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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1
CHNG 01
TNGQUANVMCHIN
CCPHNGPHPGIIMCHMTCHIU(DC)
Trc khi kho st cc nh ngha c bn v mch in, chng ta cn nhc li cc nim
vt l c bn nh sau:
Trong vt dn in, cc electron nm trn tng ngoi cng ca nguyn t c kh
nng di chuyn di tc dng nhit ( ti nhit mi trng ) c gi l electron t do .
Trong vt liu cch in, cc electron trn tng ngoi cng khng t do chuyn ng.
Tt c cc kim loi u l cht dn in.
Dng in l dng chuyn ng thun nht ca cc electrons qua vt dn.
1.1. KHI NIM V MCH IN CC PHN T HNH THNH MCH IN:

Mch in l mt mch vng hnh thnh lin tc (khng gin on) bi cc vt dn,
cho php dng electrons i qua mt cch lin tc, khng c im m u v khng c im
kt thc.
Mch in c gi l gin on (h mch) khi cc vt dn khng to thnh mch
vng khp kn v cc electrons khng th di chuyn lin tc qua chng.
S khi m t cc thnh phn mch in trnh c by trong hnh 1.1 .
HNH 1.1: S khi m t cc thnh phn ca mch in.

Cc phn t chnh to thnh mch in thng c quan tm l: Phn T Ngun v Phn
T Ti.
Phn T Ngun bao gm cc thit b bin i cc dng nng lng: c nng, ha
nng , quang nng, nhit nng. . . sang in nng ( nh my pht in, pin , accu .. .)
Phn T Ti bao gm cc thit b hay cc linh kin nhn in nng chuyn ha thnh
cc dng nng lng khc nh: nhit nng (in tr), c nng (ng c in),ha nng (bnh in
gii) ..
Trong mt s cc mch in c th khng cha thnh phn chuyn i. Chc nng chnh
ca thnh phn chuyn i dng bin i thng s in p ngun cung cp (nh trng hp
my bin p) hoc bin i thng s tn s (trng hp ca b bin tn).
i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
1.2. CU TRC CA MCH IN :

Khi lin kt cc phn t trong mch in s dn n cc khi nim sau: Nhnh, Nt,
Vng, Mt li.
+
-
+
-
NHNH: l mt ng trn cha mt hay nhiu phn t lin kt vi nhau theo

phng php u ni tip.
CH : theo nh ngha trn trong mt
nhnh c th cha phn t ngun v phn t
ti (xem hnh 1.2).
NT : l giao im ca ti thiu ba nhnh
trong mt mch in .
Trong hnh 1.3 ta c cc nt : a, b, c,d.
nh ngha nt nh trn, c xc nh theo
quan nim c in; tng ng vi cc phng
php gii mch dng tay khng s dng cc
phn mm h tr dng my tnh. Trong trng hp
p dng phn mm Pspice hay Orcad gii tch
mch , nt c xem l giao im ca hai
nhnh.
VNG: l tp hp nhiu nhnh to thnh h
thng kn v ch i qua mi nt duy nht mt ln
Trong hnh 1.4 v 1.5 trnh by mt vng t

chn bng cch kt hp cc nhnh ang c trong mch
to thnh mt h kn. Ty thuc vo phng php t
hp cc nhnh ang c trong mch chng ta c th
hnh thnh nhiu vng khc nhau.
MT LI : c xem l vng c bn ni mt cch
khc: mt li l mt vng m bn trong khng tm
thy c vng no khc.
Trong hnh 1.6, chng ta c c 3 mt li
hay 3 vng c bn.
1.3. CC I LNG VT L C TRNG TNH CHT CA MCH IN :

Cc tnh cht ca mch in c c trng bi 4 i lng sau : dng in, in p,
cng sut v in nng .
1.3.1. DNG IN :
Trong trng hp tng qut, ta xem dng in tc thi i qua mt phn t l hm theo bin
s thi gian t .
Cng dng in i(t) c nh ngha l tc bin thin ca lng in tch dq
qua tit din ca phn t trong khang thi gian kho st dt .
i t
dq t
(1.1)
dt
Trong , n v o ca in tch [q] = [Coulomb]; [t] = [s] ; [ i ] = [A]

Nh vy, chng ta c th kt lun: mc ch ca mch in l di chuyn in tch vi
tc mong mun dc theo ng nh trc. S chuyn ng ca in tch to thnh dng
in. Dng dch chuyn ca cc in tch trn dy dn cho
chng ta khi nim dng in hnh thnh trn dy dn.
dq
Khi qui c hng ca dng in ngc vi

hng chuyn dch ca cc electron (in tch m) .
Chng ta c th xem hng ca dng in l hng
chuyn dch ca in tch dng
TH D 1.1:
Cho in tch i qua phn t xc nh theo quan h: q 6t2 12t
mC
a/. Xc nh dng in i ti thi im t = 0 v t = 3s.

b/. Suy ra tng in tch truyn qua phn t trong khong thi gian tnh t lc t=1s n t = 3s.
GII:
a/. p dng quan h (1.1) chng ta suy ra:
dq d
6t2 12t 12t 12

dt dt
mA
Suy ra:
Lc t = 0 : i = -12 mA v lc t = 3s : i = 24 mA.
b/. Vi quan h ca q theo thi gian t cho trong u bi; chng ta xc nh lng in tch truyn
qua phn t theo php tnh nh sau:
Q qt 3 qt 0
Q 6t2 12t
t3
6t2 12 t
t0
6.32 12.3 18 mC
1.3.2. IN P :
Theo l thuyt tnh in, in th to ra ti mt im l cng cn thit di chuyn mt

in tch +1 C i t im xa v cc n im kho st . Thng chng ta qui c in th ca
im xa v cc l 0V .
in th chnh lch (hay hiu in th) gia hai im A, B c nh ngha l :
v AB v A vB
(1.2 )
Trong :
vAB : hiu in th gia hai im A, B .
vA : in th ti im A.
vB : in th ti im B.
Thut ng hiu in th gia 2 im A,B cn c gi l in p gia hai im A, B .

Dng in i qua phn t ti trong trng hp ny s theo
hng t u c in th cao (k hiu qui c dng du +) v u c
in th thp hn ( k hiu qui c dng du - ). Trong mch in ta c
th s dng cc k hiu sau biu din cho in p v v dng i qua phn
t .
v = va vb
1.3.3. CNG SUT :
Vi nh ngha hiu in th nh trn; chng ta c th hiu hiu in th gia hai u phn

t l cng cn thit di chuyn in tch 1C i t u ny sang u cn li. Nh vy, khi gia
hai u phn t tn ti in p v (t) hnh thnh dng in i(t) qua phn t; ta ni phn t
c cp in nng (v hnh thnh cng di chuyn in tch qua phn t).
in nng cung cp cho phn t trong mt n v thi gian gi l cng sut; gi p(t) l
cng sut, ta c quan h:
p t v t .i t
(1.3)
Trong n v o : [v]=[V] ; [i] = [A] ; [p] = [W].

Chng ta cn quan tm n vn cng sut tiu th (nhn vo) trn phn t v cng sut
cung cp (pht ra) t phn t. Khi kho st vn ny chng ta cn bit :
u dng thc s ca in p trn phn t.
Chiu dng thc t ca dng in qua phn t.
+
+
E
TRNG HP MCH MT CHIU:
VR
R
I
Xt mch in n gin bao gm: phn t ngun l pin hay

accu c sc in ng E v phn t ti l in tr R, xem hnh 1.7.
Trong mch in ny chng ta xc nh c u in th + thc
s trn hai u ca cc phn t ; v hng dng in thc t
HNH 1.7
qua mch in. Chng ta c th thc hin qui

c sau khi cn c vo hng dng in v
in p t trn hai u cc phn t
p > 0 : phn t tiu th cng sut.

p < 0 : phn t pht ra cng sut .
+
v
p = v.i < 0
Phan t phat ra nang lng
v
p = v.i > 0
Phan t tieu thu nang lng
TRNG HP MCH TNG QUT:
Trong mch in nu chng ta qui c hng dng in qua phn t t u dng ga

thit ca in p trn phn t; trng hp ny ta ni phn
t tha qui c du th ng. Cng sut xc nh trn phn
t gi l cng sut tc thi v th hin ngha c m t
p(t1) > 0
nh sau:
p(t1)
Vi qui c du th ng ta c:
p(t)
t2
t1
p(t2)
p(t2) < 0
HNH 1.8
Ti thi im t1 cng sut p(t1) >0 ; phn t thc t

tiu th cng sut .
Ti thi im t2 cng sut p(t2) <0 ; phn t thc t
cung cp cng sut .
Trong trng hp chng ta qui c chiu dng gi
thit ca dng in i t u sang u + ca in p cc
gi tr ca cng sut tc thi nhn c c th hiu tng
t theo cch sau:
Khi p(t) > 0 phn t cung cp cng sut.

Khi p(t) < 0 phn t tiu th cng sut.
1.3.4. IN NNG :
Khi mt phn t c cng sut l p(t) trong khang thi gian dt in nng tiu th ( hay pht
ra) trn phn t :
dw(t) p(t).dt
(1.4 )
Ta c th tnh dw bng quan h khc nh sau :
dw(t) v(t).i(t).dt
(1.5 )
Trng hp tng qut, khi khang thi gian kho st tnh t thi im to n thi im t ,
in nng c xc nh theo quan h sau:
t v(t).i(t).dt
(1.6 )
Trong cc cng thc trn, n v o lng c xc nh nh sau:

[ w ] = [ J ] ; [ v ] = [V] ; [ i ] = [A] ; [ t ] = [ s ]
1.4. PHN T NGUN :

i vi phn t ngun ta c th phn lai nh sau :
Ngun p c lp , ngun p ph thuc.
Ngun dng c lp, ngun dng ph thuc .
1.4.1. NGUN P C LP:
Ngun p c lp l lai ngun p c kh nng duy tr in p v gia hai u ngun c

lp i vi cc phn t cn li ca mch v dng in qua ngun.
vs(t)
+v
Vo
+
HNH 1.9
Trong cc s mch chng ta biu din ngun p c lp

bng k hiu trnh by trong hnh 1.9. Ngun p c lp c
xc nh bi hai yu t:
Hm vs(t) gi l hm ngun ca ngun p c lp.
Mt cp du +, - ghi bn trong ngun cho bit u
dng gi thit ca ngun p.
Ngun p c lp c th c hm ngun tha cc dng nh sau, xem hnh 1.10a v 1.10b.

Ngun p khng i ( ngun DC).
Ngun p xoay chiu hnh sin.
Ngun p dng hm m i vi thi gian.
Ngun p dng sng rng ca. . .
vs
v s t Vo
V
v s t o .t
T
vs
t 0
Vo
Vo
0 t T
t
0
Ham nguon dang hang so

(nguon ap mot chieu DC)
chu ky T
2T
Ham nguon dang rang ca
Hnh 1.10a: Cc dng in p mt chiu v p rng ca.

vs
Vo
v s t Vo
t
.e T
0 t
T : thi hang
vs
v s t Vo . sint 0 t 2
chu ky T
Vo
t
Ham nguon dang mu

- Vo
Ham nguon dang sin
HNH 1.10b: Cc dng ngun p c lp vi theo thi gian t ca.

