
A. 0,56 lt.
B. 1,12 lt.
C. 2,24 lt.
D. 4,48 lt.
Cu 36: em nung nng m gam Cu(NO3)2 mt thi gian ri dng li, lm ngui v em cn thy khi
lng gim 0,54 gam so vi ban u. Khi lng mui Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l
A. 1,88 gam.
B. 0,47 gam.
C. 9,40 gam.
D.
0,94
gam.
Cu 37: trung ho 7,4 gam hn hp 2 axit hu c n chc cn 200ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Khi
lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch l
A. 9,6 gam.
B. 6,9 gam.
C. 11,4 gam.
D. 5,2 gam.
Cu 38: Cho 5,615 gam hn hp gm ZnO, Fe2O3, MgO tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch
H2SO4
1M th khi lng mui sunfat thu c l

A. 13,815 gam.
B. 13,615 gam.
C. 15,215 gam.
D.
12,615 gam.
Cu 39: t chy hon ton 33,4 gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu ngoi khng kh thu c 41,4 gam
hn hp Y gm ba oxit. Th tch ti thiu dung dch H 2SO4 20% (D =1,14 g/ml) cn dng ho tan
ht hn hp Y l:
A. 215ml.
B. 8,6ml.
C. 245ml.
D. 430ml.
Cu 40: X l mt -aminoaxit ch cha 1 nhm -NH2 v 1 nhm -COOH. Cho 0,445 gam X phn ng
va vi NaOH to ra 0,555 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca X c th l
A. H2N-CH2-COOH.
B. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH.
C. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH.
D. H2N-CH=CH-COOH.
Cu 41: Cho hn hp X gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th lng kt ta thu
c sau phn ng bng khi lng AgNO3 tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % khi lng NaCl
trong X l
A. 27,88%.
B. 13,44%.
C. 15,20%.
D. 24,50%.
Cu 42: Cho 1,52 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dg vi Na va ,

sau phn ng thu c 2,18 gam cht rn. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol v th tch kh thu c sau
phn ng ktc ln lt l:
A. CH3OH; C2H5OH v 0,336 lt.
B. C2H5OH; C3H7OH v 0,336 lt
C. C3H5OH; C4H7OH v 0,168 lt.
D. C2H5OH; C3H7OH v 0,672 lt.
Cu 43: Hn hp X c khi lng 25,1 gam gm ba cht l axit axetic, axit acrylic v phenol. Lng
hn hp X trn c trung ho va bng 100ml dung dch NaOH 3,5M. Tnh khi lng ba mui thu
c sau phn ng trung ho l
32
A. 32,80 gam.
B. 33,15 gam.
C. 34,47 gam.
D. 31,52 gam.
Cu 44: Ngm mt inh st sch trong 200ml dung dch CuSO4 n khi dung dch ht mu xanh, ly
inh st ra khi dung dch, ra sch, sy kh, cn thy inh st tng 0,8 gam. Nng mi ca dung
dch CuSO4 l
A. 0,5M.
B. 5M.
C. 0,05M.
D. 0,1M
Cu 45: Nung l00 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i
c 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 16% v 84%.
B. 84% v 16%.
C. 26% v 74%.
D. 74% v 26%.
Cu 46: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng
hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh H 2 bay ra
(ktc) l
A. 0,56 lt.
B. 1,12 lt.
C. 2,24 lt.
D. 4,48 lt.
Cu 47: Cho mt anken X tc dng ht vi H2O (H+, t0) c cht hu c Y, ng thi khi lng bnh
ng nc ban u tng 4,2 gam. Cng cho mt lng X nh trn tc dng vi HBr va , thu c
cht Z, thy khi lng Y, Z thu c khc nhau 9,45 gam (gi s cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Cng
thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H4
B. C3H6
1A
11C
21C
31A
41A
2B
12B
22A
32C
42B
3D
13A
23C
33A
43A
4A
14B
24C
34D
44A
C. C4H8
P N
5D
6B
15B 16C
25A 26B
35B 36D
45A 46B
33
7C
17A
27B
37A
47A
8A
18D
28A
38B
D. C5H10
9A
19A
29B
39A
10B
20D
30D
40B
PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. C s: Nguyn t, phn t, dung dch lun lun trung ha v in
- Trong nguyn t: s proton = s electron
- Trong dung dch:
s mol in tch ion dng =
s mol in tch ion m
2. p dng v mt s ch
a, Khi lng dung dch mui (trong dung dch) =
khi lng cc ion to mui
b, Qu trnh p dng nh lut bo ton in tch thng kt hp:

- Cc phng php bo ton khc: Bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t
- Vit phng trnh ha hc dng ion thu gn
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
Dng 1: p dng n thun nh lut bo ton in tch
V d 1 : Mt dung dch c cha 4 ion vi thnh phn : 0,01 mol Na+, 0,02 mol Mg2+, 0,015 mol SO24
, x mol Cl . Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,015.
B. 0,035.
C. 0,02.
D. 0,01.
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01.1 + 0,02.2 = 0.015.2 +x.1 x = 0,02 p n C
Dng 2: Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton khi lng
V d 2 : Dung dch A cha hai cation l Fe2+: 0,1 mol v Al3+: 0,2 mol v hai anion l Cl : x mol v
SO24 : y mol. em c cn dung dch A thu c 46,9 gam hn hp mui khan. Gi tr ca x v y ln

lt l:
A. 0,6 v 0,1
B. 0,3 v 0,2
C. 0,5 v 0,15
0,3
Gii:
0,01.2 + 0,2.3 =x.1 +y.2 x + 2y = 0,8 (*)
Khi c cn dung dch khi lng mui = khi lng cc ion to mui
0,1.56+0,2.27 +x.35,5 +y.96= 46,9 35,5x +96y = 35,9 (**)
T (*) v (**) x = 0,2; y = 0,3 p n D.
V d 3 : Chia hn hp X gm hai kim loi c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan hon ton bng dung dch HCl d thu c 1,792 lt H 2 (ktc).
34
D. 0,2 v

Phn 2 : Nung trong khng kh d thu c 2,84 gam hn hp rn ch gm cc oxit. Khi lng hn
hp X l
A. 1,56 gam.
B. 1,8 gam.
C. 2,4 gam.
D.
3,12
gam.
Gii:
Nhn xt: Tng s mol in tch ion dng (ca hai kim loi) trong hai phn l bng nhau Tng
s mol in tch ion m trong hai phn cng bng nhau
O2- 2Cl
Mt khc: n Cl- = n H = 2 n H2 =
1,792
0,08mol
22,4
nO(trong oxit) = 0,04(mol)

Trong mt phn: mkim loi= moxit moxi = 2,84 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam
khi lng hn hp X = 2.1,56 = 3,12gam p n D
Dng 3: Kt hp vi bo ton nguyn t
V d 4 : Cho hn hp X gm x mol FeS2 v 0,045 mol Cu2S tc dng va vi HNO3 long, un
nng thu c dung dch ch cha mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii phng kh NO duy cht. Gi tr
ca x l:
A. 0,045
B. 0,09.
C. 0,135.
D. 0,18.
Gii:
- p dng bo ton nguyn t
Fe3+: x mol; Cu2+: 0,09 mol; SO24 : (x + 0,045) mol
- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch (trong dung dch ch cha cc mui sunfat) ta c:
3x + 2.0,09 = 2(x + 0,045) x = 0,09 p n B
V d 5 : Dung dch X c cha 5 ion : Mg2+, Ba2+ , Ca2+, 0,1 mol Cl v 0,2 mol NO3 . Thm dn V lt
dung dch K2CO3 1M vo X n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th gi tr V ti thiu cn dng l
A. 150ml
B. 300ml
C. 200ml
Gii:
C th quy i cc ion Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ thnh M2+ (xem thm phng php quy i)
M2+ + CO32 MCO3
Khi phn ng kt thc, phn dung dch cha K+, Cl v NO3
n K = n Cl + n NO- = 0,15 (lt) = 150ml p n A

3
Dng 4: Kt hp vi vic vit phng trnh dng ion thu gn

35
D. 250ml

V d 6 : Cho tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp gm Al v Al2O3 trong 500ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu
c 6,72 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch X. Th tch HCl 2M ti thiu cn cho vo X thu c lng kt
ta ln nht l
A. 0,175 lt.
B. 0,25 lt.
C. 0,125 lt.
D. 0,52 lt.
Gii:
Dung dch X cha cc ion Na+; AlO 2 ; OH d (c th).
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch: n AlO + n OH = n Na = 0,5
2
Khi cho HCl vo dung dch X:

H+ + OH H2O
(1)
H+ + AlO 2 + H2O Al(OH)3
(2)
3H+ + Al(OH)3 Al3++ 3H2O
(3)
kt ta l ln nht khng xy ra (3) v nH+ = n AlO + nOH- = 0,5

2
VHCl =
0,5
0,25 (lt) p n B
2
Dng 5: Bi ton tng hp

V d 7 : Hon ton 10 gam hn hp X gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch HCl 2M. Kt thc th nghim thu
c dung dch Y v 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). kt ta hon ton cc cation c trong Y cn va 300ml
dung dch NaOH 2M. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,2 lt.
B. 0,24 lt.
C. 0,3 lt.
D. 0,4 lt
Gii:
n Na n OH nNaOH = 0,6 (mol)

Khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Y (cha cc ion: Mg2+; Fe2+; H+ d; Cl ) cc ion dng s tc dng vi
OH to thnh kt ta. Nh vy dung dch thu c sau phn ng ch cha Na+ v Cl

n Cl n Na = 0,6 n H = 0,6 VHCl=
0,6
0,3lt p n C
2
V d 8 : ho tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn va 700ml dung
dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H2 (ktc). Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X ri ly ton b
kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th lng cht rn thu c l
A. 8 gam
B. 16 gam
C. 24 gam
Gii:
36
D. 32 gam

Vi cch gii thng thng, ta vit 7 phng trnh ho hc, sau t n s, thit lp h phng trnh
v gii
Nu p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
S mol HCl ho tan l Fe l: nHCl = 2n H 2 = 0,3(mol)
S mol HCl ho tan cc oxit = 0,7 0,3 = 0,4 mol
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
nO2-(oxit) =
m moxi 20 0,2.16
1
n Cl 0,2(mol) n Fe(trongX) oxit
0,3(mol)
2
56
56
C th coi: 2Fe (trong X) Fe2O3
n Fe 2 O 3 = 0,15mol m Fe 2 O3 = 24 gam p n C
BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha a mol Na+ ; b mol Mg2+ ; c mol Cl v d mol SO24 . Biu thc lin h
gia a, b, c, d l
A. a + 2b = c + 2d
B. a+ 2b = c + d.
C. a + b = c + d
D. 2a + b = 2c + d
Cu 2: C hai dung dch, mi dung dch u cha hai cation v hai anion khng trng nhau trong cc
ion sau : K+: 0,15 mol, Mg2+: 0,1 mol, NH4+ : 0,25 mol, H+ : 0,2 mol. Cl : 0,1 mol, SO24 : 0,075 mol,
NO 3 : 0,25 mol v CO32 : 0,15 mol. Mt trong hai dung dch trn cha:
A. K+, Mg2+, SO24 v Cl
B. K+, NH4+, CO32 v Cl
D. Mg2+, H+, SO24 v Cl
C. NH4+, H+, NO 3 v SO24
Cu 3 : Dung dch Y cha Ca2+ 0,1 mol, Mg2+ 0,3 mol, Cl 0,4 mol, HCO3 y mol. Khi c cn dung
dch Y th lng mui khan thu c l
A. 37,4 gam
B. 49,8 gam.
C. 25,4 gam.
D. 30,5 gam.
Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+, 0,03 mol K+, x mol Cl v y mol SO24 . Tng khi lng
cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,03 v 0,02.
B. 0,05 v 0,01
C. 0,01 v 0,03
D. 0,02 v
0,05
Cu 5 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v x mol Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va , thu
c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii phng kh NO duy nht. Gi tr X l
37
A. 0,03
B. 0,045
C. 0,06.
D.
0,09.
Cu 6 : Cho m gam hn hp Cu, Zn, Mg tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO 3 long, d. C cn cn
thn dung dch thu c sau phn ng thu c (m + 62) gam mui khan. Nung hn hp mui khan trn
n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l
A. (m + 4) gam.
B. (m + 8) gam.
C. (m + 16) gam.
D. (m + 32) gam.
Cu 7 : Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na2CO3, K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2 sau phn ng thu
c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch th thu dc bao nhiu gam mui clorua khan
A. 2,66 gam
B. 22,6 gam
C. 26,6 gam
D.
6,26
gam
Cu 8 : Trn dung dch cha Ba2+; OH 0,06 mol v Na+ 0,02 mol vi dung dch cha HCO3 0,04 mol;
CO32 0,03 mol v Na+. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau khi trn l
A. 3,94 gam.
B. 5,91 gam.
C. 7,88 gam.
D.
1,71
gam
Cu 9 : Ho tan hon ton 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA vo nc c
100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl c trong dung dch X trn ta cho ton b lng dung
dch X trn tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO3. Kt thc th nghim, thu c dung dch Y v
17,22 gam kt ta. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch Y l
A. 4,86 gam.
B. 5,4 gam.
C. 7,53 gam.
D.
9,12
gam.
Cu 10 : Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO32 ; 0,1 mol Na+ ; 0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl .Cho 270ml
dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k). Tng khi lng
dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l.
A. 4,215 gam.
B. 5,296 gam.
C. 6,761 gam.
D. 7,015 gam.
Cu 11 : Trn 100ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vi 200ml dung dch NaOH l,8M n phn ng hon ton th
lng kt ta thu c l
A. 3,12 gam.
B. 6,24 gam.
C. 1,06 gam.
D.
2,08
gam.
Cu 12 : Dung dch B cha ba ion K+ ; Na+ ; PO34 . 1 lt dung dch B tc dng vi CaCl2 d thu c
31 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu c cn mt lt dung dch B thu c 37,6 gam cht rn khan. Nng
ca hai ba ion K+ ; Na+ ; PO34 ln lt l .
A. 0,3M ; 0,3M v 0,6M
B. 0,1M ; 0,1M v 0,2M
C. 0,3M ; 0,3M v 0,2M
D. 0,3M ; 0,2M v 0,2M
38

Cu 13 : Cho dung dnh Ba(OH)2 n d vo 100ml dung dch X gm cc ion : NH4+ , SO4 2 , NO3 ri
tin hnh un nng th thu c 23,3 gam kt ta v 6,72 lt (ktc) mt cht kh duy nht. Nng kt
ta (NH4)2SO4 v NH4NO3 trong dung dch X ln lt l:
A. 1M v 1M.
B. 2M v 2M.
C. 1M v 2M.
D. 2M v 1M.
Cu 14 : Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe3+, SO42 , NH4+ , Cl . Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn bng
nhau :
- Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) v
1,07 gam kt ta.
- Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2 thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.
- Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c nc bay
hi)
A. 3,73 gam.
B. 7,04 gam.
C. 7,46 gam.
D.
gam.
1A
8A
2B
9D
3A
10C
P N
4A
11A
39
5C
12C
6B
13A
7C
14C
3,52
PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. C s ca phng php
s electron nhng = s electron nhn

s mol electron nhng = s mol electron nhn
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh:
2. Mt s ch .
- Ch yu p dng cho bi ton oxi ha kh cc cht v c

- C th p dng bo ton electron cho mt phng trnh, nhiu phng trnh hoc ton b qu trnh.
- Xc nh chnh xc cht nhng v nhn electron. Nu xt cho mt qu trnh, ch cn xc nh trng
thi u v trng thi cui s oxi ha ca nguyn t, thng khng quan tm n trng thi trung gian
s oxi ha ca nguyn t.
- Khi p dng phng php bo ton electron thng s dng km cc phng php bo ton khc (bo
ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t)
- Khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 v dung dch sau phn ng khng cha mui amoni:
n NO =
3
s mol electron nhng (hoc nhn)

V d 1 : Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam Cu bng dung dch HNO3 ton b lng kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht) thu c em oxit ho thnh NO2 ri chuyn ht thnh HNO3 Th tch kh oxi (ktc) tham
gia vo qu trnh trn l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 4,48 lt.
C. 3,36 lt.
Gii :
Cch 1:
Gii thng thng: nCu =
19,2
0,3mol
64
3Cu +8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 +2NO +4H2O
0,3
2NO +O2
2NO2
0,2 0,1
0,2
(1)
0,2 mol
(2)
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
(3)
0,2 0,05
n O2 = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 (mol) V = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt p n C
Cch 2:
p dng phng php bo ton e.
Nhn xt:
40
D. 6,72 lt.

Xt ton b qu trnh
+ Nit coi nh khng c s thay i s oxi ha (HNO 3 ban u HNO3)
+ Nh vy ch c 2 nguyn t c s thay i s oxi ha l Cu v O 2
Cu
0,3
2e Cu2+
2.0,3
+ 4e 2O2-
O2
0,15 0,6
V= 0,15.22,4 = 5,6 lt p n C
V d 2 : Oxi ho hon ton 0,728 gam bt Fe ta thu c 1,016 gam hn hp X gm hai oxit st. Ho
tan hon ton X bng dung dch axit HNO3 long d. Th tch kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc)
thu c sau phn ng l
A. 2,24ml.
B. 22,4ml.
C. 33,6ml.
Gii :
Cc phn ng c th c
t
2Fe +O2
2FeO
1)
t
2Fe + 1,5O2
Fe2O3
(2)
t
3Fe +2O2
Fe3O4
0
(3)
Cc phn ng ho tan c th c:
3Fe(NO3)3+NO+5H2O
3FeO + 10HNO3
Fe2O3 +6HNO3 2Fe(NO3 )3 3H 2O
(4)
(5)
3Fe3O4 +28HNO3 9Fe(NO3 )3 NO 14H 2O (6)

Xt c qu trnh ta thy c 3 qu trnh thay i s oxi ho l:
+Fe t Fe0 b oxi ho thnh Fe+3, cn N+5 b kh thnh N+2, O02 b kh thnh 2O-2.
p dng bo ton khi lng:
m O 2 = mx mFe(ban u)= 1,016 0,728 n O2 = 0,009

Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn l:
Fe
3e
0,013 0,039
Fe3+
O2
+ 4e
2O2-
0,009 0,036
N+5
3e
N+2(NO)
3nNO nNO
p dng bo ton eletron, ta c: 3nNO + 0,036 =
0,039
41
D. 44,8ml.
nNO = 0,001 mol VNO= 0,001.22,4 = 0,0224 lt = 22,4ml p n B.

V d 3 : Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp nht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X
bng dung dch HNO3 d thu c 0,56 lt NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,52 gam.
B. 2,22 gam.
C. 2,62 gam.
D.
2,32
gam.
Gii :
2
NO
m gam Fe
X 3
Fe(NO 3 )3
0
O 2
HNO3
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m O 2 = mx mFe(ban u) = 3- m n O2 =
3 m
32
Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn l :

Fe
3e
Fe3+
m
3m
56
56
O2
3- m
32
N+5
4e
2O2-
4(3-m)
32
3e
N+2
0,075 0,025 (mol)
3m 4(3 m)
0,075 m 2,52gam p n A
56
32
V d 4 : Cho m gam bt Fe vo dng dch HNO3 ly d, ta c hn hp gm hai kh NO2 v NO c

VX = 8,96 lt (ktc) v t khi i vi O2 bng 1,3125. Thnh phn % NO v % NO2 theo th tch trong
hn hp X v khi lng m ca Fe dng ln lt l
A. 25% v 75% ; 1,12 gam.
B. 25% v 75% ; 11,2 gam.
C. 35% v 65% ; 11,2 gam.
D. 45% v 55% ; 1,12 gam.
Gii :
Ta c : nX = 0,4 mol ; Mx= 42
42

S ng cho :
42 30 =12
NO2:46
42
46 30 =12
NO:30
n NO = 0,1mol
%VNO 25%
n NO2 : n NO = 12 : 4 = 3
n NO2 n NO 0,4 mol n NO2 0,3 mol %VNO2 75%

Fe 3e Fe3+
N+5 +3e N+2
x 3x
0,3 0,1
N+5 +1e N+4
0,3 0,3
Theo nh lut bo ton electron: 3x = 0,3 + 0,3 x = 0,2 mol
mFe= 0,2.56 =11,2 g p n B

V d 5: m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp X c khi lng
l 75,2 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho hn hp X phn ng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 m c,
nng thu c 6,72 lit kh SO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 56
B. 11,2
C. 22,4
D.
25,3
Gii:
nFe(ban u) =
m
56 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng n O2 (phn ng) =
75,2 - m
(mol)
32
Fe Fe3+ + 3e
O2
m
56
75,2 - m
32
ne
3m
56
nhng =
3m
56 mol
S+6
4e
4.
75,2 - m
32
2e S+4(SO2)
0,6 0,3
ne nhn = 4.
4.
75,2 - m
3m
+
0,6
=
32
56
m = 56 gam.
p n A.
43
75,2 - m
32 + 0,6
2O-2

V d 6 : Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1 bng axit HNO3 thu c V lt ( ktc)
hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO2 v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi
H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 4,48 lt
C. 5,6 lt.
D. 3,36 lt.
Gii :
t nFe = nCu = a mol 56a + 64a = 12 a = 0,1mol
Fe 3e Fe3+
N+5+ 3e N+2 (NO)
0,10,3mol
3x x
Cu 2e Cu2+
N+5 +1e N+4 (NO2)

y y
0,10,2 mol
Theo phng php bo ton e: ne(nhng) = ne(nhn)
3x + y = 0,5
Mt khc:
30x 46y
19,2
xy
(*)
(**)
T (*) v (**) x = y = 0,125 mol

V hn hp kh (ktc) = (0,125 +0,125). 22,4 = 5,6 lt p n C
V d 7 : Ho tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y gm HNO 3 v H2SO4
c thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO2, NO, NO2 , N2O. Thnh phn % khi lng ca Al v Mg trong X ln
lt l
A. 63% v 37%.
B. 36% v 64%.
C. 50% v 50%.
D. 46% v 54%.
Gii :
t nMg = x mol, nAl = y mol. Ta c : 24x +27y = 15
Mg 2e Mg2+
N+5+3e N+2(NO)
2x
0,3 0,1
Al 3e Al3+
N+5+e N+4(NO)
(1)
ne nhng = 2x+3y
0,1 0,1
N+5+4e N+1(N2O)
0,80,1.2
S+6+2e S+4(SO2)
0,2 0,1
nenhn = 1,4
Theo nh lut bo ton eletron: 2x +3y = 1,4
(2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,4 mol ; y = 0,2 mol

44
% Al =
27.0,2
.100% 36%
15
%Mg = 100% - 36% = 64% p n B.

V d 8 : Hn hp X gm 2 kim loi R1, R2 c ho tr x,y khng i (R1, R2 khng tc dng vi nc v
ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp X tan ht trong dung dch
Cu(NO3)2 sau ly cht rn thu c phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 d thu c 1,12 lt kh
NO duy nht ktc. Nu cng lng hn hp X trn phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO 3 long
d th thu c bao nhiu lt N2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) ?
A. 0,224 lt.
B. 0,336 lt.
C. 0,448 lt.
D. 0,672
lt.
Gii:
Trong bi ton ny c hai th nghim:
5
TN1: R1 v R2 nhng e cho Cu2+ chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho N thnh N(NO)
. S mol e do R1v R2 nhng ra l:
5
+ 3e N
0,15
1,12
0,05
22,4
5
TN2. R1; R2 trc tip nhng e cho N to ra N2. Gi x l s mol N2, th s mol e thu c vo l:
5
2 N +10e N02
10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15
VN = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt p n B
2
V d 9 : Hn hp X gm hai kim loi ng trc H trong dy in ho v c ho tr khng i trong

cc hp cht. Chia m gam X thnh hai phn bng nhau
- Phn 1 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch cha axit HCl v H2SO4 long to ra 3,36 lt kh H2
- Phn 2 : Tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO 3 thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht).
Bit cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 3,36 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
Gii:
Nhn xt:
V tng s mol e nhng trong 2 phn l nh nhau, nn s e nhn trong 2 phn cng nh nhau
-
Phn 1: 2H+ + 2e H2
45

0,03 0,015
Phn 2: N+5 + 3e N+2(NO)
0,03
0,01
VNO = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt

p n A.
V d 10: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 thu c hn hp
kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO2. Bit phn ng khng to mui NH4NO3. Khi lng mui to
ra trong dung dch l:
A. 10,08 gam
B. 6,59 gam
C. 5,69 gam
D. 5,96 gam
Gii:
N+5
3e
N+2(NO)
0,03 0,01
N+5
1e
N+4(NO2)
0,04
0,04
n NO- (mui) =
3
n electron nhng (hoc nhn)
= 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (mol)
mmui = mkim loi + m NO- (mui) = 1,35 + 0,07.63 = 5,69 gam

3
p n C.
V d 11: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO3 phn ng va thu c 1,792 lt kh
X (ktc) gm N2 v NO2 c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng mol ca HNO 3 trong dung dch
u l:
A. 0,28 M
B. 1,4 M
C. 1,7 M
D. 1,2 M
Gii:
Ta c MX 9,25. 4 37
(MN2 MNO2 )
2
l trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca 2 kh N2 v NO2
nX
2 = 0,04 mol
2N+5 +
10e
N2
0,4
0,04
N+5
+
1e
N+4(NO2)
0,04
0,04
n NO- (mui) = n electron nhng (hoc nhn) = 0,4 + 0,04 = 0,44 mol
3
p dng bo ton nguyn t ta c:
n HNO3 (b kh) = n NO- (mui) + nN(trong kh) = 0,44 + 0,04.2 + 0,04 = 0,56 mol
3
0,56
0,28M
[HNO3] =
2
p n A
nn: n N2 = n NO2
46

V d 12 : Chia m gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl d thu c 7,28 lt H 2
- Phn 2 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 5,6 lt NO (sn phm kh duy
nht).
- Bit th tch cc kh o ktc Khi lng Fe, Al c trong X ln lt l:
A. 5,6 gam v 4,05 gam.
B. 16,8 gam v 8,1 gam.
C. 5,6 gam v 5,4 gam.
D. 11,2 gam v 4,05 gam.
Gii:
Tc dng vi HCl
Al
- 3e
Al3+
2H+
+
2e H2
2+
Fe
- 2e
Fe
0,65 0,325
Tc dng vi HNO3
M
3e
M3+
N+5
+
3e
N+2
0,25
0,75
0,75
0,25
Nhn xt:
S mol e hn hp Al; Fe nhng khi tc dng HCl : 0,65 mol
S mol e hn hp Al; Fe nhng khi tc dng HNO3: 0,75 mol
S mol e m Al nhng l nh nhau vi HCl v HNO3; 1 mol Fe nhng cho HNO 3 nhiu hn cho HCl
l 1 mol e;
nFe=0,75 - 0,65 = 0,1 mol mFe = 5,6 gam
nAl =0,25 - 0,1 = 0,15 mol mAl = 4,05 gam
p n A.
V d 13 : Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam hn hp Cu - Ag bng 19,6 gam dung dch H2SO4 c un nng sau
phn ung thu c kh X v dung dch Y. Ton b kh X c dn chm qua dung dch nc clo d, dung dch
thu c cho tc dng vi BaCl2 d thu c 18,64 gam kt ta. Khi lng Cu, Ag v nng ca dung dch
H2SO4 ban u ln lt l :
A. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 96%.
B. 4,72 ; 6,48 v 80%.
C. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 80%.
D. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 90%.
Gii:
t : nCu = x; nAg = y 64x + 108y = 11,2 (*)
Cu 2e Cu2+
S+6 +2e S+4(SO2)
x 2x
0,16
Ag e Ag+
y y
Ta c s chuyn ho
Cl2 H2O
BaCl2
SO 24 SO2
SO24
BaSO4
0,08
18,64
0,08 mol
233
p dng bo ton eletron: 2x + y = 0,16 (**)

T (*) (**) x = 0,04, y = 0,08
47
0,08
mCu = 0,04. 64 = 2,56gam ; mAg = 8,64gam

p dng bo ton nguyn t ca lu hunh
n SO 2 (axit) = n SO 2 (mui) + n SO = (0,04

4
4
2
C%(H2SO4) =
0,08
) 0,08 0,16
2
0,16.98
.100% 80% p n C
19,6
V d 14 : Cho hn hp X gm 0,1 mol Al v 0,1 mol Fe vo 100ml dung dch Y gm Cu(NO3)2 v

AgNO3 sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi. Ho tan hon ton Z bng dung
dch HCl d thu c 0,05 mol H2 v cn li 28 gam cht rn khng tan. Nng mi ca Cu(NO3)2 v
ca AgNO3 trong Y ln lt l :
A. 2M v 1M.
B. 1M v 2M.
C. 0,2M v 0,1M.
D. 0,5M v 0,5M.
48

Gii:
Tm tt s :
AgNO 3 : x mol
Al
8,3gam hn hp X 100ml dung dch Y
Fe
Cu(NO3 ) 2 : y mol
(nAl = nFe)
1,12 lt H2
Cht rn A
HCl
(3 kim loi)
2,8 gam cht rn khng tan B
t n AgNO3 = x mol v n Cu(NO3 )2 = y mol

Cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi 3 kim loi phi l: Ag, Cu, Fe
Al, Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 tham gia phn ng ht, Fe cha phn ng hoc d
Xt cho ton b qu trnh, ta c:
Ag+ +1e Ag0
x
Al 3e Al3+
xx
0,1 0,3
Cu2+ +2e Cu0
Fe 2e Fe2+
y 2y y
0,1 0,2
2H+ +2e H2
0,10,05
Theo nh lut bo ton eletron, ta c phng trnh:
x + 2y + 0,1 = 0,3 + 0,2 x + 2y = 0,4
(1)
Mt khc, cht rn khng tan l: Ag: x mol; Cu: y mol
108x + 64y = 28
(2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,2 mol ; y = 0,1 mol
[AgNO3] =
0,2
0,1
2M; [Cu(NO3 )2 ]
1M p n B
0,1
0,1
V d 15 : Trn 0,54 gam bt Al vi hn hp bt Fe2O3 v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong
iu kin khng c khng kh mt thi gian. thu c hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan hon ton X trong
dung dch HNO3 c, nng, d th th tch NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) thu c l
A. 0,672 lt.
B. 0,896 lt.
C. 1,12 lt.
D. 1,344
lt.
Gii:
Phn tch:
Nu gii theo cch thng thng s gp rt nhiu kh khn:
+ Phn ng nhit nhm l khng hon ton (tin hnh phn ng mt thi gian ), do c nhiu
sn phm v vy phi vit rt nhiu phng trnh
+ S n s cn t ln, trong khi bi ton ch cho mt d kin
49

Xt cho ton b qu trnh, ch c Al v N (trong HNO3) c s thay i s oxi ho trng thi u v
cui, do ch cn vit hai qu trnh:
Al
3e Al3+
N+5 +1e N+4 (NO2)
0,02 0,06
0,06
0,06
VNO2 = 0,06. 22,4 = 1,344 lt p n D

V d 16 : Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c
cht rn X. Ho tan X bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch Y v kh Z. t chy hon ton Z
cn ti thiu V lt O2 (ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 11,2.
B. 21.
C. 33.
D. 49.
Gii:
V nFe > nS =
30
nn Fe d v S ht
32
Kh C l hn hp H2S v H2. t Z thu c SO2 v H2O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn ng l

Fe v S nhng e, cn O2 thu e
Fe -
2e
Fe2+
O2 + 4e 2O-2
60
60
2. mol
56
56
S
4e
x 4x
S+4
30
30
4. mol
32
32
2.
60
30
4. 4x x 1,4732 mol
56
32
VO2 = 22,4. 1,4732 = 33 lt p n C

V d 17 : Ho tan hon ton 1,08 gam Al bng dung dch HNO 3 d, sn phm ng thu c 0,336 lt kh X
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. NO2
B. N2O
C. N2
NO
Gii:
nAl = 0,04 ; nX = 0,015
Al
0,04
3e Al3+
N+5
0,12 mol
ne
0,12
X5-n
0,12
mol
n
0,12
0,015 n 8 ng vi 2N+5 + 8e 2N+1 (N2O) p n B
n
50
D.

