Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thut ng v xe hi
1. Rc ri thut ng xe hi
M i hng mi kiu,i lc cc ch vit tt gn trn t nhnh ngi
tiu dng. Cng ch mt cng ngh m Honda th c VTEC, Toyota gi l
VVT-i cn BMW kh hiu hn vi VANOS.
T khi khai sinh cchy 120 nm, xe hi ko theo hng lot nhng thut
ng, t vit tt m dn d chng tr thnh ngn ng ca ring sn phm ny.
Trn mt mu xe hay mt cng ngh bao gi cng cng c ch vit ttnh
km. Chng hn,ng c V8 hay V6, chng b cng phanh ABS (Antilock
brake system),iu ha (A/C- Airconditioning), SRS (ti kh) tr nn rt
quen thuc.
ng c kiu VVT-i quen thuc ca Toyota.nh: Autoworld.
Tuy nhin, c nh ng t vit tt nh thch thc hiu bit ca mi ngi v
rc ri ch chng vn ch l mt cng ngh, hay mt thit b no. Dng
nh, mi khi sng to hay ci tin ci g mi, cc hng li c ngh cho n mt
ci tn khng b ln vii th khc. Tng t nh vy, sn phm cng c
"ui" theo sau khin nhiu ngi mua xe hng chc nm m khng hiu ht
ngha ca nhng t vit tt.
Khng ch "dn thng", nhng k s sng s trong lng cng ngh hay
gii am hiu ti lc cng phi b tay trc t vit tt. Nhiu lc, cc hng
pht minh ra mt t chng lin quan g n k thut m ch chm chm vo
mcch marketing. Khng nhng vy, c nhng tnh hung oi om nh cm
II. Bo dng xe
1. Bo dngc-quy t
Qu nhit v qu np l hai nguyn nhn ch yu khinc-quy htin sm. V
vy, cn theo
di v bo dng thng xuyn thit b ny,c bit trong ma nng.
c-quy l mt trong nhng thit b quan trng nht trn xe hi,m nim
vai tr tch trin nng, cung cp nng lng cho cc thit b tiu thin
(ph ti) nh my khing, kch thch my pht xoay chiu.c-quy s cung
cpin nng cho cc ph ti khi my phtin cha lm vic hoc vng tua
my chat tc quynh.
Sau khi khing v vng tua my ln, cc thit b trn t s s dngin
nng sinh ra t
my pht.ng thi,c-quyc npin tch tr nng lng cho cc ln
khing sau.
a sc-quy s dng trn t lc-quy ch. Chngc chia thnh cc
loi nhc-quy h (cquy nc) vc-quy kn (hay cn gic-quy kh).
Loic-quy nc c th bo dng nh thm nc, cnc-quy kh khng
cn bo dng v dng mt ln chon lc htin.
2. Bo d ngc-quy 'sng' lu a. Nhngiu cn bit vc-quy t
S qu nhit v qu np l hai nguyn nhn chnh dnn hin tngc quy
cht sm. Nhit
khi n cht lng bay hi, thayi nng dung dch, phnng din ra nhanh
c khi mi th tt. Nhng chic my tnh tch hp trn xe l b phn tiu hao
nng lngin nhiu nht. Cc my tnhiu khin phun nhin liu, kim sot
nhit vng, module khing,iu khinn pha, dn radio k thut s,ng
h, gh nh cc v tru lmnh hng ti bn cac-quy.
Tin ti n hn 20 nm trc, cng ngh ngy nay gip xe hi gn nh ri
vo gic ng v lun trong trng thi sn sng. Bt c khi noc kch
hot, chng s hotng. Cc b phniu khinin t vn hotng m thm
v tiu th mt cht nng lng. Nhng ch cn qua vi ngy, chng c th
lm cn mt bnhc-quy. Vi thit b khc cng s dngin tc-quy mc d
trng thi khng hotng nh my pht in, biu chnh dng, h thngnh
la. Bn cnh, nhng chic diode (b phn nn dng mt chiu nm trong
cc thit b) c th b hng v dngin c cng ln si qua. Tuy nhin,
tnh hung ny him khi xy ra.
bit mc s dngin ca cc thit b, bn c tho dng x khi
tt khanh la. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng cc my tnh trn xe hi s dng
dngin 5-8 mA gi cho b nh hotng. Hu ht cc mu xe hini c
gii hn dng khong 25-28 mA hoc thp hn ngoi tr vi loi xe hng
sang c mc cng dngin cao hn mt cht. Ringn cho xe ti cn
cng dng 900 mA hay 0,9 A v c th s dng htc-quy trong vng
mtm.
o cng dngin, mt s mu xe cn phi ngh 30 pht trc khi
tin hnh. Nuo ngay, cc my tnh c thang trng thi thc v tiu hao
nhiu nng lng, v vy, kt qu khng hon ton chnh xc. Khi cc thit
bi vo trng thi ng, kt quo mi chnh xc. Thm ch, vi nhng
cc bnh khngngu, do mt trong s chng dnh du, khe h m phanhtang trng khngu,ng dn du b tc cc b. Khi gp phi tnh hung ny,
bn nn ti ngay cc garage sa cha bi n khin xe rt d lt, mt li
khi tc cao, mc bit vi cc loi kch thc ln nh xe th thaoa
dng.
Ngoi cc hi n tng trn, mt vn m ngii xe thng gp phi l
ting ku khi phanh. Du hiu ny cho thy m phanh qu mn, trinh tn
v chng ma st vi tang trng gy ting kt kt rt kh chu. Phnng duy nht
l bn thay m phanh mi, gip phanhn hn v xe i cng d chu hn.
b. Bnh phanha
Phanh a cuim l c cn bng tt khi dng. Xt theo kha cnh s
dng cho xe c nhn, phanha c t nhcim v cng t bnh hn phanh tang
trng. Tuy nhin, do cc dng sedan (xe 5 ch) hay SUV thngi vi tc
cao nn vic theo di, bo dng, kp thi pht hin hng hc l ht sc cn
thit.u tin, nu bnp rung khi phanh, bn phi ngh ngay ti trng
hpa phanh v vnh, b dy khngu v gii php l thay tha phanh mi.
B nh thng thy hn ca kiu phanh ny l ting ku khi bn nhn chn
phanh. V nguyn nhn ch yu l m phanh qu mn.a tip xc vi m mn
to ra ting ku lot xot, xut pht t s va chm gia kim loi trn m (ht
lp vt liu ma st) via phanh.i vi xe my, k thut vin thng x l
bng cch mi mna loi cc vt xc. Tuy nhin vi t, lc phanh
thng ln hn nn cch gii quyt duy nht l thay m va phanh mi.
Hi n tng thng gp th hai l phanh khng nh sau khi b bnp
on bnh xe qua mi
- Tm bnh qua ting ku
- Bt bnh bugi Sau khi kim tra mc du, bn nn xem h thng lm mt. Bn
c th tm cc vt nt, rn hay
cc nt ph ng trong cm gia nhit hayng li tn nhit, cc v tr gn
vng kp hoc gn vt chuynng. Tipn lm kim tra mu sc cht lm
mt. Ty thuc vo tng nh sn xut khuyn co, tng loi nht c th c mu
xanh neon, hng hoc vng cam. Nu cht lm mt c mu ca g st, chng t
h thng b h do chngn mn cc chi tit. Bn nn kim tra li tn
nhit,c bit ti cc khp ni b han v cc v tr c him.
N u cc thit b trn khng c hng hc, bn c th kim tra biu nhit
v cc mi hn ca bm nc. Sau l kim tra cc mi ni b gia nhit, bao
gm cng c v b cch nhit. Nu c hi nc hoc thm gh trc bm
chng t b gia nhit b hng.
N u vn cha tm ra nguyn nhn, bn nn kim tra phn di ca li
tn nhit, ni lin kt vi ng c. Cui cng l kim tra ngay cng c. Nu
khi khingng x c khi trng, bn nn ngh ti vic cht lm mt vo
xi-lanh.y l mt trong nhng vn nghim trng bi cht lng s lmy
mt phn xi-lanh. Khi khing, s di chuyn ca piston c th lm thanh
truyn b cong hocu xi-lanh b nt. Tnh trng nyc gi l s nght thu
tnh.
N u li tn nhit hay bnh chng trn vn c mc nc thp m khng
tm thy ch thng, c th do cht lm mt r qua li tn nhit v b qut gi
Hng nyc chia khng chnh thc thnh nhm xe gianh (Citroen C5,
Toyota Avensis) v xe cao cp (Audi A4, BMW Serie 3, Mercedes-Benz
C-Class, Jaguar X-Type, Volvo S60). Mercedes c cch gi hng ring,i
khi khng trng vi tiu chun chu u. C-Class ca h tngng hng D,
nhng trang thit b mc cao,ng c mnh ngang nga vi nhm coupe th
thao.
Xe h ng E l nhm sang trng, di 4,7-5 m, ni tht rng v trang thit b
cao cp, tin nghiy . Cc mu xe hng Eca chung hin nay l
Mercedes E-Class, BMW Serie 5, Audi A6
Cu i cng l hng F - loi sedan c chiu di vt qu 5 m. Ni tht rt
sang trng,ng c t 6 xi-lanh tr ln, trang b cc h thngin t tin tin
nht. Nhng mu xe hng Fca chung nht l: Mercedes S-Class, BMW
Serie 7, Audi A8, Jaguar XJ8 v Lexus LS430
Hi n nay, khi nng cp xe, cc nh sn xut thng tng chiu di mu c
thm 10-15 cm. V d VW Polo v Fiesta l xe hng B, khi nng cp, cc mu
miu di hn 15 cm, vt qua mc
3,9 m v trn l thuyt, c th lit vo hng C.
2. H thng tiu chun kh thi chu u
Theo l trnh, giaion 2005-2008, nc ta s xy dng tiu chun cht lng kh thi xe hi ph hp
vi Euro I trong h thng tiu chun chu u.y l mt trong nhng h thng tiu chun tin tin nht,
c p dng rng ri trn th gii, gm c Trung Quc v cc ncng Nam .
Chu u l ci ni c a ngnh cng nghip t th gii bi nhng pht minh sng chu tin vng
c t trong rai t lca ny. S pht trin vt bc ca th trng t giaion 1960-1970 v bi hc
v ci cht ca 80 ngi dn New York trong 4 ngy thi tito ln do nhim khng kh, buc chnh
Steady Cycle - Chu trnh thc nghimnnh) v ETC (European Transient Cycle - chu trnh thc
nghim tc thi).
ESC l ph ng php kimnh tin hnh theo nhiu giaion. mi giaion, vn tc v ti trng ca
xe khngi. Nhng khi chuyn sang giaion khc ngi ta s thayi hai thng s mt cch ngu
nhin. Trong sut qu trnh thc hin, kh thi lin tci qua thit bo nng v gi tr cui cng l trung
bnh cng ca ton b cc giaion. ESC ph hp viiu kin vn hnh trnng trng, t thayi
vn tc v ti trng.
Khng gi ng vi ESC, phng php ETC da trn vic thayi vn tc, ti trng mt cch tc thi.
Ngi ta khng cho kh thi qua thit bo ngay m gom vo mt ti kh plastic v phn tch sau khi kt
thc thc nghim. ETC thch hp choiu kin chy trong thnh ph, phi lin tc thayi vn tc cng
nh ti trng.
H thng tiu chun Euro thng xuync nghin cu, cp nht theo tnh hnh s dng t cc
nc thnh vin lin minh chu u. Nhng bo co v lng xe hi v nng kh thi trong khng kh l
c s cc nh chc trcha ra nhng quynh mi do khong thi gian p dng ca Euro thng
khng nnh trc. V nh ch 3 nm sau khi c hiu lc, Euro IV sc thay th bng tiu chun mi,
Euro V.
