Molten Salts Data as Reference Standards for Density, Surface Tension Viscosity and Electrical Conductance: KNO, and NaCl George J. Jonz Mtn St Veta ine, ape Lary, Meme Pine Lae, Tp ew York 12182 inerpreting.eccuracy statements in the literature are frequently compounded through lack of details on the methods of measurements, chemical purity, and relaed experimental aspects. In the present communication we report the results of 12 Standards Program initiated in 1973 with participating Inboretoris in Coechoslovakia, German Democratic RepublicDDR, Japan, Norway, Poland, ‘Rumania, and USA, Potassium nitrate (m. 335°C) and sodium chloride (m. 800°C) rere slot an the ine vofesene ealie fs ae propetin:denmiyy sure ean, iseosty, and electrical conductance. The resalts of the messurements have been citically examined, and are reported herewith. It has been possible to resolve some ofthe difficulties encountered in accuracy estimates through thie “round-robin” ‘series of measurements, and to up-grade somo of the datasets to calibration quality reference standards ey vr Cateaion guy sunday; Sensis ctl ands mien sls pian st, ‘dion erie src enon cay Contents 1. Introduction. 791 5. Experimental Accuraies Symbols, Unite and Fundamental Constants... 792 8. Trostment of Dat, 702 BAL Precision nnn 702 BZ. ActuMtey cn 7092 BA. Percent Departres 2 4. Sundards Program Compounds 792 4.1. Selection of KNO, and NaCl. 792 4.2. Purity Considerations 792 43. Pretreatment Recommendations... 798 1. Introduction Accuracy estimates given in the scientific literature are based on somewhat subjective quality judgements, and the Aificalies encountered are frequently compounded through ‘he lash of douile in mathede af moncurcmenty shemiea! parity, and related experimental aspects. The Molten Selts Standards Program, initiated in 1973 (1), was undertaken as tm approsch to resolving. some of the difficulties being ‘ncountered with reference to accuracy estimates ia the SRDS molten sals data compilations for the properties of “density, electrical conductance, viscosity, and surface tension. "Tigres Bache init erate referees 1901 by the US, Sect of Commerce kl ofthe Unie Stn ‘opr aged the Amer Tat f Ps and th “ern Chemical Soty. 5.1, Density Techniques. 5.2. Surface Tension Techniques. 5.3. Elecrioal Conductance Techniques. Sch Viscosity Techniques... 7 6. Numerical Data and Recommendations BAL RHO jenn : 62. NaCl : 63. Summary and Recommendations 7. Acknowledgement. 8. References For publications in thio series see [2-10) and table 1 Participating inthe measurements of the Standards Program Cuechosiovakia: Dr. Ing. K. Matisovsky; CSC; Slovak Arademy of Seianens, nati Brats German Democratic RepublieDDR: Professor Dr. H. H. mans: Technische Hochachole "Carl Schorlemmen Leuna-Merseberg, and Bergakademie, Freiberg Japan: Profesor Tatsuhiko Ejima: Department of Metallargy, Tohoku Univesity, Sendai Norway: Professor Harald A. Oye; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Norway, Trondheim, Poland: Professor L. Suskis Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Krakow1 Geoece 1 1AN7 Rumania: Dr. Stefania Zuca; Central Institute of Chemistry, Conter of Physical Chemistry, Ministry of Industrial Technology, Bucharest. USA: Dr. D. A. Nissen; Materials Research Laboratories, Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA: Professor G. J. Jans; Molten Salts Data Center, Cogswell Laboratory, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Teclmical mosis included: France: Professor M. Chemla; Laboratoire d’Electrochemie, Universite de Pars: Netherlands: Professor J. A. A. Ketelaar, Laboratory for Electrochemistry, Univesity of Amsterdam; USA: Dr. Jerry Braunstein, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Dr. L. Hh Gevantman, Office of Standard Reference Data, National Bureau of Standard, ‘In this program samples or nignest purty were aistnbated to various laboratories for physical properties measurements, Guidelines for sample pretreatment were normalized. The “raw” data from the measurements of reference samples, together with experimental details were submitted to the Molten Salts Data Center—RPI for critical analysis and value judgements, The recut of the critical assessments thus accomplished, oth trom viewpoints ot experimental limits of accuracy and “eal datasets, are reported herewith se “oundeabin 2. Symbols, Units and Fundamental Constants ‘The symbols, units and fundamental constants are in tables 2 and 3, respetivaly. Unles thorwiee noted, al temperatures are in kelvins. 3, Treatment of Date 2.1. Precision Extimates of precision were based on a least squaree statistical analysis of the dain with computerassated techniques. The standard error of estimate thus derived is given by the equation: Byer ena) where 7,=the experimental value at each temperature, 7, the vals eloulated foem the lutt equaret aquation the same temperature as 7 n—=the numberof experimental data points, and g= the number of coefficients in the least, squares equation (2 for linear, 3 for quadratic). The precision is taken ae the value of the standard error expressed a8 8 percent, As a general guide, about 60% of the results lie within the standard error, 95% within thee times the value 32. Accuracy Accuracy estimates are normally based on assessments of ing method of meacuromente terization of chemicals, and 4. Ph. Chom. Ba. Date, jo 9, Mo 81980 intercompaicons with results from the same and/or differen! laboratories. In the present project, the experimental uncertainties due to chemicals-qulity were essentilly ‘minimized through the distribution of Standards Program Reference Compounds from RPI to the participating laboratories, with recommendations for sample. pretres: ‘ments. Deusils are given in section 4. For evaluations of the experimental techniques ee section 5. 