1.4.2. NGUN DNG C LP :
Ngun dng c lp c kh nng duy tr dng in i qua nhnh cha ngun tun theo
hm cho trc i vi thi gian t, bt chp cc phn t cn li trong mch m ngun c
kt ni vo.
Dng in i(t) ca ngun dng, c lp vi in p t ngang qua hai u ngun dng.
CH : Trong thc t, ngun dng thng ch gp trong cc mch tng ng thay th cho
cc linh kin bn dn, hay trong cc mch bn cc. Trong cc s mch
chng
ta biu din ngun dng c lp bng k hiu trnh by trong hnh
is(t)
1.11.
Ngun dng c lp c xc nh bi hai yu t:
Hm is(t) gi l hm ngun ca ngun dng c lp.
Mt mi tn v bn trong ngun cho bit chiu dng gi thit
ca ngun dng
HNH 1.11
Cc dng hm ngun ca ngun dng c th thay i theo thi gian
c cc dng tng t nh trnh by cho ngun p trong hnh 1.10
1.4.3. NGUN P PH THUC :
Ngun p ph thuc hay ngun p b iu khin l lai ngun p c gi tr in p v gia hai

u ca ngun, ph thuc hay b iu khin bi mt in p hoc mt dng in ni no khc
trong mch
Chng ta c th chia ngun p ph thuc thnh hai dng:
Ngun p ph thuc p.
vs
Ngun p ph thuc dng.
K hiu ca ngun p ph thuc trnh by trong hnh 1.12.

1.4.4. NGUN DNG PH THUC :
HNH 1.12
Ngun dng ph thuc hay ngun dng b iu khin l lai ngun dng c gi tr dng in i
qua ngun, ph thuc hay b iu khin bi mt in p hoc mt dng in ni no khc trong
mch
Chng ta c th chia ngun dng ph thuc thnh hai dng:
Ngun dng ph thuc p.
Ngun dng ph thuc dng.
K hiu ca ngun dng ph thuc trnh by trong hnh 1.13.
is
HNH 1.13
1.5. PHN T TI CA MCH IN:

Cc phn t ti ca mch bao gm 3 phn t chnh : phn t thun tr R , phn t thun
cm c t cm L , phn t thun dung c in dung C. c tnh ca cc phn t c tm tt
nh sau:
i
1.5.1. IN TR- NH LUT OHM :
Gi i l dng in qua in tr v v l in p xut hin gia

hai u R , du in p v v hng dng i trnh by trong hnh 1.14 .
in tr R tha quan h p v dng (nh lut Ohm) sau y :
v(t) R.i(t)
HNH 1.14
(1.7 )
Trong : [ v ] = [V] ; [ R ] = [ ] ; [ i ] = [A]

Cng sut tc thi tiu th trn phn t R c xc nh theo cc quan h nh sau :
p(t) v(t).i(t) R.i2 (t)
v 2 (t)
R
(1.8)
Trong :[p]=[w] ; [i]= [A] ; [v]=[V] ; [R] = []

Trong mt s bi ton mch, chng ta nh ngha i lng in dn G l gi tr nghch
o ca in tr, ta c quan h :
1
R
(1.9)
n v o ca in dn G l Siemens [S] ; trong mt s ti liu ca M n v ca in

dn l Mho (). T cc quan h (1.8) v (1.9) chng ta c:
p(t)
i2 (t)
G.v 2 (t)
G
(1.10)
Khi s dng phn t in tr R chng ta cn quan tm n cc khi nim sau:

Ngn mch l s kin m ti v tr ngn mch xem nh c in tr R = 0 ; hay gi tr
in dn l v cng ln G = . Tm li ti v tr ngn mch xem tng ng nh mt vt dn
in l tng.
H mch l s kin m ti v tr h mch xem nh tng ng vi in dn G = 0 S
( hay 0 ) ; hoc gi tr in tr R = . Tm li ti v tr h mch xem tng ng nh mt vt
cch in l tng.
1.5.2. IN CM- HIN TNG T CM :
a
b
E
HNH 1.15
Trc khi kho st quan h gia dng v p xut hin

trn phn t in cm; chng ta nh li cc kin thc v hin
tng t cm . Xt mch trong hnh 1.15.
K
R
L
ng kha K v v tr a, ta quan st thy c bng n

khng chy sng tc thi m sng ca tim n ng hng ri mi
sng ln hn .
Khi h thng mch in trn ang hat ng , n ang chy
sng, ta bt tht nhanh kha K sang v tr B (tch ngun pin hay accu
c sc in ng E khi mch ti), bng n khng bin mt sng
tc thi m nh sng lu dn ri mi tt hn.
a
b
E
i
K
E
L
HNH 1.16 : Chiu dng in qua mch ti hai trng thi ca kha K.
e L
di
dt
Ta ni khi kha K v tr B
trong mch xut hin mt
ngun p ; chnh phn t in cm
hnh thnh sc in ng ti
thi im ny. Theo l thuyt in
t, cun cm hnh thanh sc
ien ng t cm. Theo nh lut
cm ng in t sc in ng t
cm ny l mt dng ca sc in
ng cm ng; p dng cng thc
Faraday ta c quan h sau:
(1.11 )
T quan nim trn, ta c th rt ra cc nhn xt khi kho st chiu dng in qua mch trong hnh 1.16
theo hai trng hp: kha K ti a v kha K ti b. Trong th nghim trn, do s kin bng n khng tt tc
thi, c ngha l dng in trong mch khng trit tiu tc thi ti thi im chuyn mch, ni khc i dng
in qua mch khng i hng. T , chng ta c th rt ra mi tng quan gia in p v t trn 2 u
in cm (khi xem in cm l phn t ti) vi sc in ng t cm e ( khi xem in cm l phn t ngun)
nh sau :
e v L
di
dt
hay
vL
di
dt
(1.12 )
Khi xem phn t in cm l phn t ti, cng sut tc thi p nhn c trn phn t l :
p(t) v(t).i(t) L
di
.i(t)
dt
dw p(t).dt L.i(t).di
T , chng ta c th xc nh nng lng tch tr trong t trng ca in cm trong
khang thi gian t0 n lc t theo quan h sau:
t
dw L
t i(t).di 2 L[i (t) i (to )]

2
Nu chn, mc nng lng ti thi im t0 l w(t0) tng ng gi tr dng in i(to) = 0 ; ta suy

ra quan h sau :
w(t)
1 2
L.i (t)
2
(1.13)
1.5.3. T IN- HIN TNG NP IN :
Tng t nh trng hp kho st cc tnh cht ca cun cm, trc khi kho st cc
tnh cht ca t in, ta nh li hin tng phn cc in mi bn trong t in phng v s
tch in phng in trong mch cha t in .
Vi t in phng, c hai bn cc l cc tm kim lai phng b tr i din song song nhau, khang
khng gian gia hai bn cc l in mi. Khi t in p v gia hai bn cc, trong khang khng gian gia
hai cc xut hin in trng E lm cc phn t ca in mi b phn cc thnh cc phn t lng cc
in. Do hin tng hng ng tnh in, cc bn cc kim lai ca t in s tch cc in tch i tnh vi
cc lng cc in ca in mi (trong trng thi phn cc v cc lng cc in ny ang v tr gn st
bn cc). Dng in tch di chuyn trn mch ngai ca t cp cc in tch n bn cc ca t c gi
l dng in np in tch cho t ; hin tng np in tch trn c th quan st tun t trong hnh 1.8 .
Dng in np in tch trn cc bn cc ca t (dng in ny hnh thnh trong mch

ngai ca t) c xc nh theo quan h sau : i
dq
dt
a./ t in p u ln hai
bn cc ca t in lm
xut hin in trng E
b./ in trng to s
phn cc in mi
a n hin tng
hng ng tnh in
E
+
+
-
+
+
-
E
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
- +
+
- - +
+
+
+
-
c./ Hin tng hng ng

tnh in lm xut hin
cc in tch trn cc
bn cc ca t in.
+
+
-
-+ -+ - +
-+ -+ -+
-+ -+ -+
-+
-+
-+ -+
-+ -+
-+ -+ -+
+ -+
+ -+
+ -+
-+ - + -+ -+ -+ -+ -
+ -+ -+ -+ + -+ -+ -+ + -+ -+ -+ -
HNH 1.17: Hin tng np in tch trn cc bn cc t in v sinh ra dng np in tch mch ngai.
Trong q l in lng chy trong mch ngai v gi tr ny bng vi lng in tch tch
trn mi bn cc, ta cn c quan h : q C.v . T suy ra :
i C.
dv
dt
(1.14 )
Cng sut tc thi nhn trn phn t t in xc nh theo quan h sau y :
p(t) v(t).i(t) v(t).C.
dv
dt
p(t).dt C.v(t).dv
Nng lng tch tr trong in trng ca t in trong khang thi gian t0 n lc t theo
quan h sau:
t
dw C
t v(t).dv 2 C[v
o
(t) v 2 (to )]
Nu chn, mc nng lng ti thi im t0 l w(t0) tng ng gi tr dng in i(to) = 0; ta

suy ra quan h sau :
w(t)
1 2
C.v (t)
2
(1.15)
1.6. CC NH LUT C BN CA MCH IN :

Cc nh lut c bn c s dng gii mch bao gm hai nh lut:
nh lut bo tan in tch ti mt nt, hay nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
nh lut bo tan in p trong mt vng, hay nh lut Kirchhoff 2.
Tt c cc nh lut ny u da trn nh lut bo tan nng lng.
10
1.6.1. NH LUT KIRCHHOFF 1 (L K1):
nh lut ny c th pht biu theo mt trong hai phng php :

PHNG PHP I S:
Tng gi tr i s dng in ti mt nt = 0
Theo cch pht biu ny, chng ta c th qui c :
Dng in vo nt c gi tr dng.
Dng in ra khi nt c gi tr m.
PHNG PHP S HC:
Tng gi tr dng in vo nt = Tng gi tr dng in ra khi nt
CH : Trong qu trnh gii mch (thng l mch DC) khi cha bit r hng dng in i trn nhnh, ta
c th chn ty hng chuyn dch cho dng in trn nhnh. Khi gii c kt qu:
Nu gi tr tnh c c gi tr dng dng in c hng thc t nh chn
Nu gi tr tnh c c gi tr m dng in c hng thc t ngc vi hng chn.
1.6.2. NH LUT KIRCHHOFF 2 (L K2):
nh lut ny c th pht biu theo mt trong hai phng php :

PHNG PHP I S:
Tng gi tr in p dc theo mt vng = 0
Theo cch pht biu ny, mun vit phng trnh nh lut Kirchhoff2 chng ta cn thc
hin qui trnh sau :
Chn chiu dng in chy trong vng kho st (chn ty ).
Xc nh in p xut hin gia hai u cc phn t .
Bt u t phn t trong mch (c chn lm chun), i theo chiu dng in
vit phng trnh in p . Nu in p trn cc phn t cng hng vi in p
ca phn t chun cc gi tr ny dng, v in p trn cc phn t ngc vi
hng in p ca phn t chun gi tr ny m.
PHNG PHP S HC:
Nu trong mch ta xc nh phn bit cc phn t ngun v phn t tiu th, ta c th
pht biu nh sau:
Tng in p cung cp t ngun = Tng in p t ngang qua 2 u tng phn t tiu th
+ R1.i -
V1
R1
VC
Khi p dng phng php ny, ta phi ch n

phng php ghp ni tip cc ngun ( trong vng ang
kho st ) l ni cng cc tnh hay ngc cc tnh .
+
-
+
-
V2
+
R2
VL
+
-
R2 .i
TH D 1.1: Vit phng trnh nh lut Kirchhoff 2 cho

mch vng sau y:
V3
u tin v dng in i qua mch vng.

