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Nh vy, nghin cu s dng tro tru kt hp vi ph gia siu do ch to b tng cht lng cao l c
c s khoa hc v c ngha thc tin ln i vi Vit Nam.
2. Phng php nghin cu
Trong nghin cu s dng cc phng php th nghim c l ca h, va v b tng theo TCVN,
14TCN 65-20028.cc ch tiu v khi lng ring trng thi bo ha bn trong, kh b mt, ht nc
ca ct v dm c xc nh theo cc tiu chun ca M nh ASTM C128-97 v C127-88 4,5.
Ngoi ra s dng mt s phng php nghin cu phi tiu chun nh:
- Phng php phn tch thnh phn ht bng thit b Lazer xc nh mn ca xi mng v tro tru;
- Phng php nhiu x Rnghen xc nh mc kt tinh ca tro tru;
- Phng php o h s thm nc ca b tng.
3. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v tho lun
3.1 Mc tiu nghin cu:
Minh chng kh nng ch to b tng cht lng cao bng vic kt hp s dng ph gia siu do v tro
tru.
3.2. Nguyn vt liu s dng
3.2.1. Nguyn vt liu s dng cho cc th nghim vi h v va:
Xi mng: c nghin t hn hp clanhke (nh my xi mng Bm Sn) v 5% thch cao trong my nghin
bi rung vi khi lng bi nghin v thi gian nghin nht nh t c mn tnh bng lng st trn
sng 80m l 4%. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht c trnh by bng 1
Tro tru: Tro tru c chun b bng cch t tru, sau khi t tro tru c nghin mn bng my nghin
bi rung chn ng trong thi gian 30 pht. Tro tru c em i th nghim kt qu thnh phn ht, thnh phn
ha ca tro tru c trnh by tng ng trn bng 1,2 v mt s tnh cht k thut ca tro tru c nu
trong hnh 1, bng 3.
Bng 1. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht bng thit b LS Particle Size Analyzer 3.00.40
Tro tru
10
25
50
75
90
1.883
3.438
8.404
26.08
73.21
8.404
13.980
Xi mng
10
25
50
75
90
3.459
8.272
16.47
32.69
68.48
16.47
9.333
Fe2O3
Al2O3
CaO
Na2O
K2O
MgO
MKN
86,98
0,73
0,84
1,40
0,11
2,46
0,57
5,14
Kch thc ht
trung bnh (m)
ht vi
(mg/g)
Ch s hot tnh vi
xi mng, (%)
0,7
2,2
< 10
300
95
2,5
1,25
0,63
0,315
0,14
7,8
20,9
55,6
88,9
100
2,60
3
1,75
ht nc, (%)
1,0
0,04
M un ln
2,73
C ht 10-20
10
10
20
100
100
2,94
2,90
1,736
1,770
ht nc, (%)
0,6
0,05
170
Cc loi ph gia tro tru v ph gia siu do, nc s dng cng loi vi h v va.
3.3 Kt qu th nghim
3.3.1 Kt qu th nghim vi h v va
a) do tiu chun ca h xi mng: phi hp tro tru vi xi mng theo cc t l khc nhau kt qu
nghin cu c trnh by trong bng 6.
