qhe Dissipated Certainties of the Past and Belonging to History gjuliano Gresleri gxoiien & (SWWIRT BAS, 735, HEPC LE IFAUTS 5 > gD TAP TVAV » [goROGDDIMMOKCH SC, #-34ea vse ROT YI pak os) R=OOM ROH CREEL £5 EL Cinkes — PHBL gobi RCMATCHAL AGOCH), fhO— OREO [EEC DD, Lan) XLOROAREMRIRERL £5 EOD LOT pote COLPROAL CE PY e Pb OK! UD ETI® pp at TAM Pe RUEB OLS) OPICSMIESS ESL fet HORS POREOMMIMNTHS EC BHDETROTD [be ORAD NORA BORIS, HOA 194 APBD POPOL ARDC, He tea VEAL AR DMO OT gE PR, TERT) 9 RTL ELI 19 « DAB Pegg 7 by =) LO RIMEM EO CRRA, | eeommnetTes ay yarns AmEmTOR EOS ae p yn Fe LORD TERT + AT) BELIORAEE HU EOD BEHECHS, THAI, HREM SOREL RI Doni & och ke LABS Heit CORRES SHI RRS Cd bo Ml HE eigeayRica FY 7 7 Ye THON 5 Co CARL oC DELAY | RAE HEALS ote COMICEML Ci TRIE Oreo RICH Bb, Ae sa ea Tat C The7 RESON, ise, MMT S | OREREE DMT RS. “ype of te etzohan Between the Spring of 1922 and the Autumn of 1923 Le Corbusier was 2—74—7uy'20%, IER, Vila @ Vauereson cages in verifying in eality the type ofthe etrohan in two creations, One ‘ots usly adhering to the principles previously enunciated, the other rch in vevations on the theme and more fluid in the attempt to translate trchicctonically the plastic experiences of purism: they are the houses prope indicated as the Villa a Vaucresson and the Maison La Rocke- ‘Aber’ Ieanneret. The occasion was provided by the breaking up into ‘using plots of two properties, a few kilometres from Paris and near the Atte! Gate, of which Le Corbusier had draven up, without great enthu- ‘issn, a planning scheme which was published by L'Esprit Nouveau under the wicactive name of fotissements pour villas ou atliersdartists “Ths episode ofthe division into building plots ofthe land belonging to the backer La Roche and to the Besnos family and the consequent publicity fiven it in L'Esprit Noweau is important. Not only did it serve Le CCoreusiee for the purpose of attracting an avant-garde clientele, but it far. -hed hie wit the possibilty of proposing in an absolutely convincing ‘unner—through the two ereations—his ideas with regard to dwellings thot which he lost no opportunity for weaving a “suggestive” discussion that scome to have been taken up from his dispute with Ozenfant in the eiod ofthe purist research into the “place ofthe right ange”. Infact he “rics in "Oeuvre Compléte” in this connection: “Evening at the Vélo- . drome dhiver during the "six days": excelent performance of greatness {nd unity: coming away from there, ia the mental silence thatthe street ss September 1880, 19me De rae, BUR! Boar, Mason La Roche Albert "am suay of ert room Ta 2e 7 yPOMOMMOAY F, RRRPRELCS, ‘Study for Vis 8 Vaveresson of frat hypothe L-RA@EROR, 12UF, Maleons on sera pour arene WS TERRY LOE (6 SIMA) OHO SO, Hla ABEHES LL Cok. MARNE UREN Cok. £0 CELE, ONT SoH, REL RNBRIED FEMME, BESTS. SAAMMETM, RIOR. Cor BAOHAOMMEFATK Hie. THIELE 5 EARNS Hb, RRL AD AF FAURE RO RIE los Re YEOH, BOM STNILERD ANS BED 5, MICRABY ADLTAR, MBMCWOT, £EL 6 COPRICL CHIBI RELRSOTHS, JED 1924402 Feb MN ALICBIP YORCWOT, VAVARBRAHDA, £002 1025) X5CRDHEO)—bMEDENS, THY her YE KOT C, BRORMEEMC, Wik Ar » Fathon, 2o MENA COS, IML AT Boxy — AMOR (OP GD at ey RBCS MI ROBS PHELLOMSER? o—ox 2 ve oR, TEM Rote, Ej ORCMONSTMRAE SL, MCE the Dw WOM CES a AY FRM ESRML CHS, BNO Tg, AOI 220 sh ORIOL RO KERRI ORME. BE, ARNT pith TURNER Ab, MEREEL CbNDLEMDS EOD [6 TINOLOTEAL, PHL RDRDROEBT SLOT, & NO SOTWES, DAORORTS VOLE LCOREAAEL fee SOSRERMEL OD, F977 vit TENURES Ooh OLE PRORC UMA 3, [Thea TRACES ED LBD RD [es GA, RELA BAR EBC Lo OED ITT SIRT ORE 2 CR 4 RU RRR OTR LRP. 4 Brea 7s (LRO> CHS) BELL BRO MH, HL EDM