B trung ha kh thi
Nh ng quynh ht sc kht khe ca Euro V khin cc hng sn xut t li tip tc thayi kt cu
ng c nhm tng hiu sut chy, lpt b chuyn ha xc tc (catalytic converter), thayi ngun
nhin liu v nghin cu thit k quy trnh sn xut thn thin vi mi trng. Bn cnh, Euro cn quy
nh cc loi xe hotng ti chu u phi tha mn tiu chun trong vng 80.000 km. Nu khngp
ngc yu cu trn, nh sn xut s phi thu hi ton b loi sn phm.
Vit Nam v Euro
3. nghaimnh gi an ton xe hi
im an ton l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng nht m ngi mua
xe quan tm, bi n nh hng trc tip ti tnh mng ca h. Da trn phn
trm sng st ca hnh khch, mi t chcnh gi c phng php th
nghim v choim ring ca mnh, nhng thng dng nht l choim theo
sao.
Trn th gii, 3 t chcnh gi an ton uy tn nht l C quan an ton
giao thng quc gia M NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration), Vin nghin cu an ton giao thng quc gia M IIHS
(Insurance Institute for Highway Safety) v chng trnhnh gi xe mi
EuroNCAP (European New Car Assessment Programme).
Nh ng th nghim an tonc cc t chc ny tin hnh lnu tin
vo nhng nm 1970, ring IIHS mi btunh gi cho khch hng t nm
1995. Nu NHTSA v EuroNCAPc chnh ph M v chnh ph cc nc
chu u bo lnh th IIHS li phc v cho cc hng bo him t. kt qu
mang tnh ph dng cao, cc t chcnh gi thng chn nhng mu xe nhiu
ngi s dng, c cu trc v cc thit b an ton khng c s khc bit ln so
vi mu xe u tin.
Th nghim va chm pha trc
Trong th nghim va chm trc, nhng hnh nmct trong xe di
t th nh ngi ngi v ngi li tht s. Khi chic xe va chm vi tng
cnh tc 56 km/h, lc tcng ln cc hnh nmc tnh ton v
NHTSA sa ranh gi theo cc "sao" da trn phn trm sng st ca
ngi ngi trong xe.
S sao ngha
ngc v xng chu ca hai hnh nmc tnh ton nhng mcnh gi theo
"sao" li ch da trn chn thng ngc. Chn thngu khngc nh
gi voim "sao" m ch ghi ct "an ton lin quan" nu mcng quan
tm.
S sao ngha
4 Nguy c lt t 11-20%
3 Nguy c lt t 20-30%
2 Nguy c lt t 30-40%
cc kt cu vi mch v d liu chunc lu trong b nh cht PROM, ngi s dng khng th bit.
V v y, khi xy ra hng hc ch c th kim tra cc thng s vo v ra ca ECUnh gi tnh
trng hotng ca n. Nu cc cm binu hotng tt nhng thit biu khin nh kim phun xng
khng kch hot chng t ECU b hng.
6.u nhcim ca cc h dnng
M i h dnng cu trc, cu sau, 4 bnh v ton b cc bnh cu v nhcim ring. Ty
thuc vo nhu cu s dng v ty vo tng loi xe m cc hng c cch p dng thch hp. Chng hn
xea hnh thng l dnng 4 bnh cn sedana s s dng h dnng cu trc.
ng c sinh ra cng sut v m-men xon. truyn nng lng ti cc bnh khin chng quay,
chic xe ca bn cn phi c c cu dnng. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc bnhu trc tip nhn
cng sut v m-men xon tng c. Ty thuc yu cu k thut gia cc loi xe v ti tng thiim
m ngi ta c nhng phng php truynng khc nhau.
M t cch tng qut nht, hin c 4 c cu dnng gm AWD (all-wheel drive) tc l h dnng
tt c cc bnh; 4WD (four-wheel drive) ch xe dnng 4 bnh; RWD (rear-wheel drive) l h
dnng cu sau v cui cng l FWD (front-wheel drive) - dnng cu trc. Bnh no trc tip nhn
cng sut v m-men xonc gi l bnh dnng.
a. Dnng cu trc FWD
G n nh tt c cc xe ngy nayu s dng h dnng cu trc. Nhng nmu th k 20, kiu
FWD thuc loi "him c kh tm" nhng giy, nc trang b trn khong 70% s xe mi xut
xng. Nh vy, r rng c mt cuc dch chuyn ngon mc trong ngnh cng nghip t khi t h
dnng cu sau chuyn ht sang dnng cu trc.
Nguyn nhn chnh n m ch cc xe hiniu cng ct trc thay vt sau nh trc kia.
V vy, loi b c cu truynng t trc ra sau vn "lng nhng" v tiu hao nhiu nng lng,
truyn cng sut ti ngay bnh trc l gii php kh thi nht. Ngoi ra, p dng FWDng ngha vi
vic cc nh sn xut c th gim bt cc chi tit, h thp chi ph.ng thi, khi lng xe gimi cng
khin n "n" t xng hn. uim quan trng na ca h dnng FWD l dong ct pha trn trc
trc nn trng lng ca nc truyn thng xung bnh dnng khin bmng tng ln, gip
xe hotng tt cc mt ng trn trt.
Ngoi nh nguim trn, FWD cn c nhcim lin quan ti tnh nng ca xe.u tin, trong
trng hp phn b trng lng tp trung xung pha sau, h dnng cu trc rt kh tng tc v lun
tht th trn cconng thng.iu khin cc xe s dng FWD rt d b hin tng "oversteer", tc
bnh sau b trt v khng cn ma st. Nhcim cui cng l d FWD ht sc thc t nhng thit k
ca chng li mu thun vi tnh nng vn hnh ca xe. Ti sao xe ca bni bng 4 bnh nhng lit
tt c nhim vnh hng, phanh v tng tc ln hai bnh trc?
b. H dnng cu sau RWD
R rng hai ki u FWD v RWD c nhngu nhcim tri ngc nhau. Vi RWD, xe tng tc tt
hn. Hai bnh trcc gii thot khi nhim v dnng v ch tp trung vo vic dn hng (bnh
li). Tuy nhin,uim ny khng lm RWD tri hn so vi FWD. Thi ku, s dng RWD xe phi c
trc truynng v mt b vi sai truyn cng sut tng c xung trc sau. Thit b ny lm tng gi
thnh sn xut v cng vi, trng lng xe tng ln. V vy, RWD thc t l khng hiu qu hn
FWD. Ngoi ra, khii xe dnng cu sau m khng c h thng kim sot bmng, ti x rt d
mt li cconng trn trt hay mc kt xung rnh, mng, g.
c. Dnng 4 bnh (4WD) v ton b cc bnh (AWD)
Hai h dnng gii thiu trn ch s dng mt na s bnh dnng. V tt nhin, s c
ngit ra cu hi ti sao khng s dng c 4 bnh.p li, ngnh cng nghip t c cu tr li rt
sm khi m hng xe H Lan Spyker trnh lng h thng dnng 4 bnh ton thi gian (full-time) t nm
1903 ti trin lm xe hi Paris.
Tr c ht, cn phi ni r rng ti sao li c s khc bit gia dnng bnh 4WD v dnng tt
c cc bnh AWD. Thut ng 4WD hnh thnh trn c s dng ch kiu dnng 4 bnh thi ku
ca hng xea hnh Jeep v xe ti. N m ch cc xe c ch chn dnng 2 bnh hoc 4 bnh bng
cng tc gn trong xe.
Trn cc m u xe s dng 4WD thng c ch "low - thp" v "high - cao". Khi chn "low", h
truyn ng cp nhiu m-men xon hni trn cconng g gh hay troo. Cn ch "high"
s dng trn cconng trn trt. 4WD cn s dng b kho vi sai trung tm nhm trnh nhng
chnh lch khng cn thit gia bnh bn tri v bn phi khii trna hnh khng bng phng.
AWD dng ch cc xe dnng 4 bnh ti mi thiim v khng c ch "low" hay "high".
Trong khi khi nim 4WD ch yu dng cho xe th thaoa dng SUV, lin quan ti kh nng vta
hnh th AWD li quen thuc vi cc xe sedan, wagon,a dng minivan. AWD c ngha gip ci
thin bm ng trongiu kin thi tit xu. Mt vi mu xe nh Lexus RX330 l v din hnh, mc
d chng l xe SUV nhng li s dng AWD thay v 4WD. V th, ngi ta gi kiu xe l "crossover".
Ch "all - tt c" trong t All Wheel Drive c mt cht mu thun v d gy hiu lm khi m hin
nay hu ht cc xe AWD c kh nng phn b ton b cng sut xung bnh sau khi pht hin bnh
trc b trt. Nhng chic Subaru hay Chrysler c thi trnng trn trt mt cch thoi mi v
chng c th chuyn cng sut t bnh trt (mt bmng) sang bnh khng b trt.
V i nhng kh nng nh vy 4WD hay AWD dng nh l h dnng tt nht. Nhng thc t li
khng hon ton chnh xc. C haiu c trng lng tng lnng k, thit k phc tp v gi thnh
cao. Chng cn lm tng mc tiu hao nhin liu bi tng sc cn gi do cng knh.n mt lc no,
khi b kim sot bmng tr nn ph bin hn trn cc xe RWD hay FWD, 4WD v AWD s tr
thnh d vng.
V i tt c ccu nhcim trn, khng th c h dnng tt nht trong tt c cc h quy chiu.
V vy, bn hy chn cho mnh mt chic xe c ch hp l, tu thuc voiu kin, cng vic v s
thch ca mnh.
7. Cch s dng s tng an ton v tit kim
H p s tng vn b coi l tiu hao nhiu nhin liu, d cuim gip ngi li gim bt thao
tcp chn cn v chuyn s. Do d s dng nn c nhng thi quen s dng thiu k thut, an ton,
m ngi li mc phi nh chuyn sang s P, s R hay N khi xeang chy.
H p s tngu tin trn th giic s dng t nm 1940 khi hng xe Oldsmobile (hin khng
cn tn ti), M, sn xut hng lot v mang tn Hydra-Matic. Banu, Hydra-Matic ch c khp ni
thy lc (fluid coupling) ch khng phi b bin m (torque converter). Ti 1948, b bin mu tin
trnh lng trn chic Buick Dynaflow. Hin ti, 80% s xe M trang b h truynng ny nhng chu
u, ngi s dng vn khng mn m vi n do tiu hao nhin liu v gim cng sutng c.
Tuy nhin, cng v i nhng ci tin k thut, hp s tng ngy cng hiu qu hn v tr thnh xu
hng mi ti cc ncang pht trin.uim ln nht ca s tng l gim thiu thao tc ca ngi
li, ph hp vi nhng ngi mi tpi hay ph n vn khng thnh tho khi s dng s sn. Ngoi ra, s
tng c t s truyn bini mt cch tiu theoiu kin vn hnh nn gipng c hotng nnh,
xe chy m i.
Do n gin khi vn hnh nn hp s tng d gy nn nhng thi quen khng tt. Theo cc hng
dn vin ca Ford Vit Nam trong bui l li th xe v hng dn s dng hp s tng hp l din ra
ngy 29/7, mt s ngi thng mc li chuyn sang s P () hay s R (li) khi xe cha dng hn.
Thao tc ny c th lm m cc bnh rng s, bi khi chng vnang c chuynng quay v vic
hm hoc i chiu quayt ngt s c tcng khng tt. Bn cnh, cc k thut vin cng lu
khng nn chuyn v s P khi tc vng tua my cao hn tc khng ti, v lun gi chn phanh khi
chuyn t s P sang cc s khc.
Khi xe vi ra ngoi,m bo, ngi li nn s P v ko phanh tay. Trong trng hp
hp viiu kin tng ngnh. Tnhn hin ti, c ti 4 loi m lc khc nhau gm: M lc c hc (trng
vinh ngha ca Jame Watt), m lc theo h mt (metric horsepower), m lcin (electrical
horsepower, s dng cho ngnhin) v m lc ni hi (boiler horsepower).
i vi ngnh cng nghip xe hi, m lc c hc (mechanical horsepower) v m lc theo h mt l
ph bin nht. M lc theo h mt khai sinh tic trong th k 19 v m rng sang chu u v chu
. Khi du nhp sang cc nc, m lc h mt lic k hiu khc nhau nh: PSc, CV Php,
PK H Lan. V c bn, ccn v ny xp x bng m lc c hc (vo khong 98,6%) do
chngco bng ccn v khc nhau.
