Bai giang s6 15 BA SUONG CONIC Bai gidng nay dé cap dén phuong phip gidi céc bai toan vé elip, hypebol va parabol li ba dudng conic duge dé cip dén trong hinh hoc gidi tich phang trong nha traimg phé thong hign nay. So véi cée bai ton vé dudng thing, dung tron, cdc bai todn vé ba dudng conic tuy co mat khong nhiéu trong cdc dé thi tuyén sinh, mén Toan trong nhing n&m 2002-2009, nhung né [a mot trong nhing cha dé khéng thé thigu duge trong viée én luygn thi mn Toan vao céc truéng Dai hoe, Cao ding hién nay. §1. LAP PHUONG TRINH CAC DUONG CONIC vA TIM CAC YEU T6 CUA NO! Phuong phap gidi cdc bai tip thuc logi nay la phai thuge cde dang phuong trinh chinh tic cia cde duéng conic, thude cdc céng thie lién quan dén conic nhu ‘each tinh ban qua tiéu... Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Di higc koi A-2008) Cho elip véi tam sai e= 7 inh chir nhgt co s6 cia né c6 chu vi bing 20. Viét phuong trinh chinh tic cia elip. Elip c6 phutong trinh chinh tic I Tir gia thiét, ta c6: ce Bes a3 @ 9 a9 inh char nhat co sé ciia elip 6 hai canh la 2a, 2b. Tir gia thie, ta c6: 2a+2b+20=3a+b=10. fatb=10 (5 Vay 06 hé phuong trinh sau dé xéc dinh a,b: 4h 2 of : a3 ‘Thay vao (1) ta thdy elip c6 phuong trinh chinh tic la: * Va dinh nghia cfc tin chit co bin cia ba dime conic, ben doc ¢6 thé tim thdy trong moi SGK inh hoc lop 10. G fy. ching ti bé qua va kong nhc lai chi tét phn ny. mThi dy 2: (Bé thi tuyén sink khdi D — 2005) +1. Tim hai Trong mat phiing toa d6 cho diém C(2:0) va clip ( fiém A,B (6), biét ring A, B adi ximg véi nhau qua tryc hodnh va ABC fa tam Gia ste A(x: yo) va BOX; ~Yo) la hai diém thuge (E) va doi xting nhau qua truc hoanh (C6 thé gid sir yo> 0). Khi d6 AB = 2yo Vi ABC fa tam gic déu, nén ta c6: AB=AC 2% +29)? = 498 2 (2-%0}? = 395 Vi (Ko: yo) € (E) nén ta 6: 3 | z | Thi du 3: Lap phuong trinh chinh tic cia elip (E) biét ring elip cé tam O, tiéu diém trén ‘Ox qua M(-V3,, 1) va khodng cach gidta hai dung chuan bang 6. 2232 Vay (B) 66 phuong tinh: = + Thi du 4: IMF, & Coop phuong nhs 2+ <1 Tim dim M ocho MF day F), Fo Hin lugt 14 tig ia (E), nh qua tiéu digm va gid str M = (xo; yo) ta 66: 2 Thi dw . Lap phuong trinh hepebol (H). biét ring tigu diém trén Ox, d6 dai tigu cy 1a 10 va mot durimg tigm edn €6 phurong trinh 3x—4y=0. Gia ey Do ti idm én Ox nin (4 6 dang: *5~25 =I a Ta c6 2c = 10 =>c =S=> a’+ b’=c"= 25. ‘Tigm cin ob dang: y=t"x .Tir3x—4y=0 ya3x vay © a a {ai Tir 6 ta 66 hg phuong trinh: | 2 Vay (H) 66 phuong tri: Thi du 6: 2 Cho hypebol (H): al 9 1/ Tim dim M € (H) sao cho M nhin hai tigu 2/ Tim diém M €(H) sao cho ban kinh qua tiéu diém nay bang hai lan bin sm dudi géc 60°. kinh qua tigu diém kia. 1/ Goi F), F; lan lugt la hai tigu diém trai va phai cua (H) thi F = (-5; 0) va F2= (5; 0). Gid sir M = (05 yo) € (H), khi d6: 274(5-x0:-¥o)- i) Lai cd: MF. ME =| MFj |. MF [eos60° cxul| ex cola Saigo] F @ afl al? (day a=4;0=5) Tir (1) (2) suy ra hg phurong trinh sau dé xée dinh (xa yo): ee XO _ YO oy 16 9 9x) — l6y9 = 144 (3) 2 2 _|(16+5x9)(16-Sx0)] et amen) 32 Giai hg (3) (4) dé dang ta co: x} = Vay trén (H) c6 bon diem phai tim: (MEE (2B af HE Og HE, 8) . 