Xc nh du ca tng in p trn cc phn t
(khong phi l phn t ngun); du ca in p ny xc
nh da theo hng dng in qua mch va v.
Bt u t ngun p V1 (chn lm chun), i theo
chiu dng in i, tac th vit c phng trnh nh
lut Kirchhoff 2 nh sau:
V1 (R1.i) v c V2 vL V3 (R2 .i) 0
11
Hay
V1 V3 V2 (R1.i) (R2 .i) v c vL

.a
V1
1A
R1
2 Ohms
.
b
R3
5 Ohms
i
12 V
R2 3 Ohms
+6
I1
3A
TH D 2: Tm dng i v in p uab trong

mch in sau ( hnh 1.18 )
R4
e
6 Ohms
1A
R5
4 Ohms
12 V
HNH 1.18
.
f
.
GII
in p gia hai nt e v f l 12 V,
suy ra dng in qua nhnh ef l :
12V
i ef
3A
4
in p gia hai nt c v d l 6 V,
suy ra dng in qua nhnh cd l :
6V
i cd
2A
3
Ti nt d, thnh lp phng trnh dng in theo L K1 ; ta c : icd 1A 1A ide

Suy ra dng in ide i t d n e l: icd ide 2A
Ti nt e, ta c phng trnh dng in theo L K1 nh sau : i ief ide . Suy ra :
i ide ief 2A 3A 1A
Vy gi tr dng in i (theo hng ang v trn hnh 1.10 ) c gi tr l (-1A) . iu ny c
ngha: dng in i thc s qua ngun V1 theo hng t b n e v c gi tr bng 1A.
in p uab c xc nh theo phng trnh nh lut Kirchhoff 2 nh sau:
v ab v ac v cd vde v eb
v ab 2V 6V 12V 12V
v ab 4 V
TH D 1.2: Tnh cng sut tiu th trn in tr R trong mch in hnh 1.19 sau y
HNH 1.19
12
GII
u tin xc nh in p gia hai nt c v n , da trn cc gi thit cho trn nhnh

cha ngun 8V ta suy ra :
v cn 8V (8 ).(2A) 8V 16V 24 V
Da vo in p vcn tm c, suy ra dng in i1 qua nhnh cha ngun p 6V:
v cn 6V
24 V 6V 18V
3A
6
6
p dng L K1 ta suy ra gi tr dng in i2 qua nhnh cha in tr 4
i2 i 2A 3A 2A 5 A
p dng L K2 ta suy ra in p vbn gia hai nt b v n:
vbn vbc v cn 4.i2 v cn 4.5 24 44 V

Da vo in p vbn tm c, suy ra dng in ibn qua nhnh cha in tr 11:
ibn
vbn
11
44 V
4A
11
p dng L K1 xc nh dng in iab i t nt a n nt b (qua ngun p 2V)
iab ibn i2 4 A 5 A 9A
p dng L K2 ta suy ra in p van gia hai nt av n:
v an v ab vbn 2V 44 V 42V
p dng L K1 suy ra dng in ian i t nt a n nt n (qua in tr R)
ian 11A iab 11A 9A 2A

Cng sut tiu th trn in tr R:
p v an.ian 42 2 84W
BI TP T MC 1.1 N 1.6
BI TP 1.1 Tnh dng i1, i2 v in p
vab trong hnh 1.20.
P S:
i1 = 3A ; i2 = 4A ; vab = 8 V
HNH 1.20
BI TP 1.2
Tnh dng i1 v p v trong hnh 1.21.
P S:
i1 = 1A ; v = 9 V
HNH 1.21
13
BI TP 1.3
Tnh in p v trong hnh 1.22.
P S:
v = 22 V
HNH 1.22
BI TP 1.4
Tnh dng i1, i2 trong hnh 1.23.
P S:
i1 = 5A ; i2 = 3A
HNH 1.23
BI TP 1.5
Tnh dng i v in p v trong hnh 1.24.
HNH 1.24
P S: i1 = 1A ; v = 12 V
BI TP 1.6
Tnh dng i trong hnh 1.25.
P S: i = 3 A
HNH 1.25
BI TP 1.7
Tnh dng i v cc in p
v1, v2 trong hnh 1.26.
P S:
v1 = 35 V; v2 = 8 V; i = 7 A
HNH 1.26
BI TP 1.8
Tnh in p v v in tr R trong mch
hnh 1.27.
HNH 1.27
P S:
R = 5 ; v = 9 V
14
BI TP 1.9
Tnh dng i v in p v trong mch hnh
1.28.
P S: i = 9A ; v = 52 V
HNH 1.28
BI TP 1.10
Tnh dng i1, i2 trong hnh
1.29.
P S:
i1 = 8mA ; i2 = 2mA
HNH 1.29
BI TP 1.11
Tnh dng ia, ib trong hnh 1.30.
P S:
ia = 8A ; ib = 2A; v = 160 V
HNH 1.30
BI TP 1.12
Tnh p vg v cc dng ia, ib trong hnh 1.31.
HNH 1.31
P S:
vg = 120V; ia = 1,2A ; ib = 0,3A
BI
TP 1.13
Tnh dng i t ngun cp n ti trong mch hnh 1.32.
P S: i = 8A
BI TP 1.14
HNH 1.32
Trong hnh 1.33, cho vs1 = 0 V ; vs2 = 6V; is1 = 6 A ;

is2 = 12 A, vi 4 trng hp sau:
a./ R = 0
b./ R = 6
c./ R = 9
d./ R = 10000
Xc nh iBA v vAC
P S:
a./ iBA = 5,33 A ; vAC = 34 V
b./ iBA = 3,2 A ; vAC = 27,6 V
c./ iBA = 2,66 A ; vAC = 26 V
d./ iBA = 0,005 A ; vAC = 18,01 V
HNH 1.33
15
1.7. CC PHNG PHP GII MCH C BN :

1.7.1. IN TR U NI TIP V CU PHN P:
Hai phn t k nhau c gi l u ni tip nu chng c chung mt nt v khng cn

dng no khc i vo nt.
Cc phn t khng k nhau c gi l ghp ni tip nu chng cng ghp ni tip vi
mt phn t.
i
v1
Xt mch in gm 3 phn t in tr:

R1 ; R2 v R3 u ni tip v cp ngun p v vo
mch. Trong mch vng (hay mt li) ch c
duy nht dng in i qua cc phn t. Gi v1 ; v2
v v3 ln lt l in p trn hai u ca mi
in tr, xem mch hnh 1.34.
R1
v
+
-
+
v2
-
R2
R3
-
v3
+
-
Rt
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta c quan h

sau:
HNH 1.34
v v1 v 2 v 3
(1.16)
T nh lut Ohm ta c cc quan h :
v1 R1.i
v 2 R2 .i
v 3 R3 .i
(1.17)
T (1.16) v (1.17) ta suy ra:
v R1 R2 R3 .i
(1.18)
Khi thay th cc in tr R1 ; R2 ; R3 bng mt in tr tng ng Rt . Ta c:
v Rt .i
(1.19)
So snh (1.18) v (1.19) suy ra biu thc xc nh in tr tng ng :
Rt R1 R2 R3
(1.20)
T cc quan h (1.16) v (1.17) suy ra cc quan h :
v
Rt
v
R1 R2 R3
(1.21)
Thay th quan h i (1.21) vo cc quan h (1.17) suy ra cc quan h xc nh in p

v1 ; v2 ; v v3 theo in p ngun v vi cc in tr R1 ; R2 v R3 .
Mch in cho trong hnh 1.34 c gi l mch chia p hay cu phn p.
v1
v2
v3
R1.v
R1 R2 R3
R2 .v
R1 R2 R3
R3 .v
R1 R2 R3
(1.22)
(1.23)
(1.24)
TNG QUT
Trng hp mch in c n in tr mc ni tip; h thng c cung cp in p ngun
l v. in p vn trn hai u in tr th n (Rn) trong h thng c xc nh theo quan h sau:
16
vn
Rn.v
Rt
Rn.v
(1.25)
Ri
i 1
TH D 1.3:
Cho mch in gm 3 in tr R1 = 560 ; R2

l bin tr c th iu chnh thay i tr s t 0
n x v R3 = 470 . Cp in p V = 12V ln hai
u mch . Xc nh:
a./ in p t ngang qua hai u in tr R2 theo bin s x.
b./ Phm vi thay i in p trn R2 nu x = 10 K.
c./ in p vab khi iu chnh thay i gi tr x trong phm vi t 0 n 10 K.
GII:
a./ in p trn R2 theo x: p dng (1.25) ta c kt qu sau,trong x tnh theo [K]:
v2
x.12
12x
12x
R1 R2 R3 0, 56 x 0, 47 x 1, 03
p v2 l hm theo bin s x, v2 = f(x) c dng hm nht bin, th l hyperbol vung gc

b./ Phm vi thay i gi tr v2 theo x: Khi x thay i t 0 n 10 K, p v2 thay i trong phm vi:
Khi x = 0 , ta c v2 = 0. Khi x = 10 K, th :
v2
12x
12.10
10, 897 V
x 1, 03 10 1, 03
c./ Phm vi thay i gi tr vab theo x: Tng t , chng ta xc nh trc tip in p vab bng
cch p dng cng thc cu phn p :
v ab
R2 R3 .v
R1 R2 R3
x 0, 47 .12
0, 56 x 0, 47
12 x 0, 47
x 1, 03
Khi x thay i trong phm vi t 0 n 10 K, ta c : Khi x = 0 th vab = 0,511 V.

