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This webinar brought to you by The Relion Product Family

Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB


Relion. The perfect choice for every application.
The widest range of products for power systems protection, control,
measurement and supervision. Interoperable and future-proof
solutions designed to implement the core values of the IEC 61850
standard. ABBs leading-edge technology, global application
knowledge and experienced support network ensures complete
confidence that your system performs reliably - in any situation.

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 1

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series


Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any

specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,


you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or

purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales

representative for further information.


ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 2

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series

Generator Protection Fundamentals


Mike Kockott
September 10, 2013

Presenter
Mike is a Senior Engineer, Product Specialist for the Relion
family 670 and 650 product series. He is located in Raleigh,
North Carolina. Mike has been part of the NAM SA Products
team for 9 months. Prior to this he worked as a Senior
Applications Specialist / Senior Regional Technical Manager for
12 years at the SA Product factory in Vsters, Sweden.
Mike Kockott

Prior to joining ABB SAP in Sweden in 2000, Mike was Chief


Consultant, Protection (Transmission) at Eskom (national power
utility, South Africa). Mike joined Eskom as a training engineer in
1983.
Mike graduated from the University of Cape Town with BSc
(electrical engineering) degree (with honors) in 1980.

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 4

Learning objectives

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 5

Power Generation fundamentals

Generator Faults

Generator Abnormal Conditions

Typical Generator Protections

Power station is the most complex part of the power


system
MV SWITCHGEAR
HV SYSTEM

INSTRUMENTATION
Temperature
Pressure
ANALYZERS
ACTUATOR
ON-OFF,
Controlled
LV
SWITCHGEAR

STEP UP
TRANSFORMER LV DRIVES

AUXILIARY
TRANSFORMER

HV- SUBSTATION
GENERATOR
CIRCUIT
BREAKER

TURBINE
GOVERNOR

September
9, 2013

| Slide 6

CONTROL
SYSTEMS

UNIT
PROTECTION
MV DRIVES
PTs
CTs
SAs

SYNCHRONIZATION
STAR
POINT
CUBICLE
TURBINE

Power Island
ABB Group

COMMUNICATION
1

MV
MOTORS
LV
MOTORS

CONTROL
ROOM

EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER

EXCITATION
SYSTEM

Typical Parts of a Power Plant


HV Substation
Busbar in HV Substation
HV - Breaker

Power plant

Main Transformer

Auxiliary Transformer

Generator Breaker
Excitation Transformer
Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator
Earthing System
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 7

Excitation System

Field Circuit Breaker

Different power plants electrical equipment layouts

G
G

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 8

Damage to the stator core in case of earth-fault

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 9

Practically all unit


connected generators are
high-impedance earthed

Only industrial generators


may be low-impedance
earthed

Stator winding earthing practices


Resistive
Grounded

Grounding
Transformer
(Neutral)

Grounding
Transformer
(Terminal)

Isolated
R ~ 3.0

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 10

~ 1k

R ~ 0.5

Possible faults

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 11

Stator Earth Faults

Rotor Earth Faults

Stator Short Circuits

Stator/Rotor Interturn faults

Unit transformer faults

External faults

Abnormal operating condition

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 12

overcurrent/overload
unbalanced load
overtemperature
over- and undervoltage
over- and underexcitation
over- and underfrequency
over-fluxing
asynchronous running
out of step
generator motoring
failures in the machine control system
(i.e. AVR or governor failure)
failures in the machine cooling system
failures in the primary equipment
(i.e. breaker head flashover)
open phase

Allocation of protection functions


87G/87O Differential
59 Over-voltage

32 Reverse power
81O/U Frequency

24V/Hz over-fluxing
49S Stator over-load

Turbine

21/51V Voltage/over-current
64S Earth fault stator
Inter-turn
50AE Accidental energizing

46 Unbalance
40 Loss of excitation
78 Pole slipping
64R Earth fault rotor
49R Rotor overload

Rotor
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 13

Stator

Function allocations with older generation relays

Older type of design:

