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1. V tr , c im ca ngh tin:
- V tr: Tin l phng php gia cng ct gt
thng dng nht,chim t trng ln trong gia cng
kim loi bng ct (khong 25-50 0/0) v ngoi
nguyn cng tin trn my tin cn c th khoan,
khot, doa, tar
- c im: Tin l phng php gia cng c
phoi c thc hin bng s phi hp hai chuyn
ng gi l chuyn ng to hnh gm chuyn ng
chnh l chuyn ng quay trn ca chi tit v
chuyn ng chy dao (chuyn ng chy dao dc v
chuyn ng chy dao ngang)
Hnh.1.1. Chuyn ng ct gt
2. Nhng cng vic tin c bn:
1.Tin tr ngoi
9.Tin cn ngoi
2.Tin tr trong
10.Tin cn trong
4.Tin ct t
8.Tin nh hnh
11.Tin mt u
Hnh.1.8. Cu to my
tin ren vt vn nng
Hnh.1.9.
Hnhchnh
dng(
thn
my
Hnh.1.10. Hnh dng sng trt
1.4.2.
Hp trc
trc).
B phn quan trng nht ca hp trc chnh l trc chnh v nhng trc ca
trc chnh.
4.2. Bn xe dao:
L b phn my lp trn hp xe dao v trt trn sng trt ca bng my .
Bn dao c nhim v kp cht dao v thc hin chuyn ng chy dao dc v
chy dao ngang.
Bn dao gm 4 b phn chnh: bn trt dc, bn trt ngang, bn trt dc
trn v g dao .
Hnh.1.13. Kt cu h bn xe dao
4.3. ng ( sau):
c t trn sng trt
dn hng ca bng my v c th di
trt dc theo sng trt ti mt v tr
bt k bng tay (Hnh.1.14)
dng nhng chi tit
gia cng km cng vng, ngoi ra cn
g mi khoan, khot, doa, cc g
tar,
kp cht ng xung bng my
c hai cch: bulng ai c v cn
xoay cht lch tm.
Hnh.1.14. Kt cu ng ( sau)
Hnh.1.15. Mm cp 4 chu
khng t nh tm
Hnh.1.16. Mm cp 3 chu
t nh tm
5.3. Gi :
Dng nhng chi tit gia cng km
cng vng thng c t s chiu di v ng
knh ln hn hoc bng 12, v nhng chi tit
c bit nng. C hai loi (Hnh.1.19):
Hnh.1.19. Gi c nh
v gi di ng
V tr lm vic.
Thu dn nhng vt tha trn my v xung quanh v tr lm vic .
Kim tra v chun b cc th cn thit nh: bn v c trn g cha, dng c g, dng c
ct, dng c o chi tit g kp
Bi trn sng trt v nng ng.
Ni lm vic phi sch s, khng nn nh c du m, rc bn, c phoi.
Mi dao.
Khng d h gia b t v qu ln.
Khi mi dao khng nn mi mt hng ca .
Khng c mnh dao vo .
Cn dao khng cha thng v p st vo lng bn tay.
Phi dng knh hoc mica che trc khi mi cc ht mi khng bn vo mt.
b. Gi ng t th lm vic bn my :
ng vng, hi dng chn trn bc, i din
vi xe dao ca my, cch bc tin ngang mt
khong 100 120mm. . Hnh 1.3
Hnh 2.3. Gi ng t th
lm vic bn my
c. Ni ng c in ca my vo li in. Dng
tay xoay cng tc A theo chiu kim ng h. (Hnh 2.4)
Cng tc B dng m bm ti ngui, cng tc C
dng m n chiu sng.
Hnh 2.4. Ni ng c in vi ngun in
2. 2. Cho chy v hm trc chnh ca my :
a. Cho trc chnh ca my quay thun chiu:
Dng tay tri (khi s dng tay gt gn hp bc tin) hoc dng tay phi (khi s
dng tay gt bn phi hp xe dao) ko tay gt 1 t v tr I (Hnh 2.5) ln pha trn ti v
tr II . (Hnh 2.6).
Hnh. 2.7
Hnh. 2.8
Hinh. 2.9. ng ly hp b
o chiu tin dao
b. Hm bc tin dc.
ko tay gt ly hp chuyn ng dc t v tr II v li v tr I.
c. Cho chy bc tin nghch chiu ca xe dao dc (t chnh ra ng).
Dng tay ng tay gt ly hp b o chiu (hnh. 2.9) t v tr I sang v tr III ri ko
tay gt 1 cho chy trc chnh ca my, dng tay ko tay gt ly hp chuyn ng dc
hp xe dao t v tr I ln v tr II. (Hnh .2.10).