5 5 ars ss yt pss 2/ Ta e6: MF, = 2MF; hoc MF)= 2MF). + Néu MF/=2MF) ta €6: [44+ 5%9| 3116+ 5x9 |5}32 109 | atta ferns 9x} —16y9 = 148 as Vay 06 hg phone trinh 2X0 16¥0 [16+ 5x [=[32—10x9 | + Tuong tyr sé thay truong hop MF;=2MF; dan dén mét hé vo nghigm (céc ban ty nghiém Iai), Vay e6 hai diém can tim : w (2-2) ma 8 *s 2) Thi du 7: . 17 Cho (C) la dung cong ¢6 phuong trinh: y? + 4y — 4x = 0. Bing phép tinh tién true toa 46, chimg minh (C) la mét parabol. Xac dinh tiéu diém va dudng chudn cla parabol nay. 2/ Cang cau hdi nhur phin 1/ voi (C): x7+ 6x —y+8=0. 1/ Viét lai (C) dudi dang: (y +2)°— 4 — 4 ;, [Xexel : Thye hign phép thay doi: fe ay+2? thi tir (1) ta c6: Y Der(ytay=altx (1) Q) 275Nhu vay (2) c6 dang Y?= 2pX. Trong hé toa 46 méi (X; Y), day la parabol c6 tham s6 tiéu p= 2 2p =4 <> eo 2), Parabol nhén (0;0) lam dinh; true di xing YY = 0; Tigu diém (1;0) (chi y a P=1),dudng chudn la X Tro vé bién ci: poet > yt a =x = Onhén dim Sc 5-2) lam dinh; a4 jo x Ax+2=0 (P) dudi dang: (x +3)'-y-1=0 ¢> (x +3) Xax+3 Dat a Y= ye! Tir (3) suy ra, trong hé (X; Y), (3) 66 dang X"=2pY. Khi dé ta 06 2p =1 P + Vay parabol nin (0:0) lim dinh,trye d6i xing la X =0, tiéu diém la (:%) vva durdmg chudn Y = ( 0; A dung chun ( *) Tro vé bién ci thi (P) 14 parabol nhan (~3;-1) lam dinh, truc doi ximg la 4 3 ji 5 3; tiéu diém F(-3;-= ) va duong chudn y=—= itu diém F(-3;-5) chun y =F Thi dy 7: Cho parabol y’ = 4x va hai diém A(0; 4), B(-6; 4) \/ Tim trén (P) diém C sao cho ABC J tam gid vudng tai A. 2/ Tim trén (P) diém C sao cho tam gid ABC c6 dign tich bé nhat. G 1/ Dé thdy dung thing néi AB cd phuong trinh: 4x + 3y + 12 Vay duéng thing d vudng géc vi AB 6 dang: ~3x + 4y + m=0. 276Do (d) qua A(0; -4) => -16m=0 => m Tird6 diém C 1a nghiém eda hé phurong trinh: (5) orsemel Vay C16; 8), e(€ -) la hai diém phai tim. 6. Vay d: 3x + dy +16=0. 21 Ta cb Swac= 4 AB.CH. Do AB khéng d6i nén Sagc dat gif tri nho nhat Khi CH mhé nhét. Goi C(x; yo) € (P), ta c6 (theo céng thire tinh khoang cach tir mot diém dén m6t dung thing). a 4X0 +3y0 +121 _lyg +3y9 +121 3 5 cH §2. BAITOAN VE SY TUONG GIAO CUA CONIC VOI CAC DUONG KHAC _ Trong muc nay xét céc bai todn vé sy trong giao cla dudng conic v thing, duimg tron hoc gita céc conic v6i nhau: Phuong phap téu dua vao két q Cho hai dung lan ligt ¢6 phurong trinh f(x,y) = m; eCxy)=n Khi d6 s8 giao diém cia hai ducing bing s6 nghigm cia hé phurong trinh: f(x.y)=m (I) le(xy)=n (2) Khi dé toa 46 (x;y) ctla cdc giao diém chinh lé nghiém cia hé phuong trinh trén. ‘Nhu vay bai toan vé sy tuong giao cia céc dutng quy vé khio st hé phurong. trinh dang (1) va (2). Thi du 1 1/ Ching minh ring voi mgi m, (H) va d luén cit nhau tai A, B thuge hai nhanh khac nhau cia (H) (gia sit x4 < Xs). . 