Bai giang sé 12 PHEP TINH TICH PHAN VA UNG DUNG : Cae bai toan vé tich phan 1a mét trong nhimg bai ton Itic nao cing cé mat trong céc dé thi mén Todn vio cdc trudng Dai hoc va Cao ding trong nhiing nam gan day (2002 — 2009). Bai giang nay gidi thigu cac phuong phdp chinh aé tinh tich phan va tng dung cia tich phan dé tim dién tich hinh phang va thé tich cia khéi tron xoay. §1. CAC PHUONG PHAP TiNH TICH PHAN A. PHUONG PHAP SU DUNG BANG NGUYEN HAM Dé sit dung duge phyong phap nay ngoai vige sit dung thanh thao bang nguyén ham, con phai nim ving cae phép tinh vi phan va bién ddi thanh thao cac dng thirc vé phép tinh vi phan. Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D — 2009) EJ Tinh tich phan: 1 = ie ié oT. Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tu yén sinh Dai hoc khdi B - 2008) 4 sin x} Tinh tich phan: |= |———~-___»>____, ee Varaxeatiesimcoes) : x tacbt=—ef (sin pe acienss) 2 5 1+sin2x+2(sinx +cosx) +1 V2 4 (1+sinx + cosx) 1 \ Pe ae 3v2 V2 1+ sinx + cos x 1+¥2 2 4 217Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khoi A — 2006) sin 2xdx Voi +4sin? x Giai Nhan thay d(cos?x + 4sin’x) = (-2cosxsinx + 8sinxcosx)dx = 3sin2xdx. Tinh tich phan: I= ouala etl Vay I= = {{cos?x + 4sin? x) 1 +4sin? x)? |B of fg 1 : 7 Ph -2{ e402) 7 0 Thi du 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D — 2005) a 7 d(cos*x + 4sin’ x) ‘ Tinh tich phan: I= fe" +c0sx)cosdx . ° * = 2 2, Tacd: 1= fet cosa +5 Joss Joos2xdx 0 2 0 sf 3 1 |x t + inxl> , & 7 i. sinx) ieee wy sin2x|2 Se ag 0 0 Thi du 5: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B — 2003) 4 Tinh tich phan: 1= f 0 . z 4) a2 a Tae. i 2sin™ x peosends Tesin2x gI+sin2x tn 4a(tsin2s) I = I = ==In(14sin2x)/4 =—(In2-Inl)==In2. =i ano. a= dey eS Nhdn xét chung: Phuong phap ding bang nguyén ham thuc chat la m6t phép ddi bién va 1a mot _phép déi bién don gidn. Tuy nhién, ding phuong phap nay cé hai thuan loi: 218- Khéng can thyc hién cdc phép d6i cn khéng can thiét. - Cach trinh bay don gian. Xét thém cac thi du sau: Thi du 6: x 2.(sinx +cosx)dx Tinh tich phan: i=. 5 ¥sinx —cosx 3 Taco: 1= [(sinx -cosx) 3 d(sinx — cosx) ee Thi du 7: x 3 : Tinh tich phan: I= |-——— = I Zeal) +c0s?x 4 Giai Taco: = Li =f sinxdx -[— __tanxdx * cos*xcosx,|I + i eos*xV2 + tan? x 4 cos*x 4 x 1In ; : ree io 2 oy 1 (2+ tan? x}2 5 el 2 hepa | 3 5 seen x)? d(2+tan x) T : v5 -3 4 2 4 Nhén xét: Thi dy trén cho ta thay r6 tinh hiéu qua khi sir dung phwong phap bang nguyén ham. Thi du 8: Cho b>a>0, tinh tich phan: Jelena ay : Giai Taco: i= ferane )in(x +a) + (x+b)In(x+b) 5 (x +a)(x +b) 219dx 0 + lax fin( xiv? ac fin(x Lex? jet ea ? J = falin(x +a)In(x+b)] (Theo céng thire d(uv) = udv + vdu) 1 c+ finfx Lex? 0 - In(x+a)in(x+6)[?