M1 and M2 with
different function
allocations

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 14

Generator protection with modern IEDs

Generator/transformer protection with


integrated IEDs

Mainly function duplication used

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 15

Most functions duplicated

Duplication not used for small machines


only

Generator protection

Gen Diff + Back-up 12AI


<
Y
Y

60FL

81

SDD RFUF

f<

SA PTUF

81

f>

SA PTOF
78

Ucos

PSP PPAM
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

Re<

CV GAPC

Z<

ZMH PDIS
32

37

+ RXTTE4
87G

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

Option
59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

Other functions available from the function library

59THD U3d/N

25

STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 A20

50

SES RSYN
52PD

PD

CC RPLD

3I>>

PH PIOC
51/67

3I>

OC4 PTOC

51/27

U</I>

CV GAPC
51V

I>/U

CV GAPC

Function alternatives for 87G/GEN PDIF


87T

3Id/I

T2W PDIF

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 16

87

IdN

HZ PDIF

32N

P0->

SDE PSDE
87CT

I2d/I

CCS RDIF

64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ
64R

RRE<

ROTI PHIZ

Generator protection with 87HZ


Gen HiZ Diff + Back- up 12AI

<

60FL

Y
Y

81

SDD RFUF

f<

SA PTUF

81

f>

SA PTOF
Meter.
CV MMXU

87

IdN

21

HZ PDIF
3I>

OC 4 PTOC

U
I

64R

Re<

CV GAPC

+RXTTE4

50BF 3 I> BF
CC RBRF
49

Ith

TR PTTR
46

Ucos

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50/51

78

I2>

32

GOP PDOP
37

P<

GUP PDUP
40

F<

LEX PDIS
50AE

NS2 PTOC

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 17

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

Fast and sensitive


differential protection against
short-circuits

24

Requires dedicated and


identical CT cores on both
sides of the generator

Requires external resistor


and metrosil

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV 2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV 2 PTOV
59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

U/I>

AEG GAPC

Option

Grounding
Transformer

PSP PPAM

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 A20

Unit Trafo

Generator protection with 87T

Y
D
Overall Diff + Back-up 12AI
50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<

60FL

Y
Y

50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

81

SDD RFUF

f<

SA PTUF
78

Ucos

PSP PPAM
21

Z<

ZMH PDIS
87O

3Id/I

T2W PDIF

U
I

64R

Re<

CV GAPC

+ RXTTE4

32

GOP PDOP
37

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

50AE

U/I>

AEG GAPC

81

f>

SA PTOF
24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
Meter.
CV MMXU

Option
59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 A20

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

59THD U3d/N

| Slide 18

Complete Protection Scheme

Generator M1 & M2 protection

Two identical IEDs with 87G


(low/high impedance based)

Complete Unit Protection for Smaller


Machines

One with 87G

One with 87T or 87O

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 19

Generator protection & optional transformer protection


50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC
51N

Gen Diff + Back-up 24AI

50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

IN>

87N

EF4 PTOC

IdN/I

REF PDIF

87T

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
Unit Trafo

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC
50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC
<

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Auxiliary Trafo

Excitation Trafo

Back-up Protection
Main Protection

<

60FL

Y
Y

81

SDD RFUF

f<

SA PTUF

81

f>

SA PTOF
78

Ucos

PSP PPAM
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

Auxiliary Bus

50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

U
I

64R

Re<

CV GAPC

Z<

24

ZMH PDIS
32

37

+ RXTTE4
87G

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
P<

40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

GUP PDUP

U/f>

OEX PVPH

3U>

OV2 PTOV
59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Meter.
CV MMXU

Other functions available from the function library


Option
59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

25

59THD U3d/N

50

SES RSYN

STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 B30

52PD

PD

CC RPLD

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 20

3I>>

PH PIOC
87CT

I2d/I

CCS RDIF

51/27

U</I>

CV GAPC
51V

I>/U

CV GAPC

64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ
64R

RRE<

ROTI PHIZ

87T

3Id/I

T2W PDIF
32N

P0->

SDE PSDE

Complete generator-transformer unit protection


Generator and block transformer protection 24AI
<

60FL

59

SDD RFUF

87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

3U>

OV2 PTOV

Meter.
CV MMXU

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC
87T

49

Ith

TR PTTR

3Id/I

T2W PDIF

Unit Trafo

50N/51N

IN>

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<

Option

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<
Y

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

81

f>

SA PTOF

Y
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

Re<

CV GAPC

Z<

ZMH PDIS
32

37

+ RXTTE4
87G

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Other functions available from the function library

Meter.