33. Percent Departure ‘The percent departure may be used to compare the results of different investigations. The percent departure is defined escent departure = ported value"~"comparison value™ =100 632) “comparison value” The Mhepunted various studies under consideration; the “comparison value” is from the data set that her been selected as the reference base for this part of the dats analyses. The results give sensitive insight on the accord (or lack of it) ether through inspection of two points, such es maximum and minimum departures, oF through « point by point inspection for the whole range (bet illetrated graphically). Both are sed in this work (se see. 5.6). 4, Standards Program Compounds 4.1, Selection of KNO, ond NaC! Potassium nitrate, KNO, (m. 395 °C:$2°C) and sodium chloride, NaCl (i. 800°C2"C) were selected to meet the feed for two salts bracketting the temperature range 350°-1050 °C, ie for measurements at moderately high nd high sempareniae, rarpartoaly ‘These cate are readily dried since they are not. strongly hydrated; this is an important consider trace amounts at from the viewpoints of stability and “container cher forther consideration is availbiiy; these salts are commercially available in highest purity and/or can be rail povided te standard reforence—qvelity speifcetiane lac sefer to the mamerical date of the 4.2. Purity ‘The analytical purity epeifcstions for Standarde.Qualiy trades of KNO, and NaCl and those for these chemicals o» Reagentgrade quality are in tbles 4 and 5. Commercially these would, generally, correspond to the gredes: “highes! warty standards quality or ulterhigh purity quality,” an ‘analytical reagent chemicals quality.” respectively. ‘Thr samples distributed by the MSDCRPI to the participa Iborotorice ae the “roundrobin” samples for physical property measurements were Standards Quality.MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS 43. Pretreatment Recommendations womecnese of the quality of the Standarde parity specifications, the only pretreatment recommended was to formalize the drying procedure, i.e, moisture removal. Moisture-content analyses were undertaken at RPI [11] with tlectrochemically assisted KarlFischer type analyses, viz, Aquastat II moisture analyzer (Photovolt Corp or rodifications thereof —Model 303 moisture analyzer (Dont. With care, the limits of these analytical techniques were about 10 ppm H,O. The results are summarized table 6. The drying trestments, accordingly, a recommended for the Standards Program samples were: rer Data for Bleetricel Conductance, V&s Surface Teneton} wolten Suite HSRDS Recommendation aes ole 1 968) Singie Saute (ey @ vot. 3. (4972) Meersees, wieeteed (4) WoL by Peed of rieorides (1 as7ky Wot. 4 Fez | sinary Mixtures of chioriaee 18 «as76) vor. 4, re. 3 | ninary ainturess aromtaee, Todiger | (71 asm Vols 4 ree 4 | ninary Mixturees Mixed Halts ty vote 5, rec | MOAEY Mixtures: Mixed Anions other than Merates, Ritrites, Well ‘Single Sele Updates? Sone of the HERDS fe have been rev same 2 Synbots one antes nt pene ea gyn cn? satge 1 aor? = 2 eat a nore re prodoes794 GEORGE J. JANZ KNO,: The samples should be dried under vacuo as the exapermare f inereabed geadually 120 °C and thus raintained for approx. 24 h NaCl The samples should be dred in vacuo as the Aomperstare ie. gradually inerested to 400°-500°C ae upper limits test of small siquots for neutrality (pH) after my : tor ° iyo garage Bg ik Sitios 1k eee 0969) wl Pos ig san + of8. Cy ee cd 2 | oF te ois mime ; geet * e DAADA, o | “ennsaes ooek Maas, 5 7 = 1)(MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS an hile 36. Parameters ofthe Hy concen equcions (1.3809 savin [oct ah] etch = | ee ma = entasae | et ert eh eactanget | ertenrteea hte 35, 4 electrical conduct co studtes eriticaily exanined and comparisons with (55) a8 the ree sen) coos (nem ese cow) case a3) ae crn %6 sor (9 9] 208 con 0 ” ov 23] s.t6r cars 0) * ven Artadales (90) over (6301) | 048 cane 8) 2 | mse, tates enter, wis as» | 0.128 (#401) 0.5% «400 8) 100 | suse, made csee> oan @7H| Lar enw ror | murgsiesen, t0ee (1959) wnt (23p] 3.201 9 ree | angers cases) nate (26.0) sp 13 ser, fatelear (967) ost (78 ©) cas» wee ia 968) con (700) jon 5 ey smser, voberonde (296s) | o.six (620 8] 2.962 (a60 106 ingeon ste) | o.0u8 (440 | -0.98E (30 8) 08 | dergnan, chants (2940) ease co | osee car2 ©) ep | sestaaae ase eyarnteat ns wants see) estes 3 os e280] 1278 G20 8 Phys. Cham ef: Dato, Va 9, Mo 1980a1 GEORGE J. JANZ comparisons wth [55] 42 the re ss . ass) o.00r 008 at | estes, thinner, seco cre) | o.ase cousin] aceoe cast see 105 («) 20 o ° ‘roepaeTuRE ° o A € a AE aeger (19071 erg (34015 Lorene (1907) 1 rm 098 Greg ge oH) mW) iawe 18 Medan sparc anaiyee with Brome and Bravtigan date base 2.Phys, Cham Ra, Date, Vol 9, Mo 