V d 18 : Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 m c, thy c 49 gam H2SO4 tham
gia phn ng to mui MgSO4, H2O v sn phm kh X l :
A. SO2
B. S.
C. H2S.
D. H2
Gii:
Dung dch H2SO4 m c va l cht oxi ho va l mi trng
Gi a l s oxi ho ca S trong X
Mg Mg2+ +2e
0,4 mol
S+6
(6-a)e Sa
0,8mol
0,1 mol
Tng s mol H2SO4 dng l:
0,1(6-a)mol
49
0,5(mol)
98
S mol H2SO4 dng to mui bng s mol Mg = 9,6: 24 = 0,4mol

S mol H2SO4 dng oxi ho Mg = 0,5 0,4 = 0,1mol
Ta c: 0,1. (6 - a) = 0,8 x = - 2. Vy Z l H2S p n C
V d 19 : Cho 13,92 gam Fe3O4 tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 sau phn ng thu c dung
dch X v 0,448 lt kh N xOy (Sn phm kh duy nht (ktc). Khi lng HNO 3 nguyn cht tham
ra phn ng l
A. 35,28 gam.
B. 33,48 gam.
C. 12,6 gam.
D. 17,64 gam.
Gii:
Cch 1: Vit v cn bng phng trnh ho hc:

(5x 2y )Fe3O4 + (46x-18y) HNO3 (15x -6y)Fe(NO3)3 +NxOy +(23x-9y)H2O
0,06
0,02(mol)
Cch 2:
8
3Fe+
e 3Fe+3
xN+5
(5x-2y)e
0,06 0,06
xN+2y/x
0,02 (5x- 2y)
0,02x
iu kin : x 2 ; y 5 (x,y N)
0,02(5x-2y) = 0,06 x =1 ; y = 1 (hp l)
n HNO3 (phn ng) = n NO (mui) + n N (trong kh) = 3. 0,06. 3 + 0,02 = 0,56 mol
3
m HNO3 (phn ng) = 0,56. 63 = 35,28 gam p n A

V d 20 : Cho 18,56 gam st oxit tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 sau phn ng thu c dung
dch X v 0,224 lt kh mt oxit ca nit (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Cng thc ca hai oxit ln
lt l
A. FeO v NO.
B. Fe3O4 v NO2
C. FeO v N2O.
D. Fe3O4 v N2O.
Gii:
51

t cng thc tng qut ca 2 oxit l: Fe2On; N2Om(n<3; m<5 (n,mR+)
2Fe+n
2(3 - n)e
2.18,65
2.(3-n).18,65
112 + 16n
112 + 16n
2N+5
2Fe+3
2(5 - m)e
0,02.(5-m)
2.
2N+m
(2)
2. 0,01
18.56
(3 n) 0,02(5 m)
112 16n
Vi iu kin trn phng trnh c nghim hp l: m = 1; n = 8/3
2 oxit ln lt l: Fe3O4 v N2O

p n D.
* Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn vic vit v tnh ton theo phng trnh khng cn thun tin cho vic
gii quyt bi ton na.
52

III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO3 rt long th thu c hn hp gm 0,015
mol kh N2O v 0,01mol kh NO (phn ng khng to NH4NO3). Gi tr ca m l
A. 13,5 gam
B. 1,35 gam.
C. 0,81 gam.
D.
8,1
gam.
Cu 2 : Cho m gam Cu phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp kh NO v
NO2 c khi lng l 15,2 gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 25,6
B. 16.
C. 2,56.
D. 8.
Cu 3 : Mt hn hp gm 4 kim loi : Mg, Ni, Zn v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1 : cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H2
- Phn 2 : ho tan ht trong HNO3 long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong khng
kh (cc th tch kh u do ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 3,36 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 5,6 lt.
Cu 4 : Cho 3,35 gam hn hp gm Mg, Al, Cu tc dng hon ton vi dung dch H 2SO4 c nng, d
c 2,8 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Khi t 3,35 gam hn hp trn trong kh Clo d th khi lng mui clorua
thu c l
A. 10,225 gam.
B. 12,225 gam
C. 8,125 gam.
D.
9,255
gam
Cu 5 : Ho tan hon ton 12,9 gam hn hp Cu, Zn vo dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng c 0,14 mol
SO2; 0,64 gam S v dung dch mui sunfat. % khi lng Cu trong hn hp ban u l
A. 50,39%
B. 54,46%
C. 50,15%
D. 49,61%
Cu 6 : Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO3 d c 896ml hn hp gm NO v NO2

c M 42 . Tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra (kh ktc).
A. 9,41 gam.
B. 10,08 gam.
C. 5,07 gam.
D.
8,15
gam.
Cu 7 : Ho tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch X (khng cha
mui amoni) v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c
mt kh b ho thnh mu nu trong khng kh. S mol HNO 3 phn ng l
A. 0,51.
B. 0,45.
C. 0,55.
D. 0,49.
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Mg hp gm ba kim loi (c ha tr khng i) bng dung dch HNO3
thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm NO2 v NO. T khi hi ca X so vi hiro bng 18,2. Th
tch ti thiu dung dch HNO3 37,8% (d =1,242g/ml) cn dng l
A. 20,18ml.
B. 11,12ml.
C. 21,47ml.
36,7ml.
53
D.

Cu 9 : Ho tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275ml dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch X (khng
cha mui amoni), cht rn Y gm cc kim loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12 lt hn hp
kh Z ( ktc) gm NO v NO2. T khi ca hn hp Z so vi H2 l 16,75. Tnh nng mol/l ca HNO3
v tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam.
B. 0,65M v 12,35 gam.
C. 0,75M v 1l,794 gam.
D. 0,55M v 12,35 gam.
Cu 10 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp 9,75 gam Zn v 2,7 gam Al vo 200ml dung dch cha ng thi
HNO3 2,5M v H2SO4 0,75M th thu c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X ch gm
cc mui. C cn dung dch X thu c khi lng mui khan l
A. 57,85 gam.
B. 52,65 gam.
C. 45,45 gam.
D. 41,25 gam.
Cu 11 : Cho a gam nhm tc dng vi b gam Fe2 O3 thu c hn hp X. Ho tan X trong HNO3 d,
thu c 2,24 lt (ktc) mt kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh. Khi lng nhm dng l :
A. 2,7 gam
B. 5,4 gam
C. 4,0 gam
D. 1,35 gam
Cu 12 : t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3
Fe3O4 v Fe. Ho tan hon ton lng hn hp X bng dung dch HNO 3 thu c V lt hn hp kh Y
gm NO v NO2 T khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672ml.
B. 336ml.
C. 448ml.
D. 896ml.
Cu 13 : Cho dng khi CO i qua ng s cha 0,12 mol hn hp gm FeO v Fe2O3 nung nng, phn
ng to ra 0,138 mol CO2. Hn hp cht rn cn li trong ng nng 14,352 gam gm bn cht. Ho tan
ht hn hp bn cht ny vo dung dch HNO3 d c V lt NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca
V (ktc) l
A. 0,224.
B. 0,672.
C. 2,248.
D. 6,854.
Cu 14 : Cho m gam hn hp X gm oxit FeO, CuO,Fe2O3 c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi
lng va l 250ml dung dch HNO3 khi un nng nh thu c dung dch Y v 3,136 lt (ktc) hn
hp kh Z gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Gi tr ca m l.
A. 74,88
B. 52,35.
C. 61,79.
D. 72,35
Cu 15 : Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu
c 1,344lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht) l dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui
khan. Gi tr m l
A. 49,09
B. 34,36.
C. 35,50.
D. 38,72.
Cu 16 : Cho 1 lung khi CO i qua ng ng Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c 44,46 gam
hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 Fe3O4. Cho X tc dng va vi dung dch HNO3 0,1M th thu c
dung dch Y v 3,136 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Th tch dung dch HNO 3 dng l
A. 1,94 lt.
B. 19,4 lt.
C. 15 lt.
54
D. 1,34 lt.

Cu 17 : Dung dch X gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 c cng nng . Ly mt lng hn hp gm 0,03
mol Al; 0,05 mol Fe cho vo 100ml dung dch X cho ti khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Y cha
3 kim loi. Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng ca hai mui l
A. 0,3M.
B. 0,4M.
C. 0,42M.
D. 0,45M.
Cu 18 : C 2 bnh in phn mc ni tip. Bnh (1) cha CuCl2. Bnh (2) cha AgNO3. Khi anot ca
bnh (1) thot ra 22,4 lt mt kh duy nht th anot ca bnh 2 thot ra bao nhiu l kh ?
A. 11,2 lt
B. 22,4 lt
C. 33,6lt
D. 44,8 lt
Cu 19 : Ho tan 1,52 gam hn hp Fe v Cu vo 200ml dung dch HNO3 sau khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton thu c dung dch X, 224ml kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc v cn 0,64 gam cht rn
khng b ho tan. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 l
A. 0,1M.
B. 0,2M.
C. 0,25M.
D. 0,5M.
Cu 20 : Hn hp X gm Fe v Cu vi t l phn trm khi lng l 4: 6. Ho tan m gam X bng dung

dch HNO3 thu c 0,448 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) dung ch Y v c 0,65m (gam)
kim loi khng tan. Khi lng mui khan trong dung dch X l
A. 5,4 gam.
B. 6,4 gam.
1B
11A
2A
12D
3A
13C
4B
14A
C. 11,2 gam.
P N
5D
6C
15D 16B
55
7D
17B
8C
18A
D. 8,6 gam.
9A
19B
10C
20A
PHNG PHP TRUNG BNH

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
- Nguyn tc : i vi mt hn hp cht bt k ta lun c th biu din chnh qua mt i

lng tng ng, thay th cho c hn hp, l i lng trung bnh (nh khi lng
mol trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh, s lin kt trung
bnh, . . .), c biu din qua biu thc :
n
X .n
i
i l
n
i l
X i : i lng ang xt ca cht th i trong hn

hp
n i : s mol ca cht th i trong hn hp
(1); vi
D nhin theo tnh cht ton hc ta lun c :

min (Xi) < X < max(Xi) (2); vi
min(Xi ) : i lng nh nht trong tt c
Xi
max(Xi ) : i lng ln nht trong tt c
Xi
Do , c th da vo cc tr s trung bnh nh gi bi ton, qua thu gn khong

nghim lm cho bi ton tr nn n gin hn, thm ch c th trc tip kt lun nghim
ca bi ton.
- im mu cht ca phng php l phi xc nh ng tr s trung bnh lin quan
trc tip n vic gii bi ton. T da vo d kin bi tr trung bnh kt lun
cn thit.
- Nhng tr s trung bnh thng s dng trong qu trnh gii ton: khi lng mol
trung bnh, nguyn t (C, H.) trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh, st lin kt trung
bnh, . . .
Dng 1: Xc nh tr s trung bnh
Khi bit cc tr s Xi v ni, thay vo (l) d dng tm c X .

Dng 2: Bi ton hn hp nhiu cht c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau
Thay v vit nhiu phn ng ho hc vi nhiu cht, ta gi mt cng thc chung i

din cho hn hp Gim s phng trnh phn ng, qua lm n gin ho bi ton.
Dng 3: Xc nh thnh phn % s moi cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht
Gi a l % s mol ca cht X % s mol ca Y l (100 - a). Bit cc gi tr Mx MY

v M d dng tnh c a theo biu thc:
M X .a M Y .(100 a)
(3)
100
Dng 4: Xc nh 2 nguyn t X, Y trong cng chu k hay cng phn nhm chnh ca bng h thng
M
tun hon
Nu 2 nguyn t l k tip nhau: xc nh c Mx < M < MY X, Y.

Nu cha bit 2 nguyn t l k tip hay khng: trc ht ta tm M hai nguyn t
c khi lng mol ln hn v nh hn M . Sau da vo iu kin ca bi kt
lun cp nghim tho mn. Thng thng ta d dng xc nh c nguyn t th nht,
do ch c duy nht 1 nguyn t c khi lng mol tho mn Mx < M hoc M < MY; trn
56
c s s mol ta tm c cht th hai qua mi quan h vi M .

Dng 4: Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hn hp 2 cht hu c
Nu 2 cht l k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng :

* Da vo phn t khi trung bnh : c M Y = Mx + 14, t d kin bi xc nh c
Mx < M < Mx +14 Mx X, Y.
* Da vo s nguyn t C trung bnh: c Cx < C < CY = Cx + 1 Cx
* Da vo s nguyn t H trung bnh: c Hx < H < HY = Hx + 2 HX
Nu cha bit 2 cht l k tip hay khng:
Da vo bi i lng trung bnh X hai cht c X ln hn v nh hn X . Sau
da vo iu kin ca bi kt lun cp nghim tho mn. Thng thng ta d
dng xc nh c cht th nht, do ch c duy nht 1 cht c i lng X tho mn X X
< X hoc X < XY; trn c s v s mol ta tm c cht th hai qua mi quan h vi X
.
Nu cha bit hai cht c cng thuc mt dy ng ng hay khng. Thng thng
ch cn s dng mt i lng trung bnh; trong trng hp phc tp hn phi kt hp s
dng nhiu i lng.
Mt s ch quan trng
* Theo tnh cht ton hc lun c: min(Xi) < X < max(Xi) .
* Nu cc cht trong hn hp c s mol bng nhau tr trung bnh ng bng trung
bnh cng, v ngc li.
* Nu bit t l mol cc cht th nn chn s mol ca cht c s mt t nht l 1 s
mol cc cht cn li X .
* Nn kt hp s dng phng php ng cho.
III. MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1: Ho tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim vo
dung dch HCl d thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Kim loi kim l
A. Li.
B. Na.
C. K.
D. Rb.
Gii:
C kim loi kim cn tm l M
Cc phn ng :
M2CO3 +2HCl 2MCl +H2O+CO2
(1)
M2SO3+2HCl 2MCl +H2O +SO2 (2)

T (1),(2) nmui = nkh = 0,15mol M mui= nkh = 0,15mol M mui =
16,8
112
0,15
2M + 60 < M mui < 2M + 80 16 < M < 26 M = 23 (Na) p n B

V d 2: Dung dch X cha 8,36 gam hn hp hiroxit gn 2 kim loi kim. trung ho X cn dng
ti thiu 500ml dung dch HNO3 0,55M. Bit hiroxit ca kim loi c nguyn t khi ln hn chim
20% s mol hn hp. K hiu ho hc ca 2 kim loi kim ln lt l
57
A Li v Na.
B. Na v K.
C. Li v K.
D. Na v Cs.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca hai hiroxit kim loi kim l MOH
Phng trnh phn ng : MOH HNO 3 MNO3 H 2O
MOH
8,36
30,4 7(Li) M 13,4 KLK 2
0,5.0,55
Kim loi th nht l Li. Gi kim loi kim cn li l M c s mol l x

4x x 0,275
x 0,055

p n C
24.4x (M 17).x 8,36 M 39(K)
V d 3. Trong t nhin kali c 2 ng v
39
19
K v
41
19
K . Thnh phn % khi lng ca
39
19
K trong KClO4
l (cho O = 16,00 ; Cl = 35,50 ; K = 39,13)

A. 26,39%.
B. 26,30%.
C. 28,23%.
D. 28,16%.
Gii:
Gi a l % s ng v ca
39
19
K AK
Thnh phn % khi lng ca

% m 39 K =
19
m 39 K
19
mKClO4
.100%
39
19
39a 41.(100 a)
39,13 a 93,5
100
K trong KClO4 l:
39.0,935
.100% 26,30% p n B
39,13 35,50 4.16,00
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al, Mg bng dung dch HNO3 long thu c dung dch
X (khng cha mui amoni) v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh khng mu c khi lng 2,59 gam,
trong c mt kh bi ho nu trong khng kh. C cn cn thn dung dch X th lng mui khan thu
c l
A. 19,621 gam.
B. 8,771 gam.
C. 28,301 gam.
Gii:
nX =
1,568
0,07(mol) . Kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh l NO:
22,4
NO (M 30)
Kim loi + HNO3 kh khng mu l 2 trong 3 kh N 2O (M 44)

N (M 28)
2
MNO < Mx
2,59
37 Mkh cn li kh cn li l N2O
0,07
x y 0,07
x y 0,035 mol
t nNO = x; n N2O = y
30 x 44 y 2,59
5
N 3e
N(NO)
58
D. 32,641 gam.

0,105 0,035 mol
5
N 4e
0,28
N(N 2O)
0,035.2 mol
Tng s mol e nhn: 0,105 + 0,28 = 0,385 mol

mmui = 4,431 + 62.0,385 = 28,301gam p n C
V d 5: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hidrocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brm (d). Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton
l,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l (cc th tch kh u do
ktc)
A. CH4 v C2H4
B. CH4 v C3H4
C. CH4 v C3H6
D. C2H6 v C3H6.
Gii:
n Br2
4/160
k
1
hidrocacbo
n
khng
no
n hidrocacbon khngno (1,68 1,62)/22,4
Theo bi ra:
C VCO2 2,8 5 1,67
Loi D
Vhh 1,68 3
p n A hoc C c 1 hirocacbon l CH4

Chirocacbon khng no =
Loi B
2,8 1,12.1
3 Hirocacbon cn li l C3H6 p n C
0,56
V d 6: em ho hi 6,7 gam hn hp X gm CH3COOH, CH3COOC2H5 , CH3COOCH3 v

HCOOC2H5 thu c 2,24 lt hi (ktc). t chy hon ton 6,7 gam X thu c khi lng nc l
A. 4,5 gam.
B. 3,5 gam.
C. 5,0 gam.
D. 4,0 gam.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca X l: Cn H2n O2 Mx 14n 32
6,7
67 n 2,5
0,1
S chy: Cn H 2 n O 2 nCO2 nH 2O
n H2O = 2,5. 0,2 = 0,25 mol m H 2 O = 0,25. 18 = 4,5gam p n A

V d 7: t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt
hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi cng iu kin nhit p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H6
B. C2H4
C. CH4
C3H8
Gii:
t chy hn hp kh cho: VCO2 VH2O X l ankan
VCO2 2
2 Phn t X c 2 nguyn t C X l C2H6
Vhh 1
59
D.
p n A
V d 8: Hn hp X gm 2 ancol no. t chy hon ton 8,3 gam X bng 10,64 l O 2 thu c 7,84 lt
CO2 cc th tch kh u o ktc. Cng th hai ancol trong X ln lt l :
A. CH3CH2CH2OH v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
B. CH3CH2CH2OH v HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
C. HOCH2CH2CH2OH v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.
D. HOCH2CH2CH2OH v HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung X l: Cn H 2 n 2m (OH) m
S chy: Cn H 2 n 2m (OH) m + O2 CO2 + H2O
Theo LBT khi lng:
m H 2 O = mx + m O 2 - m CO 2 = 8,3 +
10,64
7,84
.32
.44 8,1 gam
22,4
22,4
nH O 0,45mol
C: 2
nX nH2O nCO2 0,45 0,35 0,1 MX 83 (1)
nCO2 0,35mol
p dng LBT nguyn t vi oxi: nO(x)= nO(CO2 ) nO(H2O) - nO(O 2 )
no(x) = 2. 0,35 + 0,45 - 2. 0,475 = 0,2 mol

m
nO(X) 0,2
2 (2)
nX
0,1
T (1),(2) X gm HOCH2CH2 CH2OH v HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH
p n D
V d 9: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung
dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton s mol Br2 gim i mt na v khi lng bnh tng thm
6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l :
A. C2H2 v C4H6
B. C2H2 v C4H8
C. C3H4 v C4H8
D. C2H2 v C3H8
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca hn hp X l: Cn H 2 n 22 k
nx = 0,2 mol; n Br2
(phn ng)
= 0,35mol k
0,35
1,75 Loi A
0,2
Nu ch c 1 hirocacbon (Y) b hp th Y phi c dng CnH2n-2
nY =
nBr2 ( p
2
0,175mol MY
6,7
38,3 (loi)
0,175
Vy ton b X b hp th ht Loi D
60
C : MX
6,7
33,5 26 ( C2H2 ) p n B
0,2
V d 10: Thu phn hon ton 444 gam mt lipit thu c 46 gam glixerol v hai loi axit bo. Hai loi
axit bo l :
A. C15H31COOH v C17H35COOH.
B.
C17H33COOH
C17H33COOH
C15H31COOH.
C. C17H31COOH v C17H33COOH.
C17H35COOH.
Gii:
Gi cng thc lipit l (RCOO)3 C3H5
nlipit = nglixerol = 0,5mol Mlipit
444
715 239.2 237
888 R
0,5
3
3
Hai gc axit bo trong lipit l C17H35(239) v C17H33(237) p n D

V d 11: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH3COOH (t l mi 1 : 1). Hn hp Y gm ancol
CH3OH v ancol C2H5OH (t l mi 3 : 2). Ly 11,13 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 7,52 gam hn hp Y
(c xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng
80%) Gi tr ca m l
A 11,616
B. 12,197.
C. 14,52.
D. 15,246.
Gii:
46 60
53 ; n X 0,21 mol
5
Ancol ht tnh theo ancol
32.2 46.2
MY
37,6; n Y 0,20 mol
55
MX
Phn ng este ha: RCOOH R'OH
H=80%
RCOOR' H 2O
Theo LBT khi lng: m = ( (MX MY 18). 0,20. 80%
m = (53 + 37,6 - 18). 0,20. 80% = 11,616 gam. p n A.

V d 12: Nitro ho benzen thu c 2 cht hu c X v Y, trong Y nhiu hn X mt nhm -NO2.
t chy hon ton 12,75 gam hn hp X,Y thu c CO2 , H2O v 1,232 lt kh N2 (ktc). Cng thc
phn t v s mol ca X trong hn hp l
A. C6H5NO2 v 0,9 mol.
B. C6H5NO2 v 0,09 mol
C. C6H4(NO2)2 v 0,1 mol.
D. C6H4(NO)2 v 0,01 mol.
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t chung ca hn hp X, Y l C6 H 6m (NO 2 ) m
S t chy:
61
m
N2
12,75 m
2
. 0,055 m 1,1
78 45m 2
0,055
C6 H 6m (NO 2 ) m
12,75
78 45.m
X l C6H5NO2 ; Y l C6H4(NO2)2
Gi a l % s mol ca X trong hn hp ta c:
m 1.a 2.(1 a) 1,1 a 0,9 n X n C6H5NO2
12,75
.0,9 0,09 mol p n B
78 45.1,1
V d 13: Hn hp X gm ba amin n chc l ng ng k tip nhau. t chy hon ton 11,8 gam
X thu c 16,2 gam H2O, 13,44 lt CO2 v V lt kh N2 (ktc). Ba amin trn ln lt l
A. CH3-NH2
CH3-CH2-NH2
CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2
B CH C-NH3
CHC-CH2-NH2
CHC-CH2-CH2-NH2
C. CH2=CH-NH2
CH3-CH=CH-NH2
CH3-CH=CH-CH2-NH2
D. CH3-CH2-NH2
CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2
Gii:
nH2O 0,9mol; nCO2 0,6 mol
n
n
Nhn thy:
H
C
2.0,9
3 X phi c CH3NH2 hoc C2H5NH2
0,6
X l hn hp amin no, mch h A hoc D ng

Gi cng thc phn t chung ca X l Cn H 2 n3 N
n
n
2n 3
3 n 3
n
X c cha CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2 p n D

V d 14: T khi hi ca hn hp X (gm 2 hirocacbon mch h) so vi H 2 l 11,25. Dn 1,792 lt X
(ktc) i tht chm qua bnh ng dung dch Brom d, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thy khi
lng bnh tng 0,84 gam. X phi cha hirocacbon no di y ?
A. Propin.
B. Propan.
C. Propen.
Gii:
Theo bi ra ta c: Mx 22,5 X cha CH4
Vi: m CH 4 =
1,792
0,96
0,06 mol
.22,5 0,84 0,96 gam n CH4 =
16
22,4
Gi hirocacbon cn li l Y nY =
1,792
0,06 0,02 mol
22,4
62
D. Propaien.
MY =
0,84
42(C3H6 ) p n C
0,02
V d 15: Hn hp X gm hai este u n chc. X phng ho hon ton 0,3 mol X cn dng va ht
200ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c mt anehit Y v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z thu c
32,0 gam hai cht rn. Bit phn trm khi lng ca oxi trong anehit Y l 27,59%. Cng thc cu to
ca hai este l :
A. HCOOC6H5 v HCOOCH=CH-CH3
B. HCOOCH=CH-CH3 v HCOOC6H4-CH3
C. HCOOC6H4-CH3 v CH3-COOCH=CH-CH3
D. C3H5COOCH=CH-CH3 v C4H7COOCH=CH-CH3
Gii:
Este l n chc Y l n chc vi MY =
16
58 Y l
0,2759
C2H5CHO
Trong X c 1 este dng RCOOH = CH CH3

V NaOH va ht Hai cht rn thu c khi c cn Z l hai mui hai este c chung gc axit
Mt khc X l cc este n chc m: nx = 0,3 < nNaOH = 0,4 Trong X c cha este phenol,
dng RCOOC6H4-R vi n RCOOC6H4 R' = 0,4 0,3 = 0,1 mol
RCOOC6 H4 R' : 0,1 mol

0,3mol X gm:
n C2H5CHO = 0,2 mol
RCOO CH CH - CH3 : 0,2mol
Phn ng
2NaOH RCOONa NaO C6 H 4 R'H 2O (1)

RCOOC6 H 4 R'
0,1
0,1
0,1
(2)
RCOO CH CH CH3 NaOH RCOONa C2 H5CHO
0,2
0,2
Theo LBT khi lng:
mx= mz mC2H5OH mH2O m NaOH 32 0,2.58 0,1.18 40.0,4 =29,4 gam
MRCOOCHCHCH3 MX
29,4
98 MRCOOC6H4 R' R 1 (H)
0,3
63
mx = 0,1. (121 + R) + 0,2. 86 = 29,4 R=1(H)
HCOOC6 H5
Cng thc cu to ca hai este l:
HCOO CH CH CH3
p n A.
64
65
66
67
68
IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hidrocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc dng ht vi
dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 0,448 lt kh ( ktc). Kim loi M l
69
A. Li
B. Na.
C. K.
D.
Rb.
Cu 2 : Ho tan hon ton 12,0 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mi 1 : l) bng axit HNO3 thu c V lt (
ktc) hn hp kh X gm NO v NO2) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d). T khi ca X i
vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,72.
B. 4,48.
C. 5,60.
D. 3,36.
Cu 3 : Cho 1,7 gam hn hp gm Zn v kim loi X thuc nhm IIA tc dng vi dung dch HCl d,
sinh ra 0,672 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Mt khc, khi cho 1,9 gam X tc dng vi dung dch H2SO3 long,
th th tch kh H2 sinh ra cha n 1,12 lt ( ktc). Kim loi X l
A. Ba.
B. Ca
C. Mg.
D.
Fe.
Cu 4 : Cho m gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v Na2 SO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 long d thu
c 2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Hn hp kh ny c t khi so vi hiro l 27. Khi lng ca Na2CO3
trong hn hp ban u l
A. 5,3 gam.
B. 5,8 gam.
C. 6,3 gam.
D. 11,6 gam.
Cu 5 : Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO 4. Sau khi kt thc cc phn
ng, loi b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Zn
trong hn hp bt ban u l.
A. 90,27%.
B. 85,30%.
C. 82,20%.
D. 12,67%.
Cu 6 : Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54.