2.4. Cho chy v hm bc tin ngang c kh ca xe dao:
a. Cho chy bc tin thun chiu ca xe dao ngang (tin vo ng tm ca my).
Dng tay ng tay gt ly hp b o chiu (Hnh.2.9) t v tr I sang v tr II ri ko
tay gt 1 cho chy trc chnh ca my, dng tay ko tay gt ly hp chuyn ng ngang
hp xe dao t v tr I ln v tr II. (Hnh.2.10).
10
b. Hm bc tin ngang.
Ko tay gt ly hp chuyn ng ngang hp xe dao t v tr II v li v tr I.
c. Cho chy bc tin nghch chiu ca xe dao ngang. Dng tay ng tay gt ly hp b
o chiu (Hnh.2.9) t v tr I sang v tr III ri ko tay gt 1 cho chy trc chnh ca
my, ko tay gt ly hp chuyn ng ngang hp xe dao t v tr I ln v tr II.
2.5. Di chuyn u con trt trn v bn xe dao bng tay:
a. Di chuyn con trt trn v v tr cui bng mt tay (v pha ng).
Tay phi cm tay quay 1 v quay theo chiu mi ten A dch chuyn con trt trn
v pha ng (Hnh.2.11).
Dng tay phi nm ly tay quay 1 (Hnh.2.15) v quay theo chiu kim ng h.
e. Dch chuyn xe dao ngang v v tr ban u.
Dng tay phi hoc tay tri quay tay quay 1 (Hnh.2.15) ngc chiu kim ng h.
f. Di chuyn bn xe dao ngang v pha ng tm trc chnh bng hai tay. Dng hai
tay cm tay quay (Hnh.2.16) v quay theo chiu khim ng h. dch chuyn xe dao v
v tr ban u quya ngc li.
g. Dch chuyn xe dao ngang v pha ng tm ca trc chnh v con trt trn v
pha trc ng thi bng hai tay.
b. Xoay con trt trn mt gc 300 ngc chiu hay cng chiu kim ng h.
Dng hai tay (Hnh.2.21) xoay con trt trn cho n khi ng vch 1 trng vi
vch th 30 vnh chia trn bn xe dao ngang , sau xit cht cc cu 1 (Hnh.2.20).
c. Xoay con trt trn v v tr ban u.
Dng hai tay
Xoay phn trn cng
Chiu kim ng h cho
n khi ng vch 1
trng vi ch s 0 ca
vnh chia trn bn
xe dao ngang (Hnh.1.22)
b.iu chnh my theo bc tin cho ( Tin dao dc v tin dao ngang).
khi ng cho trc chnh quay v thc hin cc thao tc trnh by nh mc 2.3.3,
2.3.4.
2.8. G lp, kim tra theo ng knh, mt u v kp cht phi trn mm cp ba chu
t nh tm:
a. Tho rp cc chu kp.
Dng tay quay kha mm cp ngc chiu kim ng h ri rt cc chu kp
ca mm cp ra khi cc rnh ca mm cp v t chng ln tm g.
G cc chu kp vo mm cp, xp cc chu kp ln tm g theo th t 1,2,3.
(Hnh.2.25).
Hnh.2.25. Lp chu vo mm
Hnh.2.28. Thoa bt mu r g
15
Hnh.2.31. Dng ba r g.
1.Phi; 2. Vch phn: 3. Ba.
16
c. Ni lng cc vt kp ca g dao:
Dng tay phi quay kha mt u 1 (Hnh.2.33) ngc chiu kim ng h ni
lng cc vt kp 2 ca g dao mt khong cch t mt t A sao cho a dao 3 vo
mt cch d dng (Hnh.2.34)
Hnh.2.35. G dao nh ra
1,5 chiu cao thn dao
g. Kp s b dao:
Dng hai tay quay kha mt u 1 (Hnh.2.37) theo chiu kim ng h vt kp 2
chm nh vao dao 3. Sau cng lm tng t vi cc vt kp khc v khim tra v tr ca
nh dao vi tm ca mi chng tm.
h. Kp cht dao.
kp cht dao phi xit t t v tun t tt c cc vt.
2.10. Xoay g dao v tho ming m:
a. Xoay g dao.