V c s khc bit nn khi cc hngua nhau sn xutng c cng sut ln th mi chuyn tr nn
ri rm. Thm ch, cng sutng cc nng ln gpi khi chuyni cc ho lng khc nhau. V
d, Bugatti lun cho rng chic siu xe Veyron 16.4 c cng sut ln ti 1.001 m lc th b kiai Ty
Dng, cc k s M khng khng cho rng n ch c 980 m lc theo h SAE.
Cch xc nh cng sut theo m lc cng l cng vic phc tp v tn km. Cng sutng c m
cc nh sn xut ghi trong bng thng s k thut xe l cng sut cci, ngha l cng sut ln nht m
chic xe c thtc ti vng tua nhtnh.ng cong biu din cng sut theo s vng tua my lun
tn ti mtim cci, v gi tr cng sut tiim l cng sut tia cang c. Cng sut th hin
cho kh nngt vn tc tia ca chic xe nhng n khngi din cho kh nng tng tc. V vy, cng
sut cao cha chc xe bc m cn ph thuc vo m-men xon v vng tua my.
G ny, cc nh sn xut thng ghi cng sutng c theo ch vit tt l hp. Nhng thnh
thong, vn c hng ghi bhp khin nhiu ngi phn vn. Thut ng bhp dng ch gi tr cng sut
xc nh bng lc k hm (brake horsepower). Lc k hmc gn vou trc c, sau, cc k s
s hm vng quayo lc xon ca trc c trong mt khong thi gian nhtnh. Th nguyn bhp vn
c dng rng ri ti Anh, nhng Bc M th cch tnh tng cng sutng c bng m lc (hp) ca
SAE (Hip hi K s t M) li l cch tnh tiu chun.
Tr c 1972, gi tr cng sutca s cc hng chp nhn l "hp" theo tiu chun SAE. Th
nhng, ngy cng c nhiu hnga ra cch tnh khc nhau phc v li ch ring. C hng nng cao
cng sut "nnh" ngi mua thch cng sut ln nhng c hng li gim cng sut trnh mc bo
him cao. Gia cc ccho khc nhau cng khin nhiu ngi ngc nhin. V d, chic Chrysler 426
Hemi nm 1971 c cng sut 425 m lc nhng khio li theo chun mi ch cn 375 m lc.
V vy, cng sut m nh sn xuta ra ch l gi tr tham kho, cn mun bit sc mnh thc s ca
chi c xe, ch cn cch li th. 9. Tit kim xng vi h thng xi-lanh chng Khi gi nhin liu
tng cao l lc nhng chic xe tit kim nhin liu hay hybridc quan tm nhiu
hn. Bn cnh, gii php dnh cho ccng c xng hay diesel lng dng cng ngh xi-lanh ch
ng.
Xu t hin trn th trng t 2004, h thng xi-lanh chng (Cylinders de-activation) dn chng
tc vai tr ca n. Cc chuyn gia tp ch Canadiandriver, sau gn mt nm chy tha ra
nhngnh giu tin v h thng ny.
Hi n ti, c 3 nh sn xut cung cp h thng xi-lanh chng bao gm Chrysler vi sn phm
thng miu tin MDS (Multiple Displacement System - xi-lanha dung tch) chong c Hemi, GM
vi cng ngh DOD (Displacement on Demand - dung tch theo yu cu) v Honda vi VMC (Variable
Cylinder Management - xi-lanh hotng bin thin).
Khi ch tong c Hemi V8, Chrysler c tng v h thng "xi-lanha dung tch". Hin
ti,ng c Hemi 7,5 lt no ca Chrysler cng c kh nng tch hp MDS vi mt vi ph kin khc. Ch
cn thm 8 coni, 4 nam chmin v mt cm bin,ng c s hotng hiu qu v tit kim hn.
V i MDS Hemi trn chic pickup Ram 1500i 2006, ch nhn ca nhng chic xe ny c th nhn
c nhng li chng k. Cc chuyn giac tnh MDS c th gip tit kim 20% chi ph nhin liu
trong nhngiu kin li nhtnh. Cn cc quan chc ca Chrysler tin rngn nm 2007, c khong 1
triu chic xe trang b MDS v khi, MDS s gip tit kimc 230 triu lt xng mi nm.
H thng xi-lanh chng c kh nng ngt mt vi xi-lanh no nu thy khng cn thit. Tt c
cc cng ngh xi-lanh chng hin nayu ngt mt na s xi-lanh. Trn ccng c V8, h thng s
ngt 4 xi-lanh, trn V6, ngt 3 xi-lanh. lmciu, kim phun xng v cc van cng phic
ngt. Chrysler v GM s dng nam chminiu khin dng du ti cc coni thu lcc bit. Khi
dng du thu lc ngt, conic gii phng, chim ly chuynng ca trc cam, lc trc cam ch
vn hnh conic bit ch khng lm chuynng van. Khc vi Chrysler v GM, Honda li p dng
cng ngh i-VTEC chn cc van trn ti mt na trong s cc xi-lanh.ng c i-VTEC ca Honda s
dng trc cam trn vi mt bnh xe tip xc. Hai cny (c m)c ni vi bnh xe ny khi n
quay, cc cny s m van xi-lanh.
Cc chuyn gia k thut xem xt mc hao mn trn nhng xi-lanh hotng ton thi gian v
nhng xi-lanhc "ngh". Vi sn phm ca c 3 nh sn xut trn, khng c bt c s khc bit no v
mc mi mn gia hai loi xi-lanh. H thng ch hotng khi chic xe c ti trng nh v c rt t
tcng xu ln vng gng, piston v thnh xi-lanh. Mt lo ngi ca cc khch hng l mt na xi-lanh
khng hotng s gy nn hin tng my "nng" khngu, lm tng nguy c mi mn cc b.
khc phc hin tng, h thng thnh thong li kch hot ton b cc xi-lanhm bo khing c
c nhitngu.
Khi ng c chuyn t trng thi "ngh" sang trng thi hotng ton phn, cng sut tng ln
gpi nhng chic xe vn vn hnh m khng c bt c s thayit ngt no. Ngay c khi ngi li
xe ch tm quan st s thayi th cng rt kh nhn ra. H thng kim sot bm gain t s gi
cho vng tua my v cng sut mt mc nhtnh khi cc xi-lanh khcc kch hot.
C r t nhiu cch tit kim nhin liu v h thng xi-lanh chng l mt trong s. N l mt
trong s t nhng cch m va tit kim nhin liu, vam bo cng sut theo mong mun ca ngi
tiu dng.
10. Cc kiu lp xe hi
Khng mt loi lp xe no c th thchng vi mia hnh hay miiu kin thi tit khc nhau. Mi
loiu c nhnguim ring, nhngng thi lun km theo mt s hn ch nhtnh.
L p dng cho mi ma (all season tyre): loi lp thng dng nht, ph hp vi nhiuiu kin
khc nhau.u th ln nht ca loi lp ny l gip to ra s cn bng gia kh nng bm
mtng,ng thi to thun li cho li xe khiiu khin. Gn lp bn v khng gy tingn. Mt
liim na ca loi lp ny l gi c tngi phi chng.
Touring all season tyre gipiu khin xe chnh xc hn. So vi lp dng mi ma, chng th hn
v do , gyn hn. Git hn loi lp radial thng thng, lp ny c bn tngng. Mt s nh
sn xut tu tin thm ch touring vo tn sn phm hng bn chy hn.
L p cao cp (performance tyre) c gn ln v ngn, trng bt mt nhng quan trng l n c
bm tt hn. Nhng loi lp cao cp thng gy nhiu tingng, bmng khng cao khi gp tri
ma v rt km nu c tuyt ph.im t nht l chng mn rt nhanh v gi c cngt hn. Loi lp
siu cao cp (ultra-high performance tyre) c th khin bn chong vng vt.
Light truck tyre c thit kc bit dnh cho xe trng ti nh v xe th thaoa dng. Kiu lp
ny ch trngn vic tng kh nngiu khin xe, tng s m i khi vn hnh. Tuy nhin, khi chy
trnng bng, chng hin hn v hi knh cng. Do kch thc ln, chng chu ti tt hn v gi
cngt hn. Rnh gnc khot su hn cng c ngha l bn mc cao.
L p dng khi tri c tuyt (conventional snow tyre)c sn xut vi gn ngn, cng, nhm bm
su hn vo mtng ph tuyt hay trn nhy v bng gi. Cng v th kiu lp ny gyn, khiu
khin hn khi chy trongiu kin bnh thng.t hn lp radial thng thng, lp dngi tuyt bn hn,
ch yu l v ngi ta ch s dng chng c na thi gian trong mt nm. Lpi tuyt ngy nay tr nn t
thng dng hn vi thp k trcy, nhng nu sinh sng ti mt ni m mang tri tuyt v bn
mt chic xe chy chch hng bng cch tng phanh xe. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy hai trang b nu
trn c tc dng nht trong hng lot cc cng ngh mi v an ton trn c xe con (passenger car) v xe
ti (truck).
Ti kh bn v ESC l trang b tiu chun (standard) trna s cc xe cao cp nhng li ch l la
chn (option) ti nhiu mu xe. Ty thuc vo tng kiu xe, tng hng m chi ph lp thm c th t vi
trm n vi nghn USD. Theo cc nghin cu, hai thit b trn c th cu sng hng nghn mng ngi
nu cng dng rng ri hn, chng hn, ESC gip gim 35% nguy c t vong trong tai nn xe hi.
"Ti ngh chng nnc coi l trang b tiu chun ch khng phi l la chn thm cho khch hng",
R.David Pitttle, Ph ch tch Hip hi ngi tiu dng M, ni khi tr li phng vn t New York Times.
*T m quan trng caai an ton *Chc nng bo v ca ti kh Priya Prasad, chuyn gia hngu
v lnh vc an ton ca tpon Ford Motor, cho bit s ch mua xe c
cc trang b an ton trn, chng hn nh chic SUV Mercury Mountainer m ng mi tng c
con gi 23 tui. Prasad, pht biu trn bo New York Times, nu ln vi nghin cu gny lm minh
chng: "Tnh hiu qu ca chng rt cao, gn tngng viai an ton".
T i Vit Nam, phn ln cc xe ch c hai ti kh dnh, mt cho ngi li v mt cho ngi ngi gh
trc. BMW serie 3 c s dng 4 ti kh; BMW serie 5, Ford Mondeo 2.5 cng tt c cc mu sedan
ca Mercedes c trang b tiu chun 6 ti kh (hai pha trc, hai hai bn v hai pha trnu hng gh
trc).
Chic SUV trn ch mt chic t lnh nng khong 170 kg, gn nh b lt khi r v khng c ESC.
Chic xe bn di, c ESC, t ra rt an ton cng mt gc r.
Ti kh bn b tu xut hin trn xe hi tu nhng nm 1990. Thotu, n c nhim v bo v
phn thn ngi trong cc va chm t bn cnh xe v hin c thm c ti kh bo vu,c gn pha
trn trn (curtain airbag). Hu ht xe ca Chrysler, thuc s hu tpon DaimlerChrysler,u c gn
ti kh bo vu.
Vi t Nam hin c hai nh my,t tr s ti khu cng nghip Nomura, Hi Phng, cng thuc
tpon Toyota ton cu, l Toyoda Gosei sn xut ti kh thng v Toyotabo chuyn v ti kh bo
vu. Nhng bn thn Tng gimc Toyota Vit Nam, ng Makato Sasagawa, trong mt cuc hp
bo gn y, tha nhn sn phm ca hai nh my trn hon ton hng ti mc tiu xut khu do cha
tmc i tc tiu th trong nc vo thiim ny.