Thnh phn % khi lng ca 63Cu trong CuCl2 l (cho Cl = 35,5)
A. 12,64%.
B. 26,77%.
C. 27,00%.
D. 34,19%.
Cu 7 : t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v hirocacbon Y thu c 30,8 gam
CO2 v 10,8 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca Y l :
A. C2H2
B. C3H2
C. C3H4
D. C4H2
Cu 8 : Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon ton
0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l
A. 18,60 gam.
B. 18,96 gam.
C. 19,32 gam.
D. 20,40 gam.
Cu 9 : Cho hn hp hai anken ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi nc (c H 2SO4 lm xc tc) thu

c hn hp Z gm hai ancol X v Y. t chy hon ton 1,06 gam hn hp Z sau hp th ton b
sn phm chy vo 2 lt dung dch NaOH 0,1M thu c dung dch T trong nng ca NaOH bng
0,05M. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X v Y l : (Cho : H = 1 ; C = 12 ; O = 16 ; th tch dung dch
thay i khng ng k)
A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
C. C2H5OH v C4H9OH.
D. C4H9OH v C5H11OH.
70

Cu 10 : t chy hon ton V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng
c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC, thu c
n CO 2 10
. Cng thc phn t ca cc
n H2O 13
hirocacbon ln lt l :
A. CH4 v C3H8.
B. C2H6 v C4H10.
C. C3H8 v C5H12.
D. C4H10 v C6H14.
Cu 11 : Hn hp X gm 2 ancol c s nguyn t cacbon bng nhau. t chy hon ton 0,25 mol X
thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc, 0,25 mol X em tc dng vi Na d thy thot ra 3,92 lt H 2
(ktc). Cc ancol trong X l:
A. C2H5OH v C2H4(OH)2
B. C3H7OH v C3H6(OH)2
C. C3H7OH v C3H5(OH)3
D. C4H9OH v C4H8(OH)2
Cu 12 : Hn hp 3 ancol n chc, bc mt X, Y, Z c tng s mol l 0,08 mol v tng khi lng l

3,387 gam. Bit Y, Z c cng s nguyn t cacbon, MY < MZ , v 3nX = 5(nY + nZ ) . Cng thc cu to
ca ancol Y l
A. CHC-CH2OH hoc CH2=CH-CH2OH.
B. CHC-CH2OH hoc CH3-CH2-CH2OH.
C. CH2=CH-CH2OH hoc CH3-CH2-CH2OH.
D. CHC-CH2OH hoc CH2=CH-CH2OH hoc CH3-CH2-CH2OH.
Cu 13 : Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mt tng ng l 1 : 10. t chy hon ton
hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H 2SO4 c thu c hn hp kh Z c t
khi i vi Hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l (Cho H = l, C = 12, O = 16)
A. C3H8
B. C3H6
C. C4H8
D. C3H4
Cu 14 : Cho m gam hn hp gm hai cht X v Y u thuc dy ng ng ca axit metacrylic tc
dng vi 300ml dung dch Na2CO3 0,5M. phn hu lng mui cacbonat d cn dng va ht 100ml
dung dch HCl l,0 M. Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam hn hp trn ri dn sn phm chy qua bnh
I cha dung dch H2SO4 c sau qua bnh II cha dung dch NaOH c th thy tng khi lng
ca II nhiu hn I l 20,5 gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 12,15.
B. 15,1.
C. 15,5.
71
D. 12,05.

Cu 15: t chy hon ton 11,85 gam hn hp hai este n chc X, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng
cn dng ti thiu 63,0 lt khng kh (O2 chim 20% th tch, o ktc). Sn phm chy c dn qua
bnh I ng dung dch H2SO4 c, sau qua bnh II ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 c, d th thy khi
lng bnh I tng m gam v bnh II tng 23,1 gam. Cng thc cu to ca cc este trong X ln lt l :
A. HCOOCH2CH3 v HCOOCH2CH2CH3
B. HCOOCH=CH2 v HCOOCH=CH-CH3
C. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOCH2CH3
D. HCOOCCH v HCOOCC-CH3
1B
2C
3B
8B
9A
10B
P N
4A
11A
15B
72
5A
6D
7A
12A
13C
14B
PHNG PHP QUY I

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc chung
Quy i l mt phng php bin i ton hc nhm a bi ton ban u l mt hn
hp phc tp v dng n gin hn, qua lm cho cc php tnh tr nn dng, thun
tin.
Khi p dng phng php quy i phi tun th 2 nguyn tc sau :
+ Bo ton nguyn t.
+ Bo ton s oxi ho.
2. Cc hng quy i v ch
(l) Mt bi ton c th c nhiu hng quy i khc nhau, trong c 3 hng chnh
:
Quy i hn hp nhiu cht v hn hp hai hoc ch mt cht.
Trong trng hp ny thay v gi nguyn hn hp cc cht nh ban u, ta chuyn
thnh hn hp vi s cht t hn (cng ca cc nguyn t ), thng l hn hp 2 cht,
thm ch l 1 cht duy nht.
V d, vi hn hp cc cht gm Fe, FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3 ta c th chuyn thnh cc
t hp sau : (Fe v FeO), (Fe v Fe 3O4), (Fe v Fe2O3), (FeO v Fe3O4), (FeO v Fe2O3),
(Fe3O4 v Fe2O3) hoc FexOy.
Quy i hn hp nhiu cht v cc nguyn t tng ng.
Thng thng ta gp bi ton hn hp nhiu cht nhng v bn cht ch gm 2 (hoc
3) nguyn t. Do , c th quy i thng hn hp u v hn hp ch gm 2 (hoc 3)
cht l cc nguyn t tng ng.
V d ; (Fe, FeS, FeS2, Cu, CuS, Cu2S) quy i (Cu, Fe, S).
Khi thc hin php quy i phi m bo :
* S electron nhng, nhn l khng i (LBT electron).
* Do s thay i tc nhn oxi ho c s thay i sn phm cho ph hp.
Thng thng ta hay gp dng bi sau :
Kim loi OXH1 Hn hp sn phm trung gian OXH2 Sn phm cui
V d : Qu trnh OXH hon ton Fe thnh Fe3+
Fe
+ O2
+ O2
(1)
+ HNO3
FexOy
Fe3+
(2)
y, v trng thi u (Fe) v trng thi cui (Fe 3+) hai qu trnh l nh nhau, ta c
th quy i hai tc nhn OXH O2 v HNO3 thnh mt tc nhn duy nht l O2
(2) Do vic quy i nn trong mt s trng hp s+ HNO
mol mt cht c th c gi tr m
tng s mol mi nguyn t l khng i (bo ton).
(3) Trong qu trnh lm bi ta thng kt hp s dng cc phng php bo ton khi
lng, bo ton nguyn t v bo ton electron, kt hp vi vic s ho bi ton
3
73
trnh vit phng trnh phn ng, qua rt ngn thi gian lm bi.
(4) Phng n quy i tt nht, c tnh khi qut cao nht l quy i thng v cc
nguyn t tng ng. y l phng n cho li gii nhanh, gn v d hiu biu th ng
bn cht ho hc.
V d 1: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X
trong dung dch HNO3 d thot ra 0,56 lt ktc NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52
B. 2,22
C. 2,62
D. 2,32
Gii:
S ho bi ton:
Fe
FeO
[O]
Fe
X
Fe2 O3
Fe3O4
m gam
Kh NO
(0,56 lt, ktc)
+ dung dch HNO3
Dung dch Fe3+
3,0 gam
C: nNO = 0,025mol
Trong trng hp ny ta c th quy i hn hp ban u v cc hn hp khc n gin gm hai cht (Fe

v Fe2O3; FeO v Fe2O3 ; Fe3O4 v Fe2O3; Fe v FeO; Fe v Fe3O4 ; FeO v Fe3O4 hoc thm ch ch
mt cht FexOy y tc gi ch trnh by hai phng n ti u nht
Fe : x mol
Phng n 1: Quy i hn hp X thnh
Fe2O3 : y mol
Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x +160y = 3,0 (1)
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron:
Fe
x
Fe3+ +3e
N+5 + 3e N+2
3x
0,075
0,025
Theo bo ton electron: 3x = 0,075 x = 0,025 (2)
x 0,025
T (1) v (2)
; Vy X gm
y 0,01
Fe : 0,025mol
Fe2O3 : 0,01mol
Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:

nFe = nFe + 2 n Fe2O3 = 0,045 mol m =56.0,045= 2,52 p n A
Fe : x mol
Phng n 2: Quy i hn hp X thnh
FeO : y mol
Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x+72y = 3,0 (3)
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn ca eletron:
Fe0 Fe3+ + 3e
x
3x
Fe+2 Fe3++ 1e ;
;
y
N+5 + 3e N+2
0,075
74
0,025

Theo bo ton eletron: 3x + y = 0,075 (4)
x 0,015
T (3) (4)
; Vy X gm:
y 0,03
Fe : 0,015 mol
F eO : 0,03 mol
Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:

nFe = nFe +nFeO = 0,045 mol m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 p n A.
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam rn X gm c CuS Cu2S v S bng HNO3 d, thot ra 20,16 lt kh
NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 81,55.
B. 104,20.
C. 110,95.
D. 115.85.
Gii:
Cu : x mol
Qui i hn hp X thnh
CuS : y mol
Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x+96y= 30,4(5)
S ho bi ton:
Cu
X
CuS0
+2
Kh NO
+5
(20,16 lt , ktc)
+ HNO3 d
Dung dch Y
Cu2+
SO42-
+Ba(OH)2 d
30,4 gam
+2
Cu(OH)
2
+6
BaSO4
m gam
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron

Cu0 Cu2+ + 2e ;
x
2x
CuS Cu2+ + S+6 + 8e

y
N+5 + 3e
2,7
8y
N+2
0,9
Theo bo ton eletron: 2x +8y = 2,7 (6)
x 0,05
Cu : 0,05 mol
T (5),(6)
X gm
y 0,35
CuS : 0,35 mol
n Cu(OH)2 n Cu 0,3mol
Theo bo ton nguyn t:
n BaSO 4 n S 0,35 mol
m = 98.0,3 + 233.0,35 m=110,95 p n C
V d 3: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon ton
0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l
A. 18,60 gam.
B. 18,96 gam.
C. 19,32 gam.
Gii:
C H
CO
O2 , t 0
S t chy: 3 8
2
H2O
C3H4
Tng khi lng CO2 v H2O thu c l:
M = 44. 0,3 +18. (0,06. 4 + 0,042)= 18,96 gam p n B
75
D. 20,40 gam.
Tng t c th quy i hn hp X thnh (C3H8 v C3H6) hoc (C3H6 v C3H4) cng thu c kt qu
trn
V d 4: Nung m gam bt Cu trong Oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v Cu2O.
Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6.
B. 14,72.
C. 21,12.
D. 22,4.
Gii:
S ho bi ton
Cu
X CuO
Cu
Cu O
2
[O]
H2SO 4

Kh SO2
(0,2 mol)
Dung dch Cu2+
Cu : x mol
Quy i hn hp X thnh
CuO : y mol
Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x +80y = 24,8
(9)
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn eletron:

Cu Cu2+ + 2e
x
2x
S+6 + 2e S+4
0,4
LBT e
x= 0,2 (10)
0,2
x 0,2
T (9) v (10)
; Vy X gm:
y 0,15
Cu : 0,2 mol
CuO : 0,15 mol
Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu :
Cu
nCuO 0,2 0,15 0,35mol m 64. 0,35 22,4 p n D
Tng t c th quy i hn hp X thnh (Cu v Cu2O) hoc (CuO v Cu2O)

2. Quy i nhiu hp cht v cc nguyn t hoc n cht tng ng
V d 5: (Lm li v d 1) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan
ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi
tr ca m l
A. 2,52.
B. 2,22.
C. 2,62.
Gii:
Fe : x mol
Quy i hn hp X thnh:
O : y mol
S ho bi ton:
0
5
Fe
[O]
N O3
Fe
X 0 dd
H
NO: 0,025 mol

Fe3+: x mol
O2-: y mol
Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x + 16y =3,0 (11)

Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron:
76
D. 2,32.
Fe
Fe+3
+ 3e ; O0 + 2e O-2 ; N+5 + 3e N+2
3x
2y
0,075
x 0,045
T (11) v (12)
; Vy X gm
y 0,03
0,025
Fe : 0,045 mol
Cu : 0,03 mol
m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 p n A.
V d 6: Trn 5,6 gam bt mt vi 2,4 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (trong iu kin khng c khng
kh) thu c hn hp rn M. Cho M tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl thy gii phng hn hp kh
X v cn li mt phn khng tan Y. t chy hon ton X v Y cn va V lt kh oxi (ktc). Gi
tr ca V l
A. 2,8.
B. 3,36.
C. 4,48.
D. 3,08.
Gii:
Nhn thy: Hn hp kh X gm H2S v H2, phn khng tan Y l S
Hn hp H2 v H2S c th quy i thnh H 2 v S, nh vy t X v Y coi nh t H2 v S, v vy s
mol H2 bng s mol Fe
2H2 + O2 2H2O
S + O2 SO2
1
VO2 ( n Fe n S ).22,4 2,8lt
2
p n A.
V d 7: (Lm li v d 2) Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu 2S v S bng HNO3 d,
thot ra 20,16 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c m gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 81,55.
B. 104,20.
C. 110,95.
Gii:
Quy i hn hp X thnh
Cu : x mol
S : y mol
S ha bi ton:
+2
5
H N O3 d
XC u
S0
0
Kh NO
(20,16 lt, ktc)
Dung dch Y
+2
Cu2+
SO42-
+Ba(OH)2 d
Cu(OH)2
BaSO
+6 4
\
m gam
Cc qu trnh nhng, nhn electron:

Cu0
Cu+2 + 2e ;
S+6 + 6e
; N+5 + 3e
77
N+2
D. 115,85.
2x
2,7 0,9
6y
Theo bo ton electron:

2x+6y =2,7 (14)
x 0,3
Cu : 0,3 mol
T (13),(14)
X gm
S : 0,35 mol
y 0,35
Theo bo ton nguyn t:
n Cu(OH)2 n Cu 0,3mol
n BaSO 4 n S 0,35mol
m = 98.0,3 + 233.0,35
m= 110,95
p n C.
V d 8: (Lm li v d 3) Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi
t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X. tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l
A. l8,60 gam.
B. 18,96 gam.
C. 19,32 gam.
D. 20,40 gam.
C : 0,3 mol
Quy i hn hp X thnh
nH = 4,24 - 0,3. 12 = 0,64 mol
H : y mol
S chy:
C O2 ,to CO2

H
H2O
Tng khi lng CO2 v H2O thu c l: m= 44. 0,3 + 18. 0,32 = 18,96 gam
p n B.
V d 9: (Lm li v d 4) Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm
Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca m l
A.9,6
B.14,72.
C.21,12.
22,4.
Gii:
Cu : x mol
Quy i hn hp X thnh
O : y mol
S ha bi ton :
Cu H2SO 4
[O]
Cu

O
m gam
SO2
(0,2 mol)
Cu2+
O2-
24,8 gam
Cc qu trnh nhng, nhn electron:

78
D.

Cu Cu+2 + 2e ; O0
x
2x
2e O-2 ; S+6 + 2e S+4

2y
0,4
0,2
Theo bo ton electron: x y =0,2 (16)
x 0,35
T (15),(16)
y 0,15
Cu : 0,35 mol
Vy X gm
O : 0,15 mol
m= 64.0,35 =22,4
p n D.
3. Quy i mt cht thnh nhiu cht.
V d 10: Khi t chy hon ton mt polime X (to thnh t phn ng ng trng hp gia buta-1,3ien v acrilo nitrin) vi lng oxi va thy to thnh mt hn hp kh nng p sut xc nh
cha 59,1 % CO2 v th tnh. T l s mol hai loi monome l
A.
3
5
B.
3
3
C.
1
3
D.
3
2
Gii:
Quy i polime thnh 2 monome ban u
C4H6 4CO2 + 3H2O
x
4x
3x
C3H3N 3CO2 + 1,5 H2O + 0,5 N2

y
3y
1,5y
0,5y
Ta c:
4x 3y
x 1
0,591
7x 5y
y 3
p n C
4. Quy i tc nhn oxi ha

V d 11: (Lm li v d 1) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha
tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO 3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht).
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52
B. 2,22
C. 2,62
Gii:
S ha bi ton:
79
D. 2,32
Fe
FeO
[O]
Fe X
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
m gam
NO
(0,025 mol)
dd Fe3+
dd HNO3
3,0 gam
Thay vai tr oxi ha ca HNO3 bng [O], ta c:
Fe
FeO
[O]
Fe
X
(*)
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
m gam
[O]
Fe2O3

(**)
3 gam
y ta thay vai tr nhn electron ca N+5 bng O:

N+5 + 3e
N+2
0,075
O0 + 2e O-2
0,025
Theo nguyn tc quy i, s electron do N+5 nhn v O0 nhn phi nh nhau:
2nO(**) = 0,075
nO(**) = 0,0375
Theo bo ton khi lng: mFe2O3 mX mO(**) 3,0 16.0,0375 3,6 gam
2.3,6
Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe: nFe = 2 n Fe2O3 160 0,045mol
m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 gam

p n A.
V d 12: (Lm li v d 4) Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm
Cu, CuO v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6
B. 14,72.
C. 21,12.
Gii:
S ha bi ton:
Cu
Cu
X CuO
Cu O
2
[O]
m gam
H2SO 4
Kh SO2
(0,2 mol)
Dung dch Cu2+
24,8 gam
Thay vai tr oxi ha ca H2SO4 bng [O]:
80
D. 22,4.
Cu
Cu XCuO
(*)
Cu O
2
[O]
[O]
CuO
(**)
m gam
24,8 gam
y ta thay vai tr nhn electron ca S+6 bng O:
S+6 + 2e S+4
O0 + 2e O-2
0,4 0,2
Theo nguyn tc quy i: nO(**) =0,2 mol.
Theo bo ton khi lng: mCuO =mX + mO(**) = 24,8 + 16.0,2 =28 gam
28
.64 22,4
80
p n D.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 (trong s mol FeO bng
s mol Fe2O3) cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,08.
B. 0,16.
C. 0,18.
D. 0,23.
Cu 2 : Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 Phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long
(d), thu c 1,344 lt khi NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X
thu c m gam mui khan Gi tr ca m l
A. 49,09.
B. 38,72.
C. 35,50.
D. 34,36.
Cu 3 : Oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4 Fe2O3
v Fe d. Ho tan hon ton X trong HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt NO (cht kh duy nht, o ktc) . Gi tr
m l
A. 7,57.
B. 7,75.
C. 10,08.
D. 10,80.
Cu 4 : t chy 6,72 gam bt Fe trong khng kh d c m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4 Fe2O3

v Fe d. ho tan X cn dng va ht 255ml dung dch cha HNO 3 2M thu c V lt kh NO2 (Sn
phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Gi tr ca m, V ln lt l
A. 8,4 v 3,360.
B. 8,4 v 5,712.
C. 10,08 v 3,360.
D. 10,08 v 5,712.
Cu 5 : Hn hp X gm Mg, MgS v S. Ho tan hon ton m gam X trong HNO 3 c, nng thu c
2,912 lt kh N2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y c 46,55 gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 4,8.
B. 7,2.
C. 9,6.
D. 12,0.
Cu 6 : Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe3O4 vo 200ml HNO3 un nng. Sau phn ng thu c
2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch X v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi cha tan. Nng mol ca
dung dch HNO3 dng l
81
A. 2,7M.
B. 3,2M.
C. 3,5M.
D. 2,9M.
Cu 7 : Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeCl2 , FeCl3 trong H2SO4 c nng, thot ra
4,48 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y . Thm NH3 d vo Y thu c 32,1 gam kt ta. Gi
tr m l
A. 16,8.
B. 17,75.
C. 25,675.
D. 34,55.
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton 34,8 gam mt oxit st dng Fe xOy trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng. Sau phn
ng thu c 1,68 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht o ktc). Oxit FexOy l
A. FeO.
C. FeO hoc Fe3O4
B. Fe3O4
D. Fe2O3
Cu 9 : Ho tan hon ton 25,6 gam cht rn X gm Fe , FeS, FeS2 v S bng dung dch HNO3 d, ktc
ra V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y . Thm Ba(OH)2 d vo Y thu c 126,25 gam kt ta.
Gi tr ca V l
A. 17,92.
B. 19,04.
C. 24,64.
D. 27,58.
Cu 10 : Cho hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 vi s mol bng nhau. Ly a gam X cho phn ng
vi CO nung nng sau phn ng trong bnh cn li 16,8 lt hn hp rn Y. Ho tan hon ton Y trong
H2SO4 c, nng thu c 3,36 lt kh SO2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca a v s mol H2SO4 phn ng
ln lt l
A. 19,20 v 0,87.
B. 19,20 v 0,51.
C. 18,56 v 0,87.
D. 18,56 v 0,51.
Cu 11 : Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 27,8 gm butan, metylxiclopropan, but-2-en, etylaxetilen v

ivinyl. Khi t chy hon ton 0,15 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l
A. 34,50 gam.
B. 36,66 gam.
C. 37,20 gam.
D. 39,90 gam.
Cu 12 : Ho tan hon ton 14,52 gam hn hp X gm NaHCO3 , KHCO3 v MgCO3 trong dung dch
HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui KCl to thnh trong dung dch sau phn ng
l
A. 8,94 gam.
B. 16, 7 gam.
C. 7,92 gam.
D.
12,0
gam.
Cu 13 : Cho 13,92 gam hn hp X gm Cu v mt oxit st vo dung dch HNO 3 long d thu c
2,688 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 42,72
gam mui khan. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeO.
B. Fe3O4
C. Fe2O3
D. Fe3O4 hoc FeO.
Cu 14 : Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y ; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl2 v m gam FeCl3 . Gi
tr ca m l
A. 4,875 .
B. 9,60.
C. 9,75.
82
D. 4,80.
1A
8B
2B
9C
3C
10D
P N
4A
11B
83
5C
12A
6B
13A
7D
14C
PHNG PHP NG CHO

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc
- Bi ton lin quan n hn hp cc cht l mt trong nhng bi ton ph bin nht
trong chng trnh Ho hc ph thng, hu ht cc bi ton thng gp u t nhiu c
cc d kin lin quan n mt hn hp cht no , c th l hn hp kim loi, hn hp
kh, hn hp cc cht ng ng, hn hp dung dch, . . . . a nhng bi ton nh vy
u c th vn dng c phng php ng cho v gii ton.
- Phng php ny thng c p dng cho cc bi ton hn hp cha 2 thnh phn
m yu cu ca bi ton l xc nh t l gia 2 thnh phn .
- Phng php ng cho t n khng phi l gii php quyt nh ca bi ton (hon
ton c th gii bng phng php t n - gii h) nhng p dng ng cho hp l,
ng cch, trong nhiu trng hp s gip tc lm bi tng ln ng k, iu ny c
bit quan trng khi lm bi thi trc nghim nh hin nay.
2. Phn loi cc dng ton v mt s ch khi gii ton
Phng php ng cho l mt trong nhng cng c ph bin v hu hiu nh trong
gii ton ho hc chng trnh ph thng. C th p dng linh hot phng php ny
cho rt nhiu dng bi khc nhau. Mt s dng bi tiu biu c tng kt v lit k ra
di y :
Dng 1 : Tnh ton hm lng cc ng v
- ng v (cng v tr) l cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s khi
(do khc nhau s ntron) nn cng thuc mt nguyn t ho hc v c cng v tr trong
tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
- Khc vi s khi ca ng v, khi lng nguyn t trung bnh l gi tr trung bnh
cc s khi ca cc ng v to nn nguyn t . Trong trng hp nguyn t c to
nn bi 2 ng vi ch yu, ta c th d dng tnh c hm lng cht mi ng v bng
phng php ng cho.
Dng 2 : Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi
- Hn hp kh, nht l hn hp 2 kh l mt d kin d dng bt gp trong nhiu l ton
ho hc m thng thng ta s phi tnh s mol hoc t l s mol hoc th tch hoc t l
th tch tm ra c gi tr cui cng ca bi ton.
Dng 3 : Tnh ton trong pha ch cc dung dch c cng cht tan
- Trong trng hp bi ton c s thay i v nng ca dung dch do b pha long
hoc do b trn ln vi mt dung dch c nng khc, ta c th p dng ng cho
tm ra t l gia cc dung dch ny. Cc cng thc thng s dng trong dng ton ny l
:
- Khi pha long VA lt dung dch A nng CM vi VB lt dung dch B nng CM
c cng cht tan, ta thu c dung dch mi c nng CM ( CM < CM < CM ) trong t
l th tch ca 2 dung dch ban u l :
CM
CM - CM
A
CM
84
CM - CMA
CMB
VA CMB CM
VB CM CMA
Ch : l cng thc trn chi ng trong trng hp th tch ca dung dch mi bng tng
th tch ca 2 dung dch ban u (ni cch khc, s hao ht v th tch khi pha ch 2 dung
dch ny l khng ng k).
- Khi pha mA gam dung dch A nng A% vi mB gam dung dch B nng B%
cng cht tan, ta thu c dung dch mi c nng C% ( A% < C% < B%) trong t
l khi lng ca 2 dung dch ban u l:
B% - C%
A%
C%
B%
C% - A%
mA B% C%
mB C% A%
Ch : V m = d.V vi d l khi lng ring hay t khi ca cht lng nn nu t khi

ca 2 dung dch ban u bng nhau v bng vi t khi ca dung dch mi sinh. (t khi
dung dch thay i khng ng k) th t l v khi lng cng chnh li l th tch ca 2
dung dch :
mA d VA VA
mB d VB VB
- Trong trng hp t khi ca 2 dung dch b thay i sau khi pha trn : Khi pha VA lt
dung dch A c t khi d1 vi VB lt dung dch B c t khi d2 c cng cht tan, ta thu
c dung dch mi c t khi d (d1 < d < d2) trong t l th tch ca 2 dung dch ban
u l:
d1
d2 - d
d
d - d1
d2
VA d 2 d
VB d d1
Ngoi ra, khi lm cc bi dng ny, ta cn phi ch mt s nguyn tc mang tnh gi

nh di y :
+ Cht rn khan coi nh dung dch c nng C% = 100%
+ Cht rn ngm nc coi nh mt dung dch c C% bng % khi lng cht tan
trong .
+ Oxit hay qung thng c coi nh dung dch ca kim loi c C% bng % khi
lng ca kim loi trong oxit hay qung (hoc coi nh dung dch ca oxi c C% bng
% khi lng ca oxi trong oxit hoc qung )
+ H2O (dung mi) coi nh dung dch c nng 0% hay 0M
+ Oxit tan trong nc (tc dng vi nc) coi nh dung dch axit hoc baz tng
ng c nng C% > 100%
85
+ Khi lng ring hay t khi ca H2O l D = 1g/ml

Dng 4 : Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz vi a axit
- T l : phng trnh - s mol
Dng 5 : Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht hu c

- Bi ton hn hp 2 cht hu c, c bit, 2 cht ng ng k tip l mt d kin rt
hay gp trong bi ton ha hu c ph thng. Trong nhng bi ton ny, nu c yu cu
tnh t l % ca 2 cht trong hn hp ban u (v khi lng hoc th tch hoc s mol)
ta nn p dng phng php ng cho
- Ch l d kin ng ng lin tip ch phc v vic bin lun gi tr ri rc, khng
lin quan n vic s dng ng cho tnh t l, do , trong trng hp bit gi
tr ca i lng c trng ca 2 cht (XA v XB trong bi ton tng qut) th ta vn hon
ton c th tnh c t l ny, d hai cht khng phi l ng ng lin tip, thm ch
khng phi l ng ng.
- i lng trung bnh dng lm cn c tnh ton trn ng cho trong trng hp
ny thng l: S nguyn t C trung bnh, khi lng phn t trung bnh, s nguyn t
H trung bnh, s lin kt pi trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh v t l thu c l t
l s mol 2 cht.
Dng 6 : Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c

- Bi ton 2 cht v c cng kh thng gp trong s cc bi ton ha hc. Thng
thng l hn hp 2 kim loi, 2 mui, m kh nng phn ng v ha tr ca chng
trong cc phn ng ha hc l tng ng nhau, trong trng hp ny, ta thng dng
gi tr khi lng phn t trung bnh l c s tnh ton trn ng cho.
- Trong mt s trng hp khc, ha tr v kh nng phn ng ca cc cht trong hn
hp khng tng ng nhau th ta dung ha tr trung bnh lm c s p dng phng
php ng cho.
Dng 7 :p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp nhiu hn 2 cht.