1980(MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANNAENS 813 ae aye 20 Labeda OPP e Ce te [ ] x a ange e®, cOgre i ms vs a e & * P09 99 aaa oo a0 oa are" a. xa on DD otter (8) — Sao 1976) econ of Bitmard 56) Mes 18) amie 2 tet G18 Werte (968) Sear te em or) © King (1968) ©. susti-n (1978) Tote 6: Parmeter for 10, vinonty eatin (6-4) : cent [exact [ten mae Ban or sae Phys, Cham: Re: Do, Va. 9, Ma 4,181a4 GEORGE J. JANZ with (47] a the recomended reference & as | revssee 90H o.s08 (e700) ne gan (96) 0.288 (ew) 16 | neseane 0926) evox «741 8) 24 coy Toee 968) 28.358 (498) 8 Sateh, Whaehde (965 At (628 8) ze | neces tereae 0970) 21.668 (08 tar | nease, cresehetn, Hogdand, ye (970) 2.298 (635 2) 2p | setssenasse 960) sa sw tat | eastess, pentee, e244 ca58e) .04n (748-2) “ vere (4248) sor ee 100, (9) 10) 4. Phys Chom Ret: to, Vo 9, No. 1980, ime ton (908) (0) EQIDTSL INES Be BORE SAE | cou wy can oun ron won coon) ose oneMOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS (1976) si 8) tie Vth (059) (© ecinorty (197) Gan 0s, teetne (1976) anguesen (196) © termes, oye 977) @ dare, Sepa (196) en (1570) © mates. (18) as (8) Bi nstace (958) © ties 190) 2 aes (1988) Mi porwtess (156) te A Setncnsee (136) : y 405 (0) © £ + of 3 OF Peay ol eee ge * $$ +o ot 25 He eoef ttt, iO *Eet ” catde Ee, 06 ° ° ‘| Oat "ge oF SP Tt oe Ev eee) ee aa e t+ oh ga ate oe O° G ott eh ee o'r ola “oo my = ‘igwe 18 Terlscon stated vith o-Soea an Coot dana base TH6} 62. Sodium Chloride: NaCl 62.1. NaCl density (p The 1968 NSRDS density recnmmenlations [2] are heed on the 1955. determi of van Artsdalen and Yaffe [38] Inspection of figure 3 shows that the measurements of Matisoviky and Votova with Standards Quality NaCl [12] support the - 1968 recommendations well within the limits of accuracy of the experimental techniques (~ 21.0%). These are as follows: Messurement method: Archimedean technique [38] Density equations plgem") = a + aT pem) = a + fr precision: ~:0.1% sccuracy: ~ 21.0% ‘The parameters for eqs (62.10,1b) and the numerical density values are in tables 18.1 and 18.2, respectively. The results of crtieal comparisons of the density data for NaCl for the period 19041975 are summarized in table 19 and iustated in figures 19 and 20, (62:18) 621» 62.2. NaCl surface tension (7): The 1969 NSRDS surface tension recommendations [3] are based on the 1962 determinations of Sokolova and. Voskrensenkaya [151]. Figure 9 shows @ companson of the measurements of Zuce and Terzi [18] and Suski and Tomesyk 17}, both with Standards Quality NaCl. The deviations of the Zuea, Terai flaua set intitvnly genet wndeoctad tomparatie gradients, Dut this is at best speculative and further discussion is deferred. Without additional data, the accuracy limite for NaCl must be set at ~+1.5%, rather than the limits of '~U.t% as estimated in the earher work. Within thes limits, the results of the Standards Program support the 1969 NSRDS recommendations. These are as fllows: Meesurement method: maximam bubble pressure [151] Surface tension equetions: oN mi) = 0 + OT (62.23) oN mw) = a + Bt (622) £0.2% accuracy: ~ 41.5% 4 Phe Chem Re Baty Va 9 Mes 41988ae (crores 4. JANZ ‘The parameters for eq¢ (6.2.242b) and the numerical surface tension values are in tables 20.1 and 202, respectively. ‘The results of ritical comparisons of the surface tension data for NaCl for the period 1917-1975 are ‘summarized in table 21 and illustrated in figures 21 and 22. 02.3, NaCl elecieal conductance: The measurements of Emone and Brautigam with Standards ‘Quality NaCl [35] re selected as the recommended reference dataset. Inspection offigre 7 shows that whereas the 1968, NSRDS recommendations [2] are virtually in exset agreement with thie new data set in the range 800-850°C, the 1968 recommendstions are uniformly higher with Increasing temperatures, the departure sncreasing t0 ‘maximum of ~3.5% at the upper limit of measurements (~1020°Q) Through the Standards Program measurements fhe quality af the NaCl spacific nondumtanne date hee heen ‘upgraded to calibration-quality dat. ‘Measurement meth 1c conductance technique [35] -Bleerncat conductance equetions KO" cw) =a + OT + eT 62.86) KO" co} = a + Br + ye (6.2.30) precision: ~ 0.15% accuracy: ~2+1% ‘The parameters for eqs (6.2.32) and the mumerical values of the NaCl eletisl conductivities are in tables 22.1 and 22.2, respectively. The results of eal comparisons of le NuGI conductance date for me period 1920-1979 are ‘summarized in table 23 and illustrated in figures 23 and 24. 624. NaCl viscosity (m): The measurements of ‘Torklep end Qye with Standards Quality NaCl [46,57) ate selected asthe recommended reference deta set. The values advanced in the 1968 NSRDS recommendations are ‘Superseded with this new data set. Inspection of figure, and reference to the error analyses (see 5.4, justifies this shift ofthe reference data base tothe Tyrklep snd Oye data set. ‘Measurement method: torsional technique; immersed cplinder [46.57] Viseosty equations ANeaN 5 mr) = 4 explE/RT) (62.40) HON sw") = a + OT + oF (6240) oN sm} = at Bt yi (6240) precision: (6.2.4: ~ 20.05% aceuracy: ~+0.2% (62.4; ~ 204% (6240; ~204% ‘The parameters of eys (6.24a,b-c) and the numerical values for NaCl visoosities are in tables 242 and 24.1. respectively. The confidence level for the accuracy estimate is given as 99% The