Khi x = 10 K, th:
v ab
12 x 0, 47
x 1, 03
12 10 0, 47 11, 391
10 1, 03
1.7.2. IN TR U SONG SONG V CU PHN DNG:
i
i1
v
+
-
Hai phn t ghp song song nu chng

to thnh mt vng khng cha phn t no
khc.
i
i2
i3
v
R1
HNH 1.35
R2
R3
+
-
Rt
Cho mch in gm 3 phn t in tr:

R1 ; R2 v R3 u song song nhau v h thng
c cp nng lng bng ngun p v.
Gi i1 ; i2 v i3 ln lt l dng in i qua
cc nhnh cha tng in tr, xem mch hnh
1.35. p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ta c quan
h sau:
17
i i1 i2 i 3
(1.26)
T nh lut Ohm ta c cc quan h :
v R1.i1 R2 .i2 R3 .i3
(1.27)
T (1.26) v (1.27) suy ra:
v
v
v
R1 R2 R3
(1.28)
Thay th ton h thng cc in tr R1 ; R2 ; R3 bng in tr tng ng Rt. Ta c:
v Rt .i
(1.29)
So snh (1.28) v (1.29) ta c biu thc xc nh in tr tng ng theo cc in tr

thnh phn trn cc nhnh song song :
1
1
1
1
Rt R1 R2 R3
(1.30)
T cc quan h (1.29) v (1.30) suy ra:
v
Rt
1
1
1
v
1 R2 R3
(1.31)
Kh v trong cc quan h (1.27) v (1.31) suy ra:
1
.i
R1
i1
1
1
1
1 R2 R3
(1.32)
.i
R2
i2
1
1
1
1 R2 R3
(1.33)
.i
R
3
i3
1
1
1
1 R2 R3
(1.34)
Mch in trong hnh 1.35 c gi l mch chia dng hay cu phn dng
TNG QUT: Trong trng hp mch in c n in tr mc song song; vi v l in p
ngun v i l dng t ngun cp n mch song song. Dng in qua mch nhnh th n cha
in tr Rn c xc nh theo quan h sau:
1
.i
R
in n
n
1

R
i 1 i
(1.35)
18
Vi cc quan h va tm c, khi thay th gi tr nghch o ca in tr l in dn;

chng ta c th t c cc kt qusau. Gi in dn tng ng vi cc in tr R1 ; R2 v R3
ln lt l : G1 ; G2 v G3.
G1
1
R1
G2
1
R2
G3
1
R3
(1.36)
T (1.30) v (1.36) suy ra:
Gt G1 G2 G3
1
Rt
(1.37)
Cc quan h (1.33) n (1.34) c vit li nh sau:
i1
i2
i3
G1.i
G2 .i
G3 .i
Gt
Gt
Gt
G1.i
(1.38)
G1 G2 G3
G2i
(1.39)
G1 G2 G3
G3 .i
(1.40)
G1 G2 G3
TH TNG QUT:
in
Gn.i
(1.41)
Gi
i 1
TH D 1.4:
Cho mch theo hnh 1.35 : R1 = 1 ; R2 = 2 ; R3 = 4 ; dng t ngun I = 14 A . Xc nh :
a./ Dng qua mi in tr.
b./ p t ngang qua hai u ngun dng.
GII:
a./ Xc nh dng in trn R2 theo x: p dng quan h (1.32) hay (1.34) ta c:
1
1
.i
.14
R1
1

8
i1
1
1
1 1 1 1
R
R
R3 1 2 4
2
1
1
1
.i
.12
R2
2

4
i2
1
1
1 1 1 1
1 2 4
1 R2 R3
1
1
.i
.12
R
4
3
2
i3
1
1
1 1 1 1
R
1 2 4
R
R
1
2
3
19
b./ in p vab gia hai u ngun dng:
v ab R1.i1 1.8 8
1.7.3 BIN I IN TR T DNG Y SANG (V NGUC LI) :
PHM VI NG DNG :
Cng dng ca php bin i ny l n gin ha mt s mch in trong trng hp cn
thit d dng trong qu trnh gii mch in.
CC CNG THC BIN I :
TH1 : BIN I IN TR T Y SANG DELTA ( HAY ):
Xt mch ti in tr c u theo
hnh Y gia 3 nt a, b,c ; hnh 1.36.
Gi s cc in tr u Y c gi tr
c bit trc; ln lt l : Ra ; Rb ; Rc .
Ra
Rac
Rc
Ra
Rab
Khi thay th cc in tr Ra ; Rb ; Rc
Rc Rb
Rb
bng 3 in tr khc l : Rab ; Rbc ; Rca

ang u theo hnh gia 3 nt a,b,c .
Rbc
HNH 1.36
Rab Ra Rb
Rbc Rb Rc
Rca Rc Ra
Cc gi tr ca cc in tr thay th
tng tng trong mch tha cc quan
h sau:
Ra.Rb
(1.42)
Rc
Rb.Rc
(1.43)
Ra
Rc .Ra
(1.44)
Rb
TRNG HP C BIT:
Nu ti u Y cn bng : Ra = Rb = Rc = RY th ti qui i u cng cn bng v cho kt
qu sau:
Rab Rbc Rca R 3.RY
(1.45)
TH2 : BIN I IN TR T DELTA ( HAY ) SANG Y:
Xt mch in tr u ni theo dng

hnh gia 3 nt a, b,c ; hnh 1.37.
Gi s gi tr cc in tr trn mi
nhnh ti (u ) c bit trc ln
lt c gi tr l : Rab ; Rbc ; Rca .
Ra
Rac
Rab
Rc Rb
Rbc
Khi thay th cc in tr
Rab ; Rbc ; Rca bng 3 tng tr Ra ; Rb ; Rc
u theo hnh Y gia 3 nt a,b,c .
HNH 1.37
20
Gi tr ca cc in tr tng ng trong mch Y tha cc quan h sau:
Ra
Rb
Rc
Rab.Rca
(1.46)
Rab Rbc Rca

Rbc .Rab
(1.47)
Rab Rbc Rca

Rca.Rbc
(1.48)
Rab Rbc Rca
TRNG HP C BIT:
Nu ti u cn bng : Rab = Rbc = Rcc = R th ti qui i u Y cng cn bng v cho
kt qu sau:
Ra Rb Rc RY
(1.49)
TH D 1.5:
9
Cho mch in hnh 1.38, tm in tr trng ng khi

nhn mch t hai nt ad
GII:
Xc nh Rt khi p dng bin i Y sang :
c
9
Ti 3 nt a, b v d ta c 3 in tr 6 ang u theo
mch hnh Y. p dng quan h (1.45) thay th cc in tr ang
u Y sang , gi tr ca mi in tr tng ng l:
R 3.RY 3.6 18
HNH 1.38
9
Mch tng ng ca
mch trong hnh 1.38 c v li
trong hnh 1.39.
b
6
Sau khi thay th cc in tr

tng ng u theo mch .; ti
gia cc cp nt :ab ; bd v da ta
c hai in tr 9 v 18 ang
u song song. Thay th cc cp
in tr song song ny bng in
tr tng ng c gi tr l 6
c c mch thu gn n gin
hn.
18
9
18
18
d
HNH 1.39
d
HNH 1.40
12
p dng php thay th in

tr tng ng trong cc phng
php u ghp song song, ni tip
thu gn mch trong hnh 1.39
thnh mch in n gin hn,
xem hnh 1.40.
Kt qu nhn c sau
cng gia hai nt a,d ta ch cn hai
in tr : 6 v 12 ghp song
song; t suy ra in tr tng
ng gia hai nt ad l : Rt = 4
21
1.8. PHNG TRNH IN TH NT PHNG TRNH NT :

Phng php gii mch dng phng trnh in th nt l phng php gii mch da
vo nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
Chng ta kho st phng php ny t trng hp n gin n trng hp tng qut.
1.8.1. TRNG HP MCH 2 NT CHA IN TR V NGUN DNG :
a
i3
i1
i3
i4
R4
R3
i2
i1
i4
i2
R4
R1
R1
b
Nut chuan
0V
0V
HNH 1.41
R3
Xt mch in trong hnh

1.41; mch c 4 nhnh, trong
2 nhnh cha ngun dng v 2
nhnh cn li ch cha cc
phn t in tr.
Trc tin chng ta chn
mt trong hai nt a v b lm
nt chun. Nt chun qui c
c in th v = 0V. Trong hnh
1.41 chn b lm nt chun v
nt chun c k hiu nh
trong hnh v.
in p gia hai nt a v b c k hiu l vab xc nh theo quan h :
v ab v a vb v a 0 v a
(1.50)
Mc ch ca phng php gii mch l xc nh in th ti nt a hoc in p vab.

Ti nt a chng ta xy dng phng trnh cn bng dng theo nh lut Kirchhoff 1. Ty thuc vo
mi bi ton, hng dng in trn cc nhnh kho st ti nt a c th vo nt hay i ra khi
nt kho st. Trong trng hp cha bit r chnh xc hng thc s ca dng in trn
cc nhnh, chng ta c th gi thit dng in t nt a ra trn cc nhnh.
Thc hin theo qui c ny chng ta d dng kim sot cc thng s khi xy dng
phng trnh cn bng dng ti nt kho st.
Vi mch in cho trong hnh 1.41, chng ta c kt qu sau:
i3
i4
va
R3
va
R4
v a.G3
(1.51)
v a.G4
(1.52)
Ti nt a ta c quan h: i1 i2 i3 i 4 . Hay:
i1 i2
va
R3
va
R4
v a.G3 v a.G4
(1.53)
in th va ti nt a , hay in p vab xc nh theo quan h sau:
va
i1 i2
1
1
3 R4
i1 i2
G3 G4
(1.54)
22
1.8.2. TRNG HP MCH 2 NT CHA IN TR V NGUN P:
Xt mch in trong hnh 1.42 gm: 4 nhnh, trong 2 nhnh cha ngun p v 2 nhnh
cn li ch cha cc phn t in tr. Chng ta cn ch cc im sau:
i1
+
-
V1
i1
i2
+
-
V1
R1
V2
b
Nut chuan
Trn mi nhnh cha ngun p c

lp, ta lun c phn t in tr ni tip
vi ngun p
i4
+
-
R4
R3
i3
i3
i2
i4
R2
R1
R2
R3
R4
V2
T nt a nhn v cc ngun p trn

nhnh 1 v 2 , ta c nhn xt : ngun V1
c cc + nm gn nt a; cn ngun p
V2 c d nm gn nt a .
0V
Khi chn b lm nt chun, mun

vit phng trnh nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ti
nt a, u tin chng ta gi thit ti nt a
dng ra khi nt trn cc nhnh .
0V
HNH 1.42
Dng in qua mi nhnh xc nh nh sau:
i1
i2
i3
i4
v a V1
R1
v a V2
R2
va
R3
va
R4
v a V .G1
(1.55)
v a V2 .G2
(1.56)
v a.G3
(1.57)
v a.G4
(1.58)
Vit phng trnh Kirchhoff 1 ti a, ta c: i1 i2 i3 i 4 0 . Hay:
v a V1
R1
v a V2
R2
va
R3
va
R4
(1.59)
Ta c th ghi:
a
V1 .G1 v a V2 .G2 v a.G3 v a.G4 0
(1.60)
T (1.59), gii phng trnh xc nh in p va ti nt kho st.

TH D 1.6:
Cho mch in trong hnh 1.43, p dng phng
trnh in th nt tnh dng qua in tr 8.
a
1A
6
GII:
8
10
b
HNH 1.43
50V
Mch in trong hnh 1.43 ch cha 2 nt ; chn b

lm nt chun v vit phng trnh in th nt ti a.
Ga s cc dng in ra khi nt a trn cc
nhnh. Ta c:
va
6
v a 50
10
va
8
1 0
23
Thu gn ta c:
1
1
1
v a.
5 1 6
6 10 8
Suy ra:
va
20 12 15
6
120
Hay: v a.
120.6 720
V
47
47
Tm li, dng in qua in tr 8 c xc nh nh sau:
va
720
90
A
47.8 47
1.8.3. TRNG HP MCH IN NHIU HN 2 NT :
Trong mc ny, vi mch in tng qut chng ta ch kho st cc trng hp tai nt kho
st nhnh cha ngun p c ni tip vi in tr.Trng hp trn nhnh ch cha duy nht
ngun p s c kho st trong mc sau.
Trnh t c p dng xy dng phng trnh in th nt , tin hnh theo cc bc
nh sau:
BC 1: Xc nh tng s nt cha trong mch in; chn mt trong cc nt hin c lm

nt chun (in th ti nt chun l 0V).
BC 2: Ti mi nt khng phi l nt chun cn xy dng phng trnh in th nt. Khi
vit phng trnh nt, gi thit ti nt kho st dng in ra t nt trn cc nhnh.
Vi mch in c n nt cn xy dng (n-1) phng trnh.
BC 3: Gii h phng trnh nhiu n s c c cc nghim s.