- V nguyn tc, phng php ng cho ch p dng cho hn hp 2 thnh phn, iu
ny khng th thay i. Tuy nhin khi nim 2 thnh phn khng c ngha l 2 cht,
c th l hai hn hp, hoc hn hp vi 1 cht, min sao ta c th ch ra mt
i lng c trng c th gip chia tt c cc cht ban u thnh 2 nhm, 2 thnh phn
l c th p dng ng cho.
- Ngoi ra, c th nhng hn hp c nhiu hn 2 thnh phn, nhng ta bit t l ca
mt vi thnh phn so vi cc thnh phn cn li trong hn hp th vn hon ton c th
gii bng phng php ng cho.
Dng 8 :p dng phng php ng cho nh gi kh nng phn ng ca cc cht

Dng 1: Tnh ton hm lng cc ng v.
V d 1 : Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v bn
phn % s nguyn t ca
A. 54,5%
81
35
79
35
Br v
81
35
Br . Thnh
Br l :
B. 55,4%
C. 45,5%
Gii:
86
D. 44,6%

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
79
Br(M 79)
1,09
0,545
54,5%
79,91
Br(M 81)
81
0,91
0,455
45,5%
p n C
V d 2 : Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Bo l 10,812. Hi mi khi c 94 nguyn t
10
5
B th c
bao nhiu nguyn t 115 B ?

A. l88
B. 406
C. 812
D. 94
Gii:
B(M 10)
10
0,184
94
10,812
11
B(M 11)
0,812
406
p n B
V d 3 : Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l
63
Cu v
65
Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l
63,54. Thnh phn % khi lng ca 63Cu trong CuSO4 l (cho S = 32, O = 16)
A. 39,83%
B. 11%
C. 73%
D. 28,83%
Gii:
63
Cu(M 63)
1,46
73%
63,54
65
Cu(M 65)
0,54
27%
Xt trong 1 mol CuSO4 , ta d dng c:
%m63Cu
0,73.63
.100% 28,83%
63,54 96
p n D
Dng 2: Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi.
V d 4 : Mt hn hp gm O2 , O3 iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18. Thnh phn %
v th tch ca O3 trong hn hp l
A. 15%.
B. 25%.
C. 35% .
87
D. 45%.
88

Gii:
O2 (M 32)
12
75%
18.2=36
O3 (M 48)
25%
p n B
Dng 3: Tnh ton trong pha ch dung dch.

V d 5 : Th tch dung dch HCl 10M v th tch H2O cn dng pha thnh 400ml dung dch 2M ln
lt l :
A. 20ml v 380ml
B. 40ml v 360ml
C. 80ml v 320ml
D. 100ml v 300ml
Gii:
HCl (10M)
80
2M
H2O (0M)
320
p n C
V d 6 : Trn m1 gam dung dch NaOH 10% vi m2 gam dung dch NaOH 40% thu c 60 gam dung
dch 20% . Gi tr ca m1, m2 tng ng l :
A. 10 gam v 50 gam
B. 45 gam v 15 gam
C. 40 gam v 20 gam
D. 35 gam v 25 gam
Gii:
NaCl (10%)
20
40
20%
NaCl (40%)
10
p n C
89
20
V d 7 : Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO4 8% pha
thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO4 16% ?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam
B. 330 gam v 250 gam
C. 60 gam v 220 gam
D. 40 gam v 240
gam
Gii:
CuSO4.5H2O Coi CuSO4.5H2O l dung dch CuSO4 c:
160
250
C%
160
.100% 64%
250
CuSO4 .5H 2O (64%)
40
16%
CuSO4 8%
48
240
p n D
V d 8 : Ho tan 200 gam SO3 vo m gam dung dch H2SO4 49% ta c dung dch H2SO4 78,4%. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 133,3 gam.
B. 300 gam.
C. 150 gam.
D. 272,2 gam.
Gii:
Do c phn ng ha hc:
SO3
H2SO4
Coi SO3 l Dung dch H2SO4 c C%
98
.100% 122,5%
80
SO3 (122,5%)
29,4
200
78,4%
H2SO4 49%
44,1
300
p n B
V d 9 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Na2O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu c dung
dch NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m l m l:
A. 10 gam
B. 20 gam
C. 30 gam
90
D. 40 gam

Gii:
Do c phn ng ha hc
Na2O
2NaOH
Coi Na2O l Dung dch NaOH c C%
80
.100% 129%
62
Na 2O (129 %)
39
20
51%
NaOH 12%
78
40
p n B
V d 10 : Cn bao nhiu lt axit H2SO4 (d = 1,84) v bao nhiu lt nc ct (d = 1) pha thnh 9 lt
dung dch H2SO4 c d = 1,28 ?
A. 2 lt v 7 lt
B. 3 lt v 6 lt
C. 4 lt v 5 lt
D. 6 lt v 3 lt
Gii:
H2O (d 1)
0,56
d=1,28
H2SO4 (d 1,84)
0,28
p n B
V d 11 : Mt loi ru c t khi d = 0,95 th ru ca n l bao nhiu ? Bit t khi ca H 2O v
ru nguyn cht ln lt l 1 v 0,8
A. 25,5
B. 12,5
C. 50
D. 25
Gii:
ru l s ml ru nguyn cht trong 100ml dung dch ru.
H2O (d 1)
0,15
75
d=0,95
C2H5OH(d 0,8)
0,05
25
p n D
Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz vi a axit.
91

V d 12: Thm 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M. Mui to thnh v khi
lng tng ng l:
A. 14,2 gam Na2HPO4; 32,8 gam Na3PO4
B. 28,4 gam Na2HPO4; 16,4 gam Na3PO4
C. 12 gam NaH2PO4; 28,4 gam Na2HPO4
D. 24 gam NaH2PO4; 14,2 gam Na2HPO4
Gii:
Xt t l n
S mol baz
S mol axit
Ta c:
1 n
n NaOH 0,25.2 0,5 5
2
n H3PO4 0,2.1,5 0,3 3
To ra hn hp 2 mui NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4

NaH 2 PO4 (n 1)
1/3
0,1 mol
n=5/3
Na2HPO4 (n=2)
2/3
0,2 mol
m NaH2PO4 0,1.120 12 gam v m Na2HPO4 0,2.142 28,4 gam

p n C
Dng 5: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht hu c.
V d 13: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon ng ng lin tip, thu c 0,9 mol CO 2 v
1,4 mol H2O. Thnh phn % v th tch ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u ln lt l:
A. 25% v 75%
B. 20% v 80%
C. 40% v 60%
D. 15% v 85%
Gii:
V n CO 2 < n H2O suy ra: hai hirocacbon cho l 2 ankan.
Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh ca 2 ankan ny l: Cn H 2n2 th t gi thit ta c:
n H2O n 1 1,4
n 1,8
n CO2
0,9
n
Hai ankan l CH4 v C2H6
CH4 (C 1)
0,2
20%
n =1,8
C2H6 (C 2)
0,8
80%
92
p n B
V d 14 : Cho Na d tc dng hon ton vi 0,1 mol hn hp ru X. thu c 2,688 lt kh iu kin
tiu chun. Bit c 2 ru trong X u c kh nng ho tan Cu(OH)2 to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam
v khi t chy mi ru u thu c th tch CO 2 nh hn 4 ln th tch ru b t chy. S mol ca
mi lt trong X l
A. 0,025 mol v 0,075 mol.
B. 0,02 mol v 0,08 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol.
D. 0.015 mol v 0,085 mol.
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh ca X l: R(OH) n
V c 2 ru u c kh nng ha tan Cu(OH) 2
n2
V c 2 ru u c t hn 4C n 3
n
Na
H2
T gi thit, ta c phn ng: R(OH)2
2
2,688
.2
22,4
n
2,4
0,1
C mt ru l C3H5(OH)3 v ru cn li l 2 chc.
(n 1)
0,6
0,06
n =2,4
C3H5 (OH)3 (n 3)
0,4
0,04
p n C
Dng 6: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c.
V d 15 : Ho tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v BaCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c 448ml
kh CO2 (ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 50%.
B. 55%
C. 60%.
65%.
Gii:
Ta c:
nmui cacbonat = n CO 2
0,448
3,164
0,02mol M mui cacbonat
158,2
0,02
22,4

BaCO3(M=197)
58,2
3
93
60%
D.
M =158,2
CaCO3 (M=100)
38,8
40%
p n C
V d 16 : Cho 8,96 lt hn hp CO2 v NO2 (ktc) hp th vo mt lng dung dch NaOH va to
thnh cc mui trung ho sau em c cn dung dnh thu c 36,6 gam mui khan. Thnh phn %
th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u l
A. 25% CO2 v 75% NO2.
B. 50% CO2 v 50% NO2
C. 75% CO2 v 25% NO2
D. 30% CO2 v 70% NO2
Gii:
S cc phn ng ha hc:
2NaOH + 2NO2 NaNO3 + NaNO2
2NaOH + CO2
Na2CO3
T phn ng, ta thy:
69 85
77
2
C 1 mol NO2 to ra 1 mol hn hp 2 mui, c M
C 1 mol CO2 to ra 1 mol mui Na2CO3 c M= 106.
M hn hp =
36,6
91,5
0,4

Na2CO3(M=106)
13
50%
M hn hp =91,5
( M=77)
13
50%
p n B
Dng 7: p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp nhiu hn 2 cht.
V d 17 : Cho hn hp gm H2, N2 v NH3 c ti khi hi so vi H2 bng 8 i qua dung dch H2SO4 c,
d th th tch kh cn lt mt na. Thnh phn % th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ln lt l
A. 25%, 25%, 50%
B. 20%, 30%, 50%.
C. 50%, 25%, 25%
D. 15%, 35%, 50%.
Gii:
Khi b gi li do phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 chnh l NH3 v c th tch bng th tch hn hp kh
ban u.
Gi khi lng phn t trung bnh ca H2 v N2 trong hn hp l M , ta d dng thy:
94
M 17
16 M 15
2
H2(M=2)
13
25%
13
25%
M = 15
N2(M=28)
p n A
V d 18 : t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v C2H6, sn phm thu c dn qua
bnh I ng dung dch H2SO4 c v bnh II ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau th nghim, thy trong
bnh II c 15 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh II tng nhiu hn bnh I l 2,55 gam. Thnh phn % v th
tch ca mi kh trong hn hp u l :
A. 50%, 30%, 20%
B. 30%, 40%, 30%
C. 50%, 25%, 25%
D. 50%, 15%, 35%
Gii:
T gi thit, ta c:
n CO 2 =
n H 2O
15
0,15 mol
100
0,15.44 - 2,55
0,255 mol
18
Gi C x H y l cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hn hp ban u, ta c:
y
Cx Hy xCO2 H2O
2
Bo ton nguyn t 2 v, ta d dng c:
x 1,5 v y 4,5
CH4(C=1)
0,5
50%
C = 1,5
C2H4,C2H6 (C=2)
0,5
50%
C2H6(H = 6)
0,5
25%
1,5
75%
H = 4,5
CH4,C2H4 (H =4)
p n C
95

BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca rubii l 85,559. Trong t nhin rubii c hai ng v
87
37
Rb. Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca ng v

A. 72,05%.
85
37
35
17
C. 5590%.
Cl v
37
17
Rb v
Rb l
B. 44,10%.
Cu 2 : Trong t nhin ch c 2 ng v
85
37
D. 27,95%
Cl . Thnh phn % khi lng ca
37
17
Cl trong KClO4
l (cho O =16; Cl = 35,5; K = 39)

A. 6,25%.
B. 6,32%.
C. 6,41%.
D. 6,68%.
Cu 3 : Mt hn hp gm CO v CO2 iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18,2. Thnh phn

% v th tch ca CO2 trong hn hp l
A. 45,0%.
B. 47,5%.
C. 52,5%.
D. 55,0%.
Cu 4 : Ho tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long thu c hn hp kh NO v N2O c t khi so
vi H2 bng 16,75. T l th tch kh NO : N2O trong hn hp l :
A. 2: 3.
B. l: 2.
C. l: 3.
D. 3: l.
Cu 5 : Cho hn hp FeS v FeCO3 tc dng ht dung dch HCl thu hn hp kh X c t khi hi so H 2

l 20,75. % khi lng ca FeS trong hn hp u l
A. 20,18%
B. 79,81%
C. 75%
D. 25%
Cu 6: thu c dung dch HCl 30% cn ly a gam dung dch HCl 55% pha vi b gam dung dch
HCl 15%. T l a/b l:
A. 2/5
B. 3/5
C. 5/3
D. 5/2
Cu 7 : pha c 100ml dung dch nc mui c nng mol 0,5M ly Vml dung dch
NaCl
2,5M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 80,0.
B. 75,0.
C. 25,0.
D. 20,0.
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Na2O nguyn cht vo 75,0 gam dung dch NaOH 12,0% thu c
dung dch NaOH 58,8%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 66,0.
B. 50,0.
C. 112,5.
D. 85,2.
Cu 9 : thu c 42 gam dung dch CuSO4 16% cn ho tan x gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo y gam
dung dch CuSO4 8%. Gi tr ca y l
A. 35.
B. 6.
C. 36.
D. 7.
Cu 10 : Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H 2SO4 98% (d= 1,84 g/ml) c
dung dch mi c nng 10% l
A. 14,192 lt.
B. 15,1921t.
C. 16,192lt.
D. 17,l92 lt.
Cu 11 : t chy hon ton m gam photpho ri ly sn phm ho tan vo 500 gam nc c dung
dch X c nng 9,15%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,55
B. 15,5.
C. 155.
96
D. 31

Cu 12 : Lng SO3 cn thm vo dung dch H2SO4 10% c 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 20% l
A. 2,5 gam.
Cu 13 : Bit DC 2 H 5 OH
B. 8,88 gam
(nguyn cht)
C. 6,66 gam.
D. 24,5 gam.
= 0,8 g/ml, D H 2 O =lg/ml. Dung dch ru etylic 13,80 c khi lng
ring l:
A. 0,805 g/ml.
B. 0,855 g/ml
C. 0,972 g/ml
D. 0,915 g/ml
Cu 14 : Thm 150ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120ml dung dch H3PO4 1M. Khi lng cc mui thu
c trong dung dch l :
A. 9,57 gam K2HPO4 ; 8,84 gam KH2PO4
B. 10,44 gam K2HPO4 ; 12,72 gam K3PO4
C. 10,24 gam K2HPO4 ; 13,50 gam KH2PO4
D. 13,05 gam K2HPO4 ; 10,60 gam K3PO4
Cu 15 : t chy hon ton 1,55 gam photpho ri ly sn phm cho tc dng vi 400ml dung dch
NaOH 0,3 M, sau em c cn th thu dc m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,48 gam.
B. 7,54 gam.
C. 8,12 gam.
D.
9,96
gam.
Cu 16 : Nung hn hp X gm CaCO3 v CaSO3 ti phn ng hon ton c cht rn Y c khi lng
bng 50,4% khi lng ca X. Thnh phn % khi lng ca CaCO 3 trong X l
A. 60%.
B. 54,5%
C. 45,5%.
D. 40%.
Cu 17 : Ho tan hon ton 34,85 gam hn hp 2 mui BaCO3 v Na2CO3 bng dung dch HCl thu c
4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc). S mol BaCO3 trong hn hp l
A. 0,20.
B. 0,15.
C. 0,10 .
D. 0,05.
Cu 18 : Nhit phn hon ton 108 gam hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 c cht rn Y c khi
lng bng 75,4% khi lng ca X. Khi lng NaHCO3 c trong X l
A. 54,0 gam.
B. 27,0 gam.
C. 72,0 gam.
D.
36,0
gam.
Cu 19 : t chy hon ton 21,0 gam dy st trong khng kh thu c 29,4 gam hn hp cc oxit
Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Khi lng Fe2O3 to thnh l
A. 12,0 gam
B. 13,5 gam.
C. 16,5 gam.
D.
18,0
gam.
Cu 20: Ho tan 55g hn hp Na2CO3 v Na2SO3 vi lng va 500ml axit H2SO4 1M thu c mt
mui trung ho duy nht v hn hp kh X. Thnh phn phn trm th tch ca hn hp kh X l :
A. 80% CO2 ; 20% SO2
B. 70% CO2 ; 30% SO2
C. 60% CO2 ; 40% SO2
D. 50% CO2 ; 50% SO2
97

Cu 21 : X l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu2O. Y l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO cn trn X v
Y theo t l khi lng t =
mX
c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c ti a 0,5
mY
tn ng nguyn cht. Gi tr ca t l
A.
5
3
B.
5
4
C.
4
5
D.
3
5
Cu 22 : X l qung hematit cha 60% Fe2O3 Y l qung manhetit cha 69,6% Fe3O4. Trn a tn qung
X vi b tn qung Y thu c qung Z, m t 1 tn qung Z c th iu ch c 0,5 tn gang cha 4%
cacbon. T l a/b l
A
5
2
B.
4
3
C.
3
4
D.
2
5
Cu 23 : Cho 6,72 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm C2H4 , C3H4 li t t qua bnh ng dung dch Br2 thy
khi lng bnh tng 10,8 gam. Thnh phn % th tch mi khi trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 33,3% C2H4 v 66,7% C3H4
B. 20,8% C2H4 v 79,2% C3H4
C. 25,0% C2H4 v 75,0% C3H4
D. 30,0% C2H4 v 70,0% C3H4
Cu 24 : t chy hon ton 12,0 lt hn hp hai hp cht hu c k tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu
c 41,4 lt CO2. Thnh phn % th tch ca hp cht c khi lng phn t nh hn l (cc th tch
kh o cng iu kin)
A. 55,0%.
B. 51,7%.
C. 48,3%.
D. 45,0%.
Cu 25 : t chy hon ton 15,68 lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng

ng, c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC thu c
n CO 2 24
. Cng thc phn t v % khi

n H 2 O 31
lng tng ng vi cc hirocacbon ln lt l:

A. C2H6 (28,57%) v C4H10 (71,43%).
B. C3H8 (78,57%) v C5H12
(21,43%).
C. C2H6 (17,14%) v C4H10 (82,86%).
D. A v B
Cu 26 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, CO, C4H10. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O2. Thnh
phn % th tch C4H10 trong X l
A. 62,5%.
B. 54,4%.
C. 48,7%.
D. 45,2%.
Cu 27 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, C2H4, C3H6 trong s mol C2H4 bng s mol C3H6. T khi ca X so
vi H2 bng 7,6. Thnh phn % th tch cc kh trong X l :
A. 40% H2, 30% C2H4, 30% C3H6
B. 60% H2, 20% C2H4, 20% C3H6
C. 50% H2, 25% C2H4, 25% C3H6
D. 20% H2, 40% C2H4, 40% C3H6
P N
98
1A
11B
21D
2D
12B
22D
3C
13C
23A
4D
14B
24A
5A
15B
25D
6B
16D
26A
7D
17B
27B
8B
18C
99
9C
19A
10C
20A
PHNG PHP PHN TCH H S

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc
- H s cn bng ca phn ng l mt b s thu c sau khi ta tin hnh cn' bng 2 v

ca phn ng ho hc. T trc ti nay, h s cn bng ca phn ng thng ch c
ch cc phng php cn bng phn ng m cha c ng dng nhiu vo gii ton.
Vi c im mi ca k thi trc nghim, i hi nhng k thut gii ton sng to, nhanh
v hiu qu th Phn tch h s thc s l mt phng php ng c quan tm.
- H s cn bng ca phn ng l mt b s th hin y mi tng quan gia cc
thnh phn c mt trong phn ng. C th xem n l kt qu ca mt lot nhng nh lut
ho hc quan trng nh nh lut bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton in
tch, bo ton electron, . . . , ng thi cng phn nh s tng gim v khi lng, th
tch, s moi kh, . . . trc v sau mi phn ng. Do , ng dng h s cn bng vo gii
ton c th cho nhng kt qu c bit th v m cc phng php khc khng th so snh
c.
2. Phn loi v cc ch khi gii ton
Dng 1: H s phn ng phn nh nh lut bo ton nguyn t
- Bo ton nguyn t l mt trong nhng nh lut quan trng bc nht, ng thi cng
l mt cng c mnh trong gii ton ho hc. Trong mt phn ng ho hc c th, nh
lut bo ton nguyn t c biu hin qua chnh h s cn bng ca cc cht trong phn
ng .
- y l mt phng php gii rt hiu qu cho cc bi ton xc nh cng thc phn t
c cht hu c v v c. Ngoi ra, n cng h tr cho vic tnh ton nhiu i lng quan
trng khc.
- Ch l khi vit s phn ng km theo h s, ta ch cn a vo s nhng cht
bit h s v nhng cht cn quan tm. iu ny s mang li hiu qu cao hn nhiu
so vi vic vit phng trnh phn ng y v cn bng.
- Xem thm chng . . . "Phng php bo ton nguyn t"
Dng 2: H s phn ng phn nh s tng gim th tch kh trong phn ng
- y l mt dng ton quan trng p dng cho cc bi tp m phn ng ho hc trong

c s tham gia v to thnh cht kh, nh : cracking ankan, tng hp amoniac, ozon
ho O2, oxi ho SO2 thnh SO3..
- a s cc bi ton loi ny c th gii bng phng php a thm s liu (t chn
lng cht) kt hp vi t n - gii h phng trnh. Tuy nhin, nu bit cch phn tch
h s ch ra t l tng - gim th tch kh ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng th vic
100
gii ton s tr nn n gin v nhanh chng hn nhiu.

- Mt ch trong cc bi ton ny l : trong phn ng c hiu sut nh hn 100%, nu t
l cc cht tham gia phn ng bng ng h s cn bng trong phng trnh phn ng,
th sau phn ng, phn cht d cng c t l ng vi h s cn bng ca phn ng.
Dng 3: H s phn ng phn nh kh nng phn ng ca cc cht.
- Trong mt hn hp cc cht, kh nng phn ng ca tng cht vi tc nhn khng phi

lc no cng nh nhau, iu ny c phn nh qua cc h s phn ng khc nhau gia
chng.
- im c bit ca dng ton ny l c th kt hp rt hiu qu vi phng php ng
cho tm ra s mol hoc t l s mol ca mi cht hoc nhm cht trong hn hp. iu
quan trng l phi ch ra v nhm cc cht trong hn hp ban u li vi nhau to
thnh 2 nhm cht c kh nng phn ng khc nhau. Vi cch lm nh vy, ta c th p
dng c phng php ng cho k c trong trng hp nhiu hn 2 cht trong hn
hp ban u.
- Dng bi ny c th p dng cho cc bi ton hn hp nhiu phn ng khc nhau,
nh: kim loi + axit, mui + axit, cc n cht + oxi, baz + axit, kim loi + phi kim, ....
Dng 4: H s phn ng trong cc phn ng t chy cht hu c
- Ta bit mt cht hu c bt k cha 3 nguyn t C, H, O c cng thc phn t l

CnH2n+2-2kOx vi k l bt bo ho (bng tng s vng v s lin kt trong cng thc
cu to)
Xt phn ng chy ca hp cht ny, ta c :
CnH2n+2-2kOx nCO2 + (n + 1 k)H2O
Phn tch h s phn ng ny, ta c mt kt qu rt quan trng l.
nX
n H 2 O nCO 2
1- k
Vi nx l s mt cht hu c b t chy.
Hai trng hp ring hay gp trong cc bi tp ph thng l k = 0 (hp cht no, mch
h CnH2n+2Ox) c n X n H O nCO (ankan, ru no mch h, ete no mch h, ...) v k = 2
c n X nCO n H O (ankin, ankaien, axit khng no 1 ni i, anehit khng no 1 ni i,
xeton khng no 1 ni i, ...)
- Kt qu ny c th m rng cho c cc phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c cha nhm
nit
2
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP

Dng 1: H s phn ng phn nh nh lut bo ton nguyn t
V d 1. t chy hon ton 100 ml hi cht A, cn ng 250 ml oxi, ch to ra 200 ml CO2 v 200 ml
hi nc (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
A. C2H4
B. C2H6O
C. C2H4O
Gii:
C th gii rt nhanh bi ton cho nh sau:
101
D. C3H6O

CxHyOz
+ 2,5O2
2 CO2
+ 2H2O
Cn c vo h s phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, d dng c A l C 2H4 O
p n C
-V th tch kh t l thun vi s mol, do , ta c th in ngay h s vo phn ng v chia 2 v cho

100 cho n gin !
V d 2. Ho tan hon ton a gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H2SO4 m c va , c cha 0,075
mol H2SO4 thu c b gam mt mui v c 168ml kh SO2 (ktc) duy nht thot ra. Gi tr ca b l
A. 8 gam.
B. 9 gam.
C. 16 gam.
D. 12 gam.
Gii:
Gi cng thc ca oxit cho l Fe xOy
nSO 2
0,168
0,0075 mol
22,4
Ta vit li phn ng dng s c km theo h s:

FexOy +
0,075H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 +
0,0075SO2
- y, ta khng cn quan tm n s c mt ca H2O trong phng trnh!

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t S, ta c:
0,075 - 0,0075
0,0225 mol b 0,0225.400 9 gam
3
p n B
n Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3
-Cch lm ny nhanh v n gin hn rt nhiu so vi vic vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng vi
h s ch ri gii h phng trnh !
V d 3. t chy hon ton 2a mol ru no X cn ti thiu 35a mol khng kh. Cng thc phn t ca
X l
A. C2H5OH.
B. C2H4(OH)2
C. C3H6(OH)2
D.
C3H5(OH)3
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t ca X l CnH2n+2Ok
Khng lm mt tnh tng qut, ta chn a = 1 lm n gin bi ton.
Trong 35 lt khng kh c 7 mol O2. T gi thit, ta c th vit s phn ng vi h s:
2CnH2n+2Ok + 7O2 2nCO2 + 2(n+1)H2O
Cn c vo h s phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi O, ta c:
2k + 14 = 4n + 2n + 2 n
k6
3
T , d dng c n = k = 3 p n D
Dng 2: H s phn ng phn nh s tng gim th tch kh trong phn ng
V d 4. a mt hn hp kh N2 v H2 c t l 1 : 3 vo thp tng hp, sau phn ng thy th tch kh

i ra gim
1
so vi ban u. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca hn hp kh sau phn ng.
10
102
A. 20%, 60%, 20%.
B.22,22%, 66,67%, 11,11%.
C. 30%, 60%, 10%.
D. 33,33%, 50%, 16,67%.
Gii:
N2 + 3H2
2NH3
gii nhanh bi ton ny, ta da vo 2 kt qu quan trng:

- Trong phn ng c hiu sut nh hn 100%, nu t l cc cht tham gia phn ng bng ng h s cn
bng trong phng trnh phn ng, th sau phn ng, phn cht d cng c t l ng vi h s cn bng
ca phn ng. C th trng hp ny l 1: 3. Do A v B c kh nng l p n ng, C v D b loi.
- Trong phn ng tng hp amoniac, th tch kh gim sau khi phn ng (2 mol) ng bng th tch kh
NH3 sinh ra (2 mol)
Trong trng hp ny %NH3 =
1
1
11,11% hn hp sau.
hn
hp
u
hay
l
10
9
p n B.
V d 5. Cracking 560 lt C4H10 thu c 1010 lt hn hp kh X khc nhau. Bit cc th tnh kh u o
ktc. Th tnh (lt) C4H10 cha b cracking l
A. 60.
B. 110
C. 100.
D.
450.
Gii:
Cc phn ng xy ra c th s ha thnh:
Ankan + Anken
Ankan Cracking
Da vo h s cn bng ca phn ng crackinh, ta thy: Th tch (hay s mol) kh tng sau phn ng
ng bng th tch (hay s mol) ankan tham gia cracking.

y l: V= 1010 - 560 =450 lt.
Do , phn C4H10 cha b crackinh l 110 lt
p n B.
V d 6. Cracking C4H10 thu c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c t khi hi so vi H 2 l 16,325.
Hiu sut ca phn ng cracking l
A. 77,64%.
B. 38,82%.
C. 17,76%.
Gii:
Khi lng hn hp trc v sau phn ng c bo ton: mt = ms
Do , ta c t l:
103
D. 16,325%.
mt
d t H2 M t
n
58
58
n
t s
d s H2 Ms ms n t 16,325.2 32,65
ns
V s mol hn hp sau nhiu hn s mol ban u chnh s mol ankan cracking nn:
58
H%
1.100% 77,64%
32,65
p n A
Dng 3: H s phn ng phn nh kh nng phn ng ca cc cht.