X ngng vi danh ting ca mt nhn hiu xe hng sangngu th gii, xe ca Mercedes-Benz
khng ch c 6 ti kh m cnc trang b tiu chun h thng cn bng ESC. Cc mu sedan ca hng
sn xut ti Vit Namu c cng ngh ny (c gi hi khc l ESP - Electronic Stability Program).
Nu nh ti kh hayai an tonc coi l cc bin php an ton thng nh tc dng lm gim mc
thit hi khi s c xy ra, ESC c mcch ngn chn tai nn. H thng ny bao gm mt my tnh thu
thp thng tin t cc cm bin kim tra hotng ca v-lng, p lc phanh, tc quay ca bnh xe v
hng chuynng.
So snh h ng xe chy vi hng li thc t ca ngi li, nu xcnh thy li xe b khng cn
kh nng kim sot, my tnh tng thc hinng tc phanh vi mc khc nhau mi bnh ly li
s cn bng. ESCc xem lc bit hu dng trn xe th thaoa dng SUV (sport utility vehicle) v
chng thng d b lt hn cc loi xe di 5 ch mt khi mt kim sot.
Th ng k cho thy tai nn kiu ny gy ra 10.000 ci cht mi nm. l l do v sao tun trc,
General Motors tuyn b s lp ESC cho 1,8 triu xe SUVi 2005, trong c Chevrolet Tahoe,
Suburban, Avalanche v Trailblazer; GMC Envoy; Hummer H3, Saab 9-7X; v Buick Rainier. Cng lc,
Ford, nh sn xut xe t ln th nh nc M, cng khngnh nm ti, khong 500.000 xea dng ca
hng, gm c Ford Explorer, Mercury Mountaineer, Lincoln Aviator, Lincoln Navigator v Volvo XC90,
s c trang b h thng cn bng ESC, vn t trc ch c trn xe sedan hng sang hay xe th thao.
12. K nng phanh an ton
S dng phanh l k thut quan trng. Kin thc v thao tc phanh s gip bn s dng h thng an ton
chng ny mt cch hiu qu, trnhc nhng thit hi v ngi v xe.
Tr c ht, cn nmccim ca loi phanhc trang b trn chic xe ca mnh. Cc h thng
tin tin nht hin nay l ABS, EDB, BA... Chng h trc lc cho li xe, gip vic phanh xe d dng
v hiu qu hn rt nhiu. s dng tt chc nng ny, cn hiu bit v thao tc kh tinh t.
V tr chn v t th ngi phing, khng qu xa lcp mnh khi phanh gp. Nhng gh qu
gn th li gy kh khn trong vic chuyn chn t bnp ga sang phanh, hn na, sc nng ca chn
li p lin tc ln pan, gy tnh trng r phanh khi xe chy.
Quan st v phn on tnh hung l k nng hngu trong khi li xe, to khong thi gian cn
thit x l s c. Quytnh phanhn t bi cnh pha trc, nhng mc phanh cn ph thuc vo
vic kim sot gng hu, nu khng mun tr thnh nn nhn ca nhng xe pha sau.
Vi c phanh gp d gy trt xe, kh kim sot tay li. Vi h thng ABS, thao tc phanh gp khi
vo cua c th khin xe mtnnh. Nn trnhp phanhng ch xc, v khi tc gim thng nng
ca xe dn ln phanh v b nhn, cng thm tcng t mtng xu, cc c cu ny s nhanh hng.
Tt nht l gim ga r phanh t trc nhng g.
Cch p phanh ph bin nht l p mnh pan chon khi cm nhnc xe btu trt th t t
nh bt, ngay sau li tip tc p phanh ri nh chm chon khi xe dng li. Vn tc cng ln cng
i hi lcp mnh.y l k thut hiu qu khi xe chy trn 100 km/h. Ti x thnh tho k thut ny
s trnhc tnh trng trt bnh mt li.
Phanh k t hp v s l k nng hiu qu nht,c bit trn nhngonng trn trt (lng nc,
bng tuyt hay bn...). Thao tc nyi hi li xe phi linh hot v tnh to,u tin r phanh kiu p
mnh dn. Khi xe btu gim tc v c triu chng r bnh lp tc dn s xung nc thp hn, kt
hp nh phanh v cn tip tc chu trnh phanh v v s tip theo, ti s 1 l xe phi dng hn. Cch
phanh ny mn t s truyn ngc ca hp s vo h thng xi-lanh piston cang c, hm vng quay
thay du mi, nhng nh thay du cng chng loiang dng bi cng loi dung c nhng mi hng
c cng thc pha ch v ch tiu k thut ring.
Kim tra du hp s tng
kim trac mc du hp s, bn cn lmm xe,a ti b mt phng v ko phanh tay.
Bn s P v chong c hotng cm chng (quy trnh ny ty thuc tng loi xe v rt khc nhau,
bn hy kim tra sch hng dn trc khi thao tc). Sau, bn rt que th mc du hp s, lau sch
v cm tr li ri rt ra kim tra mc du. Thng thng, du hp s c mu hoc mu hng khi
mi. Qua thi gian b lo ha nhit cao, n bin thnh mu nu. Nu du quen l lc bn nn thay
mi.
Kim tra cht lm mtng c
B n nn kim tra cht lm mtng c ti bnh cha trn, thit b rt d nhn ra t ngoi. C 2 mc
gm Min - thp v Max - cao. Tuy nhin, nn nh khngc m cp ni li tn nhit khing c
cn nng. Nu mc cht lm lnh di quynh, bn kim tra xem c b r ru hay khng. Bt k l
thng nh th no cng cn phic hn ngay bi thiu cht lm mt c th gy ra hin tng qu
nhit, lm hngng c mt cch nghim trng. Nu mc cht lm mt khng qu thp, bn c th s
dng hn hp 50% nc v 50% cht lm mt b sung.
Kim trac-quy
Trn th c t khng c cch no kim tra xem khi noc-quy cht, v vy, thnh thong n li gy
nn nhng phin toi khngng c. Thng thng,c-quy c tui th t 2n 5 nm. Nu xe ca bn
cha thayc-quy trong 4-5 nm th bn nn tnhn chuyn mua mi trc mt chuyni di. Nu pht
hin axt trn,c-quy v hoc hng, bn cn thay ngay. Ngoi ra, cnm bo ccng dy ni khng b
mn.
Cc thit b khc cnhng c
Bn c nh mc dung c, du hp s, bn cng nn kim tra cc dyai truynng, nu chng b
nt, lo ha hy thay chng ngay. Kim tra thm du phanh, du tay li v bnh cha nc lm sch knh
cn y. Nu khng nh thi gian ra b lc kh, bn cng nn thay n. Mt b lc bn khin gim cng
sut my v tiu hao nhiu nhin liu.
m bo p sut lp
p su t lp l mt trong nhng thng s cn kim tra thng xuyn,c bit khii xa. Lp
khng cng to nn sng c hc mi mn lp v gy nguy him khiiu khin xe do khng th tng
tc nh mun. Hn na, cng khngngu gia cc bnh s lm mt cn bng v khng an ton
khi li.
Kim tra h thng treo v h thng li
Cc h ng hc trong 2 h thng ny ch c th gii quyt ti cc garage sa cha. Tuy nhin,
diy l mt vi du hiu nhn ra cc vn nh h thng c rung khng, c xut hin m thanh bt
thng hay nhng ting vap khi li qua ch xc? kim tra h thng treo, bn xem 4 thanh gim xc
xem c kh hay khng. Nu xut hin du trn, bn cn phi thay ngay v nu du thy lc trong h
thng treo t s khin xe b ny khii quaa hnh khng bng phng.
Khp ning tc
T t c cc xe dnng bnh trc v nhiu xe dnng 4 bnhu c khpng tc, c tc dng
chuyn m-men xon ti cc bnh trc. Khpng tcc bi trn bn trong v lm kn bng giong
cao su. Nu b v, m s chy ra v khpng tc lm vic khng hiu qu. V vy, khi xut hin du
hoc m trn khpng tc, bn cn mang xe ti garage sa cha.
Kim tran v cc thit b khc
Ngoi nh ng chi tit trn, hotng can pha, cn gt nc cng quan trng khng km. Bn nn
th sng, xcnh li thi gian lpn mi c th thay nu thy cn thit. Cn gt nc phi
hotng tt, khng b mn, bnh nc ra phiy. H thnginnnh, ci hotng tt l nhng yu
cu khc cn chun b cho mt chuyni tht an ton v sun s.
Odyssey nhp khu, xea dng mu mc nht, Honda trang b mt gh ding, tc khi ch 7 khch,
ngi ta c th tho n ra, cn nu thm mt hnh khch na, ch cn lp gh ph vo. Cc hng gh
phi to cho hnh khch cm gic thoi mi, m ly thn, khong chn rng v khng b b gi.
Trong cc sn phm ti Vit Nam, Grandis v Carnival l c thpng tiu chun ny cho nhiu hnh
khch c kch c khc nhau. Zace, Jolie v nhiu mu na kh cht vi nhng ai to cao.
ng c v hp s
H u ht cc xe lp rp ti Vit Nam lpng c I4 (4 xi-lanh thng hng) vi cc mc dung tch t
1.8 n 2.5, ngoi tr Kia Carnival s dng V6.iu ny kh ngc vi cc th trng khc khi mng
c thng thy trn xea dng l 6 xi-lanh (V6 hoc I6). Tiu ch quan trng nht ca xe MPV l cn
bng gia kinh t v kh nng vn hnh. V vy, bn nn la chn chic xe c tnh nng li tt nhng vn
tit kim nhin liu. Nu thch loing c diesel, Ford Everest v Isuzu Hi-Lander V-spec l la
chnng .
ng c tt phi n m, nh nhng. Khi ch khng ti, rung v tingn mc chp nhn
c. K c trong trng hp "thc ga", ting my khng bao gi b gn.
H u ht xea dng ti M s dng hp s tng, nhm gip li xe (c bit l cc b m) nhn
hn khi iu khin. Trong khi ti Vit Nam, ch Mitsubishi Grandis, Isuzu Hi-Lander (bn V-Spec v
XTreme), Mazda Premacy trang b hp s tng 4 cp tiu chun. Cn li Innova, Everest, Jolie hay
Carnival dng hp s sn 5 cp.
Mc tiu hao nhin liu
y l mt trong nhng tiu ch quan trng nht,nh hng ln ti quytnh mua xe no ca ngi
tiu dng. Ti cc nc pht trin, cc hng bt buc phi ghi mc tiu hao nhin liu (do mt t
chcc lp nh gi) ln tng chic khi bn th Vit Nam, ch tiu ny hon ton do nh sn xut cng
b, cn ch nhn th t thmnh ring cho mnh.
S thnh cng ca Innova vi gn 10.000 xe bn ra ch trong 2006 c sng gp khng nh t kh
nng tiu hao nhin liu thp nht trong cc xe cng phn hng, khong 8 lt/100 kmng trng v 10
lt trong thnh ph. Khi mua xe s dng cho c gianh, phn ln khch hng c sn tm l chn xe
tit kim nhin liu. Bi gi xng du ngy cng tng th l chi ph ph cao nht. C l v nguyn nhn
ny m cc nh sn xut trong nc ch lpng c I4 thay v V6 nh cc th trng pht trin khc.
Khoang ch
Hng gh th ba trn tt c xea dng c th gp xung hoc nng ln tng din tch ch hng.
Tuy nhin, chc nng ca xe lp rp trong nc kh "lc hu" khi m nhng mu ni ting nh Honda
Odyssey hay Nissan Quest cn cho php gp phng gh xung sn, tng din tch hu ch v an ton khi
ch d v nh t knh, t lnh...Trong cc mu xe ti Vit Nam, ch Carnival c chc nng ging nh
Odyssey.ng thi, hng gh th ba trn Carnival kh nngng, cho php to nhiu trng thi nh xoay
ngc li pha sau.