TH D 1.7:
Cho mch hnh 1.44. p dng phng trnh in
th nt xc nh dng in qua in tr 2 .
1A
GII
b
24V
BC 1: Mch in c 3 nt; chn c lm nt chun. Nh

vy ch cn thc hin 2 phng trnh in th nt ti a
v b. Gi va ; vb l in th ti cc nt a v b so vi nt
chun.
8V
BC 2: Vit cc phng trnh nt ti a v b.
PHNG TRNH IN TH NT TI a:
0V
Trong hnh 1.45 , ch cn ch n cc dng in ti
HNH 1.44
nt a. Gi s cc dng i1 ; i2 v i3 ang t a ra
trn cc nhnh; ring ngun dng ang hng v nt
a. p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ri nt a ta c :
1A
a
+
i1
4.i1
24V
i2
4
+
i3
+
4.i2
-
2.i3
i1 i2 i3 1
4
8V
c
0V
HNH 1.45
Chng ta vit phng trnh cn bng p trn

tng nhnh hi t v nt a nh sau:
v a v c v a 0 v a 4.i1 24
v a 4.i2
v a v b 2.i 3
24
T cc quan h trn ta xc nh c dng in trn cc nhnh:
i1
v a 24
i2
va
i3
v a vb
2
Phng trnh in th nt ti a c vit nh sau:
v a 24
va
4
v a vb
2
(1.61)
Thu gn ta c:
va
vb
(1.62)
PHNG TRNH IN TH NT TI b:
Trn hnh 1.46 ch cn quan tm n cc
dng in ti nt b; gi s cc dng in i4 ; i5
i6 v ngun dng ang t b ra trn cc
nhnh. p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ri nt b ta
c quan h : i 4 i5 i6 1 0
1A
2.i6
2
4
4
i5
- b
i6
+
4.i4
-
24V
i4 4.i5
4
8V
Chng ta vit phng trnh cn bng p

trn tng nhnh ni v nt b nh sau:
vb v c vb 0 vb 4.i5 8
vb 4.i4
0V
vb v a 2.i6
HNH 1.46
T cc quan h trn ta xc nh c dng in trn cc nhnh:
i5
vb 8
i4
vb
4
i6
vb v a
2
Phng trnh in th nt ti b c vit nh sau:
vb 8
4
vb
4
vb v a
2
1 0
(1.63)
Thu gn ta c :
vb
va
2
(1.64)
T (1.62) v (1.64) suy ra h phng trnh dng xc nh in th ti cc nt a v b :
1
v a .vb 7
2
1
.v a vb 1
2
Gii h phng trnh, ta c c v a 10 V . Suy ra:
vb 1
va
2
10
6V
2
25
Dng in qua in tr 2 trn nhnh t nt a n nt b :
v a vb
10 6
2A
2
1.8.4. MCH C CC NHNH CH CHA NGUN P C LP SIU NT :
+
+
( Va Vb )
( R.i ) - + ( Vs )
Vs
Va
Ty thuc vo hng dng in xc nh trn nhnh

phng trnh cn bng p gia hai nt a v b c vit theo
cc dng khc nhau c trnh by nh sau:
Vb
0V
Trong hnh 1.47, ti mi nt a v b chng ta c cc in

th va v vb, khi so snh in p gia mi nt ny vi nt
chun. Trn nhnh t nt a n nt b cha phn t in tr
ni tip vi ngun p c lp.
HNG DNG IN T a N b:
( Vb Va )
( R.i ) + + ( Vs )
Vs
+
-
Va
Lc ny gi s in th ti a dng hn b.
in p gia 2 nt a n b l : (va vb).
Phng trnh cn bng p gia hai nt a v b c vit
nh sau:
va vb R.i Vs
Vb
Dng in iab (t a n b) xc nh theo quan h
0V
HNH 1.47
iab
va vb Vs
(1.65)
HNG DNG IN T b N a:
Lc ny gi s in th ti b dng hn a.
in p gia 2 nt b n a l : (vb va).
Phng trnh cn bng p gia hai nt bv a c vit nh sau:
vb va R.i Vs
Dng in iba (t b n a) xc nh theo quan h :
vb va Vs
(1.66)
Cc mt kn S1 ; S2 c gi l siu nt (super nodes).

Trong mch hnh 1.48, chn nt d lm nt chun .
Siu nt S1 cha hai nt b v c (khng phi l nt
chun).
Trong trng hp gia hai nt ch cha duy nht

ngun p c lp; chng ta khng th p dng cc quan
h (1.65) hay (1.66) xc nh dng qua nhnh khi xy
dng phng trnh in th nt. Trong mch in hnh 1.48;
vi nhnh bc ch cha duy nht ngun p c lp v1, tng
t trn nhnh ad cng ch cha ngun p c lp v4. Theo l
thuyt, chng ta bao quanh cc ngun ny li bng cc
mt kn S1 v S2, ng thi theo nh lut Kirchhoff 1 tng
i s dng in qua mt kn phi bng khng.
v2
R2
v1
R1
iba
ix
R3
+ v4
ix
S1
R4
S2
v3
d
HNH 1.48
Siu nt S2 cha nt a v nt chun d.

26
Trong trng hp ny khi thc hin phng trnh nt gii mch, chng ta cn quan
tm n cc c tnh ca siu nt nh sau:
Ti cc siu nt khng cha nt chun, ta c quan h sau (th d xt cho siu nt S1
trong hnh 1.48).
v b v c v1
(1.67)
Trong ; vb : in p gia nt b so vi nt chun d va chn.

vc : in p gia nt c so vi nt chun d va chn.
Ti cc siu nt c cha nt chun, ta c quan h sau (th d xt cho siu nt S2
trong hnh 1.48).
v a vd v a 0 v a v 4
(1.68)
Trong ; va : in p gia nt a so vi nt chun d va chn.

vd : in p nt chun d bng 0 V.
Ti mi siu nt (khng cha nt chun) ta v dng in vo v ra khi siu nt; s

dng dng in ny xy dng phng trnh nt ti cc nt ang cha trong siu nt.
Vi mch in trong hnh 1.48 , cc phng trnh in nt c xy dng nh sau:
Ti siu nt S1 ta v dng in ix trn nhnh bc, hng dng in ix chn ty ; vo
ti b v ra khi nt c.
Ti siu nt S2, siu nt c cha nt chun v nt a. Ta c quan h (1.68) v khng
cn v dng in trn siu nt ny; v khng cn xy dng phng trnh nt ti nt a.
Vi mch in trong hnh 1.48 c 4 nt; s lng phng trnh nt cn xy dng l 3;
nhng mch cha siu nt S2 , nn in th ti nt a bit . Nh vy tng s phng
trnh in th nt ch cn xy dng l 2 ( ti nt b v nt c ).
Phng trnh nt ti b:
vb v a
R1
vb v 3
ix 0
R3
(1.69)
V va = v4 (ti siu nt S2) ta vit li quan h (1.69) nh sau:
vb v 4
R1
vb v 3
R3
ix 0
(1.70)
Phng trnh nt ti c:
vc va v2 vc
ix 0
vc v 4 v2 vc
ix 0
R2
R4
R2
R4
(1.71)
Tm li ta c h phng trnh sau:
vb v 4
R1
vb v 3
R3
ix 0
vc v 4 v2 vc
R2
R4
ix 0
v b v c v1
27
Vi cc quan h (1.69) v (1.70) thc hin php kh n s ix bng cch cng v theo
v; suy ra h thng hai phng trnh vi hai n vb v vc nh sau:
v b v 4 v b v 3 v c v 4 v 2 v c
0
R1
R3
R2
R4
v b v c v1
Gii h phng trnh trn c in th in th ti nt b v c. Tm li, vi mch in
cha cc siu nt; tng s phng trnh in th nt cn xy dng tha quan h:
Tng s phng trnh = (S nt trong mch) [1 + (Tng s siu nt c cha nt chun)]
1.9. PHNG TRNH DNG MT LI PHNG TRNH DNG VNG :

Trong ni dung sau y chng ta ch xt cc mch phng, l nhng mch c th v
trn mt mt phng m khng c bt c phn t hoc dy ni no ct nhau. Mch in s
chia mt phng thnh nhiu min phn bit nh cc ca s. Bin gii ca cc ca s ny
c gi l mt li.
Phng php dng mt li l phng php gii mch p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 2
xy dng phng trnh cn bng p dc theo mt li. Chng ta kho st phng thc xy
dng phng php dng mt li tun t t cc mch n gin n phc tp dn.
1.9.1. MCH HAI MT LI CHA NGUN P V IN TR :
Xt mch in trong hnh 1.49, cn ch cc im

sau khi vit phng trnh dng mt li :
Trong mi mt li, chng ta t chn ty dng in
v hng dng in trn mi mt li.
Ch phn t trn nhnh bin ca hai mt li.
Chng ta xem nh phn t ny chu nh hng ca cc
dng in trong mi mt li. Mt cch khc c th tch
mch hai mt li thnh hai mt li n theo hnh 1.50.
Gi i1 v i2 l dng qua mi mt li. Khi tch
mch thnh hai mt li c lp, dng in i1 qua tt c
cc phn t trong mt li 1 v dng in i2 qua bt c
phn t trong mt li 2. Khi kt hp li hai mt li
thnh mch ban u, dng in qua phn t R3
(phn t bin ca hai mt li) gm hai thnh phn
i qua l i1 v i2. Do hng ca i1 v i2 ngc nhau
nn dng in qua R3 l hiu ca hai thnh phn (i1
i2 ) hoc (i2 i1).
HNH 1.49
HNH 1.50
Kho st hay gii mch dng phng php dng

mt li l xy dng h phng trnh xc nh cc dng mt li i1 v i2.
i1
i2
R1
V1
i3
R2
V2
+
i1
HNH 1.51
R3
i2
Trong mt s ti liu, chng ta cn c khi nim

dng nhnh khi thc hin gii mch theo phng php
dng mt li, xem hnh 1.51
Dng I1 ; I2 v I3 l cc dng in qua tng

nhnh trong mch in c gi l dng nhnh; cc
gi tr ny quan h vi dng mt li theo quan h sau
(ph thuc hng chn cho dng mt li v dng
nhnh).
I1 = i1
I2 = i2
I3 = i1 i2
28
TRNH T XY DNG PHNG TRNH DNG MT LI:

Mun xy dng h phng trnh dng mt li chng ta tin hnh tun t theo cc bc
nh sau:
BC 1: Xc nh tng s mt li cha trong mch. Chn dng mt li cho mi mt li,

hng dng in qua tng mt li ty .
Tng s phng trnh dng mt li cn xy dng = Tng s mt li.
BC 2: Xc nh dng nhnh theo dng mt li. Suy ra in p trn mi phn t in tr ty

theo dng nhnh chn, cn ch du + - ca in p .
BC 3: Xy dng phng trnh cn bng p (theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2) cho tng mt li .
BC 4: Gii h thng phng trnh tuyn tnh suy ra cc dng mt li.
i1
R1
V1
i2
i3
i1
R2
V2
V1
i1
R3
vR2= ( R2.I2 )
- +
i3
R1
i2
vR1= ( R1.I1 )
R3
R2
i2
V2
vR3= ( R3.I3 )
HNH 1.52
Vi mch in
trong hnh 1.49 khi
xy dng cc phng
trnh dng mt li
cn ch cc in p
trn tng phn t
trong mch in, xem
hnh 1.52. Ta c:
vR1 R1.I1 R1.i1

vR2 R2 .I2 R2 .i2
vR3 R3 .I3 R2 . i1 i2
Phng trnh cn bng p (vit theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2) cho mt li 1 :
v1 vR1 vR3
Hay:
R1.i1 R3 . i1 i2 v1
(1.72)
Phng trnh cn bng p (vit theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2) cho mt li 2 :
vR3 vR2 v 2
Hay:
R3 . i1 i2 R2 .i2 v 2
Suy ra:
R3 .i1 R2 R3 .i2 v2
(1.73)
Thu gn cc quan h (1.72) v (1.73) chng ta c h thng phng trnh sau:
R1 R3 .i1 R3.i2 v1
R3 .i1 R2 R3 .i2 v2
H phng trnh trn c th vit li theo dng chnh tc nh sau:
R11.i1 R12 .i2 v s1
(1.74)
R21.i1 R22 .i2 v s2
(1.75)
29
Trong :
R11 = R1 + R3 l h s ca i1 trong (1.74) : tng cc in tr trong mt li 1.
R22 = R2 + R3 l h s ca i2 trong (1.75) : tng cc in tr trong mt li 2.
R12 = R21 = R3 l h s ca (-i1) trong (1.74) v h s ca (-i2) trong (1.75) : tng tt c cc
in tr chung (phn t bin) ca mt li 1 v mt li 2.
vs1 = v1 l tng in p trong mt li 1 theo hng i1 ; do cc ngun p to ra.

vs2 = - v2 l tng in p trong mt li 2 theo hng i2 ; do cc ngun p to ra.
TH D 1.8:
i1
R1 4
R 2 10
Cho mch in theo hnh 1.53; p dng phng

trnh dng mt li tnh cng sut tiu th trn in tr
20 . Tnh li bi ton khi hon v hai u ngun p V2 .
i2
i3
GII
i1
-v
R 3 20
1
40V
R 4 1
i2
v 2 64V
Chn dng mt li i1 v i2 nh trong hnh v. p

dng phng php vit phng trnh dng mt li nh
va trnh by theo cc quan h (1.74) v (1.75); ta c h
phng trnh sau:
R11.i1 R12 .i2 v s1
R5 2
R21.i1 R22 .i2 v s2
HNH 1.53
Trong , R11 : tng cc in tr trong mt li 1 (c dng mt li i1 i qua).
R11 R1 R3 R4 4 20 1 25
R22 : tng cc in tr trong mt li 2 (c dng mt li i2 i qua).
R22 R2 R3 R5 10 20 2 32
R12 = R21 : h s ca (-i1) v (-i2)
R12 R21 R3 20
vs1 tng in p trong li 1 do cc ngun p to ra; vs1 = v1 = 40V (v dng in i1 qua
ngun theo hng chng t ngun v1 ang pht nng lng).
vs2 tng in p trong li 2 do cc ngun p to ra; vs2 = v2 = 64V (v dng in i2
qua ngun theo hng chng t ngun v2 ang thu nng lng).
Tm li:
25.i1 20.i2 40
20.i1 32.i2 64
p dng cng thc Cramer gii h phng trnh ta c kt qu i1 0 A v i2 2 A
Suy ra dng nhnh qua in tr R3 = 20 l :
I3 i1 i2 0 2 2 A
Hng dng in qua in tr R3 ng theo hng dng nhnh I3 ang v trong mch
in. Cng sut tiu th trn in tr R3 l :
P R3 .I23 20.22 800 W
30
GII LI BI TON TRONG TH D 1.8 KHI HON V 2 U CA NGUN P V2:
i1
R1 4
R 2 10
Khi hon v hai u ngun v2; mch in c

dng nh trong hnh 1.54 p dng phng php xy
dng phng trnh dng mt li va trnh by
trn, ta c h phng trnh sau:
i2
i3
i1
+
v 1 40V
i2
R 3 20
R 4 1
v 2 64V
25.i1 20.i2 40
20.i1 32.i2 64
Gii li h phng trnh ta c kt qu sau:
R5 2
i1 6, 4 A
HNH 1.54
i2 6A
Suy ra dng nhnh qua in tr R3 = 20 l :
I3 i1 i2 6, 4 6 0, 4 A
Hng dng in qua in tr R3 ng theo hng dng nhnh I3 ang v trong mch
in. Cng sut tiu th trn in tr R3 l :
P R3 .I32 20. 0, 4
3, 2 W
1.9.2. MCH N MT LI CHA NGUN P V IN TR :
By gi chng ta xt trng hp tng qut mch in cha n mt li, xem hnh 1.55.
Trong cc mt li ch cha ngun p v in tr, khi gii mch mun xy dng h thng phng
trnh dng mt li, chng ta
R1
R
Vk
tin hnh tun t theo cc
bc sau:
Vm
ik
R2
i1
Rk
+
R4
V1
R5
in
Vj
Rn
ij
Vn
i2
Rm
Rj
V2
R6
R3
HNH 1.55
BC 1: Xc nh s mt li
v nh s th t cc mt li
t 1 n n.
BC 2: Gi : i1 ; i2 ; i3 ; i4 .
.in l dng in mt li chy
dc theo cc mt li 1, 2, 3 .
. n. Cc dng in ny c
chn theo cng hng l
chiu kim ng . Qui c
mt li th k c dng mt
li l ik .
BC 3: Vit h phng
trnh tuyn tnh c n n s : i1 ;
i2 ; i3 . . . in theo dng chnh tc
R11.i1 R12 .i2 R13 .i3 .... R1n.in v s1
R21.i1 R22 .i2 R23 .i3 .... R2n.in v s2

R31.i1 R32 .i2 R33 .i3 .... R3n.in v s3
(1.76)
.....
Rn1.i1 Rn2 .i2 Rn3 .i3 .... Rnn.in v sn
31
Trong :
Rkk : tng in tr trong li th k ( h s ca dng in mt li ik ).

Rkj : tng in tr chung cu mt li k v mt li j (l h s ca dng in ij )
Rjk = Rkj: tng in tr chung ca mt li j v mt li k (l h s ca dng in ik).
vsk : tng i s ca cc in p trong mt li k theo hng ca ik.
Cc gi tr k l s nguyn dng t 1 n n ( k = 1, 2, 3 . . n).
BC 4: Gii h phng trnh (1.76) tm cc n s dng in trong cc mt li.

BC 5: T cc gi tr dng mt li, chng ta suy ra dng nhnh v cc thng s khc ca
mch in theo yu cu bi ton.
1.9.3. PHNG TRNH DNG MT LI CHA NGUN DNG SIU MT LI :
Khi mch in c cha ngun dng, s phng trnh

dng mt li cn xy dng s gim theo s lng ngun
dng ang c trong mch. Trong trng hp ny dng mt
li c quan h vi cc ngun dng trn cc nhnh.
i g1
i1
R2
R1
Trong hnh 1.56 mch in c ba mt li, vi cch chn

dng mt li trong hnh v ta c cc quan h sau;
i3
i2
V
R4
ig2
R3
(1.77)
i 3 i 2 i g2
(1.78)
Vi cc quan h (1.77) v (1.78) ta c c hai

phng trnh cha 3 n s dng mt li, ch cn xc nh
thm phng trnh th ba gii c h phng trnh
tm ra cc nghim s.
HNH 1.56
By gi chng ta xt thm mt khi nim v siu

mt li. Tng tng cc ngun dng trong mch
kho st c hy, i = 0 (mch in h ti cc v tr
ngun dng); mch in trong hnh 1.56 c v li
trong hnh 1.57 . By gi mch in ch tng ng vi
vng (V, R1 , R2 , R3 , R4).
i1
R2
R1
i3
i1 ig1
i2
R3
Trong trng hp ny vng hin c c gi l

siu mt li .
R4
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 2 vit phng trnh

cn bng p trong siu mt li, ta c c phng trnh
th ba cha cc n s dng mt li.
SIEU MAT LI
HNH 1.57
CH :
Mun vit phng trnh cn bng p trn siu mt li, mc d chng ta tng tng cc
ngun dng c hy; nhng vn phi duy tr dng mt li chn khi xy dng phng trnh.
Ta c:
V R1. i2 i1 R2 . i3 i1 R3 .i3 R4 .i2

Hay
R1 R2 .i1 R1 R4 .i2 R2 R3 .i3 V
32
Tm li chng ta c h phng trnh dng gii mch nh sau:
R1 R 2 .i1 R1 R 4 .i2 R 2 R 3 .i3 V

i1 ig1
i 3 i 2 i g2
TH D 1.9:
Cho mch in trong hnh 1.57, p dng phng
trnh dng mt li tnh dng I v p V
GII
u tin chn dng qua cc mt li cng chiu
kim ng h, xem hnh 1.57.
HNH 1.57
Dng mt li i1 c gi tr bng ngun dng 3A.

Nh vy, ch cn vit cc phng trnh dng mt li cho cc li cha dng i2 v i3 . Ta c cc
quan h sau:
(7).i1 (7 8).i2 (8).i3 38

(0).i1 (8).i2 (8 4 13).i3 10
Thay gi tr i1 = 3 A vo cc quan h trn, thu gn c h phng trnh sau:
15.i2 8.i3 59
8.i2 25.i3 10
Gii h phng trnh suy ra cc kt qu sau: i2 5 A
i3 2 A
Dng in I cn tm chnh l dng mt li i2, suy ra : I = 5A

p V cn tm c xc nh theo quan h sau:
V 13.i3 13.2 26 V
1.10. MCH TNG NG THVNIN V NORTON :

1.10.1. MCH CON TNG NG MCH 1 CA:
Khi phn tch mch in, phng php n gin nht l thu gn hay n
gin mch. y l phng php thay th mt phn ca mch thnh mch con
n gin hn, t phn t hn nhng khng lm thay i bt c dng v p
trong phn mch cn li.
Mch con c th gm mt hoc nhiu phn t ni vi nhau. Nu mch con
ch c hai u c gi l mch mt ca, c k hiu nh trong hnh 1.58.
+
v
HNH 1.58
Trong , ta gi v l p u ra v i l dng u ra. Phn mch k hiu bng hnh ch nht c

th cha mt hay nhiu phn t .
Qui lut quan h gia cc i lng trn u ra : v, i c gi l c tuyn v i hay c
tuyn volt-ampre (v = f(i)) ca mch mt ca.
Hai mch mt ca c gi l tng ng khi chng c cng lut u ra.
Trong qu trnh phn tch mch, chng ta c th thay th mch mt ca bng mt mch
mt ca tng ng m khng lm thay i bt k dng , p no bn ngoi mch mt ca.
33
1.10.2. MCH TNG NG THVNIN V
NORTON:
NH NGHA:
RT
Mch Thvenin l mch gm mt ngun

p vT ghp ni tip vi mt in tr RT , xem
hnh 1.59.
Mch Norton gm ngun dng iN ghp
song song vi in tr RN, xem hnh 1.60.
+ v1 - +
+ vT
-
iN
i1
+
v
RN
-
HNH 1.60
HNH 1.59
LUT U RA CA MCH THVENIN:
vT
He so goc
T mch in hnh 1.59, p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 2

ta c:
RT
v T v1 v 0
Hay:
vT
RT
v v1 v T
v RT .i v T
(1.79)
Quan h (1.79) xc nh lut u ra cho mch

Thvnin. th m t quan h v theo I c dng ng
thng, h s gc m (-RT ) ; xem hnh 1.61.
HNH 1.61
LUT U RA CA MCH NORTON:
T mch in hnh 1.60, p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1

ta c:
R N .iN
He so goc R N
iN i1 i
Hay:
i1 i iN
iN
Theo nh lut Ohm ta c: v = RN.i1.