V d 7. T khi ca hn hp gm H2 , CH4 , CO so vi hiro bng 7,8. t chy hon ton mt th
tch hn hp ny cn 1,4 th tch oxi. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp u
l:
A. 20%, 50%, 30%
B. 33,33%, 50%, 16,67%
C. 20%, 60%, 20%
D. 10%, 80%, 10%
Gii:
Cch 1: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php ng cho:

Phn tch h s cn bng ca cc phn ng t chy, ta thy:
H2
1
O2
2
CO
1
O2
2
CH4 +
2O2
tc l c 2 nhm cht tc dng vi O2 theo t l 1:
1
v 1: 2.
2
Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
(CO, H 2 )
1
2
0,6
40%
0,9
60%
1,4
(CH4 ) 2
Vy
%VCH 4 60%
p n C.
C th tip tc gii bi ton cho hon thin nh sau:

Gi M l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca CO v H2 trong hn hp kh ban u. T kt qu ng
cho trn, ta c:
104
M.0,4 16.0,6 7,8.2 15,6
M 15
p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp kh CO v H2, ta c:

CO (M 28)
13
20%
M 15
H2 (M 2)
13
20%
Cch 2: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php a thm s liu (t chn lng cht)
Gi s c 1 mol hn hp kh ban u s mol kh O2 cn dng l 1,4 mol.
Nu t l phn ng vi O2 ca c 3 cht u l 1: 0,5 th s mol O2 cn ch l 0,5 mol.
Chnh lch 0,9 mol kh O2 ny l do CH4 phn ng vi O2 theo t l 1 : 2 v bng 1,5 s mol CH4 s
mol CH4 l
2
.0,9 0,6 mol
3
p n C.
V d 8. Trn ln 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M, ri c cn dung dch
sau phn ng. % khi lng ca Na2HPO4 trong hn hp cht rn thu c l
A. 29,7%.
B. 70,3%.
C. 28,4%.
D. 56,8%.
Gii:
Xt t l n s mol baz ,
ta c:
s mol axit
1 n
n NaOH 0,25.2 0,5 5
2
n H3PO4 0,2.1,5 0,3 3
To ra hn hp 2 mui : NaH2PO4 v Na2HPO4

NaH 2 PO4 (n 1)
1
3
5
n
3
2
3
Na 2 HPO4 (n 2)
m NaH2PO4 0,1.120 12 gam
%mNaH2PO4
0,1 mol
0,2 mol
v m Na2HPO4 0,2.142 28,4gam
12
.100% 29,7% %mNa2HPO4 70,3%
12 28,4
p n B
V d 9. Dn 2,24lt ( ktc) mt hn hp gm etilen, propen, cc buten v axetilen qua dung dch ng

brom d th thy lng brom trong bnh gim 19,2 gam. Tnh lng CaC 2 cn dng iu ch c
lng axetilen c trong hn hp trn.
A. 6,4 gam
B. 1,28 gam
C. 2,56 gam
105
D. 3,2 gam

Gii:
n Br2
19,2
0,12 mol
160
n hh
2,24
0,1 mol
22,4
Cch 1: Phng php phn tch h s

Phn tch h s cn bng ca phn ng, ta c:
Anken + 1Br2
C2H2
+ 2Br2
n CaC2 n C2H2 n Br2 n Anken 0,12 0,1 0,02 mol

mCaC2 0,02.64 1,28 gam
p n B.
Cch 2: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php ng cho

Bng cch phn tch h s nh trn, ta thy c th sp xp hn hp cc cht trong hn hp ban u thnh
2 nhm phn ng vi Br2 theo t l 1 : 1 v 1 : 2
Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
(Anken) 1
0,8
0,08 mol
0,2
0,02 mol
1,2
(C2H2)
Suy ra, mCaC2 64.0,02 1,28 gam
p n B.
Dng 4: H s phn ng trong cc phn ng t chy cht hu c
V d 10. Hn hp X gm ru metylic, ru etylic, ru propylic v nc. Cho a gam X tc dng vi
natri d c 0,7 mol H2. t chy hon ton a gam X thu c b mol CO2 v 2,6 mol H2O. Gi tr ca
a v b ln lt l
A. 42 gam v 1,2 mol.
B. 19,6 gam v 1,9 mol.
C. 19,6 gam v 1,2 mol.
D. 28 gam v 1,9 mol.
Gii:
Cc phn ng vi Na c th vit chung l:
ROH
+ Na
RONa
1
H2
2
Do , n X 2n H2 1,4 mol
Cc cht trong hn hp X c dng CnH2n+2O nn:
n X n H2O n CO2 b 1,2 mol

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
106
n O2
2,6 1,2.2 1,4

1,8 mol
2
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
a mCO2 mH2O mO2 42 gam
p n A.
V d 11. Mt hn hp gm anehit acrylic v mt anehit n chc X. t chy hon ton 1,72 gam
hn hp trn cn va ht 2,296 lt kh oxi (ktc). Cho ton b sn phm chy hp th ht vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d thu c 8,5 gam kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HCHO.
B. C2H5CHO.
C. CH3CHO.
D. C3H5CHO.
Gii:
n O2 = 0,1025 mol
n CO 2 = n CaCO 3 = 0,085 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:

mAndehit + m O 2 = m H 2 O + m CO 2
m H 2 O = 1,26 gam n H2O = 0,07 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:

nAndehit = 2.0,085 + 0,07 2. 0,1025 = 0,035 mol
Do , khi lng phn t trung bnh ca 2 anehit l:

1,72
M
49,14
0,035
Anehit acrylic c M = 56 anehit cn li c M < 4 9,14 , tc l p n A hoc C.
Anehit acrylic (C3H4O) l anehit khng no 1 ni i, anehit cn li l no n chc nn:
n C3H4O n CO2 n H2O 0,015 mol
V anehit cn li c s mol l 0,02 mol.
Gi M l khi lng phn t ca Anehit cn li th:
mAnehit = 56. 0,015 + M. 0,02 = 1,72 gam
M = 44
X l CH3CHO
p n C.
IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn. Bit X tc dng vi HCl th thu c 12,32 lt kh, cn khi cho X tc dng
vi dung dch HNO3 c, nng th thu c 29,12 lt kh NO2. Bit cc th tch kh u o ktc. Khi lng ca
Fe trong hn hp X l
A. 11,2 gam.
B. 8,4 gam.
C. 5,6 gam.
D. 14 gam.
Cu 2 : Hn hp X gm 0,6 mol kim loi cha Fe, Mg v Al. Bit X tc dng vi HCl thu c 17,92
lt kh. Nu cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th th tch kh thu c l bao nhiu ? Bit cc th tch
kh u o ktc.
A. 13,44 lt.
B. 6,72 lt
C. 4,48 lt.
107
D. 17,92 lt.

Cu 3 : Cracking mt ankan thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H 2 bng 19,565. Bit hiu sut
ca phn ng Cracking l 84%. Ankan cho l
A. butan
B. isobutan.
C. pentan.
D. propan.
Cu 4 : Sau khi ozon ho, th tch ca O2 gim i 5ml. Th tch kh O3 c to thnh l

A. 7,5ml.
B. 10ml
C. 5ml.
D.
15ml.
Cu 5 : Mt hn hp X gm H2 v N2. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH3 t hn hp X th thu c hn
hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 7,826. Hiu sut tng hp NH 3 l
A. 60,6%.
B. 17,39%.
C. 8,69 %.
D. 20%.
Cu 6 : Hn hp kh X gm H2, CO, C4H10. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O 2. Thnh

phn % th tch C4H10 trong X l
A. 62,5%.
B. 54,4%.
C. 48,7%.
D. 45,2%.
Cu 7 : Trn 400ml hi ca mt hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 2 lt O 2 ri t chy. Hn hp

kh sinh ra nu dn qua CaCl2 khan th th tch gim 1,6 lt. Nu dn tip qua KOH d th th tch gim
thm 1,2 lt na v thot ra sau cng l 400ml O2 cn d. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C3H8O2
B. C3H8O
C. C3H8O3
D. C4H6O2
Cu 8 : Chia hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca chng

ch c mt nhm chc lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO 2 v H2O) ln lt qua
bnh (1) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh (l) tng
2,16 gam v bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H2 thu c ktc l
A. 0,224 lt.
B. 0,56 lt.
C. 2,24 lt.
P N
1A
2A
3C
4B
5D
108
6A
7A
8B
D. 1,12 lt
PHNG PHP S DNG PHNG TRNH ION THU GN

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Phng trnh ha hc thng c vit di hai dng l phng trnh ha hc dng phn t v dng
ion thu gn. Ngoi vic th hin c ng bn cht ca phn ng ha hc, phng trnh ion thu gn
cn gip gii nhanh rt nhiu dng bi tp kh hoc khng th gii theo cc phng trnh ha hc dng
phn t.
Dng 1: Phn ng axit, baz v pH ca dung dch
V d 1 : Cho mt mu hp kim Na - Ba tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H2 (
ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H2SO4 2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l
A. 150ml.
B. 75ml.
C. 60ml.
D. 30ml.
Gii:
Na
H2 O
Ba
2H2O
NaOH
Ba(OH)2 +
1
H2
2
(1)
H2
(2)
Theo (1) v (2) n OH (dd X) 2n H2 0,3 mol.

Phng trnh ion rt gn ca dung dch axit vi dung dch baz l
H+
n H n OH 0,3 mol
VH2SO 4
OH-
H2O
n H2SO 4 0,15 mol
0,15
0,075 lt 75 ml
2
p n B
V d 2: Trn 100ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400ml dung dch (gm H2SO4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung dch X l
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Gii:
n Ba(OH)2 0,01mol
n NaOH 0,01mol
Tng
n OH 0,03 mol
n H2SO 4 0,015mol
n HCl 0,005mol
Tng
n H 0,035 mol
Khi trn hn hp dung dch baz vi hn hp dung dch axit ta c phng trnh ion rt gn:
H+
Ban u
Phn ng
0,035
0,03
OH-
H2O\
0,03 mol
0,03
Sau phn ng: n H(d)
= 0,035 0,03 = 0,005 mol.

109
Vdd(sau trn) = 100 + 400 = 500 ml =0,5 lt
[H ]
0,005
0,01 102
0,5
pH=2
p n B
V d 3: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit
H2SO4
0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung dch Y c
pH l
A. 1
B. 2
C. 6
D. 7
Gii:
Mg
2H Mg 2 H 2
(1)
2Al 6H 2Al 3 3H 2
(2)
n HCl 0,25mol ; n H2SO 4 0,125 n H 0,5mol;
n H (phn ng) 2n H2
n H
(d)
0,475 mol
(to thnh)
0,5 - 0,475 0,025 mol
[H ]
0,025
0,1 10 1 M pH 1
0,25
p n A
Dng 2: CO2, SO2 tc dng vi dung dch baz
V d 4 : Sc t t 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X cha NaOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)2 0,1M th
lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0 gam.
B. 5 gam.
C. 10 gam.
Gii:
n CO 2 = 0,35 mol; nNaOH = 0,2 mol; n Ca(OH)2 0,1 mol
Tng: nOH- = 0,2 + 0,1. 2 = 0,4 mol v nCa2+ = 0,1 mol.

Phng trnh ion rt gn:
CO2 + 2OH- CO32- + H2O
0,35
0,2
0,4
0,4
0,2 mol
n CO 2 (d) =0,35 0,2 = 0,15 mol

Tip tc xy ra phn ng:
CO32Ban u :
Phn ng:
+ CO2
0,2
+ H2O
2HCO3-
0,15 mol
0,15 0,15 mol

CO32-
Ca2+
CaCO3
110
D. 15 gam.
n CO 2 (d) = 0,05 mol < n Ca 2

3
n CaCO3 n CO 2 (d) = 0,05 mol

3
mCaCO 3 0,05. 100 5 gam

p n B
Dng 3: Bi ton lin quan n oxit v hiroxit lng tnh
V d 5 : Ho tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c dung
dch A v c 1,12 lt H2 bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl3 vo dung dch A. Khi
lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0,78 gam.
B. 0,81 gam.
C. 1,56 gam.
D.
2,34
gam.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi l M
M
nH2O
M(OH)n
n
H2
2
n OH- 2n H2 0,1 mol

Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl3:
Al3+
Ban u :
0,03
Phn ng:
0,03
3OH-
Al(OH)3
0,03 mol
0,1 mol
0,09
n OH (d) = 0,01 mol

Kt ta b ha tan (mt phn hoc hon ton). Theo phng trnh :
Al(OH)3
OH-
0,01
0,01 mol
AlO2 - +
n Al(OH)3 0,03 0,01 0,02 mAl(OH)3 78.0,02 1,56 gam
2H2O
p n C
Dng 4: Cht kh tc dng vi dung dch cha H+ v NO3 V d 6 : Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO3)3 v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ho tan ti a bao nhiu
gam Cu kim loi ? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
A. 2,88 gam.
B. 3,2 gam.
C. 3,92 gam.
Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
111
D. 5,12 gam.
3Cu +
Ban u:
8H+
0,15
Phn ng: 0,045

Cu
3Cu2+ +
2NO + 4H2O
0,03 mol
0,12
0,03 mol
2Fe3+
0,005
2NO3-
2Fe2+
Cu2+
0,01 mol
mCu (ti a) = (0,045 + 0,005). 64 = 3,2 gam

p n B.
V d 7 : Ho tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120ml dung dch X gm HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M. Sau
khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt.
B. 1,49 lt
C. 0,672 lt.
D. 1,12
lt.
Gii:
n HNO3 0,12 mol ; n H2SO 4 0,06 mol
Tng: nH+ = 0,24 mol v n NO 0,12 mol

3
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu
8H+
Ban u:
0,1
0,24
Phn ng:
0,09
0,24
Sau phn ng: 0,01(d)
(ht)
2NO3-
3Cu2+ +
2NO + 4H2O
0,12 mol
0,06
0,06 mol
0,06(d)
VNO = 0,06. 22,4 =1,344 lt

p n A.
V d 8 : Thc hin hai th nghim :
- Th nghim 1 : Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra Vl lt NO
- Th nghim 2 : Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch cha HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M thot
ra V2 lt NO
- Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V l v V2 l
A. V2 = V1
B. V2 = 2Vl.
C. V2 = 2,5Vl
D. V2 = l,5Vl.
Gii:
3,84
0,06mol n H 0,08 mol

n Cu
64
Th nghim 1:
n NO3 0,08 mol
n HNO 0,08mol
3
3Cu
Ban u:
0,06
Phn ng:
0,03
8H+
0,08
0,08
2NO3-
3Cu2+ +
2NO + 4H2O (1)
0,02 mol
0,08 mol
0,02
112
V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.

Th nghim 2: nCu =0,06 mol; n HNO3 0,08 mol ; n H2SO 4 0,04 mol
nH+ = 0,16 mol ; n NO 0,08 mol

3
3Cu
Ban u:
0,06
Phn ng:
0,06
8H+
0,16
2NO3-
3Cu2+ +
2NO + 4H2O (2)
0,08 mol
0,16
0,04
0,04 mol
T (1) v (2) suy ra: V2 = 2V1
p n B.
Dng 5: Cc phn ng dng ion thu gn khc (to cht kt ta, cht d bay hi, cht in li yu)
V d 9 : Dung dch X c cha 5 ion : Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3 - . Thm dn V lt
dung dch K2CO3 1M vo X n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th gi tr V ti thiu cn dng l
A. 150ml.
B. 300ml.
C. 200ml.
D. 250ml.
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch: (xem thm phng php bo ton in tch)
ncation . 2 = 0,1.1 +0,2.1 = 0,3 mol

ncation =0,15 mol
Mg2+
CO32-
MgCO3
Ba2+
CO32-
BaCO3
Ca2+
CO32-
CaCO3
Hoc c th quy i 3 cation thnh M2+ (xem thm phng php quy i)
M2+
CO32-
MCO3
n K2CO3 n CO 2 n cation 0,15 mol

3
VK2CO3 0,15 lt 150 ml

p n A.
V d 10 : Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d thu c kt ta c khi
lng ng bng khi lng AgNO3 phn ng . Tnh phn trm khi lng NaCl trong hn hp u.
A. 23,3%
B. 27,84%.
C. 43,23%.
Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
Ag+
Cl-
AgCl
Ag+
Br-
AgBr
t: nNaCl = x mol ; nNaBr = y mol

113
D. 31,3%.
mAgCl + mAgBr = mAgNO3 (p.)
mCl- + mBr- = m NO3

35,5x + 80y = 62.(x+y)
x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53
%mNaCl
58,5.36.100
27,84%
58,5.36 103.53
p n B.
C th gii bi ton bng vic kt hp vi phng php tng gim khi lng hoc phng php ng
cho.
V d 11 : Cho 270 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO32- ; 0,1 mol Na+ ;
0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl- v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k). Tng khi lng
dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau phn ng gim i bao nhiu gam ?
A. 4,215 gam.
B. 5,296 gam.
C. 6,761 gam.
D. 7,015 gam.
Gii:
n Ba(OH)2 0,054 mol n Ba 2 0,054 mol ; n OH 0,108 mol

Ba2+
CO32-
BaCO3 (1)
nBa2+ > n CO 2 n BaCO3 n CO 2 0,025 mol m BaCO3 4,925 gam.

3
NH4+ +
OH-
NH3 +
H2O
(2)
nOH- < n NH4 n NH3 n OH 0,108 mol m NH3 1,836 gam
Khi lng 2 dung dch gim = 4,925 + 1,836 = 6,716 gam

p n C.
V d 12 : Trn 100ml dung dch A (gm KHCO 3 1M v K2CO3 1M ) vo 100ml dung dch B (gm
NaHCO3 1M v Na2CO3 1M ) thu c dung dch C. Nh t t 100ml dung dch D (gm H2SO4 1M v
HCl 1M ) vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO2 (ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 ti d
vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt.
B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt.
D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Gii:
Dung dch C cha: HCO3 - :0,2 mol; CO32-: 0,2 mol
Dung dch D c tng : nH+ = 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO32- +
0,2
HCO3- +
H+
HCO3-
0,2
0,2 mol
H+
H2O
+
114
CO2

Ban u:
0,4
Phn ng:
0,1
D:
0,3 mol
0,1 mol
0,1
0,1 mol
115

Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch E:
Ba2+
HCO3- +
OH-
0,3
Ba2+
SO42-
0,1
BaCO3
0,3 mol
H2O
BaSO4
0,1 mol
VCO 2 0,1. 22,4 2,24 lit

Tng khi lng kt ta:
m= 0,3. 197 + 0,1. 233 = 82,4 gam
p n A.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Th tch dung dch HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn hp: NaOH 0,1M v
Ba(OH)2 0,1M l
A. 100ml.
B. 150ml.
C. 200ml.
D. 250ml.
Cu 2 : trung ho 150ml dung dch X gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,5M cn bao nhiu ml dung dch
cha HCl 0,3M v H2SO4 0,1M ?
A.180.
B. 600.
C. 450.
D. 90.
Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)2 c nng tng ng l 0,2M v 0,1M. Dung
dch Y cha hn hp H2SO4 v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M. Th tnh dung dch X cn
trung ho va 40ml dung dch Y l
A. 0,063 lt.
B. 0,125 lt.
C. 0,15 lt.
D. 0,25
lt
Cu 4 : Trn 250ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H2SO4 0,01 M vi 250ml dung dch NaOH x M c
500ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,1.
B. 0,12.
C. 0,13.
D. 0,14.
Cu 5 : Trn 3 dung dch HCl 0,3M ; H2SO4 0,2M v H3PO4 0,1M vi nhng th tch bng nhau thu
c dung dch X. Dung dch Y gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M. trung ho 300ml dung dch X
cn va V ml dung dch Y. Gi tr ca V l
A. 200.
B. 333,3.
C. 600.
1000.
116
D.

Cu 6 : Hp thu hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) vo 500ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v
Ba(OH)2 0,2M, sinh ra m gm kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 19,7
B. 17,73.
C. 9,85.
D. 11,82.
Cu 7 : Ho tan mu hp kim Na - Ba (t l 1 : l) vo nc c dung dch X v 0,672 lt kh (ktc). Sc

1,008 lt CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch X c m (gam) kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,94.
B. 2,955.
C. 1,97.
D. 2,364.
Cu 8 : Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3; 0,05 mol HCl v
0,025
mol H2SO4 n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c
lng kt ta trn l
A. 0,4
B. 0,35.
C. 0,25.
D. 0,2.
Cu 9 : Thm m gam Kali vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1 M thu c dung
dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 0,1 M thu c kt ta Y. lng kt
ta Y ln nht thi gi tr ca m l
A. 1,17.
B. 1,71.
C. 1,95.
D. 1,59.
Cu 10 : Dung dch X gm cc cht NaAlO2 0,16 mol; Na2SO4 0,56 mol; NaOH 0,66 mol. Th tch ca
dung dch HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch X thu c 0,1 mol kt ta l
A. 0,50 lt hoc 0,41 lt.
B. 0,41 lt hoc 0,38 lt.
C. 0,38 lt hoc 0,50 lt.
D. 0,25 lt hoc 0,50 lt.
Cu 11 : Cho 3,2 gam bt Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO3 0,8M v H2SO4 0,2 M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, sinh ra V lt kh NO (sn phn kh duy nht ktc). Gi tr ca
V l
A. 0,746.
B. 0,448.
C. 1,792.
D. 0,672.
Cu 12 : Ho tan 9,6 gam bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,5M v H2SO4 1,0M. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch X c khi
lng mui khan l
A. 28,2 gam
B. 35,0 gam.
C. 24,0 gam.
D. 15,8 gam.
Cu 13 : Cho 5,8 gam FeCO3 tc dng va vi dung dch HNO3 c hn hp kh CO2, NO v dung
dch X. Khi thm dung dch H2SO4 long d vo X th dung dch thu c ho tan ti a m gam Cu (bit
rng c kh NO bay ra). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16
B. 14,4
C. 1,6
D.
17,6
Cu 14 : Ho tan 9,6 gam bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,5M v H2SO4 1,0M. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X . C cn cn thn dung dch X c khi
lng mui khan l
A. 28,2 gam.
B. 25,4 gam.
gam.
117
C. 24 gam.
D.
32

Cu 15 : Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe3+, SO42- , NH4+, Cl- . Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn bng
nhau:
- Phn 1: tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) v
1,07
gam kt ta;
- Phn 2: tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2 thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.
Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c nc bay
hi)
A. 3,73 gam.
B. 7,04 gam.
C. 7,46 gam.
D.
3,52
gam.
Cu 16 : Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO32- ; 0,1 mol Na+ ; 0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl- . Cho 270ml
dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k). Tng khi lng
dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l :
A. 4,215 gam.
B. 5,296 gam.
C. 6,761 gam.
D. 7,015 gam.
Cu 17 : Cho hn hp X gm 0,05 mol CaCl2 ; 0,03 mol KHCO3; 0,05 mol NaHCO3; 0,04 mol Na2O;
0,03 mol Ba(NO3)2 vo 437,85 gam H2O. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c a gam kt ta v
dung dch Y c khi lng l
A. 420 gam.
B. 400 gam.
C. 440gam.
D.
450
gam
Cu 18 : Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS2 v 0,09 mol Cu2FeS2 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d thu
c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gam NO v NO2 . Thm BaCl2 d vo dung dch X thu c m gam
kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)2 d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c x gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v x ln lt l :
A. 111,84 v 157,44.
B. 111,84 v 167,44.
C. 112,84 v 157,44.
D. 112,84 v 167,44.
1A
11D
2B
12C
3B
13D
4B
14C
5A
15C
6C
16C
P N
7B
8A
17D 18A
118
9A
10C
PHNG PHP KHO ST TH

Dng 1: Dng CO2 (SO2) tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2:
-Nu hin tng v gii thch khi sc t t kh CO 2 vo dung dch c cha a mol Ca(OH)2 cho n d.
-Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol CO 2.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
CO2
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
CaCO3 +
CO2
H2O
a
+
H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
a
Hin tng:
Xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
th (Hnh 1):
n CaCO 3
a
y
x1
x2
2a
n CO 2
Nhn xt:
+ Nu n > a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th.
+ Nu n = a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht n CO 2 = a
+ Nu 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x1 v x2.
D thy:
x1 = n v x2 = a + (x2 - a) m x2 - a =a-x1 nn x2 = 2a x1 = 2a - n
V d 1 : Sc t t V lt kh CO2 (ktc) vn 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M thu c 15 gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca V l :
A. 3,36 hoc 4,48.
B. 4,48 hoc 5,60.
C. 5,60 hoc 8,96.
D. 3,36 hoc 5,60.
Gii:
Ta c: a=0,2.1 =0,2 mol, 0< n1 =0,15 mol < 0,2 nn ta c 2 gi tr l:
x1 = 0,15 v x2 = 2.0,2 0,15 = 0,25
nn V1 = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt
v V2 =0,25.22,4 = 5,6 lt
p n D.
119

V d 2 : Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt CO2 ( ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng b mol/l thu
c 15,76 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca b l
A. 0,032.
B. 0,04.
C. 0,048.
D. 0,06.
Gii:
Ta c:
n 15,76/197 0,08 mol
n CO 2 = 2,688/22,4 = 0,12 mol ;

Do n CO 2 n ngha l x1 >
n nn x2 = 2a - n
1
1
a .x 2 n ( 0,12 0,08) 0,1 mol b 0,1/2,5 0,04M
2
2
p n B.
Dng 2: Mui Al3+ tc dng vi dung dch OH+ Nu hin tng v gii thch khi cho t t dung dch OH - vo dung dch c cha a mol AlCl3 cho n
d.
+ Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol OH Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
Al3+
3OH-
3a
Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3
a mol
OH-
[Al(OH)4]a
Hin tng:
Xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
th (Hnh 2):
A
B
H
0
x1
3a x2
4a
Nhn xt:
+ n
> a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th.
+ n
= a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht nOH- = 3a.