Trang thit b an ton
Do tnh ch t thng xuyn s dng cho c gianh nn an ton xea dng c nghac bit.
Nhng trang thit b tiu chun cn c l ti kh trc, dyai an ton 3im. Ngoi ra, trn th trng
cn c loi ghc bit dnh cho tr em,ng vai tr chng rung khi xe di chuyn vm bo an ton nu
xy ra va chm.
Khng nn v gi thnh m khch hng b qua nhng cng ngh rt hu ch, bo v gianh bn nh
chng b cng phanh ABS, cn bngin t ESC, kim sot bmng... Xe s an ton hn nu tch
hp thm nhng thit b tin tin nh hin th p sut lp, tng tht cht dy an ton, cm bin ti kh
pht hin tr em.
17. Nhng lu khi mua xe 5 ch
Chnng c, hp s ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh v nhu cu s dng, xem xt k thit k nh m
ca cnh ca, cp xe l cch khch hng muac mt chic xeng .
Trn th trng Vit Nam hin c khong 19 mu xe thuc dng 5 ch (sedan) do cc lin doanh
trong nc sn xut vc phn chia thnh cc phn khc khc nhau nh xe hng nh, hang trung v
hng sang. Ngoi sn phm trong nc, xe nhp khu cngngo khng km vi khong 12 mu phn
phi chnh thc qua cci l, cha k ti nhng chicc nhp v theont hng ca ccu nu.
Vi s lng, khng kh ngi tiu dng la chn cho mnh mt chicng .
Xt v kha cnh k thut, li th ca dng xe 5 ch so vi cc kiu xe khc l kh nng cng
mnh, cn bng tt, tnh nng cao, d chu, tit kim nhin liu, an ton v d s dng. Diy l
nhng im m khch hng khi mua xe cn lu chnc cho mnh mt chic xe ph hp.
Chnng c v hp s
Cc m u xe 5 ch c cc kiung c kh phong ph. Nu thch xe c dung tchng c nh di
1,5 lt, tit kim nhin liu, khch hng c th chn Daewoo Matiz (796 cc), Kia Morning hay Daihatsu
Charade nhp khu (my 1.0), hay Kia Picantong c 1.1. Ln hn cht l cc mu hin bn kh tt,
c dung tch xi-lanh trong khong 1,5-1,8 lt nh Toyota Vios, Mitsubishi Lancer, Mazda3, Honda Civic
1.8.a dng,t v cao cp hn l nhng chic c dung tch my t 2 lt tr ln l Honda Civic 2.0,
Camry 2.4, Mercedes E200K... Mu xe 5 ch cng c ln nhtc lp rp ti Vit Nam l Camry
3.5Q (3,5 lt).
Ngoi dung tch, ng i tiu dng cn hay phn vn la chnng c no, I hay V. Hu ht cc mu
5 ch c dung tch my trong khong 2.0-3.0u s dngng c I4 (4 xi-lanh thng hng), ngoi tr
Mercedes C280 v E280 dngng c V6 (6 xi-lanh xp thnh hnh ch V). Nhiu khch hng cho rng
ng c I4 tit kim nhin liu hn V6 nhng trn thc t, ccng c V6 hini cn tiu th xng
bng, thm ch t hn c loi I4, trong trng hp cng dung tch my.
Vi c chn loi no hon ton ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng v kh nng ti chnh. Mt cch chung
nht, s chm cng ln (nh Camry 2.4G v Camry 3.5Q) th xe cngt v tin xng cho n cng
cao hn. Li th cang c ln l xe vn hnh mnh m, to cm gic thoi mi v trang thit bi km
Ngoi ra, k c khi vo hng gh trc v hng gh sau, bn khng b "cc"u vo khung xe.
Khoang ch Kch thc khoang ch ca cc mu sedan khng t l thun vi ln ca n. Ty
theo thit k ca
nh s n xut nn bn khng th ch nhn b ngoi xe kt lun v dung tch khoang ch. Ngoi
dung tch, mt lu nh l m ca np (cp) cngng vai tr quan trng. Nu cp c m nh, bn
s rt kh cho v ly vt ra.
Trang thit b an ton
y l nhng thit b d b b qua nht ti Vit Nam. Nu cc th trng ln, nh sn xut bt buc
phi trang b ti kh, th cc nh sn xut trong nc vn bn nhiu mu khng c thit b an ton ny.
Nu c iu kin, bnng tic r khi trang b thm ti kh hoc chn mu c sn. H thng chng b
cng phanh ABS, cn bngin t ESC c tht nhng chng thc s cn thit trong nhng tnh hung
m ngi li c th phi tr gi cao hn nhiu.
Cn nu tin tu hng cao cp nh mt chic Mercedes E-class 2007 vi Pre-Safe, 10 ti kh hay
Camry 3.5Q th khng c g ph i bn ci v an ton, viiu kin cc h thng lm vic tt. 18.
Chn mua xe theo gi Ty theo kh nng ti chnh mi khch hng c th la chn cho mnh mt sn
phm thch hp. Nu c
di 20.000 USD, xe hng nh nhp khu nh Kia Morning hay Matiz l thch hp nht. Cn nu "khm
kh" hn, ngi tiu dng c th chn Innova, Mazda hay Nissan nhp khu.
Sau khi nh ng chnh sch th tr nn r rng, th trng t bng tr nn sing khi rt nhiu
ngi mun tm mua mt chic xe hi s dng trong dp Tt. Ty theo nhu cu ring ca tng ngi m
c th mua xe ny hoc xe kia. Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng yu tc nhiu ngi quan tm hngu
l vi lng tin c trong tay, liu tuc chic no th trng t ngy cng phong ph.
Nh ng xe lit k diyu l dng xe c gi di 40.000 USD vnc nhiu ngi quan tm.
Nhng mu xe c gi cao hn thng l xe hng sang v khch hng phn khc chim t l nh
ng thi kh nng ti chnh tt hn.
Di 20.000 USD
y l mc tin m nhiu ngi c kh nngpng nht. Rt nhiu gianh sau vi nm dnh
dm c v vic cn li l tm mt chic t. So vi nhng nm trc, s mu t c mc gi trn
phong ph hn rt nhiu bao gm c nhng mu xe c, mi nhp khu nguyn chic v xe lin doanh
trong nc.
N u thch loi xe 5 ch trong nc, Vidamco (n v lp rp v bn xe GM Daewoo) l hngu
tin phi nhc ti do s hu nhiu sn phm tm gi ny nht. Trc ht l Matiz, gi nim yt 13.100
USD cho bn SE v 13.400 USD cho bn SE Color. Tipn, GM Daewoo cn c mt mu khc l
Gentra cng vi hai bn S gi 18.400 USD v SX gi 18.900 USD. S khc nhau l Gentra SX c tr
lc li v n sng m trong khi Gentra S khng c. C haiu trang bng c 1,5 lt, cng sut 86 m
lc.
S n phm khc ca Vidamco l Lacetti EX 1.6,c bn 19.800 USD. Vi thit k hini,ng
c 1,6 lt cng sut 107 m lc, Lacetti EX bn kh chy sau khi ra mt nm 2004 nhng nm ngoi,
Vidamco ch tiu thc 107 chic. R hn Lacetti khong 2.200 USD, Lanos SX 1.5 cng nm trong
danh sch. Thit k ca Lanos khng tht hini v nm 2006, c 210 chicc thiu th.
Ngoi Daewoo, Fiat c ng c Albea ELX ca Fiat do lin doanh Mekong Auto bn mc 19.900
USD. Trong nm qua, c 105 ngi chn mua Albea ELX v kiu dng vn lim yu nht ca mu
ny. Nh hn mt cht, Suzuki Wagor R+ cng ch tiu tn ca khch hng khong 15.900 USD. Thi
gian gn y, lng xe c nhp khu v nhiu nht l Kia Morning. Hin ti, mu xe nyc bn vi
gi t 15.000 USD tr ln ty tngi l v ty theo trang b theo xe. Kia Morning mit hn 2.0003.000 USD.
i vi dnga dng th s tin di 20.000 USD ch tu chic Suzuki APV GL gi 19.900
Trong cc lo i ph gia trn, ph gia tng ch s nht, chng oxy ha, chngn mnng vai tr
quan trng nht cho du nhnng c 4 th. Ph gia tng ch s nht gip du nhn c nht t ph
thuc vo nhit, do, bo vng c nhiuiu kin khc nhau cng nh d khing hn. Ph gia
chng oxy ha gip du khng b phn hy v khng b oxy ha diiu kin khc nghit nh nhit
cao, p sut ln cang c. Nu du b oxy ha, n s to ra nhiu cn v sinh ra cc thnh phnn
mn ng c. Ph gia chngn mn c tc dng trung ha cc axt sinh ra trong qu trnhng c
hotng v bo v cc b mt kim loi.
Ph gia chng mi mn cho du nhn. (Liqui-Moly)
Ch t ph giang vai tr quan trng nhng cng chnh v vy, n tr nn ngnh vi ngi s
dng.iu kin cn v c sn phmnnh l cc ph gia khng xungt vi du gc v khng
xungt vi nhau. Cc hng sn xut du nhn phi thng xuyn nghin cu nhm xcnh t l v
loi ph gia pha trn c sn phm hon ho nht.
V l do , vic thm ph gia ty tin vo cc sn phm thnh phm thng khngc nh cung
cp ng nu khng c nhng th nghim v t chc chuyn ngnhnh gi. Nu thm mt cht ph
v c tnh khng du gc hay xungt vi cc ph gia khc, n s mt kh nng v lm hi ti tnh
cht chung. Ngay c lng ph giaa vo cng l mt thng s cn tnh ton k lng bi n c th
gy tnh trng qu bo ha, gy lng ph gia ngay trong du v sinh ra cc cht gy hi.
Tuy nhin, do tnh ph c tp ca quy trnh tng hp m ngoi cc hng du nhn sn xut ph gia cn
c cc hng chuyn nghin cu v sn xut ph gia nh Liqui-Moly cac, Elco hay Chevron
Nhng sn phm ca cc nh cung cp nyc cc hng xe, hng du nhn v cc t chc tiu
chun th nghim v cho php s dng ti hu ht cc th trng trn th gii. Ph gia ca cc hng
thngc ng gi, ngha l trn sn cc loi khc nhaum bo khng gy ri khi thm vo du.
Tuy nhin, khi s dng, ngi tiu dng vn cn mua sn phm chnh hng v thc hin theo hng dn
ca nh sn xut mt cch nghim ngt.
1960-1972
H ng chu nhng tn tht nng n t khng hong kinh t nhng nm 1930
vi chin th gii th hai,n nm 1960 Renault mi hi sinh vnh du
cho thi k pht trin mi, cng ty quytnh thayi logo ln th nm. Mu
logo mi ci cht thayi so vi nm 1925. Ch "Renault"c lmm v
cao, ni bt trn nn khung hnh lc gic trng. Cc nt ct ngang tha vm
hn. Renault s dng logo ny chon nm 1972, trc khi thayi n ln th
su.
1972-1992
Logo Renault th 7 t b kiu thit k "ch-hnhnh" quen thuc. Ch cn
li hnh thoi, nhng n bao gm nhiung thngc ni vi nhau trn trc
ta 3 chiu, to ni kh "mng lung" cho ngi quan st. Tuy nhin, trn
cc vn bn, Renault vn s dng logo c dng ch "Renault" bn cnh.
1992-2004
Nm 1992, logo th 8 rai. Khng cn ccng k m thay vo l mt
phngng nht
sn hai muen trng,i xng vi nhau qua trc thngng.
V n c ni nh 20 nm trc nhng bti phn phc tp v "nhc
mt", logo nm 1992 thn thin, bng by v mang tnh cng ngh cao
hn.c Renault s dng trn li tn nhit cc i xe t nm 1992, nhng
trn cc vn bn, hng vn dng mu mang dng ch "Renault" pha di.
Logo th 9 nm 2004.