Tm li:
v RN.i RN.iN
HNH 1.62
(1.80)
Quan h (1.80) xc nh lut u ra cho mch Norton. th m t quan h v theo I c

dng ng thng, h s gc m (-RN ), xem hnh 1.62.
T cc quan h (1.79) v (1.80) lut u ra ca mch Thvenin v Norton tng
ng nhau khi chng ta tng ng cc gi tr sau:
RN RT
VT RN.iN
(1.81)
Tm li, c th thay th mch mt ca Thvnin thnh mch tng ng Norton

hoc ngc li . Khi qui i tng ng, cc thng s trong cc mch phi bin i tha
quan h (1.81).
34
TH D 1.10:
Cho mch in hnh 1.63, p dng mch tng ng
Thvnin hay Norton tm dng in qua phn t in tr 8.
GII:
1A
u tin v li mch in tng ng ca mch in

hnh 1.63, xem hnh 1.64.
50V
10
T mch in hnh 1.64; p dng mch tng ng

Thvenin vi Norton, chuyn i mch trong hnh 1.64 sang
mch tng ng hnh 1.65.
HNH 1.63
K tip bin i mch trong hnh 1.65 sang mch tng ng hnh 1.66.
a
a
1A
8
50V
1A
8
5A
10
10
Mach THEVENIN
HNH 1.64
1A
10
Chuyen oi mach
tng ng
b
HNH 1.65
5A
Mach NORTON
1A
5A
120
47
Trong mch hnh 1.66, thay th cc in tr ghp song bng in tr tng ng, ta c:
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
24
30
40
94
Rt R1 R2 R3 10 8 6 240 240 240 240

Suy ra:
Rt
240 120
94
47
Mch tng ng sau cng trnh by trong hnh 1.67. Dng I qua Rt l I = 6A. Suy ra,
in p gia hai nt ab l:
v ab Rt .i
120
720
6
V
47
47
T kt qu tm c tr li mch trong hnh 1.63, suy ra dng in qua in tr 8.

Ta c:
v ab
8
720
90
1, 9148 1, 915 A
47.8 47
35
1.10.3. NH TRC TIP MCH THVENIN HAY NORTON T MCH IN CHO TRC:
Vi mch in cho trc, xc nh trc tip mch

in tng ng Thvenin hay Norton chng ta p dng
phng php sau.
Gi s mch in c phn chia thnh hai mch con
A v B ni vi nhau ti hai nt a v b, hnh 1.68.
Mun tnh ton dng v p trong B m khng cn

quan tm n dng p trong A; chng ta cn chng minh:
nu A ch cha in tr v ngun c lp th lut u ra
+
v
-
b
HNH 1.68
ca n c dng v f i i vi v l cc hng s. th ca hm ny trong h ta

i-v tng t nh trnh by trong hnh 1.61.
Nu t RT v v T th A s tng ng vi dng Thvenin, hnh 1.69 .
Dng Norton tng ng vi A c th tm c theo mt trong hai phng php sau,
xem hnh 1.70.
Thc hin php bin i Thvenin Norton.
Dng phng php so snh v f i i vi cch t RN v iN

.
Sau khi thay th mch con A bng cc mch Thvenin hay Norton, cng vic gii
mch s n gin, nh nhng hn.
Vi lut u ra ca mch con A trong hnh 1.69 c dng :
v f i i RT .i v T
(1.82)
th ca hm ra trnh by trong hnh 1.61. Khi cho i = 0 ; suy ra:
v 0 f 0 vT
(1.83)
Ta kt lun:
vT chnh l gi tr ca in p v trn hnh 1.69 khi i = 0; ngha l A b h mch ti a v b.

Gi tr ca v lc c gi l in p h mch vo .
v T vo
(1.84)
Gi tr vo c tnh t s mch trong hnh 1.69 bng cch

ct t cc dy ni A vi B ti cc nt a, b; ri tnh in p vab xut
hin ti cc nt a, b do cc ngun bn trong A to ra; xem hnh 1.71.
By gi ngn mch a, b; tc l cho v = 0. Quan h (1.82) c
vit li nh sau:
v f i i RN.in vN 0
(1.85)
36
Trong in : l dng in ngn mch chy t a n b trn

hnh 1.70 ; sau khi tch A khi B ri ni hai nt a vi b bng dy
khng in tr ( in tr v cng b), xem hnh 1.72. T (4.30) chng ta
suy ra:
RT
vT
in
vo
(1.86)
in
Tng hp hai kt qu trn, chng ta c phng php xc nh trc tip dng Thvenin
t s mch.
Cho mch con A h mch vo tnh t hnh 1.69 v dng ngn mch in tnh t hnh
1.70. Mch Thvenin tng ng ca A c th tm t cc quan h sau:
v T vo
RT
vo
in
Dng cc kt qu ny chng ta chuyn mch sang dng Norton.
Cho mch con A h mch vo tnh t hnh 1.69 v dng ngn mch in tnh t hnh
1.70. Mch Norton tng ng ca A c th tm t cc quan h sau:
iN in
RN
vo
in
TH D 1.11
p dng phng php tnh trc tip mch Thvenin gii li bi ton cho trong th d 1.10.
GII
1A
6
50V
8
10
50V
50V
10
10
u tin mch in trong hnh 1.63 c v li thnh hai mch con nh trong hnh 1.73 .
Sau ct t hai mch con ti a, b ri xc nh in p h mch vo v dng ngn mch ab, in.
XC NH IN P MCH H vO :
Khi dng in trn ng ra ca mch con A l i = 0; in p vo chnh l in p t ln in
8.50
tr R trong mch con A. p dng cu phn p ta c kt qu sau: v o

10 8
200
V
9
XC NH DNG NGN MCH iN.

Khi ni tt ab, in tr 8 xem nh ni song song vi in tr 0; nh vy in tr tng
ng ca h thng l 0 . Ap dng nh lut Ohm ta c dng ngn mch l: in
50
5A
10
37
p dng cc quan h (1.85) v (1.86) chng ta suy ra

mch Thvenin tng ng vi mch con A c cc thng
s nh sau:
a
6
200
v o vN
V
9
1A
40
9
200
V
9
200
v o 9 40
Rn
5
9
in
b
HNH 1.75
Mch Thvnin tm c cho ton h thng ghi nhn nh trong hnh 1.75. Sau khi thu
gn mch con A, u ni tr li mch con A vo mch con B.
1A
6
40
1A
6
200
V
9
40
9
200
V
9
40
200
V
9
Vi mch 1.75 chng ta c th thc hin mt ln bin i mch Thvenin vi cc mch con
nh sau, xem hnh 1.76.
Xc nh mch tng ng Thvenin ln th nh ta c:
XC NH IN P MCH H vO.
Khi dng in trn ng ra ca mch con A l i = 0; in p vo chnh l in p t ln in tr 6
200
.6
9
600
trong mch con A. p dng cu phn p ta c kt qu sau: v o
V
40
47
6
XC NH DNG NGN MCH iN.
Khi ni tt ab, in tr 6 xem nh ni song song vi in tr 0 ; nh vy in tr tng
200
.
Ap
dng
nh
lut
Ohm
ta
c
dng
ngn
mch
l:
i
5A
ng ca h thng l 0
n
40
9
p dng cc quan h (1.84) v (1.86) chng ta suy ra mch Thvenin tng ng mch
con A c cc thng s nh sau:
v o vN
600
V
47
600
v o 47 120
Rn
5
47
in
Mch tng ng ca ton h thng sau khi bin i theo Thvnin ln th nh c thu
gn theo hnh 1.77. Trong hnh 1.77; dng in i ang v trong mch c gi tr i vi ngun dng
ang cha trong mch: i = 1A
38
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta c phng trnh cn bng p

cho ton mt li l :
i
120
47
1A
120
600
.i
v ab
47
47
600
V
47
Suy ra:
v ab
600 120
720
V
. 1
47 47
47
4
b
Kt qu tm c nh tnh trong th d 1.10.
HNH 1.77
1.10.4. XC NH RT V RN BNG PHNG PHP HY NGUN:
T cc mch tng ng Thvenin v Norton v trong hnh 1.69 v 1.70 ; gi s lut u

ra ca mch con A c xc nh theo quan h v fi R T .i v T . Nu cc ngun trong A c
tr s rt nh, dn n in p vT hay in p h mch c gi tr rt nh.
Trng hp c bit, nu tt c cc ngun trong
A u bng 0; hin nhin gi tr in p vo = vT = 0 V.
Nh vy hm ng ra ca mch Thvenin thu gn l:
v RT .i
Tnh trng c bit ny c gi l mch con
A b hy ngun , hnh 1.78.
Hnh 1.78 ch l trng hp c bit ca hnh 1.68. Khi tt c cc ngun trong mch con
A b hy, bn trong ch cn cc phn t in tr. Khi nhn vo A t hai u ab mch con A
tng ng nh mt in tr.
TM LI:
in tr tng ng RT ca mch Thvenin c gi tr bng vi in tr RN ca mch
mt ca A . in tr tng ng ny chnh l in tr tng ng ca A (khi hy ngun)
nhn t cp u ra ca mch con A.
C hai phng php dng xc
nh gi tr RT (hay RN).
PHNG PHP 1:
Dng cc cng thc xc nh
in tr tng ng ca h thng
in tr ghp ni tip hay song song
thu gn in tr trong mch con A
(hy ngun).
RT
Huy
nguon
b
Nhn vao A
T 2 au ra ab
Huy
nguon
io a
vo
HNH 1.79
Phng thc hy ngun c trnh by nh sau , xem hnh 1.80:

Mt ngun p c hy bng
cch cho hm ngun vs = 0 V; ni
khc i hy ngun p l lm ni tt
(ngn mch) hai u ngun
Mt ngun dng c hy
bng cch cho hm ngun is = 0 A;
ni khc i hy ngun dng l lm
h mch hai u ngun
39
PHNG PHP 2: Cung cp vo mch con A ( hy ngun) mt in p vo ri tnh
dng io t suy ra gi tr RT theo quan h : RT o

io
TH D 1.12:
p dng phng php hy ngun xc nh in tr tng ng Thvenin ca mch con
A xc nh trong th d 1.11.
GII
Vi mch in 1.73 cho trong th d 1.11; sau khi chng ta tch mch A; p dng phng
php hy ngun trong mch con A chng ta xc nh in tr tng ng RT ca mch con A
nh sau, xem hnh 1.81:
1A
6
50V
50V
RT
10
10
10.8
80 40
10 8 18
9
0V
10
Kt qu tnh c ging nh xc nh trong th d 1.11.
1.11. NGUYN L XP CHNG :