Cnk, SARBRC IEF SBE oe ee Ea RIL CAMEL, MEE EO RE EMER SRO MT pFLOH ROCHE, TADMEOMERMBHICR > es, Ho ThA 79 R-Vend RAOWMEMULL ES LL AR. tHOE RICE SIC ORT, MRI, 1 Tt ORCC BLOORANOKMOMME ho CRbh, aI HAE ae RTE, fea e XA) Qs 8D, TRIANCI oC) OS Ame R ONS pM DEMERS SLOTRI MITRE Rok L, BLE OREO DEL EL OEAWEBRIC He otee EC KAFY Tv baa FESSOR RT RI ARE ANT, CHICA OSCHO Wit ARAOF kMMBICE CAAA TOR, Ee RE Hine ERMA RMON ILA Cloke. Kit, LLORAS BWC ea VERSE OE FAA ORHAN TO MREL-COEDCHS, [REA AEs, CONKERS Bde SAORI oC, LENORE LIES SOIL ROCbok. Hah SEI, BMOBMUCDLoT, KOK SE BREME GAT, BMT 7 FROM EHEL LOCH. b LAB, EAP 7 YOMM EL CRS Y 7 — belo CREEL, BMC C77 AER SLi RRO FI EEL YO BSSETRE, RHRCGL MOS OMREAS ECDAROTH Ble RHREDEOH, HOLDER, O—lO HH CB ota, = ORR, AMIRI (UAT) + R—Ta— 1 OMRET ECE CKS fog EBON FAFA OBER CORD, 5) ORNS RAOTHS. HCOMERMERDL TH SASEOATS. ORE Ty ORM, COMIC 4, LAU RT MM RIL LHORDE, ROC ERON. Desh YRL EAA Te YRUELOM, HRA BB THMRRT BRAT GNI. COMET, HR BAO AERMLRAVOLOCHY, SCOMABANENAY «IF tt CBMKRo TR. OCHA ee PELE CEI EE KALTHOCRG, COMBA LOCAL TREREMAL EO HAsO Here then we have clearly confirmed his predominant interest in the problems of the discipline and of the city. Hence his intervention in La {rande vile rendered convincing by references to the metropolis of the Ancient world and verified, immediately afterwards, on the problems of today in Statistique, the whole accompanied by a reasoning which was Tater to lead to Plan Voisin in accordance with a planning logic which it does not seem rash to me to define as of Garnier derivation. Ii in fact in those very pages which apropos of his intervention on the Exhibition at the special School of architecture he notes: “Tony Garner, grand prix de Rome, socceeded in formulating in the midst of so much confusion the fcsthetcs of the modern city. August Perret, against the slothfulnes of habits, has proposed an architectonic codification of reinforced concrete, amidst immense risks, If today it i possible forthe students of Malle= Stevens to concern themselves with architectonic aesthetics, planning in reinforced concrete, construct terraces instead of roofs (..) they owe it to the two generations that have preceded them”, But the exhibition i, as ‘usual, the occasion for a series of interventions designed to prepare the “ispiay” of L'Esprit Noureau at the show of Decorative Arts: (...) let us imagine thatthe suburbs of Paris are built, well or badly, from projets of the Exhibition of the Ecole Spéciale. One wll then see what the move- ‘ment ofan epoch represents. (Words which a year later were to sound more Or less: “let us imagine thatthe suburbs of Paris are built, well or badly, of pavilions of the Esprit Nouveau..." ete). Te Corbusier and Pierre Jeannere!_ were given a further occasion to present thee projects atthe Paris Exhibition of Decorative Arts—an official Show where most countries had their own pavilion, organized by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Postal Service. There Le Corbusier was the only one who proposed an alternative, not only to the show as 8 Septamber 1980Few! le moRAmmI, 19228 EDUCATION HALL LIBRARY eid Ic ce way som, see is # Garces, = ‘nntant aE “Onwere Comite 1910:1929"4n Choke YF. = hE Koka, BRM A BOB A ORIEL, RMU) OMRERD RACHA FY AI-OF-ALIT AIG IY 7 yotg ZHOMENTRORIEICHIBL EG elie BS VOcbok, LOREM [ss te ALG ZORMC OO CHL ORTHO, CRIBS 205 4) Payee 300 75. AO Bon RASH A Bete > =x fi IONE BL) OF ame LWADIEBOMML £5602, 2 PCOMRKHIOT, EK CORBADA KE MORAL MRE NA. Chita} CTH ee RMEEAA E68 LDKIIEK ELEC ofco OO TERY Rao 4m) BBIRN9RSHE2 Fe ZRADOM SIMMER, SCABKTE F « ko CRBLRO TH of, AME SOMEL + ROMEO, CORE LF. 947 5 eb Nem RED WO OME, 79 YORE Ponca, tLecorgy av EK MBL Ca AIBC ote VEOMMOMRD, 2 LIN AOKI, Tew YOR, 4777 vote win, 7 2 ETSI RE Le OW b fexyyen na vagal KAR BOTHEE Bub TOMER L-<, dere Fb O TRIO A DORE) COL RBA HUE ICH Phineas oH PARAS GOEL, such, but also to the other “modern” projees. The pavilion of Mel Fepresentng the Soviet Union, that of Friederich Kiesler for Austia ‘a design fr the ‘Cité dans Espace’ the tower of signals by Mallet-S in spite of theircultural relevance, sie the main issue ofthe show from the “decorative arts” tradition with new proposals for the home its equipment, addressed to the public at large, In the pavilion designed by Le Corbusier, a view of his city of 3 inhabitants was again shown like in 1922, but this time accompanied specific urban example—the Plan Voisin for Paris, (5) A fullcale d prototype, furnished with a series of ‘casiers” designed for the occasion of @ specific research on wooden composable elements, was Meant better promote a concept which had seemed utopian (6), Started in ruary, the "Esprit Nouveau" pavilion was opened on July 10th, ‘among all sorts of polemics which only the insistence of Mr. De Mong Minister of National Education could overcome. Due t the jury's hostit but also to Le Corbusier's late submission the famous “pavilion assigned one of the most dificult spots inthe whole show —e 400m® ‘overwhelmed visually by the adjacent wings ofthe Grand Palais, hich he had detested since his frst days in Pars ‘Were it to be compared to his earlier projects—the villas at Garches Vaueresson, the house of Ozenfant, the villa La. Roche-Jeannefe ‘examples of the famous “shadow and light effects” which intent ould hide the structure—the “Esprit Nouveau’ pavilion would have peared very distant from the avantgarde movement. I proposed ast hhome—a component of the new “grande ville—available to a8 a provocatory answer to the organizers of the exhibition who commissioned Le Corbusier a “house for an architec". Prefabricated panels of “solomite" (pressed straw and cement) enck FaAYP ERHMLA) Tyo E— Lusrerr7o (abe gadis SXOOITROES CMI RLL Coke (HROMITEIE yes D2 1.) IRI AURIS ARLE, a eos OMREHEDI. CHO ERNL ROM OARS, A Guin SERDITCONOIREEIIA Ly TER II Ie Cj MBC HHEL Clo Bo 7 ARUAKE AE AAR Hct, BRE pp ROCIO IML, WAIT SCE OCR ER pias wy 22 a HERO SCREAM ECB DACRE exét. (CRRAMYIORMEMRE AR ‘OD LOM) KOK OTUs FI AF a aj MERE CHS. MA Zao pee ROU IY AL AO) EDK CONT IY RABEL ROLE AMOR CH D, MARIOS OM ES. CHIESA cbd, SHERROADOBEEMOSAODYDTBS. EKO BEAT PICKED, BERG, REL EROS, MATH. GRICE CAMBER SCENES. COAT ITY RBHRO SCRECNS LOOMED WATCH 3. CREME TL ATI 3-7 po) 20 TRME NCHS BRO KORTE 22, COMMER § APOMDAREL COE BOTH S, CORT IAT REMIRIC BCH ENS, EAT) AT 4 RAED REMIT AB Hin, KORRAEMEL TOS 2 aro 8 hoes, as BHT A hE 4 a7 ROR e SDCUOEE ENE actus made of thirty-seven 25 % 30 columns (the section of which was ‘sun’ (0 21 > 21 during costrction; standardization was used through= fut wih industrial window frames and metal doors manufactured by Rone he im whose advertize Le Corbusier had designed and published in‘L'Fspeit Nouveau’, No. 24 (7). This should have allowed the pavilion lobe c:mounted and transferred elsewhere ater having been sold to the est oerer ‘An undated document, prepared for the futufe sponsors, which i Kept inthe «chives of the review inthe Paris “Foundation”, describe the project ‘nthe ‘ollowing terms: "Site: Garden of the Grand Palais on Cours de la Rene” (....) "The pavilion isa prototype ofthe dwelling unis of a large comple, the construction of which wil startin Paris in 1925. (See "Vers tne ashiteture”, page 206 and following). It #8 meant as a demons on ad to convince people to subscribe for the constuction of the com- ple. 1 wil also become a permanent villa to be built after the show in outsi's of town, out oF nearly al the same demountable and transportable kms, This pavilion is an example of the transformation which design tod construction have to submit; itis an objective illustration of the lorie discussed! in the review L’Exprit Nowweau and its other publica- "ons, theories which have aroused large attention. The pavilion will be uctoned during the show. (...) From Planning to Decorative Ants the pri: Nouvea sts: 9) ye modern strest 5) che modern 2oning—the tenement house, the garden city 8) typical apartment cell 1) be sypieal apartment lay-outs 8) he typical dwelling furniture, ‘A broad architectural concept informs the program for the large city, TG MROMEH, NERO ERIC BEC, ATT ORDOT UTI LERULOTHS. CSLABMKE oTHHDHO AHCCHISL MRED OM MAEDA AID hin. Bete OUMOMIMICMET AE CDS. YORE, WN CSy oy boy AMEHY Bb DRDD RELA We ane a FLOM FBR YRC CI 2 FY OED S ECB Roh. NLT MLO IOS AAT, ERICA SIFTIRO MERA KCNA HE ISIFA Ghee LO RRIRO TEC WR ORAAMONRINE COCK S—MBR CH Belo, CAIRO O-BONALOTH oC, ROC e COBMEARAONRO 251 BLAROCHS (4 3k ea PELE ROMA ELIML fe 70% 1000 RARE, AMER COA) « 19H, Wo ae a VER TRL ASSET bY] REL, LOWE IMO TOS, 19, CRS LAMAMIHL ARTA eA A PRE LEON Te YRURE ATS RT MEE Thee AEE SCRE ML CBT ERM, 1928HE Ab IWOEECOIS:, COMMA MEHED, HICH 6 ECCEISIE Ee SBMS, PETA, EEE RRM A 74 FBI + BORE BEML fei, HELE AMER SMAI TY a YO PREAEMTMS CECE SL, (ISOFORM ET I YL RAFI 7 POCO), HLA A ORM Ode Ose + FRRIC BRINE. COME ZYME LOCH, ACMBO HLL EBT S OCHS. 20, ROT RA A FeV RUA BA PETE TH OPICAMOICLELIRDD ¢ 7 FICHEIPL Hee BRHF, COAME=ADB BRAL totes SHBIEF CB RBED ) XLINMORIERC, 49 F ep {rom small to big cells; the same attitude should guide all the eiforts For the ereation ofan environment suitable to our times. (C...) The time has come to start Haussmann's work afresh, Mr Citroen, ‘would you eare to sive Paris the CITROEN PLAN OF PARIS?” ‘Le Corbusier's offer was accepted by Voisin rather than Citroen; thus the new Paris was named after a manufacturer of aeroplanes as opposed to automobiles, Once more itis worth mentioning the demonstration role to which the new architectural object was called, a sort of manifesto (hence the 70 > 100 em postr illustrating al his theories, which Le Cor- busier had printed and put up in those days) of modern architecture, which for years was loved by the master much like a fetish 1m 1960, working on “L'Arelier de la recherche patente", Le Corbusier wrote: “(...) Pats, exhibition of stuccoes rotten since the autumn, Le Corbusier and Pierre Janneret built the Esprit Nouveau pavilion...) “Big business should seize the construction industry”. 1925-1960, 35 years: this is approximately the time needed for an idea take a root And enter the public opinion”. (8) “The functionalist and perfectionist machine ideology which inspired the culture of designers, was evident not only in their composition, based on the assembly of finished elements (following the example of Ozenfant in his 1910 designs for car bodies), but also in the invention of unusual spaces alien to the contemporary city and opposed to the shor tradition fof modern architecture. In those years, Albert Jeanneret, his brother, director of the ehythmic classes atthe Conservatory Rameau and great admiere of Duncan and her theories on a new model of physical exercise, had introduced Le Corbusier to-a doctor Winter, living in the same building of ruc Jacob, who later ‘became a great Friend of both brothers. Winter wrote in L'Esprit Noweau