120
+ 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x1 v x2

D thy:
x1 n
do 2 tam gic OX1B v OHA l ng dng nn x1 =3 n v

3a a
x2 =3a + (x2 -3a) m x 2 3a
1
1
x
4a 1 4a n
do X1H = 3X2H nn x 2 3a
3(3a x1 )
3(3a x1 )
3
V d 3 : Cho t t dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch c cha 26,7 gam AlCl3 cho n khi thu c
11,7 gam kt ta th dng li. Th tch dung dch NaOH dng l :
A. 0,45 lt hoc 0,6 lt.
B. 0,6 lt hoc 0,65 lt.
C. 0,65 lt hoc 0,75 lt.
D. 0,45 lt hoc 0,65 lt.
Gii:
Ta c:
n = 11,7 : 78 = 0,15 mol

a = 26,7 : 133,5 = 0,2 mol
nn c 2 gi tr:
x1 = 3 n = 3.0,15 =0,45 mol
x1 = 4.0,2-0,15=0,65 mol
p n D.
V d 4 : Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl3 l,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M lng kt ta thu
c l 15,6 gam. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 1,8.
B. 2,4.
C. 2.
D.1,2
Gii:
Ta c:
a= 0,2.15 =0,3 mol; n =15,6 : 78 =0,2 mol
nn c 2 gi tr ca nNaOH v gi tr ln nht l: 4a - n = 4.0,3 0,2 = 1,0 mol.
Do , V = 1,0 : 0,5 = 2 lt
p n C.
V d 5 : X l dung dch AlCl3, Y l dung dch NaOH 2M. Thm 150ml dung dch Y vo cc cha 100ml
dung dch X, khuy u th trong cc to ra 7,8 gam kt ta. Li thm tip vo cc 100ml dung dch Y,
khuy u th lng kt ta c trong cc l 10,92 gam. Cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Nng
mi ca dung dch X l
A. 1,6 M.
B. 5/3 M.
C. 1 M.
Gii:
A
B
121
H
0
x1
3a x2
D
4aC
D. 1,4 M.
Nhn xt:
+ ln thm th nht: nNaOH = 0,15.2 = 0,3 mol; n Al(OH)3 7,8 : 78 0,1 mol
V cha t n cc i do c kt ta nh hn ln thm th 2.
+ ln thm th hai: nNaOH = 0,25.2 = 0,5 mol; n Al(OH)3 10,92 : 78 0,14 mol
Gi s ti gi tr VNaOH ny m vt n cc i th n Al(OH)3
n Al(OH)3
3
0,5
mol (khc vi 0,14 mol) nn
3
ti v tr th hai vt qua cc i.
Trong tam gic cn AHD ta c: CX2 = X2D
Nn 4a x2 = CX2 = 0,14 4a =0,14 + x2 = 0,14 + 0,5 = 0,64
a = 0,16 mol
Nng AlCl3 l: 0,16 : 0,1 = 1,6 M
p n A.
Dng 3: Mui AlO2 - tc dng vi dung dch axit H+ :
+ Nu hin tng v gii thch khi cho t t dung dch axit H+ vo dung dch c cha a mol AlO2- cho
n d.
+ Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol H +.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
AlO2+
H+
+
H2O
Al(OH)3
a
a
a
+
3+
Al(OH)3 +
3H
Al
+
3H2O
a
3a
a
Hin tng: xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
Nhn xt:
+ n > a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th.
+ n
= a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht nH+ = a.
+ 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x1 v x2

D thy:
x1 n
do 2 tam gic OX1B v OHA l ng dng nn x1 = n v

a
a
1
x2 =a + (x2 -a) m x 2 a 3(a x1 ) do X1H = 3 X2H nn
x 2 a 3(a x1 ) 4a x1 4a 3n
V d 6 : Cho t t V lt dung dch HCl 0,5M vo 200ml dung ch NaAlO2 1M thu c 11,7 gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,3 hoc 0,4.
B. 0,4 hoc 0,7.
C. 0,3 hoc 0,7.
D. 0,7.
122

Gii:
Ta c:
n = 11,7 : 78 = 0,15 mol; n AlO 0,2.1 0,2 mol

2
Nn theo trn ta c 2 kt qu l:
x1 =
n = 0,15 mol
x2 = 4.0,2 3.0,15 =0,35 mol

Do V c 2 gi tr l: 0,3 v 0,7
p n C.
V d 7 : Cho 100ml dung dch AlCl3 2M tc dng vi dung dch KOH 1M.
a) Th tch dung dch KOH ti thiu phi dng khng c kt ta l
A. 0,2 lt.
B. 0,6 lt.
C. 0,8 lt.
D. 1,0 lt.
b) Cho dung dch sau phn ng trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl 2M ta thu c 3,9 gam kt ta keo.
Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,025 lt.
B. 0,325 lt.
C. 0,1 lt
D. 0,025 lt hoc 0,325 lt.
Gii:
a) Theo hnh 2. khng thu c kt ta th nOH- 4a =4.0,1.2 = 0,8 mol
Vy th tch ti thiu l: 0,8 : 1 =0,8 lt.
p n C.
b) Ta c n Al(OH)3 n Al 0,2 mol; n = 3,9 : 78 = 0,05 mol. Nn c 2 gi tr.
Theo hnh 3 ta c:
x1 = n = 0,05 mol.
x2 = 4a - 3 n = 4.0,2 3.0,05 = 0,65 mol
Vy c 2 gi tr: VHCl l 0,025 hoc 0,325.
p n D.
BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Cho 200ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH 1M nhn thy khi dng 180ml
hay dng 340ml dung dch NaOH u thu c mt lng kt ta bng nhau. Nng dung dch
Al2(SO4)3 trong th nghim trn l
A. 0,125M.
B. 0,25M
C. 0,375M.
D. 0,5M.
Cu 2 : Rt 200ml dung dch NaOH nng a mol/l vo cc ng 200ml dung dch AlCl3 2M. Kt ta
thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 5,1 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a
l:
A. l,5M.
B. 7,5m.
C 1,5M hoc 7,5M.

123
D. 1,5M hoc 3M.

Cu 3 : Dung dch X gm cc cht NaAlO2 0,16 mol ; Na2SO4 0,56 mol ; NaOH 0,66 mol. Th tch ca
dung dch HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch X c 0,1 mol kt ta l
A. 0,41 lt hoc 0,38 lt.
B. 0,38 lt hoc 0,8 lt.
C. 0 50 lt hoc 0,41 lt.
D. 0,25 lt hoc 0,50 lt
Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha x mol NaAlO2 tc dng vi dung dch cha y mol HCl. iu kin thu
c kt ta sau phn ng l
A.x = y.
B.x=2y.
C.y>4x.
D.y< 4x.
Cu 5 : Mt dung dch cha X mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch cha y mol mui Al3+ . iu kin
thu kt ta sau phn ng l
A.x< 4y.
B.x>4y.
C.x=2y.
D.2y<x<4y.
Cu 6 : Cho dung dch c cha a mol AlCl3 vo dung dch c cha b mol NaOH, iu kin c kt ta
ln nht v b nht ln lt l
A.b = 3a v b = 4a.
B.b =4a v b = 3a.
C.b =3a v b>4
D.b > a v b > 4a
Cu 7 : Cho dung dch c cha x mol Al2(SO4)3 vo dung dch cha y mol NaOH, iu kin thu dc kt ta
ln nht v b nht ln lt l
A. y = 3x v y 4x.
B.y = 4x v y 5x.
C y = 6x v y >7x.
D. Y = 6x v y 8x.
Cu 8 : Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong c cha 0,075 mol Ca(OH)2
sn phm thu c sau phn ng
A. ch c CaCO3
B. ch c Ca (HCO3)2
C. C CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2
D. khng CaCO3 v Ca(HCO3)2
Cu 9 : Cho 10 hn hp kh X (ktc) gm N2 v CO2 i chm qua 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,02M thu
c 1 gam kt ta. % theo th tch ca CO2 c trong X l
A. 8,96% hoc 2,24%.
B. 15,68% hoc 8,96%
C. 2,24% hoc 15,68%.
D. 8,96%.
Cu 10 : Dn t t 112cm3 kh CO2 (ktc) qua 200ml dung dch nc vi nng a M th thy khng c kh
thot ra v thu c 0,1 gam kt ta trng. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,01.
B. 0,015.
C. 0,02.
D. 0,025.
Cu 11 : Hn hp X gm Al v Al2O3 c t l khi lng tng ng l 0,18: 1,02. Cho X tan va

trong dung dch NaOH c dung dch Y v 0,672 lt kh. Cho Y tc dng vi 200ml dung dch HCl
c kt ta Z. Nung Z n khi lng khng i c 3,57 gam rn. Nng ca dung dch HCl l
A. 0,35M hoc 0,55 M.
B.0,35M hoc 0,75M.
C. 0,55M hoc 0,75 M.
D.0,3M hoc 0,7M.
124

Cu 12 : Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al2(SO4)3 v 0,1 mol H2SO4 n
khi phn ng hon ton thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn
l
A. 0,45.
B, 0.35.
C. 0,25.
D. 0,05.
Cu 13 : Thm m gam K vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu c dung dch
X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al2 (SO4)3 0,1 M thu c kt ta Y. thu c lng
kt ta Y ln nht th gi tri ca m l
A. 1,59.
B. 1,17.
C. 1,71.
D. 1,95.
Cu 14 : 100ml ung dch X cha NaOH 0,1 M v NaAlO2 0,3 M. Thm t t dung dch HCl 0,1M vo
dung dch X cho n khi kt ta tan tr li 1 phn. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i thu c
cht rn nng 1,02 gam. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1 M dng l
A. 0,5 lt.
B. 0,6 lt.
C. 0,7 lt.
D. 0,8 lt.
Cu 15: Ho tan 10,8 gam Al trong mt lng H2SO4 va du c dung dch X. Th tch dung dch
NaOH 0,5M phi thm vo dung dch X c kt ta sau khi nung n khi lng khng i cho ta mt
cht rn c khi lng 10,2 gam l :
A. 1,2 lt hoc 2,8 lt.
B. 1,2 lt.
C. 0,6 lt hoc 1,6 lt.
D. 1,2 lt hoc 1,4 lt.
1B
11A
2C
12A
3B
13C
4D
14C
5A
15A
6C
P N
7D
8C
125
9C
10B
PHNG PHP KHO ST T L S MOL CO2 V H2O

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Cc hp cht hu c khi t chy thng cho sn phm CO2 v H2O. Da vo t l c bit ca
n CO2
n H2O
hoc
VCO2
VH2O
trong cc bi ton t chy xc nh dy ng ng, cng thc phn t hoc
tnh ton lng cht.

1. Vi hydrocacbon
Gi cng thc tng qut ca hidrocacbon l C nH2n+2-2k (k: Tng s lin kt v vng)
CnH2n+2-2k +
n H2 O
Ta c:
n CO2
n H2O
n CO2
3n 1 k
O2 nCO2 + (n + 1 k) H2O
2
n 1 k
1 k
1
n
n
1 ( n H2O n CO2 ) k = 0 hyrocacbon l ankan (paraffin)
Cng thc tng qut l CnH2n+2
n H2O
n CO2
1 ( n H2O n CO2 ) k = 1
hyrocacbon l anken (olefin) hoc xicliankan Cng thc tng qut l CnH2n
n H2O
n CO2
1 k < 1 hyrocacbon c tng s lin kt v vng 2
* Mt s ch :
a, Vi ankan (paraffin): nankan = n H2O - n CO2
b, Vi ankin hoc ankaien): nankin = n CO2 - n H2O
1. Vi cc hp cht c cha nhm chc
a, Ancol, ete
Gi cng thc ca ancol l : CnH2n + 2 2k m(OH)m hay CmH2n + 2 2kOm
CnH2n+2-2kOm +
n H2 O
n CO2
3n 1 k m
O2 nCO2 + (n + 1 k) H2O
2
n 1 k
1 k
1
1 khi v ch khi k = 0
n
n
Ancol no, mch h, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2Om v nancol = n H2O - n CO2
b, Anhit, xeton
Gi cng thc ca anehit l : CnH2n + 2 2k m(CHO)m
Ta c phng trnh t chy
126
3n 1 k m
CnH2n + 2 2k m(CHO)m +
O2 (n + m)CO2 + (n + 1 k)H2O
2
n H2 O
n CO2
n H2O
n CO2
n 1 k n 1
k
nm
nm nm
1 ( n H2O n CO2 ) khi v ch khi k = 0 v m = 1 anehit no, n chc, mch h, cng
thc tng qut l: CnH2n + 1CHO hay CxH2xO (x 1)

Tng t ta c:
n H2O
n CO2
1 ( n H2O n CO2 ) xeton no, n chc, mch h
c, Axit, este
Gi cng thc ca axit l: CnH2n + 2 2k m(COOH)m
Ta c phng trnh t chy
3n 1 k
CnH2n + 2 2k m(COOH)m +
O2 (n + m)CO2 + (n + 1 k)H2O
2
n H2 O
n CO2
n H2O
n CO2
n 1 k n 1
k
nm
nm nm
1 ( n H2O n CO2 ) khi v ch khi k = 0 v m = 1 axit no, n chc, mch h, cng thc
tng qut l: CnH2n + 1COOH hay CxH2xO2 (x 1)

Nhn thy: Cng thc tng qut ca axit v este trng nhau, nn:
n H2O
n CO2
1 ( n H2O n CO2 ) este
no, n chc, mch h, c cng thc tng qut l: CnH2n + 1COOH hay CxH2xO2 (x 2)

Dng 1: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho tng loi hirocacbon:
V d 1. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v 0,132 mol H2O. Khi X tc
dng vi kh Clo (theo t l s mol 1 : l) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Tn gi ca X l
A. 2-metylbutan
B. 2-metylpropan
C. 2,2-imetylpropan
D. etan
Gii:
127
n H2O > n CO 2
X l ankan, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2.

nankan = n H2O - n CO 2 = 0,022 mol
S nguyn t cacbon =
0,11
5 C5H12
0,022
Mt khc, do tc dng vi kh Clo (theo t l s mol 1 : 1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht nn

cng thc cu to ca X l :
CH3
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
p n C.
V d 2. t chy hon ton hirocacbon mch h X bng O2 va . Dn ton b sn phm chy qua
bnh ng H2SO4 c d, th th tch sn phm gim i mt na. X thuc dy ng ng
A. anken.
B. ankan.
C. ankin.
D. xicloankan.
Gii:
Sn phm chy l CO2 v H2O, khi i bnh ng H2SO4 c d, th th tch sn phm gim i mt na,
VCO2 VH2O
X l anken hoc xicloankan.
Do X c mch h
X l anken
p n A
V d 3: Chia hn hp 2 ankin thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
-Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,76 gam CO2 v 0,54 gam H2O.
-Phn 2: Dn qua dung dch Br2 d. Khi lng Br 2 phn ng l:
A. 2,8 gam
B. 3,2 gam
C. 6,4 gam
gam
Gii:
S mol ankin = n CO 2 - n H2O =1,76 : 44 0,54 : 18 = 0,01 mol.
S mol Br2 phn ng = 2nankin = 0,02 mol.
Khi lng Br2 phn ng = 0,02.160 = 3,2 gam
p n B.
D. 1,4
Dng 2: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho hn hp hirocacbon:

V d 4. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X gm: CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 v C4H10 thu
c 6,16 gam CO2 v 4,14 gam H2O. S mol C2H4 trong hn hp X l
A. 0,09.
B. 0,01.
C. 0,08.
128
D. 0,02.

Gii:
Hn hp kh X gm anken (C2H4) v cc ankan, khi t chy ring tng loi hidrocacbon, ta c:
Ankan: n H2O - n CO 2 = nankan
Anken: n H2O - n CO 2 = 0
S mol Ankan (X) = n H2O - n CO 2 = 4,14 : 18 - 6,16 : 44 = 0,09 mol

S mol C2H4 = nX nankan = 2,24 : 22,4 0,09 = 0,01
p n B.
Dng 3: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho tng loi dn xut hirocacbon:
V d 5. t chy hon ton m gam mt ru X thu c 1,344 lt CO2 (ktc) v 1,44 gam H2O. X tc
dng vi Na d cho kh H2 c s mol bng s mol ca X. Cng thc phn t ca X v gi tr m ln lt
l
A. C3H8O2 v 1,52.
B. C4H10O2 v 7,28.
C. C3H8O2 v 7,28.
D. C3H8O3 v 1,52.
Gii:
Ta c: n CO 2 = 1,344 : 22,4 = 0,06 mol; n H2O = 1,44 : 18 = 0,08 mol.
n CO 2 < n H2O
X l ru no, c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2Om

nX = n H2O - n CO 2 = 0,02
n CO2 0,06
3
nX
0,02
X cha 2 nhm -OH
V s mol kh H2 thu c bng ca X
Cng thc phn t: C3H8O2 v m = 0,02. 76 = 1,52 gam
p n A.
V d 6. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c thuc cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca chng ch c mt loi
S nguyn t cacbon =
nhm chc. Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau.

- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO 2 v hi H2O) ln lt qua
bnh (l) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh (l) tng
2,16 gam, bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H2(ktc) thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 0,224 lt.
C. 0,56 lt.
Gii:
V X tc dng vi Na gii phng H2 X l ru hoc axit.
n H2O = 0,12 > n H2O = 0,07
X gm 2 ru no. t cng thc tng qut 2 ru l C nH2n+2Om

nX = n H2O - n CO 2 = 0,05 mol
S nguyn t cacbon =
n CO2 0,07
1,4
nX
0,05
129
D. 1,12 lt
Ru th nht l: CH3OH
X l 2 ru no n chc
1
n H2 n X 0,025 mol
2
V = 0,56 lt
p n C.
V d 7. t chy hon ton 1,46 gam hn hp 2 anehit mch h ng ng k tip thu c l,568 lt
CO2 (ktc) v 1,26 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca hai anehit ln lt l
A. HCHO v CH3CHO
B. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO
C. C2H5CHO v C3H7CHO
D. C2H4CHO v C3H6CHO
Gii:
Ta thy:
n CO 2 = 1,568 : 22,4 = 0,07 mol.

n H2O = 1,26 : 18 = 0,07 mol.
V n CO 2 : n H2O = 1 : 1 nn 2 andehit l no n chc mch h.
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 andehit l Cn H 2 n 1CHO
Cn H2n1CHO
3n 1
O2 (n 1)CO2 (n 1)H 2O
2
(n+1)a
(n+1)a
a(14n 30) 1,46

n 4/3
Do : a(n 1) 0,07
p n B.
V d 8. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai cht hu c ng ng lin tip, thu c
3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2.7 gam H2O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l:
A. 0,04 v 0,06.
B. 0,08 v 0,02.
C. 0,05 v 0,05.
D. 0,045 v 0,055.
Gii:
n H2O
2,7
3,36
n CO2
0,15 (mol) X l hn hp hai axit no, n chc, mch h, c cng thc tng
18
22,4
qut CnH2nO2
S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh
n CO 2 0,15
1,5 hai axit ln lt l HCOOH (a mol) v

nX
0,1
CH3COOH (b mol)
a b 0,1
a b 0,05mol p n C
a 2b 0,15
V d 9. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm cc este no, n chc, mch h. Sn phm chy
c dn vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. S mol CO 2 v
H2O sinh ra ln lt l
130
A. 0,1 v 0,1.
B. 0,01 v 0,1.
C. 0,1 v 0,01.
D. 0,01 v 0,01.
Gii:
Khi lng bnh ng dung dch nc vi trung tng = m H 2 O + m CO 2
Mt khc X l hn hp este no, n chc, mch h n CO 2 = n H2O = x
x(44+18) = 6,2 x = 0,1 p n A.
Dng 4: Kho st t l s mol H2O v CO2 cho hn hp dn xut hirocacbon
V d 10. Hn hp X gm cc axit hu c no, n chc, mch h v este no, n chc, mch h. t
chy hon ton m gam hn hp X bng mt lng oxi va . Ton b sn phm chy c dn chm
qua dung dch H2SO4 c d thy khi lng bnh ng axit tng m gam v c 13,44 lt kh (ktc) thot
ra. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,4 gam
B. 7,2 gam.
C. 10.8 gam.
D. 14,4 gam.
Gii:
- Sn phm chy gm CO2 v H2O khi lng bnh ng dung dch H2SO4 c tng chnh l khi
lng ca H2O b gi li
- V X gm cc axit hu c no, n chc, mch h v este no, n chc, mch h.
X c cng thc tng qut chung l C nH2nO2 v n CO 2 = n H2O = 13,44 : 22,4 = 0,6 mol
m= 0,6. 18 - 10,8 gam p n C.

V d 11: Chia m gam X gm : CH3CHO, CH3COOH v CH3COOCH3 thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- t chy hon ton phn 1 cn ti thiu 5,04 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 5,4 gam H2O.
- Cho phn 2 tc dng ht vi H2 d (Ni, to ) c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, thu c
V lt CO2 (ktc).
Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 22,8 v 1,12.
B. 22,8 v 6,72.
C. 11,4 v 16,8.
D. 11,4 v 6,72.
Gii:
-
3 cht trong X u l no, n chc, mch h, cng thc tng qut : CnH2nOm
Khi t chy: n CO 2 = n H2O = 5,4 : 18 = 0,3 mol

VCO2 0,3 . 22,4 6,72 lt
X + O2 CO2 + H2O
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
mX (mt phn) = 0,3(44 + 18) 5,04 : 22,4. 32 = 11,4 gam
mX = 22,8 gam
p n B.
Dng 5: Kt hp kho st t l v mi lin h gia cc hp cht
V d 12. Cho hn hp X gm hai anehit l ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H2 d (Ni, to) thu c
hn hp hai ancol n chc. t chy hon ton hn hp hai ancol ny thu c 11 gam CO2 v 6,3
gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai anehit l
A. C2H3CHO, C3H5CHO
B. C2H5CHO, C3H7CHO
131
C. C3H5CHO, C4H7CHO
D. CH3CHO, C2H5CHO
Gii:
Khi t chy ancol cho n CO2
6,3
11
0,35 n H2O
0,25
18
44
2 ru l no, mch h
n CO2 0,25
2,5
nX
0,1
hai ru l C2H5OH v C3H7OH hai anehit tng ng l CH3 CHO v C2H5CHO p n D.
V d 13. Hn hp X gm CH3COOH v C3H7OH vi t l mi 1: l. Chia X thnh hai phn:
nX = n H2O - n CO 2 = 0,1 S nguyn t cacbon =
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc).

- em este ho hon ton phn 2 thu c este Y (gi s hiu sut phn ng t 100%). t chy hon
ton Y th khi lng nc thu c l
A. 1,8 gam.
B. 2,7 gam.
C. 3,6 gam.
D. 0,9 gam.
Gii:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
- Tng s mol cacbon trong hn hp X bng tng s mol cacbon c trong Y ( Xem thm phng php
bo ton nguyn t)
Mt khc Y l este no, n chc, mch h, nn:
khi t chy n H2O = n CO 2 = 2,24 : 22,4 = 0,1 mol m H 2 O = 1,8 gam

p n A.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : t chy hai hirocacbon l ng ng lin tip c nhau ta thu c 7,02 gam H 2O v 10,56
gam CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l
A. C2H4 v C3H6
B. CH4 v C2H6.
C. C2H6 v C3H8
D. C2H2 v C3H4
Cu 2 : t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X bng mt lng va oxi. Dn hn hp sn phm chy

qua H2SO4 c th th tch kh gim hn mt na. X thuc dy ng ng
A. ankan.
B. anken.
D. ankaien.
C. ankin.
Cu 3 : t chy hon ton hn hp hai hirocacbon c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC thu
c 4,48 l CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon ln lt l
A. C2H4 v C4H8
B. C2H2 v C4H6
C. C3H4 v C5H8.
D. CH4 v C3H8.
Cu 4 : t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h thu c 16,8 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v

8,1 gam H2O. Hai hirocacbon trong hn hp X thuc dy ng ng no di y ?
A. ankaien.
B. ankin.
C. aren.
D. ankan.
Cu 5 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho sn phm chy ln lt

i qua bnh (l) ng P2O5 d v bnh (2) ng KOH rn, d, sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh (1)
tng 4,14 gam, bnh (2) tng 6,16 gam. S mol ankan c trong hn hp l
132
A. 0,06 mol.
B. 0,09 mol.
C. 0,03 mol.
D.
0,045
mol.
Cu 6 : Chia hn hp X gm hai ru n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc)
- Phn 2 : Thc hin phn ng tch nc hon ton vi H 2SO4 c, 180oC thu c hn hp Y
gm hai anken. t chy hon ton hn hp Y ri cho ton b sn phm chy i chm qua bnh ng
dung dch nc vi trng d, kt thc th nghim thy khi lng bnh tng ln m gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,4.
B. 1,8.
C. 6,2.
D. 10.
Cu 7 : t chy hon ton hn hp hai ru n chc k tip trong dy ng ng thu c CO 2 v

hi nc c t l th tch VCO 2 : VH2O = 7 : 10. Cng thc phn t ca hai ru ln rt l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH
C. C2H5OH v C3H7OH
D. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.
Cu 8 : Khi thc hin phn ng tnh nc i vi ancol X, ch thu c mt anken duy nht. Oxi ho
hon ton mt lng cht X thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. S cng thc cu to ph hp
vi X l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 9 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng thu c
70,4 gam CO2 v 39,6 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,32 gam
B. 33,2 gam.
C. 16,6 gam.
D. 24,9 gam.
Cu 10 : t chy hon ton mt ru X thu c CO2 v H2O c t l s mol tng ng l 3 : 4. Th

tch O2 cn dng t chy X bng 1,5 ln th tch kh CO2 thu c ( cng iu kin). Cng thc
phn t ca X l
A. C3H8O.
B. C3H8O3
C. C3H4O.
D. C3H8O2
Cu 11 : Hn hp M gm 2 cht hu c X, Y k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng phn t ca chng

ch c mt loi nhm chc. t chy hon ton 1,29 gam hn hp M, cho ton b sn phm chy (ch
c CO2 v H2O) vo bnh nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 4,17 gam v to ra 6,0 gam cht
kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH.
C. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO.
D. C2H4(OH)2 v C3H6(OH)2
Cu 12 : Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol thu c c hn hp Y gm cc olefin. Nu

t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO2. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi lng nc
v CO2 sinh ra l
A. 1,76 gam.
B. 2,76 gam.
133
C. 2,48 gam.
D. 2,94 gam.

Cu 13 : t chy hon ton hn hp M gm hai ru (ancol) X v Y l ng ng k tip ca nhau,
thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,425 mol H2O. Mt khc, cho 0,25 mol hn hp M tc dng vi Na (d) thu
c cha n 0,15 mol H2. Cng thc phn t ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C3H6O, C4H8O
B. C2H6O, C3H8O
C. C2H6O2, C3H8O2
D. C2H6O, CH4O
Cu 14 : Khi t chy hon ton anehit no, n chc, mch h bng oxi th t l sn phm chy thu
c l
A.
n H 2O
n CO 2
B.
n H 2O
1
n CO 2
C.
n H 2O
1
n CO 2
D.
n H2O 1
n CO2 2
Cu 15 : t chy hn hp X gm cc ng ng ca anehit, thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O.

X l dy ng ng ca
A. anehit no, n chc, mch h.
B. anehit no, n chc, mch vng.
C. anehit hai chc no, mch h.
D. anehit cha no (c mt lin kt i), n chc.
Cu 16 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h thu c
0,4
mol CO2. Mt khc hiro ho hon ton m gam X cn va 0,2 mol H2 (Ni, to), sau phn ng thu c
hn hp hai ancol. t chy hon ton hn hn hai ancol ny th s mol H 2O thu c l bao nhiu
A. 0,3 mol
B. 0,4 mol
C. 0,6 mol
D. 0,8 mol
Cu 17 : t chy hon ton 0,44 gam mt axit hu c, sn phm chy c hp thu hon ton vo bnh
1 ng P2O5 v bnh 2 ng dung dch KOH. Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 0,36 gam v
bnh 2 tng 0,88 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit.
A. C2H4O2
B. C3H6O2
C. C5H10O2
D. C4H8O2
Cu 18 : t chy hon ton hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O.
Hai axit trn thuc loi no trong nhng loi sau ?
A. No, n chc, mch h
B. Khng no, n chc
C. No, a chc
D. Thm, n chc.
Cu 19 : t chy hon ton 1,76 gam mt axit hu c X mch thng c 1,792 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v
1,44 gam H2O. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH3CH2CH2COOH.
B. C2H5COOH.
C. CH3CH=CHCOOH.
D. HOOCCH2COOH.
Cu 20 : t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp 2 este, cho sn phm phn ng nhy qua bnh ng
P2O5 d, khi lng bnh tng thm 6,21 gam, sau cho qua tip dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c 34,5
gam kt ta. Cc este trn thuc loi g ? (n chc hay a chc, no hay khng no).
A. Este thuc loi no
134

B. Este thuc loi no, n chc, mch h
C. Este thuc loi khng no
D. Este thuc loi khng no a chc
Cu 21 : Khi t chy hon ton mt este X cho n CO 2 = n H2O . Thu phn hon ton 6,0 gam este X cn
va dung dch cha 0,1 mol NaOH. Cng thc phn t ca este l
A. C2H4O2
B. C3H6O2
C. C4H8O2
D. C5H8O4
Cu 22 : t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X cn dng va 3,92 lt O2 (ktc), thu c CO2
v H2O c l s mol l 1: 1. X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. S ng phn cu to ca X
tho mn iu kin trn l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3 .
D. 4.
Cu 23 : t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai este no, n chc mch h. Sn phm chy c dn
vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 12,4 gam v to ra c m gam kt ta.
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 12,4.
B. 10.
C. 20.
D. 28,18.
Cu 24 : Khi t chy 4,4 gam hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy ch gm 4,48 lt CO2 (ktc)
v 3,6 gam H2O. Nu cho 4,4 gam X tc dng vi NaOH va c 4,8 gam mui ca axit hu c Y
v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l
A. etyl axetat.
B. etyl propionat.
C. isopropyl axetat.
D. metyl propionat.
Cu 25 : X phng ho hon ton 1,48 gam hn hp hai este A, B l ng phn ca nhau cn dng ht
20ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc khi t chy hon ton hn hp hai este th thu c kh CO 2
v H2O vi th tch bng nhau ( cng iu kin). Cng thc cu to hai este l
A. CH3COOCH3 v HCOOC2H5
B. CH3COOC2H5 v C2H5COOCH3
C. HCOOCH2H2CH3 v HCOOCH(CH3)2
D. CH3COOCH=CH2 v CH2=CHCOOCH3
Cu 26 : t chy hn hp hai este no, n chc ta thu c 1,8 gam H 2O. Thu phn hon ton hn
hp 2 este trn ta thu c hn hp X gm ru v axit. Nu t chy hon ton mt na hn hp X th
th tch CO2 thu c l bao nhiu ?
A. 1,12 lt
B. 2,24 lt
C. 3.36 lt
D. 4,48 lt
Cu 27 : C cc loi hp cht sau: anken; xicloankan; anehit no, n chc, mch h; este no, n chc
mch h; ru no, n chc, mch h; axit no, hai chc, mch h. C bao nhiu loi hp cht trn khi
t chy hon ton cho s mol H2O bng mol CO2.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
135
D. 5
P N
1B
11A
21A
2A
12C
22B
3D
13B
23C
4B
14A
24D
5B
15A
25A
6C
16C
26A
136
7C
17D
27C
8C
18A
9B
19A
10A
20B
PHNG PHP CHIA HN HP THNH HAI PHN KHNG U NHAU

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Cch nhn dng bi ton
- S liu cho cc phn theo cc n v khc nhau (thng l s gam v s mol).

- Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn nhng khng cho bit t l.
- Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn theo khi lng c th, v c t nht mt phn
khng bit khi lng c th (cho dng khi qut).
2. Phng php gii thng thng
V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp l khng i. Nu coi phn ny c khi

lng gp k ln phn kia th s mol cc cht tng ng cng gp k ln, t tm mi lin
h gia cc phn gii hoc t thm n s ph l k, sau thit lp h phng trnh v
gii.
V d 1 : X l hn hp 2 anehit n chc mch h. 0,04 mol X c khi lng 1,98 gam tham gia phn
ng ht vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 10,8 gam Ag. m gam X kt hp va vi 0,35 gam
H2. Gi tr ca m l .
A. 4,95 gam
B. 5,94 gam
C. 6,93 gam.
D.
gam
Gii:
V nAg = 10,8:108 = 0,1 mol > 2nX =0,08 mol C 1 anehit l HCHO
Gi anehit cn li l RCHO
HCHO
4Ag
a
4a (mol)
RCHO
2Ag
b
2b (mol)
a b 0,04
a 0,01, b 0,03
4a 2b 0,1
30a (R 29)b 1,98 R 27
Vy anehit cn li l: CH2=CH-CHO v nCHCHO : nC 2 H 3CHO 0,01 : 0,03 1 : 3

V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp X l khoogn i trong m gam X, nu nCHCHO = x
n C2H3CHO 3x
CH3CHO
HCHO + H2
x
x (mol)
Ni,t o
CH3-CH2-CHO
CH2=CH-CHO + 2H2
3x
6x (mol)
0,35
x 0,025
7x =
2
S mol HCHO trong m gam X gp 0,025 : 0,01 = 2,5 ln khi lng ban u (1,98 gam)
m = 2,5. 1,98 = 4,95 gam
p n A.
Ni,t o
137
9,9

V d 2 : Hn hp X c C2H5OH, C2H5COOH, CH3CHO trong C2H5OH chim 50% theo s mol.
t chy m gam hn hp X thu c 3,06 gam H2O v 3,136 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc 13,2 gam hn
hp X thc hin phn ng trng bc thy c p gam Ag kt ta. Gi tr ca p l
A. 6,48 gam.
B. 8,64 gam.
C. 9,72 gam.
D.
10,8
gam.
Gii:
Nhn thy: C2H5CHOOH v CH3CHO (axit v anehit no n chc, mch h) khi t chy cho s mol
CO2 bng s mol H2O.
n C2H5OH n H2O - n CO 2 = 3,06 : 18 3,136 : 22,4 = 0,03 (mol)

C2H5OH
2CO2 + 3H2O
0,03
0,06
C2H5COOH 3CO2 + 3H2O
x
3x
CH3CHO 2CO2 + 2H2O
y
2y
3x 2y 0,06 0,14 x 0,02
x y 0,03
y 0,01
m = 74. 0,02 + 44. 0,01 +46. 0,03 = 3,3 gam
Trong 13,2 gam X, s mol CH3CHO bng 13,2: 3,3. 0,01 = 0,04 (mol)
nAg = 2 n CH3CHO 0,08 mol mAg 8,64 gam
p n B.
V d 3 : C mt hn hp X gm C2H2, C2H6 v C3H6. t chy hon ton 24,8 gam hn hp trn thu
c 1,6 mol nc. Mt khc 0,5 mol X tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,625 mol Br 2. Thnh phn
% th tch mi kh trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 50%, 20%, 30%.
B. 50%, 25%, 25%.
C. 60%, 20%, 20%.
D. 80%, 10%, 10%.
Gii:
Gi s mol cc kh trong 24,8 gam hn hp X ln lt l x, y, z v s mol cc kh trong 0,5 mol hn hp
X ln lt l kx, ky, kz
O2
C2H2
H2O
C2H2 + 2Br2
kx
O2
3H2O
C2H6
C3H6
3y
kz
O2
3H2O
C3H6
3z
138
C2H2Br4
2kx
+ Br2
kz
C3H6Br2
26x 30y 42z 24,8

k 1,6
x 3y 3z 1,6
%VC2H2 50%
x 0,4 mol
kx ky kz 0,5
y z 0,2 mol %VC2H6 %VC3H6 25%
2kx kz 0,625
p n B.
V d 4 : Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm m gam X gm bt Al v st oxit Fe xOy trong iu kin khng
c khng kh, c hn hp Y. Nghin nh, trn u hn hp B ri chia thnh 2 phn :
- Phn 1 c khi lng 14,49 gam c ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 un nng thu c danh dch
C v 0,165 mol NO (sn phm kh duy nht)
- Phn 2 tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH un nng thy gii phng 0,015 mol kh H 2 v cn li
2,52 gam cht rn. Cng thc ca oxit v gi tr ca m ln lt l:
A. FeO v 19,32 gam.
B. Fe2O3 v 28,98 gam.
C. Fe3O4 v 19,32 gam.
D. Fe3O4 v 28,98 gam.
Gii:
2yAl + 3FexOy yAl2O3 + 3xFe
(1)
Y gm: Fe, Al2O3 v Al d (do Y + dung dch NaOH H2)

Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra 2 phn l:
-Phn 2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d:
Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 +
3
H2
2
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
2,52
2
0,045(mol) v n Al 0,01 (mol)
56
3
t s mol Al2O3 trong phn 2 l a v phn 1 c khi lng gp k ln phn 2.
Trong phn 1: Fe : 0,045k (mol); Al2O3 : ka (mol); Al : 0,01k (mol)
-Khi cho phn 1 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 un nng:
Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
Al + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,01k
0,01k
Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
0,045k
0,045k
0,01k + 0,045k = 0,165 k = 3
n Fe
56. 0,045k + 102. ka + 27. 0,01k = 14,49 a = 0,02

Theo (1)
2
n Al2O3 n H2 0,01 (mol)
3
n Fe
3x 0,045
x 3

T s: n
y
0,02
y 4
Al2O3
Oxit cho l Fe3O4

Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c: mX = mY = 14,49 : 3 + 14,49 =19,32 gam.
p n C.
139

III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Cho 100ml dung dch amino axit X 0,2M tc dng va vi 80ml dung dch NaOH 0,25M. Sau
phn ng c 2,5 gam mui khan. Mt khc ly 100 gam dung dch amino axit ni trn c nng
20,6% phn ng va vi 400ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. H2NC3H6COOH
B.
(H2N)2C2H2COOH
C. H2NCH(CH3)COOH
D. H2N[CH2]2COOH
Cu 2: t chy hon ton 11 gam hn hp X cha axetilen, propilen v metan thu c 12,6 gam
nc. Mt khc, 5,6 lt hn hp trn phn ng va vi dung dch cha 50 gam brom. Bit cc th
tch kh c o ktc. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 50%, 20%, 30%
B. 50%, 25%, 25%
C. 60%, 20%, 20%
D. 80%, 10%, 10%
Cu 3: Ha tan hon ton 20 gam mt hn hp X gm MgO, CuO v Fe2O3 phi dng va ht 350ml
dung dch HCl 2M. Mt khc nu ly 0,4 mol hn hp X t nng trong ng s (khng c khng kh)
ri thi mt lung H2 d i qua phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c m gam cht rn v 7,2 gam
nc. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam
B. 32 gam
C. 24,8 gam
D. 28,4 gam
Cu 4: Hp cht X to bi kim loi M c ha tr khng i v phi kim X (nm chu k 3, nhm VIA).
Ly 13 gam X chia lm hai phn:
- Phn 1: tc dng vi oxi to ra kh Y.
-
Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d to ra kh Z.
Trn Y v Z thu c 7,68 gam kt ta vng v cn li mt cht kh m khi gp nc clo to dung

dch T. Cho dung dch T tc dng vi AgNO3 c 22,96 gam kt ta. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. FeS
B. Fe2S3
C. Al2S3
D. ZnS
Cu 5: Hn hp X khi lng 14,46 gam gm Al v Fe2O3. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm hon ton
thu c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn:
- Phn 1: Ha tan trong dung dch NaOH d thu c 0,672 lt kh H 2
-
Phn 2: Ha tan trong dung dch axit H2SO4 long d thu c 3,136 lt kh H2.
Khi lng ca Al trong X l:

A. 2,97 gam
B. 7,02 gam
C. 5,94 gam
D. 3,51 gam
Cu 6: Nung nng m gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe2O3 ti phn ng hon ton, thu c cht rn Y.
Chia Y lm 2 phn:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH n d thu c 0,672 lt H 2(ktc) v cht rn Z.
Ha
tan cht rn Z trong dung dch HCl d thu c 2,688 lt kh H 2(ktc)
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 10,08 lt kh H 2(ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 29,04 gam
B. 43,56 gam
C. 53,52 gam
D. 13,38
gam
Cu 7: Cho 8 gam CaC2 ln 20% tp cht tr tc dng vi nc thu c mt lng C2H2. Chia lng
C2H2 ny thnh 2 phn:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 9,6 gam kt ta.
-
Phn 2: Trn vi 0,24 gam H 2 c hn hp X. Nung nng hn hp X vi bt Ni thu c hn
hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn bng nhau:

+ Phn (1): Cho qua bnh ng Br2 d cn li 748ml kh thot ra ktc.
+ Phn (2): Cho qua AgNO3/NH3 d thu c m gam kt ta, bit % s mol C2H2
chuyn ha thnh C2H6 bng 1,5 ln C2H2 thnh C2H4.
140

Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,2 gam
B. 2,4 gam
C. 3,6 gam
D. 4,8 gam
Cu 8: Hn hp X gm Al, Fe v Mg. Cho 15,5 gam hn hp X vo 1 lt dung dch HNO3 2M. Sau phn
ng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt NO duy nht (ktc). Mt khc cho 0,05 mol X vo 500ml dung
dch H2SO4 0,5M thu c dung dch Z. Cho dung dch Z tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d ri ly ton
b kt ta thu c em nung nng trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2 gam cht rn.
Thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi trong X ln lt l:
A. 36,13%; 11,61% v 52,26%
B. 17,42%; 46,45% v 36,13%
C. 52,26%; 36,13% v 11,61%
D. 17,42%; 36,13% v 46,45%
1A
2B 3A
4C
P N
5B
6C
141
7A
8D
PHNG PHP S DNG MI QUAN H GIA CC I LNG

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
lm c cc bi tp v mi lin quan gia cc i lng dng khi qut i hi

cc em hc sinh phi nm chc cc kin thc c bn theo c hai chiu t c th ti tng
qut v ngc li t tng qut ti c th. Cc vn v kin thc phc v phng php
ny cn phi hiu k bn cht mt cch y .
Ch : Phng php ny bao hm kin thc rt rng c ba khi (lp 10, 11 v 12)
nn cn phi nm chc y kin thc c bn mi c th t duy v vn dng tt c.
V d 1 : Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO2 v b mol H2O
Kt lun no sau y l ng ?
A. a = b.
B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05.
D. a = b 0,07.
Gii:
Khi t chy cc ankan ta c:
S mol cc ankan = S mol H2O S mol CO2
0,05 = b a a = b 0,05
p n C
V d 2: T l th tch CO2 v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton cc ankin ?
A. 1 < T 2.
B. 1 T < 1,5.
C. 0,5 < T 1.
D. 1< T < 1,5.
Gii:
CnH2n-2 nCO2 + (n - 1)H2O
iu kin: n 2 v n N
n
n
T CO2
n H2O n 1
n
1
1
2 v n 2
n 1
n 1
Vy 1 < T 2.
p n A.
V d 3: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol X l CnHmOx. cho X l ancol no, mch h th m phi c
gi tr l:
A. m = 2n.
B. m = 2n + 2.
C. m = 2n - 1.
D. m = 2n + 1.
Gii:
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l CnH2n+2x(OH)x hay CnH2n+2 Ox
. Vy m = 2n+2.
p n B.
V d 4: Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th
cn c t l:
A. a: b = 1: 4.
B. a: b < 1: 4
C. a: b = 1: 5.
D. a:
b > 1: 4.
1 T
142
Gii:
Trn a mol AlCl3 vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th:
Al3
3OH Al(OH) 3
Al(OH) 3 OH Al(OH) 4
Al3
4OH Al(OH) 4
a
4a mol
kt ta tan hon ton th
n OH
b
4 4.
n Al3
a
b
< 4 a: b > 1: 4 p n D.
a
V d 5: t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2. Mt khc, trung ha a mol Y
cn va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l:
A. HCOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH.
B. C2H5-COOH.
C. CH3-COOH.
D. HOOC-COOH.
Gii:
t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO2 axit hu c Y c 2 nguyn t C trong phn t.
Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc cacboxyl
(COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l HOOC-COOH p n D.
V d 6: Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l. Gi tr pH ca hai dung dch
tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH 3COOH th c 1 phn t in
li)
A. y = 100x.
B. y = 2x.
C. y = x 2.
D. y = x + 2.
Gii:
pHHCl = x [H+]HCl = 10-x
pHCH3COOH y [H ]CH3COOH 10 y
Vy c kt ta th
HCl
H+ + Cl-x
10
10-x M
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO-y
100.10
10-y M
Mt khc: [HCl] = [CH3COOH]
10-x = 100.10-y y = x + 2
p n D.
V d 7: thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al2O3, b mol CuO, c mol Ag2O), ngi ta
ha tan X bi dung dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO3 c dung dch Y, sau cn thm (gi thit
hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y.
B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y.
D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Gii:
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3
Al2O3
+ 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O
a
6a
2a mol
CuO
+
2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2
+ H2 O
b
2b
b mol
Ta c:
Ag2O
2HNO3
2AgNO3
H2O
143

c
2c
2c mol
Dung dch HNO3 va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO3)3, b mol Cu(NO3)2, 2c mol AgNO3. thu
Ag tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y p n B.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO2 v c mol H2O
(bit
b = a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy ng ng
anehit
A. no, n chc.
B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc.
D. no, hai chc.
Gii:
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi v:
+1
RCHO +3RCOOHNH4
trong : C+1 C+3 + 2e.
Mt cht hu c khi chy cho: nX = n CO2 n H2O
Cht c 2 lin kt : 1 nhm chc CHO v 1 lin kt mch C.

p n C.
V d 9: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO2 v a mol NaOH tc dng vi 1 dung dch cha
b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l:
A. a = b.
B. a = 2b.
C. b = 5a.
D. a < b < 5a.
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
(1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
(2)
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
(3)
NaAlO2 + 4HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O
(4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi nHCl 4 n NaAlO2 + nNaOH = 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt ta:
nNaOH < nHCl < 4 n NaAlO2 + nNaOH
a < b < 5a
p n D.
V d 10: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H 3PO4 sinh ra hn hp
a
Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4. T s
l:
b
a
a
a
a
2 3
1
A. 1 2
B. 3
C.
D.
b
b
b
b
Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O
2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 +
3H2O
Ta c: nNaOH = a mol, n H3PO4 b mol
(1)
(2)
(3)
thu c hn hp mui Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4 th phn ng xy ra c 2 phng trnh (2) v (3), do

:
n
a
2 3
2 NaOH 3
Tc
l:
b
n H3PO4
p n C.
V d 11: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
144

- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H2 O d th thu c V1 lt H2 .
- Th nghim 2: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V2 lt H2.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l:
A. V1 = V2.
B. V1 > V2.
C. V1 < V2.
D. V1 V2.
Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H 2O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
1
Na + H2O
NaOH +
H2
(1)
2
2Al + 6H2O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 (2)
t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y mol.
Th nghim 1: x y nNaOH va hoc d khi ha tan Al c 2 th nghim cng to thnh
x 3x
( ) mol H 2 V1 V2
2 2
Th nghim 2: x < y Trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht n H2 (T N2) n H2 (T N1)
V2 > V1
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V1 V2
p n D.
V d 12: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH3 v V lt O2 cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc NH3
chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO2. NO2 v lng O2 cn li trong bnh hp th
va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO3. T s V:V l:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
to
4NH3 + 5O2 xt,
4NO + 6H2O
V
5V/4
V
2NO + O2
2NO2
V
V/2
V
4NO2
+
O2
+
2H2O 4HNO3
5V V
)
V
(V
4
2
5V V
V'
)
2 p n B.
V = 4 (V
4
2
V
V d 13: Cht X c phn t khi l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng ring D
g/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l:
D.M
10a
a.M
a.M
A. 10D
B. 10a
C. M.D
D. 1000D
Gii:
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
a.M.100
1000D
nX = a mol mX = a.M mdd X =
C%
p n A.
V d 14: Thc hin 2 th nghim:
1. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO.
2. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M thot ra V2 lt
NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l:
A. V1 = V2
B. V2 = 2V1
C. V2 = 2,5V1
D. V2 = 1,5V1
Gii:
145
3,84
0,06 mol n H 0,08 mol

n Cu
64
TN1:
n NO3 0,08 mol

n HNO 0,08 mol
3
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

u bi:
0,06 0,08
0,08
Phn ng:
0,03 0,08 0,02
0,02 mol
V1 tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: nCu = 0,06 mol; n HNO3 0,08 mol; n H2SO 4 0,04 mol.
Tng nH+ = 0,16 mol; n NO 0,08 mol
3
3Cu + 8H + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

u bi:
0,06 0,16
0,08
Phn ng:
0,06 0,16 0,04
0,04 mol
V2 tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO Nh vy V2 = 2V1 p n B.
Nhm nhanh: Lng Cu khng i, lng NO3 - khng i m lng H+ tng gp i v va
V2 = 2V1 p n B.
V d 15: Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 ng thi khuy u,
thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c xut
hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a,b l:
A. V = 22,4(a b)
B. V = 11,2(a b)
C. V = 11,2(a + b)
D. V = 22,4(a + b)
Gii:
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3, ta c phng trnh:
HCl
+
Na2CO3
NaHCO3 + NaCl
(1)
b
b mol
HCl
+ NaHCO3
NaCl + CO2 + H2O (2)

(a b)
(a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO3 d, do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 d CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O
Vy: V = 22,4(a b) p n A.
V d 16 : Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn t clo
+
phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l

A. 3.
B. 6.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Gii:
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH2
kCl2
xt,t0
CH CH2
Cl
CHCH
n-k
Cl
Do %mCl = 63,96%
%mC,H cn li = 36,04%.
35,5. (n - k) 35,5. 2. k 63,96
n
3
Vy
27. (n k) 26. k
36,04
k
p n A.
146
Cl Cl

V d 17 : in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi n cc 1 tr c mng ngn xp).
dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l ( bit
ion SO42- khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b >2a.
B. b = 2a.
C. b < 2a.
Gii:
147
D. 2b - a.

Phng trnh in phn dung dch
pdd
CuSO4 + 2NaCl c mng
ngn
Cu
+ Cl2
+ Na2SO4
(1)
Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th dung dch
NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl + 2H2O
pdd
2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
(2)
Vy: b > 2a p n A.
Bi tp t luyn:
Cu 1 : Dung dch X c a mol NH4+, b mol Mg2+, c mol SO42- V b mol HCO3. Biu thc no hiu th
s lin quan gia a. b, c, d sau y l ng ?
A. a + 2b = c + d.
B. A + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d.
D. a + b = c + d.
Cu 2 : Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO3. a v b c quan h nh th no thu
c dung dch Fe(NO3)3 duy nht sau phn ng ?
A.b = 2a.
B. b a.
D. b a.
C. b = 3a.
Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha cc ion Na+: a mol; HCO3: b mol; CO32 : c mol; SO24 : d mol. to ra kt
ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/l. Biu thc xc nh x theo a v b
l
C. x
B. x = a b.
A. x = a + b.
ab
0,2
D. x =
ab
0,1
Cu 4 : Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO2 Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung dch HCl
th lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
A. 1.
a
c gi tr bng:
b
B. 1,25.
C. 1,5.
D. 1,75.
Cu 5 : Oxi ho mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon ton
hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s
A. 0,75.
a
c gi tr bng
b
B. 1.
C. 1,25.
D. 1,5.
Cu 6 : C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau mi phn cha a mol HCHO.
-
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Oxi ho bng oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch X. Cho X tc
dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c m gam Ag. T s
A. 0,2.
B. 0,4.
m'
c gi tr bng
m
C. 0,6.
D. 0,8.
Cu 7 : X l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol X tc dng vi dung dch cha
a mol Ba(OH)2 thu c dung dch Y. Ngi ta nhn thy :
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch Y lm qu tm.
148

Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch Y lm xanh qu tm. Cng thc cu to ca Y l
A. CH3CH2COOH.
B. CH2=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH.
D. HOOCCH2COOH.
Cu 8 : C 2 axit hu c no : (Y) l axit n chc v (Z) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x mol (Y)
v y mol (Z). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO 2 (ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3 v MY < MZ.
Vy cng thc cu to ca (Y) l
A. CH3COOH.
B. C2H5COOH.
C. HCOOH.
D. C3H7COOH.
Cu 9 : Hn hp X gm Al v Fe2O3 c khi lng trung bnh l MX . Tin thnh phn ng nhit nhm,
sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y c phn t khi trung bnh l MY . Quan h gia MX v MY l
A. MX = MY
B. MX > MY
C. MX < MY
D.
MX
MY
Cu 10 : Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H2. Ho tan hon ton lng st sinh ra trn trong
dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H2. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng thc oxit st l
A. Fe2O3
B. FeO.
1B
2C
3C
4B
D. Fe2O3 hoc Fe3O4
C. Fe3O4.
P N
5A
6D
149
7D
8C
9A
10D
PHNG PHP CHN I LNG THCH HP

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
- C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
- C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt. N mol hoc cho t
l th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht..
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt nht ta t
chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t hoc phn t cht tham gia phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn mt mol hn hp cc cht tham gia phn ng.
Cch 3: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thong s mt gi tr ph hp n gin php tnh.
Dng 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t hoc phn t cht tham gia phn ng
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ho tr n bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 9,8%,
thu c dung dch mui sunfat c nng l 14,18%. Kim loi M l:
A. Cu.
B. Fe.
C. Al.
D. Zn.
Gii:
Chn 1 mol mui M2(CO3)n
M2(CO3)n
nH2SO4
M2(SO4)n + nCO2 + nH2O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M+96n) gam
mdd H2SO 4 =
98n.100
=1000n gam
9,8
mdd mui = mM2 (CO3 )n + mdd H2SO 4 mCO2

= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M+1016.n) gam.
C%dd
mui =
(2M 96n)
100% =14,18%
2M 1016n
M = 28.n n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe p n B
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 20
B. 16
C. 15
Gii:
Xt 1 mol CH3COOH:
CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COONa + H2O
60 gam 40 gam
82 gam
150
D. 13
mdd CH3COOH =
60.100
gam
x
mdd NaOH =
40.100
= 400 gam
10
mdd mui =
82.100
60.100
+400 =
gam.
x
10,25
x = 15% p n C.
Cu 3: Khi ho tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)2 bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 20% thu c
dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l:
A. Cu.
B. Zn.
C. Fe.
D. Mg.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol (OH)2 tham gia phn ng
M(OH)2
H2SO4
MSO4
2H2O
C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M 96) gam
mdd H2SO 4 =
98.100
= 490 gam
20
m dd MSO 4 = (M + 34 + 490) =
(M 96 100)
27,21
M= 64 M l Cu p n A.
Cu 4: Oxi ho C2H5OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH3 CHO, C2H5OH d
v H2O c M = 40 gam. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ho l:
A. 25%.
B. 35%
C. 45%.
D. 55%
Gii:
Xt 1 mol C2H5OH. t a mol C2H5OH b oxi ho. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ho ancol.
C2H5OH
CuO
CH3CHO + H2O + Cu
Ban u:
1 mol
a mol
a mol
Oxi ho:
a mol
a mol
a mol
Sau phn ng: (1 a )mol C2H5OH d
46(1 a) 44a 18a

40 gam
1 a
a = 0,25 hay hiu sut l 25% p n A

Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ho tr n bng dung dch H 2SO4 long ri c cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng gp 5 ln khi lng kim loi R ban
u em ho tan. Kim loi R l:
A. Al.
B. Ba.
C. Zn.
151
D. Mg

Gii:
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R gam tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH2SO4 R2(SO4)n + nH2
C
2R 96n
gam mui
2
R gam
2R 96 = 5R
2
R = 12n tha mn vi n = 2
Vy R = 24 (Mg) p n D
Dng 2: Chn mt mol hn hp cc cht tham gia phn ng
Cu 6: Hn hp X gm N2 v c H2 c t khi hi so vi H 2 bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn ng tng
hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 4. Hin sut phn tng hp l:
A. 10%.
B. 18,75%.
C. 20%.
D. 25%.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c: mX = MX = 7,2 gam.
t n N2 = a mol, ta c: 28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2.
a = 0,2 n N2 = 0,2 mol v n H2 = 0,8 mol H2 d.

N2
Ban u:
Phn ng:
t
3H2 xt,
2NH3
0,2
0,8
3x
2x
Sau phn ng: (0,2-x) (0,8-3x)
2x
nY = (1 2x) mol
p dng LBTKL, ta c mX = mY
nY =
7, 2
mY
x = 0,05.
(1 2x) =
8
MY
Hiu sut phn ng xc nh theo N2 l
0,05
100 % = 25% p n D.
0,2
Cu 7: Hn hp A gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi H2 bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken nung nng
c hn hp B c t khi so vi H2 bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l 100%). Cng thc
phn t ca anken l:
A. C2H4
B. C3H6.
C. C4H8
Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol C nH2n v (1 a) mol H2 )
152
D. C5H10
Ta c 14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8 (*)

Hn hp B c M =16 < 14n (vi n 2) trong hn hp B c H2 d
Ni,t
CnH2n + H2
CnH2n+2
o
Ban u:
a mol (1-a) mol
Phn ng
a mol
Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1-2a) mol H2 (d) v a mol CnH2n+2
tng nB = 1 a
p dng LBTKL, ta c mA = mB
nB =
12,8
mB
(1 a) =
a = 0,2 mol
16
MB
Thay a = 0,2 vo (*) ta c: 14.0,2.n + 2.(1 0,2) = 12,8
n = 4 anken l C4H8 p n C.
Cu 8: Hn hp X gm N2 v H2 c MX = 12,4. Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri nung nng bit rng
hiu sut tng hp NH3 t 40% th thu c hn hp Y. MY c tr s l:
A. 15,12.
B. 18,23.
C. 14,76.
D. 13,48.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp X mX = 12,4 gam gm a mol N2 v (1 a) mol H2.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol H2= 0,6 mol
t
N2 + 3H2 xt,
2NH3 (vi hiu sut 40%)
Ban u:
0,4
Phn ng:
0,08 0,6.0,4 0,16 mol
Sau phn ng:

Tng:
0,6
0,32 0,36
0,16 mol
nY = 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;
Theo LBTKL, ta c: mX = mY
MY =
12,4
= 14,76 gam p n C.
0,84
Cu 9: Phng in qua O2 c hn hp kh O2, O3 c M =33 gam. Hiu sut phn ng l:
A. 7,09%.
B. 9,09%.
C. 11,09%.
Gii:
L
3O2 T
2O3
Chn 1 mol hn hp O2, O3, ta c:
n O2 a mol n O2 (1 a) mol.
153
D.13,09%.
32.a+48.(1 a) = 33 a =
n O3 1 -
15
mol O2
16
1 3 3
15 1
n O 2 b oxi ho = . = mol
16 16
16 2 32
3
32
x 100% = 9,09% p n B
3 15
32 16
Cu 10: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe3C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm lng C
Hiu sut phn ng l :
n cht l 3,1%, hm lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe 3C l a%. Gi tr a l:

A. 10,5.
B. 13,5
C. 14,5
D. 16.
Gii:
Xt 100 gam hn hp X, ta c mC = 3,1 gam , m Fe3C = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam
mC (trongFe3C) = 100 96 3,1 =
12a
a = 13,5 p n B.
180
Cu11: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO3 (phn cn li l tp ho cht tr) mt thi
gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65% CaO. Hiu sut phn hu CaCO 3 l:
A. 50%.
B. 75%.
C. 80%.
D. 70%.
Gii:
Chn mX = 100gam m CaCO3 = 80 gam v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
t
CaCO3
o
Phng trnh:
100 gam
Phn ng:
80.h gam
CaO
CO2
(hiu sut = h)
56 gam 44gam
50.80
44.80
.h
.h
100
100
Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l:

mX m CO 2 = 100
44.80.h
100
45,65
44 80 h
56.80
100
h=
100
100
100
h = 0,75 Hiu sut phn ng bng 75% p n B.