N m 2004, Renault trnh lng logo th 9 v gi nguyn nhng nt cu trc
loi, nh ln t mi xe, c th gy nguy him cho ngi khc khi gp tai nn.
V vy, Thy S na cui thp k 70, khch hng ca Rolls-Royce nhnc
xe ca mnh vi bc tng nhc gi cn thnt trong xe. Vn chc
gii quyt khi cc biu tng Silver Spirit v Silver Spur ra mt.
Eleanor Thorton khng c chng kin s thnh cng m bc tng ly
nguyn mu t b mang li. Ngy 30/12/1915, con tu ch Eleanor Thorton b
trng ng li ca tu ngmc gn o Crete, khiang trnng tin.i
cng vi Thorton lc c Ngi Montagu, ngi chun b ti nhm chc ti
thucia ca nc Anh. Tuy nhin, Montagu sng st,c mt con tu vt
ln sau vi ngy. Trn hnh trnh tr v nc Anh, Montagucc li
co ph ca ngng trn bo.
Rolls-Royce v chngng lch s
102 n m vi tng s 100.000 xe tiu th, Rolls-Royceang hi sinh mnh
m sau mt thi k vt ln trong kh khn. K c khi v tay BMW cac,
mc xe hng sang Anh quc vn khng nh mti phm cht qu phi, sang
trng vn c.
M tiu chc chn rng lch s Rolls-Royce khng di bng lch s nc
Anh. Nhng nhn hiu ny vang l biu tng ca s quyn qu cao
sang x s mt tri mc, m bt c ai trn th gii cng mun s hu. Hin
ti, Rolls-Royce ch c mt sn phm duy nht, Phantom (bng ma),c lp
rp ti nh my gn Goodwood, Anh.
Ch ngng vinh quang ca Rolls-Royce btu khi k s Henry Royce
v nh kinh doanh Charles Rolls gp nhau ti mt ba tra Manchester nm
Cc ngh nhn chu trch nhim sn xut khong 56 b phn bng g khc
nhau vi mu sc, hnh dng ty thuc vo tng yu cu ca khch hng. G s
dng trn Phantom l loi Walnut nhp t California (M) hoc Elm ca Anh
c kch thc khong 10 mt vung v dy 0,6 mm. Walnut l g ca cy c
ch thngc dng ch to mtng h, cn Elm l g cyu c bn
cao v chng li tt nhng va chm mnh. Mi chic Phantomc to nn t
khong 400 b phn da nhp t Bavaria (c) hay t Argentina.
Cng s c ca nhng ngi lm vic ti Rolls-Roycec tr cng
xngng vi mu Phantom (Bng ma). Trnh lng 2003, tng s Phantom bn
ra nmu tint 300 chic v tng ln 790 vo ngm ngoi, doanh s ln
nht ca Rolls-Royce trong sut 15 nm qua. Miy, RollsRoyce cho
rai phin bn trc c s di ca Phantom v hy vng doanh s tng ln
khong 800 chic. Trong lch s, khng mt mu xe no bnc nhiu nh
Phantom khi m gi thp nht ca n vo khong 260.000 bng Anh (8
tng). Mt t l so snh l th l c 3 chic Phantom bn ra mi c mt
chic Maybach.
Tuy nhin, m t chi tit quan trng khc l cn c Goodwood ca RollsRoyce ch l ni sn xut cn "so huyt" thit k lic hng nyt ti ni
khc. Trong mt ngn hng c b mt nm th London, cc k s ngic
mit mi nghin cu, sng to cho ra nhng mu xe hon ho nht cn cc
nhn vin ngi Anh c ca Rolls-Roycem nhim vai tr qun l d n.
Chon nay, khng ai bit tr s thit k ca Rolls-Royce thc su.
Rolls-Royce Bng Ma Rolls-Royce Phantom.
Chin tranh gia cc v sao - Bng mae da cao din George Lucas.
Tho t tin, bt k ai cng s cm thy hi sc vi chiu di gn 6 m v
cao 1,6 m ca Phantom. Li tn nhit ln cng biu tng ni ting Flying
Lady, hay cn gi l Spirit of Ecstacy vn cn. Nhn ton b, nhiu ngi
s cho rng chic xe hi nng n, vi phn mui trc di, thng sau s v
cc bnh xe ln. Phantom gi ln hnhnh mt con th d, sn sng chm ln
bt k lc no.
Vng chi trn cca hnh khng bng phng.
B khung bng hp kim nhm lm trng lng chic xe gim ti 20% so
vi bng thp. C th ni, ngoi nhng chic phi c chuyn ch khch hng
ln, kh tm thy mt cu trc bng hp kim nhm ln hn chic Phantom
ny.y chnh l dun ca cc k s thit k hng BMW. Thm ch, v xe
ny cn cng hn c so vi dng BMW serie 7. N c th chuc lc tc
ng lnn 40.500 Nm ti 1im, trong khi tiu chun thng thng l t
12.000n 15.000 Nm.
Kh ko ca xe v th mnh vo gh ngi bc da, bn s ng ngng khi
thy tm nhn m rng nh v tr ngi cao, rt tin li. N cho php ngi ngi
trong xe c th nhn vt np ca-p di pha trc, tng t nhang trn
mt chic xe th thaoa dng SUV (sport utility vehicle). V-lng sao 3 cnh
cng knh ln,ct hi thp. Nh vy, ngi li c th th lngi
cht trn nhng qungng di, t tay vo thnh ca v kh hut so theo mt
giaiiu bt chtn trongu. Tap-l nm thng vi v-lngc vin hp
kim sng long, l ra 3 mt ng hiu khin. Nu khngng vi cht liu
kim loi, bn c th yu cu thay th bng mt trong nhiu cht liu g qu
sc thit k sao cho khung v thng xet s cn bng cao nht, nhng cng
nhn thy rngiu khng h gim bt cc lc tcng ln hnh khch. V
th, chng ti quytnh c n nh mt du hiu nhc nh ngi cm li v
tc".
Ni tht sang trng nhng khng qu cu k.
N u trc mt l mt con dc di, hy gt ntiu khin hp s (nm ngay
trn v-lng) sang mc thp (Low), chic xe s tng v s,ng thi
khing h thng phanh. C th hon ton tin tng rng cca phanh pha
trc (ng knh 374 mm, m kp vi 4 piston) v pha sau (ng knh 370
mm, m kp vi 2 piston), s gip chic xe bm dnh trn mtng trong
nhng trng hp khn cp. Khoang xe rng ri, cch m gn nh tuyti,
gip to ra mt phng ho nhc cho trung thc cao, bt k dn loa cht
lng hnguang pht nhng giai iu du dng khc t tu dnh chon
dy "Rasumovsky" ca Beethoven, hay cht ging khn cng ting bass trm,
mnh trong mt bn rock ca Bruce Springteen.
ng c V12 ch to ring cho chic Phantom bn trong nhng
chuyni di ngy, di cc iu kin khng thun li. Dung tch 6.749 cc sn
sinh ra cng sut tia 460 m lc, d sc y khi lng khng l ny laoi
vi tc tia 240 km/h v ch mt 5,9 giy kimng h nhch ti con s
100 km/h, tnh t thiim xut pht. Thng s k thut Rolls-Royce Phantom
Chi u di 5,834 m Chiu rng 1,990 m Chiu cao 1,632 m Trng lng
tnh 2.485 kg ng c V12, 48 van Dung tch (cc) 6.749 Cng sut cci
(m lc/vng/ pht) 460/4.350 M-men xon cci (Nm/vng/pht) 720
/3.500 Dnng Cu sau Hp s Tng 6 cp ZF 6HP32 Tc tia (km/h)
240 Thi gian tng tcn 100 km/h (giy) 5,9 Gi (euro) 387.200 Cuc
chin gia hai 'nh qu tc' C gi xp x 6 tng, Rolls-Royce Phantom
v Maybach 57S l haich th khngi tri
chung trong lnha xe "siu sang". Chngt ra nhng tiu chun khc bit
khng th c
chic xe khc. D tht bi trn thng trng, c hai vnc khng t ngi
mc.
Trong l ch s gn 100 nm ca mnh, Rolls-Royce khng phi lc no
cng ch to nhng chic xe sang trng thc s. Mt thi gian di, hng xe ny
ch sn xut nhng chic cct. Ti nm 1998, Rolls-Royce ri vo tay
BMW v t, nh sn xut th cng ny mi tr v truyn thng sn xut
nhng chic xe huyn thoi.
M t trong s l Phantom, mu xe rai nm 1925 v tm ngng sn
xut vo 1991 trc khi BMW nm quyn kim sot. Ngi ta vn thng v:
"Trn Phantom c g, Rolls-Royce c ci ". N l biu tng cho k
nngc bit ca mc xe nc Anh m khng nh sn xut v mu xe no c,
thm ch, khng th tim cn.i cng vi Phantom l thut ng m cc k s
RollsRoyce s dng t nm 1930: "waftability"c ghp t "waft - lt
nh" v "ability - kh nng". C tnh Phantom nm s thiu vng nhng m
thanh sing. n, ch c simm, qu phi v lng l. Phantom khng
lm ai ch v tingng c hay ting lp khi ni qua, nhng la n
vo tm mt, t ngi c th quayi mt cch dng dng.
Bnh th ng, tingng c khin nhiu ngi kh chu. Nhng nu tin
dch thng miu tin, nhng khi btu sn xut hng lot nhng chic xe
Model A, tr l ca Henry Ford c nhng ci tinc bit bin tn cng
ty tr thnh biu tng ca hng bng cch bao quanh n mtng vin ht
scco v cc k thi trang vo lc.
Logo ca Ford nm 1903.
Tr i qua nhng bc pht trin banu, Henry Ford nhn thy cn phi c
nhng thayi trong thit k logo sao chon gin,a nhn vn tng. Cng
rt tm linh, logo phi th hin bc tin vt bc ca Ford Motor trong
tng lai. Nm 1906, logo vi tn Ford vit nghing 45oc cchiu ch
F v ch D sao cho mm mi, bay bng, th hin s tinh t vc mun vn
cao, vn xa hn na ca Henry Fordc trnh lng vng k bn quyn ti
vn phng pht minh sng ch M nm 1909.
Bn c nh logocng k ti M, biu tng Ford hnh oval lnu
tinc gii thiu ti Anh vo nm 1907 do cci l Perry, Thornton v
Schreiber - ngia Fordt chn vo nc Anh - thit k vi mcch
qung co cho cc sn phm ca Ford nh l du chng nhn cho lng tin v
s tit kim .
Logo Ford 1912.
N m 1911, Forda ra logo hnh oval quytnh v s dng n thng
nht cc nh bun ti Anh. Tuy nhin trn cc sn phm v trong cc giao dch
thng mi, Ford vn dng logou tin chon nhng nm 1920.
N m 1912, ch trong mt thi gian ngn, Ford loi b ton b nhng
logo hnh oval v thay vo l logo cnh chim hnh tam gic trn cc sn
phm ca mnh. Logo nyc thit k th hin cho tc, s nh nhng, v
duyn dng v snnh. Logo c hai mu, vng v xanh en, trn mang
dng ch Universal Car. Henry Ford khng thch biu tng ny, v cng
ch trong mt thi gian ngn, ngi ta khng cn thy n trn cc sn phm ca
Ford.
Logo Ford 1928.
N m 1927, ngi ta thy mt logo hnh oval mang tn Ford xut hin trn
li tn nhit ca mu Model A mi vi nn mu xanh hong gia thm tng
t vi logo ngy nay ca Ford. Logo ny c s dng trong hu ht cc mu
xe chon cui nhng nm 1950.c s dng mt cch thng nht trong ton
b cc giao dch thng mi,n gia nhng nm 1970 tng v logo hnh
oval ny mic thit k li.
N m 1976, logo Ford hnh oval vi hai gam mu xanh v bcc s
dng nh l du hiu chng nhn thng hiu ca Ford Motor Company. N
d dng tr nn ph bin v thch nghi vi tt c cc nh my sn xut ca
Ford trn ton th gii.