=In®.n(a +b). Nha Day la thi dy dep chimg t6 tinh higu qua cao cia vige sir dung phuong phap bang nguyén ham. xét: B. PHUONG PHAP DOI BIEN SO Di bién sé 1a mGt trong nhing phuong phap quan trong nhat dé tinh nguyén ham va tich phn. Trong myc nay chting tdi trinh bay cde phurong phap di bién sé thong dyng nhat: b Loai 1: Str dung céng thie: JeLots )Jur(x jo fe) Gia sit ta cdn tinh tich phan 1= jel) )dx . Néu bing cach nao dé ta viet duge a biéu thire dudi dau tich phan g(x)dx dudi dang. ; f[Lu(x Hor x)dx = f[u(x)]d(u( Khi dé ta cé: Fels) )dx = Troon. voi a= ula); B = u(b). a Vay bai toan quy vé vvige "tinh tich phan mdi nay don gian hon nhiéu so véi tich phan ban dau, Phép d4i bién & day Li t = u(x), va nh6 khi ddi bién thi phai déi can lay tich phan. Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hye khdi A — 2008) Tinh tich phan: 5 9082 jai Ta cé: z x x eC oa tan‘ xdx = jan xe(tans) xa(tan x) w § 6082x af tan ? x}oos*x o I+tan? x 220sin? x _ cos2x cos’x cos?x (do 1-+tan?x =1— Dt t= tan x (khi x = 0, thi t= 0, con khi x = z thit= Vay tir (1) ta cé: 3 8 8 ie | | _ 14 (t+I)-(t-1) dt Jf It : Vee dt dt (t+1) i “~ +fin(2+¥3). Nhén xét: Di nhién trong thi du nay ta ding phuong phap déi bién sé trong 8 344 2 eee : t'dt a : ee doan dau. Sau dé vige tinh tich phan: 1= f duge thy hién nh& phép tinh 1-t? 0 “thém bot” va str dung bing nguyén ham. Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B - 2004) “v4 3lnx Inxdx Tinh tich phan: I= ees : x : Taco: f I Dat t = In x (khi x = 1, thit=0; khix =e, thit=1, x “a ‘ Vit SIns nds _ "ie Sinx Inxa(Inx). 1 1 Tir (1) tacé: 1= fut43t.tdt 2) 0 Taco tir (2) i | a | 1 i! fi3t(1+3t—I)dt =1 f(r 3n2 as 30)-2 f(r e3q2 a(1+30) é 70 0 (2 ls +) 116 =2| 2s =| 135222 Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B - 2005) Tinh tich phan: x p= pun2xeosxe 2x cosxdx gl +e0sx Giai Tacé x x j= [en2xcosade 2xcosxdx _ py al 2cos? xd(cosx) 0 0 (1+cosx) (1+cosx) Dat t = cosx (khi x = 0, thit = 1; khix= $ thit= 0). Khi dé ta c6: I t t(1+t)—2(1+t)+2 1 pe at ~ Pe Aa frat - Fieas ve) 1 ev]! —2t ' Lain(1 +t) = 2In2- jo “jo 0 Thi du 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hgc khéi B- 2006) Ing dx S3e%42 ye Dat t = e* (khi x = In3, thi t= 3; khi x = In5, thi t = 5). Ta cé: ee _ ted (t- 2) at =3t+2 5 (t- Ht) Thi de 5: x s Tinh tich phan: [= fsin? x tan xdx . é G x © Taco 1= Join? xtanxdx = fu? x—— a i sinx nfl o 0 Dat t= cosx (khi x = 0, thi t= 1; khi x qd) 1 I dt aeVay I= 2 Loai 2: Déi bién khi ham du6i dau tich phan chita biéu tha dang 9/f(x) . Trong nhiéu trudng hop (chit khong phai tat c& cdc trudng hgp) ta co thé ding phép ddi bién sau day: Day Li mt trong ahiing phép bién ddi thong dung hay gap. Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hye khdi A - 2004) + xdx Tinh tich phan: [= |——=—— pl+vx-1- Datt= Vx—I(khix =I, thit=0; khi x = 2, thit=1), Taco t?=x—1 => 2tdt=dx. Vay ne +1)2tat Pe 4 =2t? -2t+4—-—— , nén tir (1) tacd it a) l+t 1=2[Pa-2 fae fe e oot aaina. Thi du 2: (Dé nit tuyén sinh Dai hoe ani B-2004) pelsinen xdx x Tinh tich phan: 1 = 1 Datt= V1+3inx (khix=l >t 2 3d: Tacé: t' = 1+ 3Inx => 2tdt=—-=> c 1; khix=3 => t=2) ax _ tat co Vay te FF 2 2 jta—joa- is Chi y: Cac ban hay so sanh v6i cach giai cing ctia thi du nay trinh bay trong thi dy 2, logi 1 phan B (phwong phap 44i bién s6). Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A - 2005) x 24(t2 ‘sin 2x + sinx Tinh tich phan: i x. 0 +3cosx 223Dat t= V1+3cosx (khix=0 > t= 1+3cosx => 2tdt =—3sinxdx skhix= 2 = t=1) 2 Taco t” ws 1 (2e0sx+1) 5 if 34 Vit3cosx 33 27° Thi du 4: 3-2Inx Tinh tich phan: 1 = dx p aa x irains Gidi batt= V142Inx (khix =I thi Shine oE thit= v2). I+ 2Inx => tdt= a Vay ta co: x A3-(2- 2 8 FE aeafa fen Ry Thi du 5: _ a xdx \aaonn Git Bod(xt4t) 4 at (Jeera) 2i(esiy Tinh tich phan: 1 = - Tacé t= j——___ = 8 (dtr +1) (dat tt = Vx? +1) Datu= Vt (khit=1 => u=1:t=4 => u=2), Taco uw =t => dt=2udu. Vay tir (1) ta cé: 4 2udu p= fe) 7d(1+u)) FF, ssF=— | —_ ie =In(1+ DF a) 24 =i 2 3.1 In=-=. ZO. 1 |2 +—[= ut+l Nhan xét: Trong thi du trén ta str dung nhiéu phutong phap dé tinh tich phan I (bang nguyén ham, ddi bién sé loai 1, loai . Loai 3: x? hoac bién khi ham duéi dau tich phan cé dang (@ +x?) hode Vx 224— Khi biéu thite dudi dau tich phan cé chita biéu thite duéi dang ho&c Vx? —a? néi chung ta sé Le kh khan néu sir dung phuong phap déi bién ndi trong loai 2 (dat t = vx? hofic t= Va? — x? ). V6i tich a nay ngudi ta déi bién nhu sau: + Néu biéu thite dui déu tich phan cé dang Va? -x? ta liay dat x = asint hodc x = acost. +Néu a thire dudi dau tich phan co chtra biéu thite dudi dang hay dat x = *— hoaex= sint cost . - Khi biéu thite dudi dau tich phan c6 chita biéu thie dudi dang (a+x°) ta hay dat: x =tant hode x = cott. Thi du 1: (Trich trong dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B - 2002) a Tinh tich phan: 1= [ V16-xdx. 0 Dat x = dsint (khi x = 0 thi t=0, khi x= V8 thit= 7 ) => dx = 4costdt. x t 4 —— 4 Tacé: I= [¥16-16sin? t-4costdt = [l6cost|cost dt 4 i x =8 [2cos? dt (vi khiost st thi cost >0) é x fk 4 x =8](ecosaae= 8 fat +8 Preosdt =2n+4sin2t/4 =20+4. 0 0 0 Nhein xét: 8 1/ Trong qua trinh giai dé thi bat buéc phai tinh tich phan I = f V16-x?dx. i) 2/ Mac dau ham duéi dau tich phan cé chita cin thire, nén néu ta bién ddi gidng trong loai 2: t= Va? —x? thi chiic chin sé gap rac réi (cde ban thir Lam xem va gidi thich vi sao lai nhur vay). Day chinh la thi du chimg t6 rang khong phai etr thay F(x) 1a thye hign phép di bién sé t= /F( 225