TR PTTR

25

CV MMXU

50

SES RSYN
52PD
59N

Grounding
Transformer

59THD U3d/N

| Slide 21

PD

CC RPLD

STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 C30

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

3I>>

PH PIOC
51/67

3I>

OC4 PTOC

51/27

U</I>

CV GAPC
51V

I>/U

CV GAPC

32N

P0->

SDE PSDE
87CT

I2d/I

CCS RDIF

64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ
64R

RRE<

ROTI PHIZ

Stator short circuit

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 22

Consequence of stator short circuit

Insulation, windings and stator core can be damaged

Large forces, caused by large fault currents, can give


damage to other components in the plant

Risk of explosion and fire

Mechanical stress on generator- and turbine shafts

Detection of stator short circuits

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 23

Protection functions

Generator differential protection

Block (unit) differential protection

Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection

Under impedance protection

Phase overcurrent protection

Voltage dependent phase overcurrent protection

Under voltage protection

Phase overcurrent protection of the block transformer

Phase to phase fault in the stator winding


Endangering condition

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Overcurrent

Protected object

87N

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Stator winding
<

Consequences

59N

SDD RFUF

Heating

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

Forces
Smelted stator core

81

60FL

<

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 24

U/f>

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

24

OEX PVPH

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Generator differential protection

Unstabilized differential protection level

Stabilized differential protection level

Negative sequence unrestrained

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 25

Harmonic blocking

Combination: bias differential and negative sequence


internal/external discriminator; increases speed and
security

Negative sequence sensitive differential protection

Differential protection characteristics


operate current
[gen. rated curr.]

Operate
unconditionally

UnrestrainedLimit

Ioperate

slope = ---------------- * 100 %


D

Irestrain

Operate
conditionally

The restrained
2

characteristic

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

is defined by
the settings:
******************
1. IdMin
2. EndSection1
3. EndSection2
4. SlopeSection2
5. SlopeSection3
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 26

SlopeSection3

IdMin

Restrain

SlopeSection2

0
0

restrain current

EndSection1
EndSection2

[gen. rated curr.]

Generator differential protection

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 27

Shall trip

Turbine: close down active power

Generator breaker: if available

Field breaker

Unit breaker: If no generator breaker

Fire protection

Different differential protection functions can be used


G

87G

87O

21G

51/27
51V

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 28

87T

Overall or transformer differential protection (87O/87T)


I1

Idiff

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Idunre

Idiff

Slope
Section 2

Slope
Section 3

Idmin

I2

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 29

End of
Section 1

End of
Section 2

Ibias

Generator unit (overall) differential protection

Identical to transformer differential protection


Zero sequence current elimination
Vector group compensation
Transformer ratio compensation
Unstabilized differential protection
Stabilized differential protection

Negative sequence unrestrained

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 30

Harmonic blocking
Waveform blocking
Combination: bias differential and negative sequence
internal/external discriminator

Negative sequence sensitive differential protection

Transformer (overall) differential protection

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 31

Shall trip

Turbine: close down active power

Generator breaker: if available

Field breaker

Unit breaker

Phase to phase fault in the transformer winding


Endangering condition

Overcurrent

Protected object

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

87N

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Transformer windings

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

Heating

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

Forces

64R

RRE<
87G

+ REX060, REX061

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 32

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

Smelted trafo core

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

32

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Phase to phase fault at the generator buswork 1


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Endangering condition

Overcurrent

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Protected object

<
Y

59N

Buswork, other equipment

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
f<

78

SA PTUF

Consequences

51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

Heating

CC RBRF

Forces

64R

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

| Slide 33

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

September
9, 2013

LEX PDIS

ABB Group

32

GOP PDOP
37

87G

+ REX060, REX061

46

Mechanical damages
Main Protection Function
Reserve Protection Function

RRE<

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Phase to phase fault at the generator buswork 2


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Overcurrent

Protected object

Unit Trafo

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

Meter.
CV MMXU

Endangering condition
50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

IN>

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<

Buswork, other equipment

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

51/67

3I->

50AE

Ucos

PSP PPAM

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

heating
forces

78

SA PTUF

Y
OC4 PTOC

50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

46

mechanical damages

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 34

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Consequences

87O

EF4 PTOC

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Short circuit protection: Differential protection (87)