1.11.1. PHN T TUYN TNH V MCH TUYN TNH :
in tr R l phn t tuyn tnh v tha nh lut Ohm v = R.i . Chng ta nh ngha mch
tuyn tnh theo quan nim sau:
Mch tuyn tnh l mch ch cha cc phn t tuyn tnh v ngun c lp.
Cc phng trnh ca mch tuyn tnh c xy dng t cc nh lut Kirchhoff v lut i-v
trn tng phn t trong mch; mt cc tng qut ta c:
a1x1 a2 x 2 .... anxn y
(1.87)
Trong xk l dng hay p, cn y l tng i s cc hm ngun. Chng ta rt ra nhn xt

khi ( x1, x2, . . . xn) tha (1.87) th (Kx1, Kx2, . . .Kxn) s tha phng trnh:
a1Kx1 a2 Kx 2 .... an Kx n Ky
(1.88)
1.11.2. NGUYN L XP CHNG :
Trong mc ny chng ta xt mch tuyn tnh vi nhiu ngun c lp. By gi gi s

trong (1.87) c hai ngun, quan h c vit li nh sau:
a1x1 a2 x 2 .... an x n y1 y 2
(1.89)
40
By gi ta hy ngun y2, tc hm y2 = 0; v chng ta khng thay i phn t v cch ni

nn chng ta c c phng trnh mi khi y2 = 0. Cc h s : a1, a2 . . ak vn nh c. Gi (x11,
x21, . . .xk1 .. ) l nghim mi ca phng trnh ny, ta c ng thc nh sau:
a1x11 a2 x 21 .... an xn1 y1
(1.90)
Trong , cc ch s 1 thm vo trong cc gi tr xk ch nghim tm c khi ch c

ngun 1 hot ng cn ngun 2 b hy. By gi cho ngun 2 hot ng v hy ngun 1 (y1 = 0),
ta c kt qu tng t nh sau:
a1x12 a2 x 22 .... anxn2 y 2
(1.91)
Trong (x12, x22, . . .xk2 .. ) l nghim mi ca phng trnh ny, vi cc ch s 2 thm

vo trong cc gi tr xk ch nghim tm c khi ch c ngun 2 hot ng cn ngun 1 b hy.
Thc hin php cng tng v theo v ca cc quan h (4.71) v (4.72) ta c kt qu nh sau:
a1 x11 x12 a2 x 21 x 22 .... an xn1 xn2 y1 y 2 (1.92)

So snh (1.89) v (1.92), chng ta rt ra kt lun nh sau:
x1 x11 x12
x 2 x 21 x 22
(1.93)
.....
xn xn1 xn2
Cc gi tr trnh by trong (1.93) chng t :
p ng ca mt mch c nhiu ngun c lp bng tng p ng i vi tng

ngun khi tt c cc ngun khc cn li b hy khng hot ng. Nguyn l ny c gi l
nguyn l xp chng.
TRNH T KHO ST MCH DNG NGUYN L XP CHNG:
BC 1: Xc nh s ngun m v nh s th t.
BC 2: Ch cho mt ngun lm vic hy tt c cc ngun c lp khc cn li. Gii mch
tm ra cc gi tr xk1 do ngun 1 to nn.
BC 3: Tip tc thc hin nh bc 2 cho ln lt cc ngun khc cn li.
BC 4: Xc nh kt qu bng cch tng hp cc kt qu theo quan h (1.93)
TH D 1.13:
Gii li bi ton cho trong th d 1.10, xc nh dng in qua in tr 8 bng cch p
dng nguyn l xp chng .
GII:
1A
6
10
50V
10
Mch in cha hai

ngun c lp; ln lt hy
tng ngun v xc nh dng
qua in tr 8 (khi vn
hnh tng ngun trong
mch). Cc mch in khi
hy ngun v ch cho mt
ngun hot ng, trnh by
trong hnh 1.82 v 1.83. Xc
nh dng in i1 v i2 qua
in tr 8 trong mi mch
tng ng.
41
Gi tr thc s ca dng I qua in tr ny khi c hai ngun cng lm vic l i = i1 + i2.
DNG QUA IN TR KHI HY NGUN P

Vi mch in hnh 1.82, chn b lm nt chun, gi
Vab l in th ti nt a so vi nt chun.
Phng trnh in th nt ti a c dng nh sau:
Vab
Vab
10
Vab
8
1A
8
10
Gii phng trnh trn ta c kt qu nh sau:
1
1
1
Vab .
1
6 10 8
Vab
240 120
94
47
Dng in qua in tr 8 khi ch c ngun dng 1A hat ng:
i1
Vab
8
120
15
A
47 8 47
DNG QUA IN TR KHI HY NGUN DNG

Khi hy ngun dng trong mch hnh 1.83 v ch
vn hnh ngun p, p dng phng trnh in th nt ti
a khi chn nt b lm nt chun. Ta c:
Va
6
Va
8
Va 50
10
50V
6
10
Thu gn ta c:
1 1
1
Va .
5
6 8 10
Suy ra:
Va
5 240 600
94
47
Dng in qua in tr 8 khi ch c ngun p 50 V hat ng:
i2
Va
8
600
75
47 8 47
Khi c hai ngun cng hat ng dng in thc s qua in tr 8 xc nh theo nguyn
l xp chng l:
i i1 i2
15 75 90
A
47 47 47
42
BI TP T MC 1.7 N 1.11
4
BI TP 1.15
Xc nh in p v1 v v2
P S:
v1 = 10V ; v2 = 6V
3
BI TP 1.16
8V
Xc nh gi tr in p v v dng in i qua
mch.
2
28V
12
P S:
v = 10V
i = 1A
2
BI TP 1.17
2A
Xc nh gi tr dng in i qua mch.
P S:
i = 2A
2
18V
4
8V
BI
TP 1.18
24V
Xc nh gi tr in p v.
P S:
v = 3V
26
BI TP 1.19
Tm mch tng ng Thvenin gia hai nt ab ca
mch in sau y.
P S:
Vth = 5V
Rth = 7,5
40
17,4V
0,1A
10
15
4
8 K
2,5 K
10V
20 K
3 mA
10 K
4 K
10V
Ro
BI TP 1.20
Xc nh cng sut tiu
th trn bin tr Ro . Suy ra gi
tr Ro cng sut tiu th t
gi tr cc i.
P S: Ro = 5K
Pmax = 957,03 W
43
45
BI TP 1.21
5
60
p dng nguyn l xp chng

xc nh in p vo v dng io trong
mch in sau.
P S:
20
10V
vo = - 37,5V
io = 0,1 A
10
BI TP 1.22
240V
p dng nguyn l xp chng xc

nh in p vo v dng io trong mch in
sau.
P S:
6
3
36
vo = 288 V
5
240V
20
240V
84V
12
BI TP 1.23
p dng nguyn l xp chng xc nh in
p vo v dng io trong mch in sau.
16 A
P S:
vo = 28V
p dng nguyn l xp chng xc

nh in p vo trong mch in sau.
P S:
vo = 8V
2
12
6A
2
8A
6A
6
3V
BI TP 1.24
BI TP 1.25
p dng nguyn l xp chng xc nh dng
in io trong mch in sau.
P S:
io = - 6 A
44
BI TP 1.26
p dng nguyn l xp chng xc nh
in p vo trong mch in sau.
4A
2
P S:
vo =
60
V
11
5A
15 A
BI TP 1.27
Tnh dng I v p V.
P S:
V = 1,5V
I= 1 A
BI TP 1.27
BI TP 1.28
Cho R6 = R7 = R8 = 2 ; R9 = 10 ; E2 = 12 V; E3 = 18 V;
I4 = 7A. Tnh dng I3 v cng sut pht bi ngun p E2
P S:
I3= 4 A
P = 36 W
BI TP 1.28
BI TP 1.29
Cho R1 = 4 ; R2 = 8 ; R3 = 6 ; R4 = 12 ; E2 = 14 V;
I2 = 2,5 A. Tnh p Vbd v cng sut ca ngun dng.
P S:
Vbd = 18 V
Ngun dng pht cng sut 45 W
BI TP 1.29
BI TP 1.30
Cho: E = 16 V ; I = 8 A ; R4 = 3 ; R5 = 2 ; R6 = 5 .
Tnh p Vcd v cng sut ca ngun dng.
P S:
Vcd = 41 V
Ngun dng pht cng sut 200 W
BI TP 1.30
CH :
Bng cch thay i phng php, sinh vin gii li cc bi tp 1.15 n 1.30
luyn tp cc phng php gii mch.

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BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

1.1. KHI NIM V MCH IN CC PHN T HNH THNH MCH IN:

HNH 1.1: S khi m t cc thnh phn ca mch in.

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

1.2. CU TRC CA MCH IN :

NHNH: l mt ng trn cha mt hay nhiu phn t lin kt vi nhau theo

Trong hnh 1.4 v 1.5 trnh by mt vng t

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

1.3. CC I LNG VT L C TRNG TNH CHT CA MCH IN :

Trong , n v o ca in tch [q] = [Coulomb]; [t] = [s] ; [ i ] = [A]

Khi qui c hng ca dng in ngc vi

a/. Xc nh dng in i ti thi im t = 0 v t = 3s.

6t2 12t 12t 12

Theo l thuyt tnh in, in th to ra ti mt im l cng cn thit di chuyn mt

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

Thut ng hiu in th gia 2 im A,B cn c gi l in p gia hai im A, B .

1.3.3. CNG SUT :

Vi nh ngha hiu in th nh trn; chng ta c th hiu hiu in th gia hai u phn

Trong n v o : [v]=[V] ; [i] = [A] ; [p] = [W].

TRNG HP MCH MT CHIU:

Xt mch in n gin bao gm: phn t ngun l pin hay

qua mch in. Chng ta c th thc hin qui

p > 0 : phn t tiu th cng sut.

Phan t phat ra nang lng

Phan t tieu thu nang lng

TRNG HP MCH TNG QUT:

Trong mch in nu chng ta qui c hng dng in qua phn t t u dng ga

Ti thi im t1 cng sut p(t1) >0 ; phn t thc t

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

Khi p(t) > 0 phn t cung cp cng sut.

Ta c th tnh dw bng quan h khc nh sau :

Trong cc cng thc trn, n v o lng c xc nh nh sau:

1.4. PHN T NGUN :

Ngun p c lp l lai ngun p c kh nng duy tr in p v gia hai u ngun c

Trong cc s mch chng ta biu din ngun p c lp

Ngun p c lp c th c hm ngun tha cc dng nh sau, xem hnh 1.10a v 1.10b.

Ham nguon dang hang so

Hnh 1.10a: Cc dng in p mt chiu v p rng ca.

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

Ham nguon dang mu

Ham nguon dang sin

HNH 1.10b: Cc dng ngun p c lp vi theo thi gian t ca.

1.4.3. NGUN P PH THUC :

Ngun p ph thuc hay ngun p b iu khin l lai ngun p c gi tr in p v gia hai

K hiu ca ngun p ph thuc trnh by trong hnh 1.12.

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

1.5. PHN T TI CA MCH IN:

1.5.1. IN TR- NH LUT OHM :

Gi i l dng in qua in tr v v l in p xut hin gia

Trong : [ v ] = [V] ; [ R ] = [ ] ; [ i ] = [A]

p(t) v(t).i(t) R.i2 (t)

Trong :[p]=[w] ; [i]= [A] ; [v]=[V] ; [R] = []

n v o ca in dn G l Siemens [S] ; trong mt s ti liu ca M n v ca in

Khi s dng phn t in tr R chng ta cn quan tm n cc khi nim sau:

Trc khi kho st quan h gia dng v p xut hin

ng kha K v v tr a, ta quan st thy c bng n

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 1

t i(t).di 2 L[i (t) i (to )]

Nu chn, mc nng lng ti thi im t0 l w(t0) tng ng gi tr dng in i(to) = 0 ; ta suy

1.5.3. T IN- HIN TNG NP IN :