results of eritica comparisons of the NaCl viseosty data for the period 1908-1979 are ‘summarized in table 23 and illustrated in gure 2. | seat] ee cee tee Lad | eaten 4. Phra. Chom Ref: Dot. Vo. 9, Ne. 4.1980MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS. Tapte 18. Nach density studies and comparssions with [58] as the reference deta base Rete Authors Mins departure | sax. departure a0 er cas08) o.02t (2289 0] o.ter Goes or | essere 1917) -o.ss Gop) -1.e2r 2609 an | revarde, et at (2982) 0.18 (1390 1H] -0.812 ante © 7 | meee, ar at. 2959) <0.018 (4121 0] 2.08% (120 ©) aan | ktreenbaue, et et, 962) -0.018 (2298 9] 0.982 Ge a yan (1868) eruption. : as srast cose m| 246x280 a6 | Grsothetn, Littebuen, tote sr] 0,228 (ors a2 | eanorstot 920) “tase cana aus ae vurgetenes (2962) -o.se2 cass | -1.08r anes 10 239 | seaper, nate 916) -0.s72 (ose m] -0.962 (138 1 rat | ave, ottesne 9709 o.t2 (noe ey] 0.13% C70 a2 | aeaatove, rapebtyan (1965) 22x ono | ~4.272 az70 w aus | aarzstovenss ca9i0y -2.76 ow | -2.718 Gare wD 26 | tunneye, Bose, Neentoecing (1986) aapnient i nue | cetnenies case9) o.uor (108? H]onsaz 36 0 17 | rerte, renodnyonoy, snette (96s 0.592 (980 8] 1.072 C70 8) ae Honeseusvaee (1967) -o.aae (1080 ©} -p,s4x 200 0) as anode a960) | -0,208 170 10] -o,4ax Cote 150 wens a8) vase (08s 10] -9.47e (ote #) 4 Phy: Cham, Re: Doto, Vo: 9, Mo 41980eroncs 4. sanz wc) uk g Qo o SS > i ie heer, on (6 E Qo O aneser 307) : © reer C9 © trom (0 er © trtn (120 2 ° at? 8 6 ey : © © 6 Ey lee ee Ones ees ees ms ee eee Ww ae woos (me) @ rept C98) eee acing cine) @ Mislo (190) Sim a) er c ereneretio ise) A Sart (982) ‘ sory om 9 @e @8 e ce (1967) D ramen 1500) : & 5 ste a0 to7s nes us ves ws 1) Paya Cham Raat, Vo 9, Me 1900(MOLTEN SALTE DATA.AS REFERENCE STANDARDE ‘able 20.1, Parameters for the Mal eurtace tension equations (6.2280) . emp. age eh 391-1600 10 - 100 cetetue xh 75260 tos" = re Twhte 20.2, ch surface tenstons caleulated fron kelvin equation (6.2.28) © (ox et) fax) yore | n3.3 roy tos | aaa int fos | ad 3 Hos | ainy os" aie | inch jas He 10t:3 us 2002 iio 303.8 150 3024 Wa) baw whet dye coli (eee table 3) Table 2. Hac surface sien studies critically examined and ‘comparisions with [3,151] as the recomended ro ence data base Ref ‘Aethors Min. departure [ Max. departure ss | sioce, vevis, samen (2960) -o.09 (190 © | 2.96 caoeo x) asa | senenchento, snixebatova (1947) | 2.032 au73. | 2.678 (2229 &) ass | Laneratow (2961) o.mx case ny | 0.328 (080 x 136 | seayatetvey (2956) 0.03% (2080) | 0.558 (aa30 8) ass | aereoset (2965) 3.39% (aoeo x) | 3.428 G80 8) ase | aarsanovants (2960) e.00% (1170 x) | o.018 (2080 #) ast | sototva, voshzensenstays (1962) | 0.002 = 0.002 157 | sternberg, sere (3572) oor ize | asst ate wD 358 | wisuno, maceumora, Tensko (296s) | 3.06 caa72 x) | 3.70% (202 x) 159 | teteow, soe (1972) 1er cise | 2.018 G159 160 | pant, puke (2957) rast any ay | 2.982 oss 17 | sues, tonesye (2975) e031 Gos | 0.34 Caz? e) ae | tues, genes cv7> w.208 a200 9 | 1.634 (1089 4. Phy: Cham. Rat. Dot, Vol 9, Me. 4 1980ose ‘erones 4. JAMZ aor © mach (9) hss i681 7 O tiean ieay © Berzaorskt (180) Desyrnthon (356) pant 067) © cer (1917) Serechenio (987) ae [— tsnos cases) ec? | O tues (1976) 1h sat ane 20h S ° Sq tamretoy (36) 08 - ° 1 @ tate (1) 0% 1. _ stamens Trot (57) gob eo : ° i oe, ae nts Seg t +0 0,0 # eo os oC r a Ese"Golove, veonrenmanys (asea) ae oompatioon seaeare, 4. Piva. Chm. Ref, Dot, Vol. 9, No.4 1980,MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDE on oreat fet wrt tg 3 moe 1 359 nye ios Fable 25. Nach electricel conductance studies critically examined and conparisions "ith [55] s¢ the recommended reference data hase Ref. ‘ethors Min, departure | Max. deperture Yer | areae 908) wo tenperatore fangs overlay 02 | aeutvantes (2920) rane 02230) | 3,928 193-0 162 | nyscthevstech (2999) ator (1213 | 9,628 (21030 asa | ravarde ee at. 952) eax 073] 7.798 G37. 169 | uber ee ai. (2932) -o.07¢ (085 | -0.64 (2215 «) 135 | verescnetina, tushseys (1954) noe nha | wtareenener, Harner (1086) ceese G88 | 2.622 (278 aa | van artegaien, tatte (2955) o.ose (4100 1] -3,76x (07S ®) 165 | Potncare (1880) ature range overlap ace] a er (1908) aor | aeaes, xaene (1920) stapbtcat i ret | creene (2949) cenperaturt range overiay 265 | merkow, Peteyartatys (1962) staptcad a2] ketetaar, Meanave, (1972) o.o28 (2273 | 2.238 (2103 ©) s70] wtkorte, crjocneta, éye (1970) | 0.54z C135 | 0.80% (2095 K) nit (94a) 0.27% (2179 x) | -0-442 (ais? 22. ana p| 7.43 Gor csrnys sn Raf: Dot, Va 9, Me. 4 1980Table 23. NaCl electrical conductance studies critically examined and with [26] 26 the recomended reference rs Tathere Win, departure [ lars departure 15) teats, tate, Keren Gow) | 0.998 GSTs | OF Ga 17 | tee, reareen cass nosis Gan] 3.07 4223 0 xs] sum, tinny, sateen aon) | aise 0298 0 Gus p 76] sutamurs, sae, maitre ste) | tang 8d 8 asp an] stasere 961) enses (073 1) as» a7e| satan, adewo, noice ase) | -o.sne (1166 0) aie ans] argyetates C950) cause ae 0) Gos p 10] donsereo, seretese assay — | -2.0s2 028. 