Aux. Transformer
Differential
87SST

Unit Transformer
Differential
87T

Generator Diff
87G

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 35

Under-impedance protection
X

ev

ZP

Backup protection for


internal short circuits in the
generator or the unit
transformer

ZAngPP

ZR

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 36

Backup or main protection


for fault at the busbar
where the plant is
connected to the power
system

Backup protection for linefaults at lines out from the


power plant

Up to 3-zones with offset


mho characteristic

Z<<
Z<

ANSI 21

Under-impedance protection (21)

X
Z<

Offset mho characteristic with up to three


zones (two zones shown only)
Zone

1:Generator and trafo back up

Zone

2: External faults back up

Z<<
R
Z<<
Z<

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 37

ANSI 21

Phase overcurrent protection

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 38

Backup protection for internal short circuits in the generator


or the unit transformer

Backup or main protection for fault at the busbar where the


plant is connected to the power system

Backup protection for line-faults at lines out from the power


plant

Generator short circuit current

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 39

The fault current from the generator change during fault


sequence

Change of generator reactance Xd -> Xd -> Xd

Dependent of the excitation system

Voltage dependent phase overcurrent protection

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 40

External short circuit


First period of Fault

After 0.4 s
Before Fault

I>

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 41

Voltage controlled phase overcurrent protection

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 42

External phase-to-phase fault

Endangering condition

87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

External power system


parts.

Unit Trafo

Protected object

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

Meter.
CV MMXU

Overcurrent
50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

IN>

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

3I->

OC4 PTOC

Heating

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF

Forces

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

CC RBRF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

81

60FL

<
Y

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

Mechanical damages
Main Protection Function
Reserve Protection Function

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 43

U/f>

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

24

OEX PVPH

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

External earth fault

Endangering condition

87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

External power system


parts.

Unit Trafo

Protected object

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

Meter.
CV MMXU

Overcurrent
50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

IN>

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

SDD RFUF

3I->

OC4 PTOC

Heating
Forces

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

81

60FL

<
Y

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

Mechanical damages
Main Protection Function
Reserve Protection Function

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 44

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Stator earth fault

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 45

Damages on the stator iron

Increased voltage on healthy phases

Small fault currents

Sensitivity requirements on fault clearance

The fault resistance is normally low at stator earth fault

The residual voltage and earth fault current is highly


dependent on fault location in the generator

Voltage based 95 % stator earth fault protection


Neutral point voltage transformer used
to measure Uo voltage
Generator Step-up transformer

Uo

Voltage Uo has the following primary value for


the solid Ph-Gnd fault at generator HV terminals

Uo
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 46

U Gen _ PhPh
3

Current based 95 % stator earth fault protection


Neutral point current measurement

10/1A

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 47

I>

Generator Step-up transformer

Why 95 % and 100% stator ground fault protection?


0%

Protected

zone
is approximately
95%

100%

Last

5% is
NOT
protected

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 48

Possible 100 % stator earth fault protection solutions

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 49

Measurement of the natural third harmonic voltage


induced in the generator can be used to protect against EF
close to the generator neutral point
(i.e. 3rd harmonic based principle; 59THD)

Neutral point voltage injection where the injected voltage


has non-harmonic frequency
(i.e. injection principle; 64S)

3rd harmonic voltages


-

U3

- DU3 +
+
U3T,L1
-

U3N

+
U3T,L2
-

+
U3T,L3
-

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 50

3rd harmonic 100% stator ground fault

Simplest approach :

3rd harmonic under-voltage in the neutral (i.e. U3N<)

3rd harmonic over-voltage at generator terminals (i.e. U3T>)

Possible problems:

Generator start-up

Generator shut-down

Different generator loading

3rd harmonic differential principle


U N 3 UT 3 Beta U N 3

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 51

3rd harmonic based 100% stator earth-fault


stator winding
N

x E3

RN

UN3
Samples of the
neutral voltage
from which the
fundamentaland 3rd harmonic
voltages are
filtered out