Dng tay phi quay tay quay 5 ca g dao (Hnh.2.38) ngc chiu kim ng h
17
Hnh.2.39. Thc cp c kh
Hnh.2.40. Thc cp in t
Hnh.2.41. Thc cp ng h
18
Hnh.2.46. o chiu di bc
1. Chi tit; 2,3. Cc m o; 4. Thanh di ng.
2). o ng knh l bng thc cp:
Hnh.2.47. o ng knh
1. Chi tit; 2,3,5. Cc m o; thanh di ng.
19
Dng tay phi cm thc cp sao cho ngn tay ci t ln phn kha nhm ca thanh
thc di ng, cn tay tri m o 5 v ko cc m o 2,3 o dng knh l, sau
xit vt hm B (Hnh.1.47) v (Hnh.1.48) rt thc ra v c kch thc.
a)
b)
Hnh.2.53. Panme
o kch thc
b.
Hnh.2.52. Panme
o kch thc trong
Hnh.2.55. Panme
o chiu su
Hnh.2.58. o kch
thc ngoi
Hnh.2.57. o chiu su
20
c. Kt qu o : L = m + i.c.
Trong : m l s vch trn thc chnh bn tri ca ng quay.
i l vch th i trn thc ph trng ng chun trn ng c nh.
c l gi tr gia hai vch trn thc ph
L = 10mm
Hnh.2.57. c kt qu o.
2.2.
Hnh.3.5. S xc nh tc ct.
t=
D d
2
4. Cu to dao tin:
4.1. Vt liu lm dao:
Vt liu lm dng c ct c cng cao, bn c hc cao, chu nhit cao c kh
nng gi c cng khi b nung nng , chu mi mn v do dai chng va p , c
tnh cng ngh v tnh kinh t.
ch to dng c ct gt, thng thng ngi ta s dng cc lai vt li sau y:
a. Thp gi.
Thp gi l loi thp hp kim dng c cha 6 18% Vonphram, 3 4% Crm v cc
thnh phn hp kim khc, c tnh ct gt tt v c s dng rng ri. P9 (9%
Vonphram); P12, P6M5 (5%bMlipen); P9K5(5% Cban) vv.
cng trng thi ti: 6070HRC
Thp gi c th ct tc t 2535 m/ph
bn nhit: 4006000C
b. Hp kim cng.
L loi vt liu lm dao c dng rng ri nht v c hiu qu kinh t cao.
Vt liu ny c ch to bng phng php luyn kim bt, luyn kim khng phi qua nu
chy m vn trng thi rn. Tui bn nhit ca hp kim cng c th t ti cng ca
HKC 70 HRC, chu nhit: 800 10000C, tc ct ln n 400 m/ph. Gang v hp
khim mu c gia cng bng dng c hp kim cng thuc nhm Vn phram Cban BK8
(8% Cban v 92% Ccbit Vnphram) v BK6 ( gia cng bn tinh v tinh).
Thp v cc loi vt liu do khc c gia cng bng dng hp kim cng thuc
nhm Titan- Cban nh T15K10 (15% Titan, 5% ccbit Titan v 85% ccbit vnphram)
gia cng th v T15K6 gia cng tinh v bn tinh.
Khuyt im ca HKC l sc bn un km nn lm vic c va p d b m.
tit kim hp him cng ngi ta to thnh cc mnh c kch thc nht nh sau
gn ln thn dao bng phng php hn hoc ghp c kh.
5. Cc gc c bn ca dao tin:
Hnh.3.9. Cc gc u dao
Hnh.3.9. S cc
b mt dao cn mi
24
b. Mi mt sau ph.
Dao1 (Hnh.3.11) t
sao cho gia mt ct chnh
v mt ct ph bng 900
(Nhn theo A) v mi dao
tng t mi mt st chnh.
Hnh.3.11. Mi mt sau ph Hnh.3.12. Mi mt trc.
1. Dao; 2. mi.
1. Dao; 2. mi
c. Mi mt trc ca dao (mt thot phoi).
Mi mt on c chiu di 3 5mm to thnh gc thot phoi (Hnh.3.9b) .
Dng tay phi cm dao 1 (hnh.3.12) cn ngn tay ci ca tay tri n dao tip
xc vi mi 2.
Khi mi dao 1 c t tip xc vi mi sao cho l ct chnh nm trong
mt phng song song vi mi.
d. Mi mi dao.
Mi dao c mi bo trn vi bn knh r tng bn cho mi dao v trnh
try xc tren b mt gia cng.
7. Kim tra cc gc trn u dao:
Dng hnh hc ca dao sau khi mi
c kim tra bng dng chuyn
dng, thc o gc hoc cc dng c
o khc.
Trc khi kim tra cn lau, chi
sch cc b mt ca thc v ca dao.
b. Xc nh mc tin dao.