0)] 2.54 G09 1) asa | “satasher 935) sto 4220.0) -a.o72 123 © 143 | sutoerty, tito, pace gsr) | oven cuz0 | 3.448 273 106 | chasse, story (1957) cosas (138 0[ a.ase neo © aon | cnatetent ranges 0979 on “as 35] one, aeauetgun (1975) o.0or 0.00 34] gine, sottage, twee G9) | o.eae ate | guise atze.n te] seat, ont, seactovtes sr | iene 4077 0] a see «ait0 : met) fab Ont = won omy 8 Fm arsates ost oo 2 taone Go b & 1 o - © ccna ose! ates aetta 6 @ cme com | icp 8 ee © vimertoser tse) BL © eof © Omer 98) | & 1. Gores tity _ ° Deon cy) F 5 ° ° ° pat Deon | a rN Be cersnmrune ts cuswuyt SOF arama To | TD ssntoanset (920) 1 o if a 1 ob a i) ae Tr we ot ‘jetta Spat Rt Ss ties Merit dt Phys Chom Rel Dato, Vl 9, No.4 1980nie (1976) © wa sm $ sust-8 (0978) @ saneta (1978) © ste (1978) Fenges(1979) © vest 72) A dunes (397) Bh asiner (198) 1D mseronre ‘oer musa “toes} 1 srretate (e021 cots 4 (9e2) Ferre Ginn © mine MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDAI? 204 + earn ‘Tewre 26 Gipartore anaiyeis tat bans ond arautagan ania bece (97) a 10) Te cetsive (uerten) Sef Set iecn OFOROE J. JANZ ‘aie 262, mac winonteen!calelate fro bevin equation (62.48) © ‘Table 25, NaCl viscosity studies critically examined and con with TA E7} ae the carnmendad reference data hase authors Min, departure ate “ Daneuas (1928) Wergutesce, Zuee (1963) 2350) sdecente, Strerets (1965) seekoraktt (1960) Verechenettna, Lusbaaye (1954) Murgutence, Z008 (2965) nara (967) be Wopdend, ye (2970 + ergornes Moyetnan (1967) (2977) (eorete 2 2uca end Cotte (1978) (eapsitary) Sunk, cathe, Stachoutes (1973) sérhiep ant ye (2978) atiasovety, Yotove (1975) ery, Yovova (2979) 5.168 0.40 v.98 2.4 17.60% 0.00% Max. 4 ans | sess aan | ase ae 0 | re.ase amo | sae ae | cer aan | seo aus 0 | seas qaoss © | = 7.028 a0 | aaae an | aur aan | so caren | secose qian | seer ais | sare au | ater 2085.) 2005 «) 2088») a0 2098 2093.9 ann ans» (2090 8 anon amp 0s? e) 038) 2085 2) 4. Phy. Chem. Rafe, Vol. 8, M4 1980,[MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS 025 — Wektep, tye (978) sustt (197) ener ne | wat Oe aioe | pees mente 0 | ‘ms (1967) urgutescu (1963) strelets (1968) + cpa sie (107A) ant (1928) rattacova-8 (1976 omits (90) agg Veresheneting (1954), ian) bednDeeao00eeo00+ otasumura (1967) a “tan (1967) rach (0) Tie 1200 720 10 ‘SSparture tnlyais vith Sudep and Bye ate base 1979) as 63. Summary end Recommendations Based on ic prrenegr che following, summarizes the ccommplishaints thin progeny an) the recomend that may be advanced. 1. Density Data: Molten KNO,: The density data hhave been upgraded to calibrationuality reference levels for the temperature range of 845°-855°C. Molten NaCl: ‘The results support the 1968 NSRDS recommendations for the temperature range of 805"-1030°C within the limits of ‘experimental accuracies, The Archimedean density technique is recommended for such measurements a the most aovarate 2. Surface Tension Data: Molten KNOx The surface tension data have been upgraded to calibration-quaity reference levels for the temperature range of $45°=490 °C. ‘Molten NaCl: ‘The results indicate thet the sceuracy limite for this date sot muct be hanged to = 1LE% resher then the earlier estimate of ~0.1% advanced. with 1969 [NSRDS recommendations for the temperature range of 1805"-970°C. Both the maximum bubble pressure end the Aat.pin detachment techniques are recommended as best techniques for highest accuracies, 3. Elecrical Condvstanoe Data: Molten KNO,. The 1972 NSRDS recommended values fr the temperature range of 840°-505°C are supported within the limits of experimental accureci from the participa There are differences in the result iB laboratories, and. these should resolved through additonal measurements before the calibration quality of this dataset is secure. Molten NaC: The conductance data have been upgraded. to talilnaisality sefeeuve Tevele Gus the temperate range ‘of B05°-060 °C. The 1968 NSRDS recommendations receive firm support in the range of 805'-850°C, bat are anificanly in eror at higher temperatures (e.g, ~3.5% at ‘1020°C) and must be revised Classical high precision ac conductance measurement techniques are recommended for best messurements. Both the twin-apillary dipping and Usype capillary designe are recommended for conductance cell designs (to. defi moderately large cell constants); suitable precautions to ‘minimise electrode polarization errors are. essential for ‘measurements of highest accuracies. ‘4, Visoosty Data: Molten KNO,: ‘The viscosity data Ihave been upgraded, and this gently shifts the 1969 NSRDS '340°~490°C to ~1% higher values. While the results fom the capillary techniques and the torsional pendulum. techniques are in agreement within the limits of experiments accuracies, the temperature dependences of the results are 4iferent (fering slopes). This point should be resolved te firm up the present recommendations 2s calibration quality reference data. For the present, the recommendations fo: NO, are based on results from the capillary measuremen’ technique. Molten NaCl: The values advanced in the 1968 NSRDS recommendations have been shown to be in seriout cenzr (eg, ~50% at ~810°C, ~10% at ~1000°C. This 4 Phys. Chom Rel Date, Val 9, Me. 4 198826 (GEORGE J. JANZ data sot has been upgraded through the present program to calibrationgquality levels inthe temperature range of {810°-940°C. The prevent recommendations are based on the torsional pendalum techaique with immersed cylindrical shapes. Both the classical capillary and the torsional pendulum tecnmques are equally ppeable or molten salt viscosity measurements at