Bng 6. do tiu chun ca h xi mng c v khng c tro tru
Tro tru, (%)
Xi mng, (%)
Xi mng, (g)
Nc, (g)
N/CKD, (%)
100
500
130
26
95
475
25
135
27
10
90
450
50
143
28,6
15
85
425
75
151
30,2
20
80
400
100
156
31,2
30
70
350
150
163
32,6
40
60
300
200
220
44
50
50
250
250
235
47
60
40
200
300
255
51
Xi mng
N/CKD
(%)
(%)
(%)
Bt u
Kt thc
100
26
85
180
95
27
80
205
10
90
28,6
77
235
15
85
30,2
75
250
20
80
31,2
70
270
30
70
32,6
68
310
40
60
44
62
340
50
50
47
64
355
60
40
51
66
380
Tro tru
Ct
Nc
bt
N/CKD
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(mm)
100
450
1350
194
107
0,43
23
95
427
1350
203
105
0,45
10
45
90
405
1350
207
106
0,46
15
68
85
382
1350
216
109
0,48
20
90
80
360
1350
225
106
0,50
30
135
70
315
1350
239
108
0,51
40
180
60
270
1350
257
107
0,55
50
225
50
225
1350
270
110
0,60
60
270
40
180
1350
293
110
0,65
Tro tru
SD
Ct
Nc
N/CKD
bt
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(mm)
100
450
1350
225
0,5
130
22,5
95
427,5
1350
225
0,5
126
10
45
90
405
0,3
1,4
1350
225
0,5
134
15
67,5
85
382,5
0,34
1,5
1350
225
0,5
135
20
90
80
360
0,35
1,6
1350
225
0,5
132
30
135
70
315
0,4
1,8
1350
225
0,5
133
40
180
60
270
0,5
2,3
1350
225
0,5
133
50
225
50
225
0,7
3,2
1350
225
0,5
130
60
270
40
180
0,9
4,1
1350
225
0,5
131
N/CKD
(mm)
7 ngy
28 ngy
60 ngy
7 ngy
28 ngy
60 ngy
107
0,43
52,6
62,1
68,9
350
463
546
105
0,45
53,3
64,6
71,3
360
471
550
106
0,46
55,6
65,4
72,5
365
477
560
109
0,48
54,3
60,9
70,8
349
462
535
106
0,50
47,1
59,4
64,9
307
450
511
108
0,51
41,3
53,9
58,8
260
401
480
107
0,55
36,2
50,8
55,9
232
350
439
110
0,60
33,1
45,3
51,1
197
310
398
110
0,65
29,2
37,1
45,9
165
280
327
N/CKD
(mm)
7 ngy
28 ngy
60 ngy
7 ngy
28 ngy
60 ngy
130
0,5
41,4
50,2
55,7
271
325
399
126
0,5
42,4
55,6
60
280
396
439
134
0,5
43,6
57,3
62,2
282
415
449
135
0,5
46,8
58,9
64,1
300
428
477
132
0,5
47,9
61,7
65
310
453
516
133
0,5
43
60,4
66,1
297
427
504
133
0,5
41,3
53,9
61,1
289
388
469
130
0,5
39,8
51,4
57,2
268
340
421
131
0,5
38
49,5
54,9
260
311
352
, (kg)
10-20
Nc,
(kg)
st,
(mm)
KLTT ohh,
(T/m3)
344
752
164
155
2,526
755
336
735
164
195
2,476
425
751
334
731
164
165
2,455
100
400
746
332
726
164
175
2,427
125
375
706
314
688
164
200
2,362
Tro
tru,
(%)
SD,
(%)
Tro tru,
(kg)
XM,
(kg)
Ct,
(kg)
5-10
1,41
500
774
10
1,03
50
450
15
1,08
75
20
1,15
25
1,42
N/CKD
CKD,
(kg)
XM,
(%)
Tro tru,
(%)
1 ngy
3 ngy
7 ngy
28 ngy
0,3
500
100
275
484
703
806
0,3
500
90
10
286
557
737
926
0,3
500
85
15
307
627
807
968
0,3
500
80
20
320
632
827
980
0,3
500
75
25
323
645
968
1017
Tro
tru,
(%)
SD,
(%)
Tro tru,
(kg)
XM,
(kg)
Ct,
(kg)
0,9
500
10
0,66
50
15
0,9
20
25
, (kg)
Nc,
(kg)
st,
(mm)
KLTT ohh,
3
(T/m )
5-10
10-20
743
331
725
189
200
2,476
450
729
325
709
189
210
2,459
75
425
724
323
705
188
205
2,442
0,9
100
400
719
320
700
188
190
2,428
0,91
125
375
715
318
695
188
185
2,416
N/CKD
CKD,
(kg)
XM,
(%)
Tro tru,
(%)
1 ngy
3 ngy
7 ngy
28 ngy
0,35
500
100
237
479
623
745
0,35
500
90
10
267
495
676
878
0,35
500
85
15
273
512
715
886
0,35
500
80
20
277
537
757
915
0,35
500
75
25
285
575
782
965
Tro
tru,
(%)
SD,
(%)
Tro tru,
(kg)
XM,
(kg)
Ct,
(kg)
1,03
450
10
0,65
45
15
0,85
20
25
, (kg)
Nc,
(kg)
st,
(mm)
KLTT ohh,
(T/m3)
5-10
10-20
807
328
684
194
155
2,456
405
795
323
674
194
170
2,435
67,5
382,5
788
320
668
194
165
2,426
0,92
90
360
784
318
665
194
170
2,418
0,96
112,5
337,5
779
317
661
194
155
2,405
N/CKD
CKD,
(kg)
XM,
(%)
Tro tru,
(%)
1 ngy
3 ngy
7 ngy
28 ngy
0,4
450
100
129
300
487
596
0,4
450
90
10
172
356
570
754
0,4
450
85
15
185
357
623
843
0,4
450
80
20
188
366
630
853
0,4
450
75
25
211
435
677
858
b) nh hng ca tro tru v ph gia siu do ti kh nng chng thm ca b tng: c nh gi thng
qua h s thm DArcy ca mu b tng c v khng c ph gia. H s thm c xc nh trn thit b o
thm nc t ng do Italia sn xut. cc mu b tng c kch thc 10x10x10cm, c c t hn hp b
tng c t l N/X=0,55. Sau khi dng h 7 ngy, mu c em i th chng thm. Mi cp phi s dng 3
vin mu trn mt ln th, sau khi th chng thm mu c em nn xc nh cng . Thnh phn, kt
qu h s thm v cng nn ca b tng c trnh by trn bng 18, 19.