Dng 3: Chn ng t l lng cht theo u bi
Cu 12: Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton hn
hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H2SO4 c, thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi
i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C3H8
B. C3H6
C. C4H8
D. C3H4 Gii:
154

t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm C xHy (1 mol) v O2 (10 mol).
CxHy +
x O2
4
xCO2 +
1 mol x mol x mol

4
y
H2O
2
y
mol
2
Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO2 v 10 x mol O2 d

4
MZ = 19. 2 = 38
(n CO2 )
44
38
(n O2 )
32
Vy: x = 10 x
y
4
n CO 2 1
=
1
n O2
8x = 40 y.
x = 4, y = 8 tha mn p n C.
Cu 13: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng nhit
p sut theo t l th tch (1 : 15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch khng i V. Nhit
v p sut trong bnh l t oC v p atm. Sau khi t chy A, trong bnh ch c N2, CO2 v hi nc vi
VH2O : VCO 2 = 7 : 4. a v bnh t oC, p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p1 c gi tr l:

A. p1 =
47
p.
48
B. p1 = p.
C. p1 =
16
p.
17
Gii:
y
y
t A : CxHy + x O2 xCO2 + H2O

2
4
V phn ng ch c N2, H2O, CO2 cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O2 va .

Chn n CxHy = 1 nB = 15 mol n O2 p. = x +
n N 2 = 4 n O2
y 15
=
= 3 mol
4
5
x 3
= 12 mol
4
x : y/2 7 : 4
7
8
x= ;y=
3
3
V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:
155
D. p1 =
3
p.
5
47
p1 7/3 4/3 12 47
=
=
p p n A.
p1 =
1 15
48
48
p
Dng 4: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp n gin php tnh

V d 14: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon A,B thu c
132.a
gam CO2 v
41
45a
gam H2O. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn hp X ri t chy hon ton
41
th thu c
165a
60,75a
gam CO2 v
gam H2O. Bit A, B khng lm mt mu nc brom.
41
41
a) Cng thc phn t ca A l:

A. C2H2
B. C2H6
C. C6H12
D.
C6H14
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l:
A. C2H2
B. C6H6
C. C4H4
D. C8H8
c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l:
A. 60%, 40%.
B. 25%, 75%.
C. 50%, 50%.
Gii:
a) Chn a = 41 gam.
t X
t X A
2
n CO 2 =
132
45
= 3 mol v n H2O =
= 2,5 mol.
44
18
n CO 2 =
165
60,75
= 3,75 mol v n H2O =
= 3,375 mol.
44
18
1
A thu c (3,75 - 3) = 0,75 mol CO2 v (3,375 - 2,5) = 0,875 mol H2O.
2
t chy A thu c n CO 2 =1,5 v n H2O =1,75 mol.

V n H2O > n CO 2 A thuc ankan, do :
CnH2n+2 +
3n 1
O2
2
CO2 (n+1)H2O
n CO 2
1,5
n
n = 6 A l C6H14
=
=
n H2O n 1 1,75
p n D.
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO2 v (2,5 1,75)= 0,75 mol H2O
156
D.
30%,
70%.
1
1,5
nC
=
= Cng thc tng qut ca B l(CH) n v X khng lm mt mu nc brom
n H 0,75 2 1
Nh vy:
nn B thuc aren B l C6H6 p n B.

c) V A, B c cng nguyn t nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO2 do A,B to ra bng nhau (1,5 mol)
nA = nB %nA = %nB = 50% p n C.

Cu 15: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C6H14 v C6H6 theo t l s mol (1 :1) vi m gam
mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
275a
94,5a
gam CO2 v
gam H2O.
82
82
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no?

A. CnH2n+2.
B. CnH2n-2
C. CnH2n
D. CnHn
B. 3,75
C. 5
D. 3,5
b) Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,75
Gii:
a) Chn a = 82 gam
t X v m gam D (CXHY), ta c:
n CO 2 =
275
= 6,25 mol
44
n H 2O =
94,5
= 5,25 mol
18
C6H14 +
19
O2 6 CO2 + 7 H2O
2
C6H6 +
15
O2 6 CO2 + 3 H2O
2
t D: CxHy + x
y
y
O2 xCO2 + H2O
2
4
t n C6H14 = n C6H6 = b mol, ta c 86b + 78b = 82 b = 0,5 mol

t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
n CO 2 = 0,5.(6+6) = 6 mol
n H2O = 0,5.(7+3) = 5 mol
t chy m gam D thu c:

n CO 2 = 6,25 6 = 0,25 mol
n H2O = 5,25 5 = 0,25 mol
Do n CO 2 = n H2O D thuc CnH2n
p n C.
157

b) mD = mC + mH = 0,25.(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam p n D.
158

BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Cho hirocacbon X v oxi (oxi c ly gp i lng cn thit t chy hon ton X) vo
bnh dung tch 1 lt 406,5K v p sut l atm. Sau khi t p sut trong bnh (o cng nhit ) tng
5%, lng nc thu c l 0,162 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H6
B. C3H6
C. C4H8
D. C4H10
Cu 2: Hn hp X gm 2 olefin. t chy 7 th tch X cn 31 th tch O2 (ktc). Bit rng olefin cha
nhiu cacbon hn chim khong 40 50 th tch ca X. Cng thc phn t 2 olefin l:
A. C2H4, C4H8.
B. C2H4, C3H6
C. C3H6, C4H8.
D.
C2H4,
C5H10.
Cu 3: Cho natri d dung dch cn (C2H5OH + H2O), thy khi lng hiro bay ra bng 3% khi lng
cn dng. Dung dch cn c nng phn trm l:
A. 75,57%.
B. 72,57%.
C. 70,57%.
D. 68,57%.
Cu 4: Hn hp kh X gm hiro v 2 anken (k tip trong dy ng ng), c t khi hi so vi hiro

bng 8,26. un nng hn hp X vi bt Ni lm xc tc th thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm mt mu
dung dch nc brom v c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 11,8. Cng thc phn t ca cc anken trong
X l:
A. C2H4 v C3H6.
B. C3H6 v C4H8.
C. C4H8 v C5H10.
D. C5H10 v C6H12
Cu 5: Mt hn hp kh X gm mt ankin v H2 c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 0,6. Nung nng hn hp

kh X c xc tc Ni phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi CH 4 l
1. Cng thc phn t ca akin l:
A. C2H2
B. C3H4
C. C4H6
D. C5H8.
Cu 6: Hn hp kh X gm etan v propan. t chy mt t hn hp X thu c kh CO2 v hi nc
theo t l tch VCO 2 : VH2O = 11: 15. Thnh phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 45% v 55%.
B. 18,52% v 81,48%.
C. 25% v 75%.
D. 28,13% v 71,87 %
Cu 7: Cho hn hp X gm N2, H2 v NH3 c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 8. Dn hn hp X qua dung

dch H2SO4 c d thy th tch kh cn li mt na. Phn trm th tch mi kh ln lt trong hn hp
X ln lt l:
A. 11,11%, 22,22%, 66,67%.
B. 20%, 20%, 40%.
C. 30%, 30%, 40%.
D. 25%, 25%, 50%.

159

Cu 8: Mt hn hp X gm N2 v H2. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH3 t hn hp X thu c hn
hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 9,0. Hiu sut phn ng tng hp NH 3
l:
A. 70%
B. 60%
C. 50%
D. 30%
Cu 9: Cracking C5H12 thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H2 l 20. Hiu sut ca phn ng
cracking l:
A. 70%
B. 50%
C. 80%
D. 30%.
Cu 10: Sau khi tch H2 hon ton khi hn hp X gm etan v propan thu c hn hp Y gm etilen
v propilen. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca Y bng 93,45% khi lng phn t trung bnh ca X.
Thnh phn trm v th tch ca hai cht trong X ln lt l:
A. 50% v 50%.
B. 60% v 40%
C. 96,2% v 3,8%.
D. 46,4% v 53,6%
P N
1B
2A
3A
4B
5B
6C
160
7D
8C
9C
10C
K THUT SO SNH PHN TCH

I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Thng qua vic phn tch, so snh, khi qut ha tm ra cc im chung v cc im c bit
ca bi ton, t tm ra c phng php hoc phi hp cc phng php gip gii nhanh bi ton
mt cch ti u.
Dng 1: Da vo s khc bit ca phn ng hoc hiu r bn cht, quy tc phn ng:
Cu 1: C6H12 c bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h tc dng vi HBr ch cho mt sn phm duy
nht?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
Gii:
- C6H12 c cu to mch h l anken (olefin)
- Phn ng cng hp vo anken ch tun theo quy tc maccopnhicop khi anken v tc nhn cng hp
u bt i.
C6H12 tc dng vi HBr cho mt sn phm duy nht C6H12 c cu to i xng: CH3CH2CH
= CHCH2CH3 v (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2
p n C
Cu 2: C5H12O c bao nhiu ng phn cu to tc dng vi CuO, un nng to sn phm (gi nguyn
cacbon) c phn ng trng gng ?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
Gii:
- Ch c cc ancol bc mt mi oxi ho to anehit.
- Vit cu to mch cacbon, c xt yu t i xng, t tm ra s lng cc ng phn ancol bc 1
CCCC
CCCCC
C
CCC
C
1 ng phn
2 ng phn
1 ng phn
p n A
Cu 3: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to mch h c cng thc phn t C6H10 tc dng vi H2 d (Ni, to)
thu c sn phm iso-hecxan ?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
Gii:
Ni,t
- C6H10 + H2
CH3 CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH3
o
C6H10 c cu to mch ging iso-hecxan

161
D. 7

- C6H10 c mch h v c bt bo ho = 2, v vy ch cn vit cc ng phn
ankin v ankaien c cu to cacbon ging iso-hecxan
CCCCC
CCCCC
2 ng phn akin
5 ng phn ankadien
p n D
Cu 4: Hn hp kh X gm mt ankin v H2 c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 0,5. Nung nng hn hp X c
xc tc Ni phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 1. Cho
hn hp Y qua dung dch brom d th khi lng bnh cha dung dch brom tng ln l bao nhiu?
A. 0 gam
B. 8 gam
C. 16 gam
D. 24 gam
Gii:
Ankin c cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2 (n 2) Phn t khi ca akin > 24g/mol
Mt khc DY/H Trong Y c H2 d.
V phn ng xy ra hon ton trong Y ch c ankan v H2 d
Khng c kh no phn ng vi dung dch Br 2 p n A

Cu 5: Hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h 2,76 gam X tc dng vi Na d thu c
0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc, oxi ho hon ton 2,76 gam X bng CuO (t o) thu c hn hp anehit.
Cho ton b lng anehit ny tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 19,44 gam cht kt ta.
Cng thc cu to ca hai ru l:
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. CH3OH v CH3CH2CH2OH.
C. CH3OH v CH3CH(CH3)OH.
D. C2H5OH v CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Gii:
V oxi ho hai ru hn hp anehit 2 ru l bc 1
V hai ru n chc nX = 2 n H2 = 0,06 (mol)
nAg =
19,44
= 0,18 > 2.nX = 0,12 c mt ru l CH3OH
108
CuO, t
AgNO3/NH3 ,t
CH3OH
HCHO
4Ag
o
4a
CuO, t
AgNO3/NH3 ,t
RCH2OH
RCHO
2Ag
o
b
a + b = 0,6
2b
(1)
4a + 2b = 0,18
(2)
32a + (R + 31) = 2,76
(3)
R = 29 R l C2H5 p n B.
162

Dng 2: Da vo quan h s mol cc cht gia cc phn ng
Cu 6: Nung nng hon ton 27,3 gam hn hp NaNO3, Cu(NO3)2. Hn hp kh thot ra c dn vo
nc d th thy c 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp th (lng O 2 ho tan khng ng k). Khi lng
Cu(NO3)2 trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 18,8 gam
B. 10,2 gam
C. 8,6 gam
D. 4,4 gam
Gii:
t
2NaNO3
2NaNO2 + O2
o
(1)
t
2Cu(NO3)2
2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
(2)
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
(3)
Phn tch phng trnh (2) v (3), ta thy n NO2 : n O2 = 4 : 1

Nh vy kh thot ra khi bnh l ton b O2 (1)
n NaNO3 = 2 n O2 = 2.
1,12
= 0,1 (mol) m NaNO3 = 0,1. 85 = 8,5 gam
22,4
mCu(NO3 )2 = 27,3 8,5 = 18,8 gam p n A

Cu 7: Hn hp cht hu c X c cng thc tng qut CxHyOzNt. Thnh phn % khi lng ca N v O
trong X ln lt l 15,730% v 35,955%. Khi X tc dng vi HCl ch to ra mui R(Oz)NH3Cl (R l gc
hirocacbon). Bit X c trong thin nhin v tham gia phn ng trng ngng. Cng thc cu to ca X
l:
A. H2NCH2COOCH3
B. H2NCH2CH2COOH
C. H2NCH(CH3)COOH.
D. HO-[CH2]4-NH2
Gii:
X+ HCl R(Oz)NH3Cl X ch cha mt nguyn t nit X: CxHyOzN
%N =
14 15,73
=
Mx = 89
M x 100
%O =
16z 35,955
=
z = 2 Loi D
89
100
X c trong thin nhin v tham gia phn ng trng ngng p n C

Dng 3: Da vo bn cht phn ng v s phi hp gia cc phng php:
Cu 8: t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X ch cha mt nhm chc cn dng va 3,92 lt O 2
(ktc) thu c CO2 v H2O c t l s mol l 1:1. X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. S ng
phn cu to ca X tho mn iu kin trn l:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Gii:
- X tc dng vi KOH To ra 2 cht hu c X c nhm chc este.
- Khi t chy X cho n CO 2 = n H2O X l este no, n chc, mch h
163
D. 4
Cng thc tng qut: CnH2nO2

Da vo cc d kin n = 3 Cng thc phn t C3H6O2
C hai cng thc cu to p n B

Cu 9: Cho 0,2 mol hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt anken tc dng vi H2 d (Ni,to )thu c hn
hp hai ankan l ng ng k tip. Mt khc t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X c 16,8 lt CO 2 (ktc) v
14,4 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon ln lt l:
A. C3H8, C4H8
B. C2H6, C3H6
C. C3H8, C2H4.
D.
C4H10,
C3H6
Gii:
n CO 2 =
16,8
14,4
= 0,7 ; n H2O =
= 0,8
18
22,4
Mt khc: nanken = n H2O n CO 2 = 0,1 mol
nanken = 0,2 - 0,1 = 0,1 mol

Gi cng thc chung ca hai hirocacbon l CxHy
x=
0,7
2.0,8
=3,5 ; y =
=8
0,2
0,2
Do s mol 2 hirocacbon l nh nhau v s nguyn t hiro trung bnh bng 8
Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon l C3H8 v C4H8 p n A

Cu 10: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, thu c 0,4
mol CO2. Mt khc, hiro hon ton m gam X cn 0,2 mol H2 (Ni, to), sau phn ng thu c hn hp
hai ancol no, n chc. t chy hon ton hn hp hai ancol ny th s mol H2O thu c l bao nhiu
?
A. 0,3 mol
B. 0,4 mol
C. 0,6 mol
D. 0,8 mol
Gii:
Anehit no, n chc, mch h khi t chy: n H2O = n CO 2 = 0,4 mol
Ni , t
CnH2n+1CHO + H2
CnH2n+1CH2OH
0
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t :
n H 2O = n H 2O
(to thnh t anehit)
+ n H 2O
(to thnh t H 2 cng vo)
= 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 (mol)
p n C.
Cu 11: Cho hn hp X gm 0,2 mol axetilen v 0,35 mol H2 vo bnh kn c xc tc Ni nung nng. Sau
mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y gm 4 kh. Khi cho Y li qua dung dch brom d thy c 4,48 lt
(ktc) kh Z bay ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 4,5. tng khi lng ca bnh brom l:
A. 5,2 gam
B. 2,05 gam
C. 5,0 gam
Gii:
164
D. 4,1 gam
nz =
4,48
=0,2 (mol); MZ = 4,5. 2 = 9 mz = 9. 0,2 = 1,8 (gam)
22,4
mx= 0,2. 26 + 0,35. 2 = 5,9 gam

Theo LBTKL: mX = mY
tng khi lng ca bnh brom = 5,9 - 1,8 = 4,1 gam p n D.

Cu 12: X l mt este no n chc, c t khi hi i vi CH4 l 5,5. un nng 2,2 gam este X vi dung
dch NaOH (d) th thu c 2,05 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. HCOOCH2CH2CH3
B. C2H5COOCH3
C. HCOOCH3
D. CH3COOC2H5
Gii:
V este n chc v meste < mmui Meste < Mmui phn t ca gc ru trong este phi nh hn 23
(Na) Loi phng n A, D
Mt khc: Meste = 16. 5,5 = 88 p n B
Cu 13: Cho m gam Cu phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c 8,96 lt kh (ktc) hn hp kh
NO v NO2 c khi lng 15,2 gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam
B. 16 gam
C. 2,56 gam
D. 8 gam
Gii:
- Nhn thy M (kh ) =
M NO M NO2
15,2
= 38 =
s mol hai kh bng nhau v c th quy i thnh
2
0,4
1 kh duy nht c s mol l 0,4 v s oxi ho l + 3

- p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta thy: s oxi ho Cu tng = s oxi ho ca N 5 gim = 2 nCu
= nkh = 0,4 mol.
Vy m = 0,4. 64 = 25,6 p n A.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: un nng isopren vi cht xc tc thch hp ch thu c mt phn sn phm X. Cho X tc dng
vi H2 (Ni, to) c hn hp Y gm cc hirocacbon trong c cht metylxiclobutan. S hirocacbon
no cha trong Y l:
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 5
Cu 2: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h c cng thc phn t C5H8 tc dng vi H2 d (Ni, to)
thu c sn phm iso-pentan ?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Cu 3: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol ng ng ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin.

t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO 2. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi lng nc
v CO2 to ra l:
A. 2,94 gam
B. 2,48 gam
C. 1,76 gam
165
D. 2,76 gam

Cu 4: Hn hp X gm ancol metylic v mt ancol no, n chc M, mch h. Cho 2,76 gam X tc dng
vi Na d thu c 0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc, oxi ho hon ton 2,76 gam X bng CuO (t o) thu c
hn hp Y. Cho ton b lng Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 d thu c 12,96 gam kt ta.
Cng thc cu to ca M l:
A. C2H5OH
B. CH3CH2CH2OH
C. CH3CH(CH3)OH.
D. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Cu 5: Nung nng hon ton 28,9 gam hn hp KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2. Hn hp kh sinh ra c dn vo

nc ly d th cn 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp th (coi oxi khng tan trong nc). % khi lng
KNO3 trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 92,53%
B. 65,05%
C. 34,95%
D. 17,47%
Cu 6: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon ton

0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l:
A. 20,40 gam
B. 18,60 gam
C. 18,96 gam
D. 16,80 gam
Cu 7: un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C2H2 v 0,04 mol H2 vi xc tc Ni, sau mt thi gian thu
c kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom (d) th cn li 0,448 lt
hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi O2 l 0,5. Khi lng bnh dung dch brom tng l:
A. 1,04 gam
B. 1,32 gam
C. 1,64 gam
D. 1,20 gam
Cu 8: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C2H7NO2 tc dng va vi

dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm hai kh (u
lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi ca Z i vi H2 bng 13,75. C cn dung dch Y thu c khi
lng mui khan l:
A. 16,5 gam
B. 14,3 gam
C. 8,9 gam
D. 15,7 gam
Cu 9: t chy ht hai cht hu c cha C, H, O k tip nhau trong dy ng ng phn t cha mt

loi nhm chc ri cho sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 5,24 gam v c
7 gam kt ta. Hai cht l:
A. C2H4(OH)2 v C3H6(OH)2
B. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
C. HCHO v CH3CHO
D. HCOOH v CH3COOH
Cu 10: Este X to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc c t khi hi so vi CO 2 bng 2. Khi un nng
X vi dung dch NaOH to ra lng mui c khi lng ln hn lng este phn ng. Tn gi ca
X l:
A. metyl axetat
B. propyl axetat
C. metyl propionat.
D. etyl axetat
Cu 11: Hn hp M gm hai ancol n chc. Chia 30,4 gam M thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho phn 1
tc dng vi Na d c 0,15 mol kh. Cho phn 2 phn ng hon ton vi CuO c hn hp M1 cha
hai anehit (ancol ch bin thnh anehit). Ton b lng M1 phn ng ht vi AgNO3/NH3 c 0,8
mol Ag. Cng thc cu to ca hai ancol l:
166
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH
B. CH3OH, CH3CH2CH2OH
C. C2H5OH, CH3CH2CH2OH
D.C2H5OH, CH3CHOHCH3
Cu 12: Cho a gam hn hp CH3COOH v C3H7OH tc dng ht vi Na th th tch kh H2 (ktc) thu

c l 2,24 lt. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 3 gam
B. 6 gam
C. 9 gam
D. 12 gam
Cu 13: Cho hn hp X gm N2, H2 v NH3 i qua dung dch H2SO4 c, d th th tch kh cn li mt

na. Thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca NH3 trong X l:
A. 25,0%
B. 50,0%
C. 75,0%
D. 33,33%
Cu 14: Mt hirocacbon X mch thng c cng thc phn t l C6H6. Khi cho X tc dng vi dung
dch AgNO3 trong NH3 th thu c hp cht hu c Y c MY MX = 214 vC. Cng thc cu to ca
X l:
A. CH C-CH2-CH2-C CH
B. CH3-C C-CH2-C CH
C. CH3-CH2-C C-C CH
D. CH C-CH(CH3)-C CH
Cu 15: Cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) c phn t khi bng 74 gam/mol. S lng cc ng phn mch
h ca X phn ng c vi NaOH l:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Cu 16: Cho 100ml dung dch hn hp CuSO4 1M v Al2(SO4)3 1,5M tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d,
lc ly kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l:
A. 30,6 gam
B. 8,0 gam
C. 15,3 gam
D. 23,3 gam
Cu 17: Cho lung kh CO d di qua ng s cha 0,05 mol Fe3O4, 0,05mol FeO, v 0,05 mol Fe2O3
nhit cao n phn ng hon ton. Kt thc th nghim khi lng cht rn thu c l:
A. 5,6 gam
B. 11,2 gam
C. 22,4 gam
D. 16,8 gam
Cu 18: Ho tan 9,6 bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,5M v H2SO4 1,0 M. Sau khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch X c khi lng
mui khan l:
A. 28,2 gam
B. 25,4 gam
C. 24,0 gam.
D. 32,0 gam
Cu 19: in phn dung dch cha hn hp mui CuCl2 v FeCl2 vi cng dng khng i I = 2A
trong 48 pht 15 giy, catot thy thot ra 1,752 gam kim loi. Khi lng ca Cu thot ra l:
A. 0,576 gam
B. 0,408 gam
C. 1,344 gam.
D. 1,176 gam
Cu 20: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm C3H8, C3H6, C3H4 (DX / H2 =21), ri dn ton
b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong th tng khi lng ca bnh l:
A. 4,2 gam
B. 5,4 gam
C. 13,2 gam
D. 18,6 gam
Cu 21: Nung hn hp kh X gm ankin Y v H2 trong bnh kn c Ni n phn ng hon ton c hn

hp kh Y c t khi so vi H2 bng 8. Dn ton b hn hp Y qua bnh ng dung dch Br 2 d th:
A. Khi lng bnh brom tng bng khi lng ankin d
167

B. Khi lng bnh brom khng i
C. Khi lng bnh brom tng bng khi lng ankin d v anken
D. Khi lng bnh brom tng chnh l hn hp ca hn hp Y.
1A
11B
21B
2A
12D
3B
13B
4C
14A
P N
5C
6C
15D 16C
7B
17D
8B
18C
9B
19A
10C
20D
Ti liu c tng hp bi tuituhoc.com. Ngun Google site

Vic tng hp kh c th trnh sai st, mong nhn c gp ca bn ti website:
www.tutuhoc.com
Tng hp ngy 09/03/2014
168

Tonghop PPgiaihoa

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tonghop PPgiaihoa

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

PHNG PHP S DNG CNG THC KINH NGHIM ............................................................. 3

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

PHNG PHP S DNG CNG THC KINH NGHIM

Theo nh lut bo ton electron: ne nhng = ne nhn na =

ng vi M l Fe (56), n = 3 ta c: m = 0,7.m1 + 5,6.t (2)

Ch dng khi HNO3 (hoc H2SO4 c nng) ly d hoc va .

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

Tm tng khi lng hn hp rn (kim loi v oxit kim loi): m1

= 0,09 m = 0,7. 11,28 + 5,6.0,09 = 8,4gam

Th d 3. Cho 11,36 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung

m = 242 . 0,16 = 38,72gam

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

hn hp X trn tc dng vi kh CO nng d th sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c

p dng cng thc: 9,52 = 0,7. 11,6 + 5,6. 4x x = 0,0625

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG

tng khi lng cc cht sn phm

H qu 3: Bi ton: Kim loi + axit mui + kh

H qu 3: Bi ton kh hn hp oxit kim loi bi cc cht kh (H2, CO)

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

(khng cn bit phn ng l hon ton hay khng

mdung dch = mK + m H2O - m H 2

= 3,9 + 36,2 - 0,05 2 = 40 gam

V d 2: in phn dung dch cha hn hp CuSO4 v KCl vi in cc tr n khi thy kh bt u

H2SO4 + MgO MgSO4 + H2O

0,02 0,02 (mol)

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

= 0,03 64 + 0,01x71 + 0,01x32 = 2,95 gam

B. 7,42% v 189,27 gam.

C. 6,65% v 212,5 gam.

D. 7,42% v 286,72 gam.

BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl

Dung dch B + H2SO4 kh dung dch B c Na2CO3 d

n Na2CO3 ban u = 0,05 + 0,02 = 0,07 mol

LBTKL: mdd sau cng = 50 + 100 + 50 - m - mCO2

mHCl = m mui - maminoaxit = 0,365 gam mHCl = 0,01 (mol)

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

Tnh hung sai 1: nNa=

p dng phng php bo ton khi lng ta c:

nru= 2nH2 = 0,3 (mol) M

(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)

(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

m H2O = 1,08 gam n H2O = 0,06 mol

CO2 + KOH KHCO3

m KHCO = 0,1.100 = 10 gam p n B

nCaCO 3 = nCO = 0,1 (mol) mCaCO 3 = 10 gam

Theo LBTKL: mX = mcht rn = mkh = 11,6 + 0,1 44=16 gam

LBTKL: 27,6= 22,2 + m H 2 O m H 2 O = 5,4 gam n H 2O = 0,3 mol

= 6nete nmi ete = 0,3: 6 = 0,5 mol p n: D

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

0,5 ax n H 2 = 0,5 ax = 0,25 ax = 0,5 mol

LBTKL: 20,2 + 39.0,5 = mmui + 2.0,25 mmui = 39,2 gam p n A

MRH = 8.2 =16 RH: CH4 RCOONa : CH3COONa

m CO 2 = m H 2 O + 1,2 m CO 2 = 6,6 gam, m H 2 O = 5,4 gam

1,8 0,6 2,4

Ti liu Ton, L, Ha, Anh, thi th trc tuyn min ph ti www.tuituhoc.com

m O 2 = 2,7 + 0,2 44 4,3 = 10,3 gam n O2 = 0,225 (mol)

n CO 2 = 1,09 mol ; n H 2O = 1,19 mol