moderately high temperatures (p10 '~500°O) At higher temperatures the torsional pendulum Aechnique be rcnmmended. With immer apherical shape, the accuracy limits ofthis technique appear to be ~ 23% With immersed cylindrical shapes and optimum procedures this technique appears capable of accuracies to ~0.2% for solten sts. In more routine use, the acaracy lis appear ~1%. Relative tothe torsion wire, the Kestin alloy (92% Pt {8% W] appears superior and ie recommended. The major vepvivements for provision, summareed by Ket [208} Suitable contol of pressure and temperature for Reducing the effects of unavoidable instabilities to negligible levels, for hydrodynamic stability A faithful mathematical model of the process and an accurate solution in the form of an adequate working ‘equation and & complete st of corrections Detection of the major effect with high resolution, and ‘operation at its lowest value consistent with the desired precision and sensitivity ofthe working equation Insight on various design parameters and procedural techniques relative to error sources in molten salts viscosity measurements have been significant accomplishments of thie program. Some addtional points noverthelass remain, and shoul be noted as areas for farther work. For example, at ‘moderately high temperatures (340"-450"C, KNO,) the short capillary technigue for molten salts viscosities gives results in close accord with the clasicl copillry techniques and the torsional methods (~:8%). By contrast at the higher temperatures (810°-1000 °C; NaCl the data set from the short atpllary technique diffore greatly (- 50%) from the data sete of the classical capillary techniques and the torsional methods. The resolution of such outstanding points remain ¢ need, and further measurements are recommended inthis area of materials science, 7. Acknowledgements ‘The concept of the Standards Program project evolved through discussions with colleagues, particularly Stefan “Zuca (Bucharest), Harald A. ye (Trondheim), snd Howard 3. Whitey Je (Weahngaoe. ‘The critical analyses of the data and value judgements were part of a program supported at this laboratory by the Office of Standard Reference Data, US. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. Much of the work at RPI and at Bucharest on the Standards Program was accomplished in the period of 1973-1976, sander she suppor oF & cooperative Feseareh program with 41.Phya Chom Ral Dato, Vol 9, No.4 1980, Bucharest by the National Science Foundation (USA) and the [National Council of Science and Technology (Rumenia) under the Inter-Academy of Sciences Agrenmen. Stefania Znen and GJ. Janz were co-drectors forthe Rumanian and U.S sides, respectively, and R-P-T. Tomkins was eoprincpal investiga tor at RPL ‘The continued interest of Academician J. G. Murgulesca (Bucharest) throughout this period was greatly appreciated, and discussions with Professor J. Kestin (Brown University), pertcalarly on matters of preci and accurate viscoeity ‘measurements were most helpful. I wish to express a special thanks to colleagues at each of the participating centers for the facilities s0 generously volunteered for these measurements, and the discussions that led to the final result 8. References (1) The mote ae “Standards Program” iit in 1973 by 6. J ‘sam (USA oily wit 8, Zea lumen) was pa of «3 year ‘eoperite mova program ueder" the Interdademy fremont tod supper by he Nae! Scene Fount: {USA Minis Sone and Techno oman (2 Jane. GJ, angie, FW. lalabmisryann, Gy Loves, PK ‘std Tomkins. RP. Ty "Moher Ste Volume 1. Ee (inductee, Dey, and Vnty Dt” Nat Stand Rel. Dat Sere BS (0.5) 1519 pages (0 1900) (3) Jo, 611, Labshiarangs, CR, Toki RP. and Won Ie 'Maies Sate Volume 2, Sein 2, Surfce enon Data” Nat Stand Ret, Date Ser, NBS (US) 28 2 pags Aug 1909, “aes Solas Volo 3 Nita Mien Mires, eee Cendasane, Density, Verity and Surlce Tension Dat” J.P Chom Rl Dat 1, Ro. 3, 581-706 (197 ‘Moker Sse Volume 6 Part Fiaier and Mitre lea Conic, Density, Vso and Surfae Teson at” J.P Chem. Ref Data 3, No, 1-116 107) [61 dany GJ, Tonkin RPT Allen, By Dovaey, J. Rey Jes “Grist, Cr Ly Kei, Us aed Sige, S. Ky lon Sas Volume 4 Pan 8. Gibndes and Mises, lel Cnatctance, Des, Visoty and Surface Temion Data” J Pig. Chen, Hef Dea Ne 871-1178 1975. 17} dng 2 Tomi, Be Tile, CB, Dorey J ‘Sige S. Ke "Malen Sate Volume 4 Par 8; Bromide Mires, die and Mize” Phys hem. Rel, Dat 6, No 2, 409-506 1972, "Mite Hse Mel Hetil Conca, Deny, Veity nd Safe Tessin Dat” J. Phy. Chem Re Dia 125 0979). 19) Jan Cb Taninn, .'P Ty Msn Sab Vane 5, Paty Adios!” Sem ith Common Asin” lesa Conductance, Deny, Vacs, and Sac Teson Dat,” Pye Ch, Ret Dat okt (500, Volume 5, Pct 2, in [Uo] Janu Gy Alen, C1 Banal NP Murphy, KM, ad Tomkins TR. FT, “Physiol Properiee Due Compton Relat 0 Ener Sine I Maen Sle Dat” NSRDS-NBS 61, Pa US. Gor Pring Of, Washinton D.C C579. (an) Jan G°7, Mle My ier‘ and Gat, Uy onpubibed “09761979, [12] Mauser K and Vet, smite to Mien Sale Send Program, MSDCRPI (975 {is} Bj Ty Shimlap, K, and Hos ML ‘Stundard Program, MSDCRPI (1970, [19 Se tren [2 TiS} Nisen, DA. stbaied to Molen Sule Stars Program, MSDC ited o Molen SasmOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS aw {06} jin, and Yamaora, submited to Malin Sse Standards Program. MSDCRPI (1977. (07) Sek Te sod Tamorh had to Man Sale Standard Prog, MSDCRPE (1976 (08) Zac, S. sed Ter, Ma sulmited to Moen Saks Sundare Program, MSDCRP! (976. 