Xc nh mc tin dao dc.
T vi tr dao ang
v tr ban u dng tay
ko cn khi ng cho
trc chnh ca my quay.
Dng tay phi quay vlng
xe dao ngang tin vo tm
trc chnh mt khong t
12 15mm, sau dng
tay tri quay vlng xe dao
dc tin t t vo mt u
ca phi ti khi no mt
thy mi dao va chm
nh vo phi vch trn
t mc tin
ng dao
m ngang.
Xcmnh
T vi tr dao ang v tr ban u dng tay ko cn khi ng cho trc chnh ca
my quay. Dng tay tri quay vlng xe dao ngang tin vo chnh mt khong t 12
15mm, sau dng tay phi quay vlng xe dao ngang tin t t vo mt tr ca phi ti
khi no mt thy mi dao va chm nh vo phi vch trn phi mt ng m hoc tai
nghe thy ting ku th dng li.
Tt my quay mt s xe dao ngang sao cho s 0 khc trn mt s ca xe dao dc
trng vi vch khc c nh trn xe dao ngang. Lc ny mc tin dao dc bng 0.
8.2. Ct th:
V d ct th vo phi 40 xung
cn 38 vi chiu di L10. Ta tin hnh
trn my tin ren vt vn nng
T6M16nh sau (Hnh.3.16):
Ko cn khi ng my, t mc
tin dao ngang bng 0, dng hai tay quay
xe dao ngang i mt lng chiu su ct
l; 40-38/2=1mm. (Gi tr ca mt khc
ca bn xe dao ngang bng 0,05). Nh
vy ta phi quay xe dao ngang i 20
khc. Tip theo dng hai tay quay t t
xe dao dc cho dao ct vo phi i mt
lng bng 10 khc (V gi tr ca xe dao
dc bng 1mm). Tt my, quay xe dao v
li v tr ban u, ri kim tra kich thc.
Hnh.3.17. Xc nh v tr ca dao.
1. phi; 2. dao; 3. thanh o chiu su
e. Tin mt tr ngoi.
Dao 2 (Hnh.3.19) Tin dao dc cho n khi gn t s
khc theo tnh ton trn mt s ca xe dao (tin dao theo mt
s khc trn xe dao xem mc 3.8) hay vt vch du trn phi
Kim
kch tin
thc.
cchf.2 3mm
thtra
ngng
dao t ng ( trnh trng hp
sai hng chi tit ang gia cng do r ca my hay vch du
v tnh ton mt s sai) ri tt my , li dao v v tr ban u,
kim tra kch thc phi 1 xc nh chnh xc kch thc cn
phi ct. M my dng hai tay tin dao t t ti khi t knh
Hnh.3.19. Tin mt
thc. t dc kch thc theo yu cu ta phi th hin mt
tr
ngoi. 1. phi; 2.
vi bc (ty thuc vo chnh xc v lng d gia cng).
Tt my kim tra kch thc ng knh v chiu di.
ng knh c kim tra
bng thc cp (Hnh.3.20) cn
kch thcc chiu di c kim
tra bng thc l II (Hnh.3.21)
hoc bng thanh thc o chiu
su 3 ca thc cp 1 (Hnh.3.22)
t mt u ca phi 1 cho vt
gia cng A ca phn vt mp trn
Hnh.3.20. o kch thc ng
phi (Hnh.3.21) v (Hnh.3.22)
knh bng thc cp
Hnh.3.23. Xc nh
mc tin dao.
Hnh.3.24. Tin mt
u th nht
Hnh.3.25. Tin
mt u th hai
28
31
BI 4: TIN TR BC
1. Cc loi dao tin vai:
1.1. Cu to dao tin vai:
Hnh.4.1. Gii thiu kt cu dao tin vai.
Bc 5: Vt mp mt 5 t kch 1,5x450 .
Ch ct:
S vng quay trc chnh
n = 250v/ph
Bc tin dao dc: tin th S = 0,1
mm/vg;
tin tinh S = 0,05 mm/vg
Chiu su ct: tin th t = 1.
35
Hnh.5.1. Mi khoan c
gn mnh hp kim
36
37
3. Tin l bc:
3.1. Dao tin l bc v thng s hnh hc ca dao:
3.2. Cch mi dao tin l tr bc:
- Mun cho li dao sc bn, u dao phi c hnh dng
gc nht nh, ta dng mi mi dao tin. c th mi
trn my mi dao hai , hoc trn my mi dng c chuyn
dng. Th t mi nh sau.