Logo hin nay ca Ford.
Logo m i gm hai hnh elipng tm c t l trc di trn rng l 2,55
ph hp vi kch c ca ch Ford vi t l 2,4. Ton b logoc in ni
tng trng cho s mnh m v thnh vng. Hnh oval ngoi cng
cncnh bng mu bc nh kim, tng trng cho cng ngh vt bc ca
nhng sn phm mang thng hiu Ford. V d nhin chng ta khng th b
qua gam mu xanh xuyn sut 100 nm tn ti, pht trin, l mu tng
trng cho s thn thin, trng tn v lun quan tmn ngi tiu dng ca
trin khn tng. Nh nhngn tngtc, t chc Grand Prix Group trao
cho Ford Focus gii thng Xe ca nm trn hai lnh vc Xe 1.8 tt nht v
Xe Sport hatchback tt nht. Gii thngcc trao vo 23/3, ngy khai
mc trin lm xe hi quc t Bangkok 2006.
Gim c qun l nhn hiu Focus Thi Lan, Ekanat Suwintawong, cho
bit: "V tr th 3 m Focustc chng t ngi tiu dng tin tng vo
cht lng cng nh dch v chm sc khch hng ca chng ti". Focus l
mu xe chu u c mc gi khong 787.000 baht (20.250 USD) cho dng
sedan s tng, trang bng c 1,8 lt Duratec, hp s tng Tiptronic,
mmc hp kim,uc MP3, qut my lnh cho hng gh sau.
*Focus thay th Ford Laser *Logo Ford Sau ln ra mt thnh cng cui
nm ngoi, Focus nhnc s quan tm khc bit ca khch
hng Thi Lan. T ng s hn 2.500 chic Focusc trao ti tay ngi
tiu dng. Hai gii thng dnh cho Focus l du chng nhn cho tnh nng,
cht lng, an ton cao v gi c phi chng ca n.
Hin ti, Ford Motor bn 3 mu Focus ti Thi Lan gm: Sedan 1,8 lt,
hatchback 1,8 v 2 lt.
Tt c cc muu c gi di 1 triu bt (25.700 USD) vc bn thng
qua hn 90i l.
Ngoi Thi Lan, t i Anh v Ireland, Focus l mc xe bn chy nht trong
nm 2005. Focus lp k lc vi 442.000 xe bn ra trn khp chu u, mt kt
qu kh vt qua trong phn khc xe hng C. Hin, tng s c 4 triu chic
Focus xut xng ti chu u v gn 5 triu chic trn ton th gii.
v ng vai tr nh liu thca Ford, nhm xcnh xem liu phong cch
thit k ny c sc chinh phc khch hng hay khng.
V tng th, ngn ng "Kinetic Design" th hin ccng ntng hc,
cu trc 3 vng khi nhn t pha trc, din tch b mt ln, gc cnhm,
vnhc hp kim vi cc chu to v trc Cen graphic. Np ca-p
Mondeoc chia lm 3 phn nh haing gn su v r, ko di t cmn
pha ti chn knh chn gi.
Cc ng gn ln chy dc t phnu xe tiim cao nht trn Mondeo
trong khi cc ca s i theo cu trc "Daylight opening", c m v thng
thong nh hu ht cc mu xea dng ngi. S khc bit ca Mondeo th
hin phnui nh cmn hu cng nghit pht quang LED d dn.
M tng k su, btu t bnh trc ti bnh sau gp phn lm b
vnhc hp kim thm ni bt, khin Mondeo vng chi, mnh m hn. Thm
ch, cc k s thit k ca Ford cn cam kt vi chi tit ny, Mondeo sc
bit bt mt trn ccng ph chu u.
N i tht Mondeo trang b thm nhiu thit b mi, thi trang v cht lng
cao cp hn. Ging nh Focus, doi theo phong cch chu u nn ca-bin
Mondeo tp trung ch yu cc mt phng v giao tuyn. Bng trung tm thp
hn ngi ngi gh ph cng c thiu khin d dng trong khi cn sang s
lic nng cao nhm thch nghi tt vi ngi li.
R t nhiu cng ngh s dng trn Mondeo mi ging S-Max v Galaxy
nh dn m thanh,u c CD, cm gicng lc, cm gic li. Ford trang b
cho Mondeong c Duratorq 2.0 TDCi chy du, 2.5 tng p turbin Duratec
chy xng cng bn 1.8 Duratorq TDCi. Tt c thn xe v chi tit k thut
vn b coi nh.
M tuim na ca Toyota l nh sn xut ny khng chunh hng t
chnh sch lng cao m cci th Mangauu tm cchi ph. Gii
phn tch cho rng cc hng xe M thu hp khong cch cht lng so vi
Toyota nhng khong cch v thng hiu vn ln. V vy, Toyota vn tip tc
s dng li th vn ln v ngy cng tin gn ti v tr s 1 th gii ca
GM v doanh s.
iu c th xy ra trong nm nay hoc 2007. Tt c ch cn l thi
gian. Toyota Corolla mi trnh lng ti Nht Bn Hm qua, 11/10,
Toyota chnh thc ra mt mu Corolla mi ti chnh quc.y l phin bn
thit k li lnu tin k t nm 2000 ca mu xe bn chy nht th gii v c
gi t 11.700
USDn 19.221 USD. Phi ti nm 2008, Corolla mi ra mt ti M.
V tng th, Corolla mi c vc dng thanh thot, hini. Li tn nhit
vi cc thanh s dc, hc ht gi rng v trang nh. Cmn pha vn sng
m khng "tr" nh th h c m gn gng, hi ha vi thit k tng th.
Ccng gn trn np ca-p mnh m hn trong khi cc ng cong di
phnui cp xung mt cch t nhin.
Corolla m i c 2 phin bn, bn sedan mang tn Corolla Axio cn mu
station wagon l Corolla Fielder. Toyota trang b cho mu xe mi ny hai
loing c 1,5 lt cng sut 110 m lc v 1,8 lt cng sut 136 m lc. Bn
1.5 lp hp s tay 5 cp trong khi bn 1.8 tch hp hp s v cp thng minh
Super CVT-i ca Toyota. Ngoi ra, Toyota cn nng cp Corolla nhng tnh
cao hn, xa hn trn conng chinh phc nhngnh cao m Matsuda hng
aoc.
d. Logo Lexus: 'Anh mii mi, tr nht lng'
Sinh ra t gianh Toyota, di s chm scc bit v tuyt mt bi
4.000 con ngi xut sc, vi ci tn tng trng cho tnh cch ng: sang
trng m tao nh, sau 20 nm, Lexus ginhc v tr ring ti sn chi ca
ngnh cng nghip t.
Ma xun 1989, tr c nhng b lo, nhng bc cha ch ti chiu cho
trin lm t Detroit, Lexus bc ra v xng danh. l thnh qu ca n
lc ko di t gia nm 1983. Ch tch Toyota khi, Eiji Toyoda triu tp
mt cuc hp cp cao v tuyt mt, bao gm cc nh qun l, k s v nhng
nh chin lct ra mt cu hi: Liu chng ta c th sn xut mt chic
xenh bi nhng mu tangc coi l tt nht?. Cu tr lica ra
v Eiji Toyoda quytnh thc thi d n mang tn F1. Ch F ly t
"flagship" (thut ng ch con tu chc trong mt hmi v cng l ch
sn phmngu ca mt hng), cn s 1 th hin yu cu cht lng cao
nht ca mt chic sedan hng sang. Cc k sc lnh tp trung pht trin
ton b thnh phn ca mt chic xe hi, t tay li, phanh,ng c, h thng
kim sot bmng, h thnginn sn mn v vt liu. Nm nhm
thit kc phin "nm vng" ti M, st cnh vi cc nhi l phn
phi y nghin cu v phong cch sng, quanim v thit k ca nhng v
khcha thch dng xe sang trng.
G n 4.000 ngic huyng sn xut nhng nguyn muu tin nm
trit l sng, gi tr, phong cch ca nhng ngi thit k v s dng n. Phi
toc nim tin vi khch hng, cng nhn cng nh nhng nhu t. N l
sn phm nhngng ngoi nhng sn phm khc v mt ngha v gi tr.
Vi tt c nhng tiu chy, tri qua 20 nm rai, logo ca Lexus thnh cng
khi,ang v si din cho sn nhng sn phm cao cp ca chnh n.
Lexus D4-S - h thng np nhin liu tin tin
Cc chuyn gia v bin t p vin ca tp ch Canadiandriver chn D4-S
ca Lexus vo danh sch c gii thng Cng ngh ca nm. D4-S l cng
ngh phun nhin liu hini nht trang b trn hai mu Lexus IS 250 v IS
350i 2006.
D4-S k t hp hai phng php phun xngaim (Multi-port Injection MPI) v phun xng trc tip (Gasonline Direct Injection - GDI). Nh,ng
c ca Lexus c nhng ci thinng k trong tnh nng cng nh mc tiu hao
nhin liu.
Cng s dng cm bin phun xngin tiu khin bng my tnh nhng
MPI v GDI c v tr t kim phun v chc nng khc nhau. Phun
xngaimc s dng t 15n 20 nm trc trn hu ht ccng c
xng. Khng ging nh phun xngnim, cu trc ca h thng phun
xngaim gm mtu phun cho mi xi-lanh. Ccu phunc gn gn
cng np v vn hnh theo hai hnh thc. Th nht, tt c ccu phun
hotngng thi v hnh thc ny c gi l phun xngaimng nht.
Th hai l phun xngaim tun t, tc ccu phun hotng ty thuc vo
tng xi-lanh.
* ng c BMW mi *ng c Civic Hybrid Tuy cng phun nhin liu
dng th thao sang trng th Lexus vn kinnh vi dng sedan bng vic
trnh lng th h ES th nm ti trin lm Chicago vo thng 2 nm nay. Mc
xe thuc Toyota chn cho mnh conng tip cn nhng khch hng yu s
tinh t, cht lngnh cao, dch v chm sc chuo. Theo thng k, gn 30%
s ngii Lexus ti M s chn ES v nh sn xut ny hy vng bnc
70.000 xe vo nm sau. khng phi l kt qu ti cho mt chic hng sang
c khung sn da trn mu xe bnh dn Toyota Camry.
C m li ES350, ngi ta c cm gic t tin v d chu nhng khng thc
s thn thin nh cc sn phmng hng khc. H thngiu khinc Lexus
tp trung pht trin nhiu nht nhng ti cc khc cua gp, ES350 khng to
cm gicn tng, chc chn do khung sn xoay v lp pht ting ku. Sau
khi tng tc ri phanh gp, ES350 phnng kh chm v khng cn nhiu k
nng cng c tha v trng thi tr gip liin t.
ES350 di chuy n mm mi vnnh d mt viim cha tht hon ho.
H thng treo MacPherson pha trc v pha sau dng nh qu mm khii
trna hnh. Khng gian trong ca-bin yn lng, tinh khit, chiu lng ngi tuy
khng hn lm hi lng nhng tay x kh tnh.
Lexus cng b ES350 2007 da trn ngn ng thit k L-Finesse nhng
trn thc t, n vn ging Toyota nhiu hn. V cu trc, ES350 mang tnh bo
th v khng c ntc bit. N s p hn nu khng lp bn pha hm h
nhang quc mt trong khi cc phn trn thn khngc x l cn
thn.cim d nhn thy nht l b vnh 17 inch qu nh di phn sau
trang nh v li cun. Khc vi ES th h th t, ES350 c logo gn trn li
tn nhit ch khng np ca-p.n pha rng, xch ch khng mm mi, uyn
chuyn.
Pha trong, ES350 v t qua nhng mnh t Toyota vi nhng thit bc
trng ca Lexus: Nha mm, cc tmp g trang trp, da ho hng trn vlng v cn s. Gh ngi thoi mi khii xa hng gi v hng gh sau rng
cho 4 ngi ln. H thng m thanh 14 loa Mark Levinson, dn CD 6a. Cabin ca ES350 2007 thong hn nh Lexus ko di trc c s thm 46 mm,
mc d chiu cao v rng khng thayi. Trng lng ES350 nng hni
trc ca n 50 kg, ch yu do cc thit b tng thm nh hp s, ti kh.