119] Nien, D. hy nd Cars, RW. J. Hleorechem. Sec. 121, 500, sr. (20) Unt, Y, Kev, Mz Nakamor, End jin, Tras, Japan ere (21) Sehrodinges, W, Aen Pay 96,413 (1919, co (25) Jy Gs and Loren MR Res Sei ea 82,18 (1860, (26) Ulta, By Aca Chemie Send 24, 3267 1970, [27] Grote, K Hole, Je Ly Llboe, B, and Oye, He A, Aca (29) Jan GJ, ad Toki, RP. T J Blotochom Soe. 124, 55 oa (29 Joes, Gand linger, 6. MJ. Amer. Ch, Soe. 51, 2407 90] Genin, Yes "Phyl Chit.” Va. 9. $92, Mi Pbl, Movcon (19745 Eagich dion (91) Tonkin RPT Jos. ad Anal EJ ewachom, Soe "i 9061870, (82) Kean, J Ae By ond 2185 0972. (39) Zam S Mal, Ma md Oleara, Me sabmited to Mole Sate Sunnds Program, MSDCRP! 0970) (58) ja, Shineage, Kd Sot Y>sabited to Moen Sate Stuadands Progam, MSDCRP! (978. (85) Emoon HH and Bretign,G bait to Moen Sus Saedard Progen MSDCRPI 970. (96) Seat, Cader, and Sacre, Ly smd te Maen San Stands Progam, MSDCRE! (978. {871 Sunk Land Sushowes, 1, Eeochem. ete 17, 1987 (1972). [38] Van Aral, Ee and Yall, 1S. 5. Pays Chem. 59, 1-8 (39) Zac, Sand Olena, M, 2. Netfrch,814, 796.0970) [40] jin, Tot al, Tar tapas Ia Mel (Eg) 25,281 0978) (ot) Denton SZ Amr. Cen. 178, 11928, [a2] Mara, 1G. and Za 5-7 Pu. Chem. 222. $00 (1969. {43} jie, Tod Yoko, T, submited to Molen See Sundee ‘Progam, MSDCRP! 0978 (4s) Masset, K and Vet, sabaied te Molen Sa Stedends ‘roman, MSDCRPI (976. (a5) Sus Ty nd Gea I, and Suchowic,L, aubmited Malin Sate Sundards Pro, MSDCHPT (1779, [o6} Tyee, Ky ond Oye, HA, submited t Maen Sale Stedade Progam, MSDCRP! 1978 [47] Zeca 3, tnd Coty Hy sited to Mahen Sake Stedads ‘ropa, MSDCRP! (1976, 1978) [48] Zeca So aed Boren, R, submited ty Maen Sa Stndads Program, MSDCRPI 1976, too) Taman Leer, ABE JE, Oy CME. 2, 9097 ‘0970. {80} vas Os, Ni ad Ketel, JA. A. J. Elctohem. Soe 228, 1859 {0976} 4p Os NPD. Thess, Amster (1970, (st) Untehde Ly "Zar Vatonmewie” Bo Hid Veep, Sagat 0368) {52} Sucbore, Land Sak, Heuroshenise Ants 19, 787 (1974. ‘rhein, Ke, Ohta Ts and Oye, He Ay Be [se] Kegs Jy aed Monysi J. ML, Brown Unt, Report AF 891/31, ‘ly (956), AFOSR 758-752, Ata Doc No. 201.516 [50] Marvin RS. Re, Net Bur. Sud 7A, 585 197). 156] Oka, T, Boren, O Broker, W. Prema, D Grist K. “hep Re sd Oye HA Ber Banengs, 75,535 (1975. Macouat, P,P. Hlocecem. Acts 1, UST] Tokep, Rand Oye, He A J. Phy Serum, 2, 815, ‘asta, (58) Voor an Manon, Khem, Zo 27,172 1979 [59] Zan Sand Baca, R.Rer- Roam. Chin. 19, 853 (1074) {60} Zoe, $, Vaso, Cy and Won, 5, Py sabe to Boer Se ‘Suda Pogom, NSDCXPI (177. {60} Arpt AG. and Newel . GJ. App Mah and Phy. ZAMP) 10, Foe, 151959, {62) Grove 1M, nd Ken J, Appl Se Res $4,427 1978) (6S) Rous Pre Phy Se. 72,576 0950. [es] Becki D Ay and Novel, C.F. App: Math and Phe. ZAMP) 9 Fece 6 430 0957) (63) Shvidhvai E.G, Vbenye Zeki MOU Beso Us a9, {eo} Reetes RD nd Jy, G1, Team Fuaay Se, 61, 2300 (1965) 161] Hopi Mean Toe Pre Phy Se B68, 773 (530. [ea] Tires, HR, Tras, ASM 8, 700 1862, 74,185 (69) Soya, VT, DOAL Abad. Nev. SSSR 58, 1077 (1987) (Transatonavabe ws ABC 3785) Aras BR URL, PY IDO (7a) Monge, Cand acy Weve Chim. Aen Rep. Pope Roumeine 2 227 1950, 172] Prouent,P. 2, and Mulibbove, A. Ya, Rus, lor. Cham 6, 173] Grote KT and Klein, Pa ar Anrgnice Chemie ‘er Tecnschen Hechchle Hanover (iat conmeniation. 1966, [15] Pata, Ve Dy ond Berl 8 1y le. Sekt Fs Kh. Analy Abad ‘ask SSSR 26,166 (1959, (To) Jeger, FM nd Kap, By Z Avo: Chm. 118,27 (920. (77) Blows, HL Rg We Maley J aed Walk, Dy Tre Fundy Son 49,1458 (195). ine) orator, Dy ev. Sekt Pa-Klm, Ana 26,147 0955) 109] Goodwin, H. Mad Maile, KD, Trem, Am. Hectocher, Soe "11211 967. (eo) Feet CEJ. Gem. Sec. 93, 12991906, (si) Medal, WJ, Rhode, ond Uiklahde, A, Pre. Hay. Soe 289A, 151 196. {82} Senior C, Gn. Chin al $0, 2091920) [8] Sait GP aed Petven, GF J. Chom. and Eng. Date 6, 499 ae, (ea) Boks 1. OM, Calida, A. and Sslaman, C, NASA Contat Repo Na 655194 1989) (85) Morelos 1 Gand Zara 5, Herc. Ace 14, 519 (1969 {06} Laphou, Ke and Maden MJ. Chr See 1,1 (1988, (87) Jem C2 and Laren MC, Rev. Ss, let 81, 181960 {se} Blea, 1 Davi F.C ad Taner, D, W, Tan. Ferny Soe 86, Tits sea {85} De Lad Dak, F. RJ Pye. Chem. 62, 11420950 {90} Adding, CC, and Clr J Mx. Chem Se, 468 (196), [91] Berl Gy bd Stren, GJ Phy, Chen, 68, 2908 1968 [be Jager tai nore Chem 301, TO [95] Semenhenka, K, and Shitbabuat, LB Zs. Fa: Khim. 22,618 ‘om. (0s) Loren, Rand Kelas, HLT 2 physi. Chem. 69, 17 (1907) [P7] Sandon, A, Gs. Chin, a 502,289 (1920 [96] Smhs Dy ad yee Aten, ER, a, OBNL-SISD, p90 0950. (95) Bloom, Hl, Kong 1. W Maly, J.J. nd Wek. Trams Parade Sox 49,1658 (1953). (200) Xing, EA ad Dae FR 1 lac Sue 142, 7291058) {HOH} Maral, 1G. ni Zao S, Rev. Chim. Ace. Rep. Pople oumsite 2. 2271959, {102} Ang, CA) eszechem. Se. 112, $56 (1965 TOS] de Nooer Band Kevlar. J. A As wnpubsed work (1967 de Noa, PRD: Ths, ister (1965 4 Phy: Cho. Late, Vo. 9, Me 4, 1980a8 GEORGE J. JANZ (108) Robbin, 6D and Baus, J, J lcvshem, Sue 116, 1218 (0360, (105) Rhode E, Smith, W. and Ubbelade, ALR, roe Rey Se "ARH, 263 (1965). 1206} Papinsnos, PC and ariago, CW. J Phy, Chen 8, 2424 ‘aes, [LOT] aor, Man. Physique 6,851 (196 {105} Bergman, AG and Capi, J My et, Abd. Nak SSSR Ser. Kin. 8.727 (1940, [105] aan, 'S, PRD. The, Ua, of Suatourp, Straourg. 