2/ Tim M sao cho BF)= 2AF;, 6 diy F,(-3; 0) va F,(3; 0) la cc tigu diém cua (H) anV7 Xéhg phuomg rin \r « (ax-y+m=0 Tir (I) din dén phusong trinh: 4x?— dmx ~ m?- 8 = 0(1). cee 6 ae : Vi 2 <0 voi moi m, nén (1) lu6n 6 hai nghigm tri du véi moi m. Vay (H) va d ludn eft nhau tai A, B trong 48 x4 a. Vi E> 1 nén tir (2) suy ra: a Stan a = 3x - | = -2 — Oxy & 6x44 Ixgt 1 =0 Do Xa, Xp la hai nghiém cia (1), nén theo dinh li Vi-¢t ta cd: (xq#ay=m (4) £84) (6 diy a= Ire= a) (iva 1se=3) m8 Xatxpem 3 Tir (3) va (4) ta 06 hé: { ay ‘Thay (II) vao (5) va c6: 63m? + 36m ~ 68 ~6+16)2 - Te {D6 la cdc id tr edn tim cia tham sé m. Thi dy 2: a ee ie ; Cho eli (E)€6 phuong tinh 5+ =1 vi dudng thing d: 2x +15y-10-0. Ching minh d cét (E) tai hai diém phan bigt A, B, trong 46 A € Ox. Tim d6 dai doan AB. sn, «ttt 6 giao diém ciia d va (E) bing sé nghigm cia hg phuong trinh: 27810-15y fx-so~o 3B 2 2 © 6 xo-ty-5 ax+15y-10=0 [sy?-sy=0 [X75 Vay A(5;0) vi BG 4 $), Rong A € Ox va AB = 2422 Thi de 3:7 . f, Cho elip (E) e6 phuong trinh: *— ! tip (E) 6 phony tinh: A va didm MC:1), Viet phony tri dong thing Px qua M va cit (E) tai hai diém phan bigt A,B sao —\— cho M la trung diém cia AB. sl ‘ Sy Giai > Dung thing qua M e6 hai dang: 1/ Néu x = I khi d6 d8 thay x= 1 eft (E) tai : ‘A,, By (xem hinh vé) va ta ¢6 ngay: MB,>3> MA, ‘Vi thé logi kha nang nay. 2 Néuy = K(x— 1) + leo kx—y +1 -k=0 Khi d6 toa d6 (x:y) ciia cdc giao diém A, B cia d véi (E) la nghiém cia hé phurong trinh: aie ( wk Oy © (ask? +9)x? +50k(1k)x-+25(I-k)*-215=0. (2) 23°90 kx -y+1- ‘BE he (1) (2) 66 hai nghigm phan bigt, trude tién ta can 66: A= 25k°(1 - k)’- [25(1 —ky'— 225](25k" + 9) > 0 @) Khi théa man (3), gia sir hé (1) (2) c6 hai nghiém phan bigt (x); yi), (25 yo). Do M(1; 1) la trung diém cia A,B nén ta 06: x) + x= 2. Theo inh Viet ta e6: SEO =) 9 co k= Sk? +9 25 (chiy k= 2 théa man (3): Ban doc ty kiém tra digu nay.) =0€29x + 25y~34=0 la dudng thing can tim. Thi du 4 e Cho hai elip: E); we Ta Ex > ‘Viét phuong trinh duong tron di qua giao tren, 29Goi toa 46 (x: y) i ed giao did cia (E,) va (Ef nghigm eva hé phuong tinh x +16 y? = 16 432 2 eee 4x +9y' =36 35 Digu dé chimg t6 ring E, va E> edt nhau tai 4 diém phan biét 2 Negodi ra ta ¢6:x? +y? = 22, suy ra bén giao diém cia ching nim trén duong ; 2 tron (C): x? + y? are (C) chinh ld duéng tron can tim. §3. CAC BAI TOAN DINH TINH VE BA DUONG CONIC Logi 1: Céc bai toan sir dyng dinh nghta cia ba diving conic Thi du 1: Cho parabol (P) y'=2px va ding thing A di dong di qua tiéu diém