ES350 l nu tin s dngng c V6, dung tch 3,5 lt cng sut 272 m
lc, m-men xon cci 344 Nm, tng tc t 0 ln 100 km/h trong vng 6,8
giy. Theo Lexus, ES350 c mc tiu hao nhin liu 11 lt/100 km trong thnh
ph v 7,8 lt/100ng trng. S dng hp s t ng 6 cp c chc nng
chuyn sang s tay, ES350 truynng thng qua chng trnhiu khin, c
chc nng gi xe mc s thp khi ln hoc xung dc, thm ch c th "hc"
thuc thi quen ca ngi li.
trnh nhng g ti m tcm vo tng, ES350 trang b h thng
chng b cng, kim sot bmng, gi cn bng. Bn cnh l b thit
b VDIM mi nht c chc nng kim sot cn bng. VDIM phnng vi
cc tnh hung trnng mt cch tc thi ch khng don trc. Trong
trng hp tai nn xy ra, ti kh kp pha trc v ti kh kp bo v c chn
s kch hot trnh chn thng. Ngoi ra, ES350 cn trang b h thng
gng tng gim nh sng,iu ha vngc lp, khing bng nt bm.
Gi xut xng ca ES350 l 33.170 USD v n s lch th xng tm ca
BMW serie 3,
Mercedes C-class, Audi A4. Lexus LS430 - xe tin nghi bc nht nm
2003 Chic Lexus LS430 ca nm 2003 l k cnh tranh trc tip v tr
hngu ca cc xe BMW
Serie 7, Audi A8 hay Jaguar XJ. Khng c nhng s thayi ln so vi phin
bn trc nhng
trang b tiu chun ca xe gm mi th m khch hng quan tm.
Ng i Nht ni ting vi s chuo viu th hin r xe LS430.
Ngay c nhng hng gh pha sau cngc quan tm chuo. Hnh
khchc tn hng nhng tin nghing k nh ghiu chnhin, si gh,
hp lm lnh, gng trangim v dn m thanh. Ngoi ra, mi ch ngi cn
c thm chc nng massage, vi mt m-tin chu trch nhim lm rung ta
lng, to s thoi mi. Khng tht quan trng nhng n lm nhiu ngia
thch, d vi mt s khc,iu c v hi lng ph.
Pha tr c c mt mn hnh tinh th lng cmng (iu khin dn m
thanh DVD v h thng ch dn v tinh). Xe cho php lu gi 3 t th ca gh
li,ng b vi v-lng v gng. Tuy nhin, gh xe, nht l cc hng gh sau
qu mm nn d gy mi lng. LS430 cn c mt ca muiiu khinin, vn
t c trn nhng chic sedan sang trng (luxury sedan). H thng Cruise
control s dng tia laser duy tr mt khong cch theo mun vi cc xe chy
trc v camera gc quay rngt pha sau, lp km bong khi c s tip
xc qu gn vi cc phng tin khc. Nhn chung, ca-bin xe c mt v thn
thin, sng sa, cc chi titc thit k hp l. Dn CD 6a hiu Mark
Levinson l trang b tiu chun ca xe. 11 loa lp xung quanh xe cho m thanh
chp nhong nh cc xe th thao,ng thi tiu th nhiu nhin liu. Lexus cho
bit, LS430 mt 6,3 giyt ti tc 100 km/h t sau khi khing. Nhng
hu ht cc cuc th nghim cho thy nhanh nht, cng cn ti 8 giy
mitc tc ny. Xe c vn tc tia l 250 km/h. Theo bn thng s k
thuti km, mi 100 km ngn ht 12,2 lt xng nhng trn thc t, tnh trung
bnh cc chngng khc nhau, con s ny l 15,2 lt. Tc ly bnh xng
80 lt, bn cng ch chy tia hn 500 km.
Xt v hnh thc, lot xe LS ca Lexus cha bao gi gycn tng
mnh d t mi xe chy n pha sau l mt thit k hon thin. Ch s cn gi
ca chic xe di gn 5 m ny rtn tng, ch l 0,26 Cd. cng l mt trong
nhngiu khin tingn ca xe gimng k. Thn xe cng,c thit k sao
cho hp thu tia cc xung lc. an ton thng cnc ch trng hn na
vin cnh bo cng ca lp xe, 8 ti kh (tnh gm c ti kh bo vu
gi cho hng gh trc).n pha ca xe c th chiu lch sang phi hoc tri
15o, ty theo gc li, gip chiu sng hn khi r. Khng c g phi nghi ng,
LS430, phin bn 2003, c mi yu t cnh tranh ngi v ca mt nhn
hiu xe hi sang trng hngu chu u, k tip nhng thnh cng ca chic
LS400 u tin ra mt nm 1989.iu duy nht m Lexus LS430 thiu l mt
cht cm xci vi dng v b ngoi, mtim ring bit m ngi ta c th
nhn ra n ngay t nhng ci nhnu tin. B li, n c v s cc trang b tiu
chun m bn s phi tr thm tin nu la chn mt nhn hiu khc cng
hng.
Thng s k thut Lexus LS430 Chiu di (mm) 4.996 Chiu rng (mm)
1.828 Chiu cao (mm) 1.491 Trc c s (mm) 2.926 Trng lng khng ti
sau.
Thng s k thut Lexus LS460i 2007 Kiu xe LS460L LS460 Chiu
di (mm) 5.151 5.029
Trc c s (mm) 3.091 2.969
Rng (mm) 1.875
Cao (mm) 1.476
Hp s Tng 8 cp ng c V8 Dung tch (ml) 4.600 Cng sut (m lc)
380
M-men xon 500
Tng tc 0-100 km/h (giy) <5,5 Cng ngh ti tn trn Lexus LS600hL
Mu hybrid hng sang cao cp ca Lexus s hu hng lot thit b vo loi
"c" nhn pha
cng ngh LED,ng c xngin V8 hay h thng tr gip tng.
Lexus v nc ngi M mnh danh l ng vua cng ngh nh nhng tnh
nng ni tht vo loi hon ho nht th gii. Cao cp nht trong cc sn phm
Lexus vn l dng sedan hng sang LS,i th nng k ca BMW serie 7 v
Mercedes S-class ti th trng ln nht th gii.
Th nhng, ch mi thng trc, LS460L b h b bi mt mu xe nu
xt v cng ngh v gi cung cp hn. l chic hybrid hng sangu
tin trn th gii, LS600h v phin bn trc c s di LS600hL.
Thit k LS600hL mn hon ton t LS460.
LS600hL khng c nhi u khc bit so vi LS460L v mt thit k.iu
ny th hin quanim LS600hL khng phi l mu xe hon ton mi ca
Lexus. Nn thun l phin bn nng cp. Khc bit duy nht phn ngoi
tht l Lexus lnu tin s dngnit pht quang lmn pha. Bn cnh,
nu LS460L s dng h dnng cu trc th LS600hL li dng dn 4 bnh
ton thi gian.
*Lexus LS460 t i ph vi chng ngi vt *m thanh trn Lexus
LS460 - cao cp hn na *H thng tng trn Lexus LS460 ng c trn
LS600hL thuc dng hybrid xngin. Lnu tin, Lexus s dng thut ng
full hybrid ng c hybrid c ln chong c V8 ca mnh. Dung
tchng c xng 5,0 lt v cng sut tng cng 438 m lc. Tiu hao nhin
liu trung bnh 8,2 lt/100 km, tng tc t 0 ln 100 km/h mt 5,5 giy.
LS600hL c nhi u chi "thng hng" nh gh ta nghing 45,
ch chn v thit b massage, mn hnh lm vic pha sau v 19 loa stereo
Mark Levinson, cng sut 450 W. B thit b gii tr c th chi bt c th
loi no, t CD ti DVD hay nhc nn vi b nh 8 GB, lu tr hn 2.000 bi
ht.
Khoang hnh khch khng nh ng rng nh Maybach 62 m cn gi nt
sang trng v quyn r. Thm ch, Lexus trang b c cm bino nhit cabin
v nhit thn ngi h thngiu ha hotng hiu qu nht. Lnu tin
Lexus tch hp cng ngh Advanced Pre-Collision System c th pht hin
ngii b trong phm vi di chuyn ca xe. Cng ngh ni bt trn LS600hL
l h thng t trnh chng ngi vt,nnh hng li, h tr tng, cng
ngh cnh bo li xe. Ngoi ra, LS600hL cn s hu h thng Pre-crash
Safety, c kh nng tnh ton xc sut va chm c th xy ra trong tnh hung
c th, da trn vn tc xe, hng quan st ca ngi li vcim ca
ng, tay li cng bc da. Ngoi ra, tay nm cac m crm. Gi 534,2
triung bao gm c thu VAT,t hn 19,2 triu so vi bn c. Mi thit
b khcuc gi nguyn so vi khi ra mt ti Vit Nam vo thng 8/2006.
N u Civic 1.8AT 2007c nng cp ni tht v trang tr b ngoi th bn
1.8MT (s tay) mi s khng c dn m thanh nh trc. Nu mun, khch
hng c th la chn n nh mt thit b ty chn vi cc loi ca Alpinec
bn tii l t 15/5. Ngoi ra, gng trn Civic 1.8MT 2007 cng khng c
chc nng gpin. Vnhc hp kim thay bng vnh kim loi c npy.
Civic 1.8MT mi c gi 480 triung ( bao gm VAT), r hn bn c 15
triung.
C Civic 1.8 v Civic 2.0 s c thm mu mi l xm xanh.ng thi, nhng
ai thch mu tm
hay xanh dng khng cn c hi s hu v Honda Vit Nam ngng sn
xut.
Cng d p ny, nh sn xut Nht Bn gii thiu chng trnh bo hnh
mi 3 nm hoc 100.000 km ty theoiu kin non trc. Ch ny p
dng cho c xe Civic 1.8 2006cng k sau ngy 15/5.
f. Honda Accord - chic xeng tin cy nht thp k
Cc m u xe Nht Bn thng tr hon ton 10 v tru tin trong danh sch
100 chic xe cng tin cy nht m hng bo him t ca Anh l Warranty
Direct mia ra.ngu trong s l Honda Accord.
D a trn cc thng s thu thpc, Warranty Direct, mt cng ty bo
him t ca Anh, quytnh sp xp thnh mt danh sch danh sch v
nhng chic xeng tin cy nht theo s ln hng hc. Bn danh sch nyc
dng xe concept (xe trng by) ti trin lm Detroit 2007 din ra vo thng 1.
*Honda Civic t i M bn chm v 'n anh' Accord *Honda Accord
Coupe - khiu th h mi *Honda Accord - chic xeng tin cy nht thp
k D kin, Accord 2008 trang bng c I4 (4 xi-lanh thng hng) cng sut
180 m lc. Ngoi ra,
phin b n cao cp c th s dngng c V6, dung tch my 3,5 lt, cng
sut 270 m lc. Thng tin cha chnh thc cho bit Honda s btu sn xut
Accord vo thng 9 hoc thng 10 v sm c mt ti cci l.
Accord 2008 c thi t k qu ging vi mu xe Hn Quc Hyundai
Altima. Nhng khch hng ngi M th nhn xt "cht" chu chim qu
nhiu trong nhngng nt ca Accord th h th tm.
B tu t 1994, Accord thuc dng xe hng trung (theo cch phn loi
chu u) v li th ca Toyota Camry hay Mazda6. Trc, n b xp vo
hng xe hng nh. Trnh lng t 1976, n nay Accord bc sang th h th 8
(i 2008). K lc ca mu xe ny l gi v tr xe bn chy nht nc M
trong 15 nm lin tip, t 1982n 1997. Honda Accord cng l mu xeu
tinc sn xut ti M.