September
9, 2013

| Slide 52

CB 1

Rf

CB 2

step- up
unit
transformer
1-x

100 %
Neutral point fundamental frequency
over- voltage protection 10 100 %

Differential
0 30 %

ABB Group

(1- x) E3

CB 1 may not exist

UT3
Samples of the
terminal voltage
from which the
3rd harmonic
voltage is
filtered out

Stator injection
PCM600 2.3

ICT

ICT

PSM

RIM

REG670

REX060
(Injection Unit)
ALWAYS required

SIM

PC

REX062

STATOR

(Shunt Resistor Unit)


SOMETIMES required

ROTOR

Generator Protection Cubicle

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 53

VT or GT

Generator

Earth fault in the stator winding

Endangering condition

87N

Overvoltage in two healthy


phases
Voltage in the star point

Relatively small earth fault


current

Unit Trafo

50N/51N

50/51

87O

59N

3I>

3Uo>

81

60FL
SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

Risk of second earth fault

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 54

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

Ith

TR PTTR

<
Y

Stator winding
Damage to the stator core

49

IN>

OC4 PTOC

3I>

OC4 PTOC

OC4 PTOC

<

50/51

CC RBRF

Protected object

50BF 3I> BF

EF4 PTOC

IdN/I

REF PDIF

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Earth fault in the stator winding close to the star point

87N

Endangering condition
None

Protected object

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Stator star point

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

Damage to the stator core

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

Risk of second earth fault

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 55

U/f>

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

24

OEX PVPH

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Earth fault in transformer HV winding


Endangering condition

87N

Overcurrent

Protected object

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Transformer windings
<
Y

59N

Consequences

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Heating

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF

Forces

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<
87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

Smelted trafo core


46

I2>

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 56

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

LEX PDIS

NS2 PTOC

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

32

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Earth fault in transformer LV winding


Endangering condition

Overvoltage in two healthy


phases

Voltage in the star point

Relatively small earth fault


current

87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<

Protected object

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Transformer winding

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

51/67

3I->

50AE

U/I>

Small possibility to damage


trafo core

Risk of second earth fault


Main Protection Function
Reserve Protection Function
September
9, 2013

| Slide 57

Ucos

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

ABB Group

21

AEG GAPC

Consequences

78

PSP PPAM

Y
OC4 PTOC

f<

SA PTUF

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Earth fault at the generator buswork 2

Endangering condition
87N

Overvoltage in two healthy


phases
Voltage in the star point
Relatively small earth fault
current

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<
Y

59N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Protected object

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Buswork, other equipment

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF

Consequences

CC RBRF

Risk of second earth fault

64R

RRE<
87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

46

I2>

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 58

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

LEX PDIS

NS2 PTOC

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

32

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Turn to turn fault in the stator winding

Endangering condition

Circulating currents

Asymmetrical phase currents

Protected object

87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Stator winding

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

<

SDD RFUF

*
81

60FL

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Damage to the stator core

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

Risk of evolving into earth fault


* 59N will detect this fault when
develops into an earth fault

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 59

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

U/f>

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

24

OEX PVPH

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Turn to turn fault in the stator winding


Meter.
CV MMXU

<

60FL

Y
Y

81

SDD RFUF

f<

SA PTUF

81

f>

SA PTOF

VT
78

Ucos

PSP PPAM
51/67

Generator with split stator phase


winding can have dedicated turnto-turn fault protection as shown in
the figure

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

AEG GAPC

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

U
U

64R

RRE<

ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061

21

Z<

ZMH PDIS
32

GOP PDOP
37

87G

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

64W

IN>

EF4 PTOC

VT

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

87W

3Id/I

GEN PDIF
59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ

64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 60

Rotor earth fault

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 61

The field circuit of the generator is normally isolated from


earth

With a single earth fault in the rotor circuit it is possible to


have continuous operation without generator damages

There is however a risk of a second rotor earth fault. In


such a case there will be large current and risk of severe
damages.