F cia parabol va cit (P) tai hai diém phan bigt M, N. Chimg minh ring cée duémg tron dung kinh MN ludn tiép xiic voi mOt dudmg thing c6 dinh, Ké NH va MK vuéng gée voi during : hun A: (x = -2 chun a: (x= -5 4 ‘Theo dinh nghia cia parabol ta c6: NF=NH, MF = MK IES Viy NF + MP-=NH + MK | x hay MN = NH + MK. x Goi | 1a trung diém MN, tacé: U = Ao + MK), J la inh chiéu cia I trén (A) (do 1J 14 dudng trung, binh cia hinh thang NHKM), Nhu véy = MN. Didu do chimg td ring dudng tron dudng kinh MN luén luén tiép xtic voi ‘dung chudn A cla (P) => dpem. 280Thi dy 2: Cho hai durig trin (C,) 66 tm Fy, ban kinh Ry; (C2), €6 tam F>, bn kinh Ro, trong d6 R, > Ry va 0 < FiF:< Ry ~ Rp, Goi M la tim cc dung trdn (C) di dong sao cho (C) tiép xic trong v6i (Ci) va tiép xiée ngoai véi (C:). Tim quy tich cia M. A Goi M la tam cia (C) tiép xiic ngoai véi (C2) tai B, con tiép xi trong véi (Ci) tA Tacs: [ME=RIOMA a * TMF) =; +MB. Do MA = MB (cing bang ban kinh cia (C). Do é tir (1) suy ra: MF, + MF;= R, + R= const. Theo dinh nghia cia elip, ta suy ra quy cia M li elip nhdn Fy va Fs la hai tiéu Arye Kin fa Ri + Re Chi: Ta xét trung hop cy thé : (Co (+5) + = 441; (Ca): (x — 5)°+ y= 25. Khi d6, ta 06: Fi(-S; 0) va Ry = 21; Fx(5; 0) va Ro= 5. Tacd Ri + R= 26 suy ra: a= 13: FiF:=10;¢=5;b=12. Vay quy tich cia M 1a elip voi phuong trink: ae 169 "144 Thi du 3: Cho dudng tron tim F, bén kinh bing 2a va mot diém F, & ngoai dudng tron. Tim quy tich tim dung tron qua F; va tiép xic voi duong trén. Xét hai kha nding sau: * Duong tron tim M bin kinh rtiép xc ngoai véi dung tron (F,; 2a). Goi tigp diém 1a 1. Ta c6 MF, = MI-+ IF) = MF:+ 2a. => MF, -MF:= 2a. oO + Dudng tron tim M ban kinh rtiép xic trong voi duémg tron (F\; 2a). Goi | la tiép diém, ta 6: MF\=MI-IF,= MF)~2a => MF;~MF,=2a @ Tir(1), (2) suy ra:iMF\~ MF2|=2a (3) Vay tis 3) qu tich tim M cde during tron di qua F, va tiép xGe voi durimg tron (Fi: 2a) la hhypebol nhan F),F> lam hai tiéu diém va true thye bing 2a. 281Xét vi dy oy thé sau: Duimg tron tim F(-S; 0). Khi dd ¢ = 5; 2a=R=4 => a= 2, dodd: b’ = c’ ~ a? = 21, Vay qui tich tam M [a hypebol (H) vi phuong, 2 ‘Trén mat phing cho elip (E) ¢6 phuong trinh: ay 7 n trén (E) sa0 cho AF, + BFy 6 hai tigu diém F), Fy; A va B la hai Tinh AF: + BF; Giai I suy ra (E) 66 tryc In 2a= 10. Theo dinh nghia elip thi: (AF, + AF:) = (BF, + BF) => AF: + BFi=(AF, + AF;) + (BF, + BF2)— (AF) + BF) 10+ 10-8= 12, Logi 2: Mét sé bai todn din tinh vé ba dug conic: Thi dye 1: 2 DoM e(H) > “84 @ * Thay (2) vao (1) va 06: ab? a(M,a)4(M.a) = ‘const => dpem. 282\ -+ wiem F wy iA va B, Ching in rang tich céc khong cach tir A, B én truc cia (P) 1d mot hang sé. (P) 06 dang: y? Vay, tiéu Gia px, nén ta c6 p= 2, F eiia(P) la FO:0) Xét hai kha nang sau * Néu AB // Oy. Khi dé ta c6 hai giao diém 1a ACI; 