Bng 18. Thnh phn b tng cu cc mu th h s thm DArcy
K hiu
Nc,
(kg)
Ct,
(kg)
5-10
10-20
0,93
164
751
334
350
207
838
297,5
207
823
Tro tru,
(kg)
XM,
(kg)
SD, (%)
CT1
75
425
CT2
CT3
52,5
, (kg)
N/CKD
st,
(mm)
731
0,3
165
340
711
0,55
50
334
698
0,55
40
Tro tru,
(%)
CKD,
(kg)
SD,
(%)
N/CKD
Ct,
(kg)
dm 520, (kg)
K, (m/s)
Rn**,
(daN/cm2)
CT1-1
15
500
0,93
0,3
751
1065
873
CT1-2
15
500
0,93
0,3
751
1065
813
CT1-3
15
500
0,93
0,3
751
1065
825
0*
837
Trung bnh
CT2-1
CT2-2
CT2-3
0
0
0
350
350
350
0,55
0,55
0,55
838
838
838
1051
12,1x10-12
335
1051
-12
340
1051
Trung bnh
10,5x10
-12
8,9x10
340
10,5x10-12
338
-12
CT3-1
15
350
0,55
823
1032
2,8x10
425
CT3-2
15
350
0,55
823
1032
1,6x10-12
435
CT3-3
15
350
0,55
823
1032
2,8x10-12
430
-12
430
Trung bnh
Ghi ch:
2,4x10
* Mu th nghim CT1 c thc hin tui 7 ngy, di p lc 27,5 atmtphe trong thi gian 14
ngy khng c nc thm qua.
** Mu th nghim c nn tui 14 ngy, ring cp phi CT1 nn tui 21 ngy.
Khi gim t l N/X bng cch s dng ph gia siu do, cng ca b tng i chng tng mt cch
ng k. Vi t l N/X=0,4; 0,35 v 0,3 cng ca cc mu b tng 10x10x10cm 28 ngy tui t mc
600, 700 v 800 daN/cm2. Khi thay th mt phn xi mng bng tro tru, cng ca tt c cc mu b tng
ti tt c cc ngy tui, vi hm lng tro tru t 10% n 25%, khng nhng khng gim m u cao hn cao
hn so vi cc mu i chng c cng t l N/CKD. Hn na khi thay th mt phn xi mng bng tro tru v
gi nguyn t l N/CKD, cng ca b tng tng ln theo hm lng tro tru thay th. Kt qu ny cng
ph hp vi kt qu th nghim cng va.
Khi hn hp b tng c t l N/CKD cng thp th tro tru a vo nn gii hn mc < 25%. i vi b
tng thng dng c t l N/CKD > 0,4 th khng cn thit phi s dng ph gia siu do, m ch cn s dng
ph gia tng do thng thng. Khi c th tng hm lng tro tru trong cht kt dnh.