27, ‘ether 1967, N" deoegrment su. CNRS, AD 1813, sees 010] Coven, H.C sd Aen HJ, Tra, Fara Se. 2,242 (1956. (O11 Pree, Fond Popoiteye, XP J. Gen. Chem. (USSRD 24, 207 0958, 1012) Paton, PL ant Popnage, NP, 7h Fl Khim 8S, RA roy (113) Baron A. F.M., Caer, B, ad Hill, 6, Tas. Foray Se "64,208 1965, 118 Godin HM ed Male, RBs Tan Ams Ess, Se Ta asen, (115) Proen,P- 1, and Maen A, Ya, Zh Neorg KB. 5, 2507 ‘0960, {216} Goodin, HM ad Maley, R. Dy Phys. Re. 28, 22 1906 28, “469 1007} 26,28 908 (017) Loves, abd Kalmus, HLT, 2 Pye. Chom 59, 2481907. 1118) Favs, CE, J Chem, St $3,129 0908). [129] Jae C1, an Spas, Floss. Soe 110,452 (196). {oan} sera yao ay Sy ye Chem 248 919 W900) a1] Boren, GV Patguer, SF ad Rapacer, SV Trady Nos 6 {0965} let leecher. Un Aad. Se Ep Trane Beevochn. Suid and Lig Bhcwlnee 8,38 (1960, Comets Bran Now Hot 966. (122) Delma, Ya: Ky and Valanon, A Ay Ala, Nauk SSSR. Zh. Neorg Kh il, 1075 1986, (225) Margles, 1G. lecchin. At 14, 5191969 125) Rods, Ey Si, W. Ey and Usielbds, A Ry Pr Rey. Se "A205, 2651968) (120) Zoe and Boras, Recto, Aes 15, 1817 0970. 1127] Dumas, D, Grit, Ks Hop By aed Oye, Hy Ae, Chen, Scud 24,510 0970, 1120) Kies, Dacor hes, Hare (968. [029] Witiman, RE Dei, Rand Ei Me By J Chem, En Data 1, Ts6gee, 190) seam Anger Chem. $8, 50 (908. [u31} Edvard J.D, Taj, CS, Rowe A, Sand Moran LF "lcrachem, Soe 9,827 (1952, (032} Kiebetaom, AD, Gill JA, Gang, Pand Gros, A, org ck: Grom 241267900 (035) Bblaora G.AaedYageban, ES Rat. J oop, Chom. 18, 1162 (196, 1038) Bestia, Cy Emons HoH and Voy Hy, Z Chem. 10, 64 (035) Verein. ad Lasny, NP, ev. Set Ki Al 25, 1881850, (236) rete, K, Holm, JL, Llib, By and Oye H. As Tne [u37) Chrnshon, A” Assad Stet Kh, Taste Melly 43, 59 ‘0970. 1138] Marae, 1. and Zea SZ Phys Chem. 222, 30 (1962) [030] Jager, FM ad Kab J Kenia Ne Ala Va, Wetec. Proc Se B19 861 (010, (140) Sucker 0, 2 Page: Chen 83,297 191) [081] Ofte Mad oem S Re. Rouse Chim. 4, 357 1970, 142] Baalora GA and Yagu'yn. ES. Rus Too. Chem. 10, 116) 585 [049] Barakeh, VP Zhu, Pad, Khim. 18,2217 0940. [uss] Lenkege, XP Ever, Ny and Vernet, Py Zh Neorg. Khin 1, 1490 (950 Ra. I. Inrg Chem, 1, 35 0330 1.Phys Chom Rel: Date, Vol 9, Ne 4, 1980 45) Maton, BV ‘0960. 146} Liles, 8, PRD. Ths, The Tene Untenity of Nora. Trndhein,Norwey 0963). (ust) Perks OF, Pasopokor, A. Nand Shi, LN, Ukaa. Kh. hat 31, 1088 0965) (140) 2a, Sa nd Jones, L, Rev. Roumin, Chim 12, 1288 Priychyi, V. Dy Ube. Khim. Zh 29, 47 ‘iso. (049) Korda Tad Oyama, RL, Denk Keak Obi Bots Kegs ‘34317 0969 (150) Fes . and One K, Denki Kapka 17,254 (1080. "36 502 ase, (152] Senecheno, Ky an Shikbbulos, LP J: Phy. Chem, (USSR) "2, 707 ios [nSa) tennis LPs hoe Pk Khim 24, 149 0060) [254] Desir, 0. GJ: Appl Chem, USSR 29,945 01950, [135] enous Phys hem. 68, 2606 (1965. 1156] Barve, ¥- Zh Phi hi. 13,1317 0940 ASM Strabere Sand Ter Mex, Rewsne, Chin, 17, 1047 972 T18H] Masa, Mieon My Sopio, Ss Tak, Y SueksiSh 16, 88 0968) {1991 Ht, dL, PRD. To, Uni of Toei, Norway, 197, [60] Dak Land Dake FR, USAC. Contract No. 7405EN6 2 0580. [61] Arad KZ Blektwoshen. 12 387 (1906, [u62] Ryschewiuch, EZ Eleedhem 39, 581 (1955, [68] Mer, PW, For. Vand Sli, Wy US. Be, Mines ep ot nents 0 1982) (068) Winerbage, Hy and Werner, Ly Fo Wired, ‘Verbena Noten Weatlen No, 34 01956) {165} Pace, Lynn hin, Php. 21, 7891250 {U6} Andy yond Cen 2 Ecvohems 14 68 0900) 167] Bl, W bed Klemm, WZ. Phys. Cem. 110, 318 1026, (168) Grate, iy Zeke. 8, 362196 1060] Beer NA nd Frei BA hat, Pl Khim. 14, 466 [u70} Niko, R, Grote, Kandy, M.A Aaa hem: Seed. 26, “49 0570, (070) Barks V. Py Leningrad. Gon na. Prk Kim. Stra aba 8, § 1940, (072) Kameneiy, Vo and Sbenjhora, ye. Vyuhith Zavede “Toei, Me 3,09 (1962), (179) Balkin E. As Dnhuvar Yo: Gy nd Kuiveter, Yo. V Sian (Ghenical Jere Te, Sink Oud. Alas. Nash SSSR, Ser ii. 9, 51 Gay Stein Chemisty Jura 364 196. (076) Lee, Ep ad Peon, EP, Trams Eecrthen, Sez 88, 171 ‘ass. [375] Dane, Matsowsy, and Leen, B Res Rumain Chin 1176} Mammary, Y5 Misia Md Nabi, K Supebwai Sh 16, 91,0966. (077) Boar, M, Aan. Ply. 6851 (196). {290} Marner, Mineo Md Nha Ky Sly 8 16,167 ‘Use. 1179} Angra, Dy PAD. Ths, Techn, Hockscle Aachen, Germany 1958. 1371 oan, (101) Macon, BF and Sherbatoe, A.A hor Fi Khim 18,621 ‘asso, 1082} Base, K.P Mean (singed) 10, 100 1985. 183] Macon K, Dene, Vs ad Lilo, By cwocin. Ata 27, "68 0972) (284) Gace, 1.T and Sry, Ba Mee 9,149 1857. (185) Fast, EJ Chem. So 98,1299 0908) {ibe} Opes Ripon Rinse Cakes Sep ost Meta) 148, No.2, 4 1950, [087] Bondarenko, NV ond Steet, Kh LJ: Appl Chem (USSR) 88 1254 (1965 Zhwr, Pad. Khim, 38, 1273 (1965) (0) armor Vy ler Sek le Ki 8, 1817 (959MOLTEN SALTS DATA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS us (U8) Veena Pan aby, NP Skt Khim. Al 25,18 0958), (190) Margalcs, f. G, andZacy,S, Rev. Roumine Chin. 10,129 ‘O56 (091) Matos Mis, Dan Nk K, SihaiShi 16 167 ‘agen, {asa Mepis, © TJ Chem Bln 44 811967 {198 Barcomen RFPs. Chen. 7, 382 1966. (4 Kar: Ban Sal eg Si” hn Sie eel raat 9 " {195} Roker, MH). ince S 126, 2095 0979, [096] Zamboni, PCy ad Jan Jy I Amer Gh, See 0, 665 ica [nor Zemtenn PG. J. Earns, Ohne leach. 38, 24897. a9) Toki Ka Oye, HLA, pe commnion to G5. Jane (Oa, 197, (a9 moc, We Teg, Kas ye He Ay Oem et simi OT. (200) Kein, "Esperia Determine of he Vinay an Thermal Candcviy of Fin” Natl Symp 1979, pate {201} Camichc KR, and Fg, SN J. Beorokem, So. 126, ‘108 097,