2), BCI: -2). Tir d6 suy ra: (A, Ox).4(B, Ox) * Néu AB khéng song song véi Oy. suy ra AB c6 dan; Ye(x~1) okx-y-k=0 Gia sit n6 edt (P) tai As, By. Toa 46 cia Aj, By lit nghigm cia hé: een ee. 2 + 2 24x ytk Vay tung 46 cia Ay, By la nghigm ota phurong trinh: ky? 4y — 4k = 0(1) ‘Soi yis yo ld nghigm cia (1), Khi d6 yiys= 4 “a.c6: d(A), Ox).d(B), Ox) 4m Iai, ludn €6 d(A, Ox).d(B, Ox) \ 1 1 \ Iyillyal = Iyiyel = 4. const (dpem). Udy 3 (Dé thi Dai hoc, Cao Ding khdi D~ 2008) 2 parabol (P): y’ = 16x va diém A(1; 4). Hai diém B, C thuge (P) sao cho 7 # A; gée BAC = 90°, Chimg minh ring day cung BC lun di qua mét ‘inh Gia 2 a =| thuge (P). Ta 66: 16 AC = 90°, nén ta 66: se (m=4)(n-4)=0 1 — m? ~16)(n? ~16 BRB 00 Jo" “19 > (m+ 4)(n + 4) +256 = 0 (do B,C 4A nénm #4, #4) mn + 4(m +n) +272 283a) 1a vecto chi phuong cia duéng thing BC nén veeta phép tuyén eta duémg thing BC la i = (-% nem } - Do 46, during thing qua B,C 6 dang: ( }-"o-m-0 <9 -16x + m?+(m + ny -(n + m)m=0 2 =16x + (m+ ny + 4(m +n) +272=0 @) Bat m + n= a thi (3) tro thanh: Hl6x + ay +4a+272=0e2-16x+2724a(y +y)=0 (4) Goi (xo:yo) 1a dim c6 dinh cia ho (4), ta e6 hé phuwong trinh sau: “16 =0 [x9= 9 +272=0 [xq =17 yo+4=0 youd Vay day cung BC ludn di qua diém cé dinh (17; 4) (dpem). BAI TAP TY'GIAI Bai 1: Trén mat ping cho etp (E) ¢6 phuong tinh: 7 Jugt la tigu diém trai va phai cia (E). Tim diém Me(E) sao cho MF\ ~ MF)=2, ip sé: M=(J3:N8) va (3:3) Bai 2: Trén mat phing toa dé Oxy, hay lip phuong trinh chinh tic cia elip (B) c6 d6 dai tryc lon bang 4V/2, cée dinh trén true nhé va hai tigu diém cing nim trén mot dong tron. bép si: 4X1 va diém MQ; 1). Viét Bai 3: Trén mat phing, cho hypebol (H): phuong trinh duéng thing qua M cit (H) tai A va B sao cho M [a trung diém cia AB. Dip sé: 3x-y-5=0. 284Bai 4: Cho hypebol (H) c6 phuong trinh: a a 11 Xét cde diém M(16;6V3 ) va N(8; 0) thuge (H). Tim cée = giao diém P,Q cia dung thing A ndi M, N véi (H). 2/ Chimg minh céc tung diém cia MN va PQ tring nhau. Daip sé: »(12 45:33 -9) va Qf12-+4V5.303-+9) Bai $: Trén mat phing, cho elip (): va hypebol (H): |. Lap phuong trinh dung tron (C) di qua giao diém cia (B) va (H). Dap sb (CO) + y" Bai 6: Trén mat phing toa d@ Oxy cho parabol (P) c6 phuong trinh y diém (0; 2). Tim toa 49 hai diém M, N © (P) sao cho IM =4IN . My (4:~2).Ni (Ie!) Diip si M, (36:6).N2(9:3). Bai 7: Trén mat phiing, cho parabol (P) va dudng thing d nhu sau: 2x: (A): 2my 2x-+ | 1/ Ching mink ring v6i moi gid tj cia m, (d) ludn di qua tigu diém F cia (P) ‘va cat (P) tai hai diém phan bigt M.N. 2/'Tim quy tich trung diém 1 cia dogn MN Khim thay 48% Dip sé: 2/ Qui ich ta parabol; y= x" + 4 Bai Cho dudng trén (C): (x + 2)? + y? = 36 va diém F(2; 0). Xét cdc dudng tron tm M di qua F> va tiép xie v6i (C). Tim qu tich tm M. Dap sd: Quy tich fa eli 285