B tng tro tru c s pht trin cng nhanh hn so vi b tng i chng, thm ch sau mt ngy
dng h cng ca b tng tro tru vn cao hn cng b tng i chng. y l im khc bit ca
tro tru so vi cc ph gia khong thng thng khc nh tro bay, Puzlan, x l cao Khi s dng cc ph
gia khong hot tnh thay th mt phn xi mng th cng ca b tng c ph gia bao gi cng thp hn
cng ca b tng i chng nhng ngy u ng rn, ch t khong > 28 ngy b tng c ph gia mi
c cng bng hoc cao hn so vi b tng i chng. Nguyn nhn l do hot tnh ca cc loi ph gia
ny thp hn ca tro tru.
Tro tru lm gim ng k rng mao qun trong b tng, bin cc rnh mao qun h, thng nhau
thnh cc mao qun kn, hoc gim kch thc ca cc mao qun ny n kch thc ca cc l rng gel, lm
gim h s thm DArcy v tng cng cho b tng.
4. Kt lun v kin ngh
a) i vi h xi mng:
Do cu trc xp v t din tch b mt ln ca cc ht, tro tru lm tng do tiu chun ca h xi mng
khi s dng lm ph gia khong hot tnh trong xi mng. Lng dng ph gia a vo cng nhiu, do tiu
chun ca h xi mng cng tng, nht l khi hm lng tro tru trn 40%.
Tro tru rt ngn thi gian bt u ng kt v ko di thi gian ng kt ca h xi mng. Nhng hm
lng tro tru n 60% xi mng tro tru vn t cc yu cu v thi gian ng kt theo tiu chun Vit Nam
TCVN 6017: 19957.
b) i vi va xi mng:
Tro tru lm tng lng nc nho trn cn thit va xi mng tro tru t tnh cng tc nh va i
chng. Tng t, gi nguyn t l N/CKD, lng ph gia siu do cng tng ln khi tng hm lng tro
tru trong cht kt dnh. Ch nn s dng tro tru vi hm lng < 30%, v trn gii hn ny lng nc tiu
chun ca va xi mng tro tru tng t bin.
Cng ca va xi mng tro tru bng hoc cao hn cht t so vi cng va i chng c cng
bt khi hm lng tro tru < 15%, v thp hn khi hm lng ny vt qu 15%.
Khi phi hp vi ph gia siu do, tro tru lm tng ng k cng ca va xi mng tro tru c cng t
l N/CKD nh va xi mng i chng. Lng tro tru c th tng ln n 60% m khng lm gim cng
so vi mu i chng. tuy nhin khi cn phi tng lng ph gia siu do mt cch tng ng.
c) i vi b tng:
Khi thay th mt phn xi mng bng tro tru v phi hp vi ph gia siu do, cng ca b tng tro
tru cao hn so vi b tng i chng. Vi t l N/CKD = 0,3 v hm lng tro tru 25%, c th t c
cng 1000 daN/cm2 28 ngy.
B tng tro tru c tc pht trin cng nhanh hn b tng i chng.
Tro tru lm gim h s thm nc ca b tng 5 ln so vi b tng i chng c t l N/CKD = 0,55. Khi
phi hp s dng vi ph gia siu do v gim t l N/CKD cn 0,3 th b tng tro tru hon ton khng thm
nc sau 14 ngy di p sut nc 27,5 atm.
Da trn kt qu nghin cu thc nghim c th kin ngh xut phng hng nghin cu tip theo
nh sau:
- So snh mc nh hng ca hai yu t vi ct liu v yu t hot tnh puzlanic ca ph gia tro tru.
- Bng phng php quy hoch thc nghim nghin cu, tm ra lng dng ph gia tro tru v ph gia siu
do mt cch c hiu qu nht cho cc t l N/CKD v lng dng cht kt dnh khc nhau.
- Nghin cu kh nng chng xm thc (chng n mn sunpht, n mn ct thp do ion clo, n mn kim
ct liu) ca b tng khi s dng hai loi ph gia trn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Mehta, P.K., Rice husk ash-a unique supplementary cementing material, in: Advances in Concrete Technology, (Ed.
V.M. Malhotra), Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, 1994, pp.419-444.
2. Houston, D.F., Rice Hulls, Rice Chemistry and Technology, (Ed.D.F.Houston), American Association of Cereal
Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1972, pp. 301-352.
3.
Final Report of RILEM TC 73-SBC, Siliceous by-products for use in concrete, J. Materials and Structures, Vol. 21,
o
C128-97 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
5.
C127-88 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
6.
7.
8.