- Bc 1 : Mi mt sau chnh to gc = 120 160
Hnh.5.7. Dao tin l tr
- Bc 2 : Mi to gc 1 = 150, gc 1 = 50
bc v thng s hnh hc.
- Bc 3 : Mi mt trc to gc = 120.
- Trong qu trnh mi, kim tra cc gc trc v gc sau bng eke, thc o gc,
hoc dng o gc.
3.3. Phng php tin l tr bc:
Nu gia cng tng chic ta dng phng php ct th tng bc mt v o bng
thc kp, thc kp o su, Panme hoc dng kim tra.
Nu gia cng hng lot tr bc ta dng c hm ( Dc, ngang ).
Mun nng cao nng sut khi gia cng l tr bc, phi la chn k s gia
cng tu theo cng vng ca h thng cng ngh: MY- G-DAO.
3.6. o kim l tr bc:
38
Lng d
Hnh.5.10. S nh s trnh
t gia cng cc b mt
Bc 1: Tin mt u v khoan l mt 1 bng dao
vai v mi khoan 20 t kch thc l 20x
L46mm.
Ch ct:
S vng quay trc chnh n =250v/ph
Bc tin dao ngang; tin th S = 0,1 mm/vg, tin
tinh S = 0,05 mm/vg
Chiu su ct:Tin th t =0,7 mm;
Hnh.5.10. S bc gia cng 1
Tin tinh t = 0,3.
Bc 2: Tin l tr sut mt 2 bng dao tin l
sut t kch thc l 22x L46mm.
Ch ct: S vng quay trc chnh n =250v/ph;
Bc tin dao dc; tin th S = 0,1 mm/vg, tin
tinh S = 0,05 mm/vg
Chiu su ct:Tin th t =0,7 mm;
Tin tinh t = 0,3.
Bc 3: Tin l tr bc mt 3 bng dao tin l bc
t kch thc l 28x L15mm.
Ch ct: S vng quay trc chnh n = 250v/ph;
Bc tin dao dc; tin th S = 0,1 mm/vg, tin
tinh S = 0,05 mm/vg
Chiu su ct:Tin th t =1 mm; Tin bn Tinh t =
0,7; Tin tinh t = 0,3.
40
41
Hnh.6.6. S nh s trnh
t gia cng cc b mt.
Bc 1: Gia cng mt 1 v 2 bng dao vai. t kch thc rnh rng 4mm su
3mm,54,4 x L45, 42 x L23.
Ch ct:
S vng quay trc chnh n = 250v/ph
Bc tin dao dc; tin th S = 0,1 mm/vg,
tin tinh S = 0,05 mm/vg
Chiu su ct:Tin th t =0,7 mm;
Tin tinh t = 0,3.
Hnh.6.7. S bc gia cng 1.
Bc 2: Gia cng mt 3 v 8 bng dao tin rnh. t kch thc rnh rng 4mm su
3mm, cch mt u 14mm v mt 8 t kch thc 542x L3mm.
Ch ct:
S vng quay trc chnh n =250v/ph
Bc tin dao ngang; tin th S = 0,1
mm/vg, tin tinh S = 0,05 mm/vg
Chiu su ct: t = 3mm.
BI 7. TIN CN NGOI
1. Khi nim v mt cn:
1.1. Cc loi chi tit cn:
1.2. Cc loi cn tiu chun:
C hai loi cn tiu chun: cn mooc v cn h mt.
- Cn mooc bao gm 7 s hiu: 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5 v 6, nh nht l s 0 ln nht l s 6.
- Cn h mt gm 8 s hiu: 4, 6, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 v 200, cc s hiu ny ch
kch thc ng knh ln ca b mt cn, cn cn k = 1: 20 th khng i.
ng knh ln nht ca mt cn D
ng knh nh nht ca mt cn d
Chiu di cn l:
l = D d
2 tg
44
b)
Hnh.8.18. Cc thng s
hnh hc ca dao tin ren
47
Nguyn nhn.
iu chnh bc ren khng chnh xc.
Nguyn nhn.
c. Chn mt n dao mt s khng chnh xc.
Nguyn nhn.
e. Mi dao khoong chnh xc.
g. G dao khng ng tm my.
h. Prophin ca ren b bin dng khi ct ren vi tc cao.
Nguyn nhn.
G dao khng vung gc vi tm ca phi.
Nguyn nhn.
l. Bc ct cui chiu su ct qu ln.
m. C hai l ct ca dao u tham gia ct.
n. Dao b mn.
0. Hnh thnh hin tng phoi bm.
51
52
53