The requirement of fast fault clearance is moderate

Rotor injection
PCM600 2.3

ICT

PC

ICT

REX061

PSM

SIM

RIM

REG670

REX060
(Injection Unit)
ALWAYS required

(Coupling Capacitor Unit)


ALWAYS required

STATOR

ROTOR

Generator Protection Cubicle

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 62

Generator

Earth fault in the rotor winding


Endangering condition

None

Protected object

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

87N

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Rotor winding

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

SDD RFUF

Risk of evolving into double


earth fault

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

81

60FL

<
Y

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

| Slide 63

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
RSE<

STTI PHIZ

September
9, 2013

U/f>

Meter.

TR PTTR

64S

ABB Group

24

OEX PVPH

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Turn to turn fault in the rotor winding


87N

Endangering condition

None

Protected object

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Rotor winding

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Damage to the rotor core

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

Risk of evolving into earth fault


* 64R will detect this fault when
develops into an earth fault

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 64

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Performance of synchronous machine


jXd

Voltage Regulator (U & Q)

jXs

If

P
Q
E

Turbine Regulator (P & f)

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 65

R
X

Us

B
G

Synchronous machine operating in a parallel with a large power system can:

supply active power to the system (operates as generator)

receive active power from the system (operates as motor)

supply reactive power to the system


(overexcited machine; operates as shunt capacitor)

receive reactive power from the system


(underexcited machine; operates as shunt reactor)

Note: machine shall have fixed rotating speed at all times

Different protection operating planes


Q [pu]
Motor

Generator

Motor

AB: Field current limit


BC: Stator current limit
CD: End region heating limit
of stator, due to leakage flux

Generator
0.8

Underexcited

Underexcited

Overexcited

U0

Overexcited

te
Ra

Overexcited

-0.3
Generator

-0.5 E

X
Motor

Generator

Overexcited

Overexcited

Underexcited

Underexcited

Motor

Fault
Area
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 66

Generator

Overload
Area

VA
dM

0.2
Rate
d

Underexcited

Motor

BH: Possible active power limit due


to turbine output power limitation

0.6

p.

.8
f. 0

g
gin S
lag

EF: Steady-state limit without AVR


Xs: Source impedance of
connected power system

37o
0.4

MVA

0.6

P [pu]

0.8

18o
p.f.
0.95
lead
ing

F
Xe=0.2

C
F

Xs=0

Loss of/under excitation 40


Causes

MW

open field circuit

normal

field short circuit

accidental tripping of the field breaker

AVR failure

loss of field at the main exciter

Consequence

Machine speed higher than synchronous speed

Asynchronous running of a synchronous machine


without excitation

Stator end-core heating

Induced rotor currents

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 67

MVARS
MW
G

abnormal
MVARS

Loss of/under excitation 40


RMS values of U & I during loss of field

I (p.u.)
1.5

1.0
U (p.u.)
1.0
0.6

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 68

Loss of/under excitation 40


Generator apparent power S during loss of excitation
0.3

Q
(p.u.)

0.4 sec.
1.2 sec.

- 0.3

0.3

0.6

2.
4

0.3
4.41

1.0
4.35
4.0
4.07
4.5

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 69

4.32

3.2
4.28

4.18

4.15

P (p.u.)

Loss of/under excitation 40

Loss of/under excitation is based on under-impedance


measurement (offset Mho)

Main features:

Two zones Z1 and Z2, with independent block and trip

Directional element for additional zone restriction


X

Underexcitation Protection
Restrain area
R

Z1, Fast zone


Z2, Slow zone

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 70

Loss of/Under excitation 40

Endangering condition

87N

Stator reactive current


component

Protected object

Rotor and stator winding

Unit Trafo

50N/51N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Consequences

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Thermal damage of rotor and


stator end regions
Asynchronous machine
operation

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

Voltage and current variations

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 71

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Generator motoring protection 32/37

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 72

Generator shall produce active power


(i.e. P>0)

When it starts to receive the active


power it acts as a motor (i.e. P<0)

Not dangerous operating condition for


machine but it may be dangerous for the
turbine

Generator motoring protection 32/37

Causes

loss of prime-mover

low water flow (hydro)

load variations / problems

Effects

steam units overheating of turbine and turbine blades

hydro units cavitation of the blades

Demands

accurate active power measurement (i.e. P~0 & Q=30-60%)

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 73

Directional power protection 32/37


Reverse

power, low forward, active and reactive power

Overpower (e.g. 32)

Underpower (e.g. 37)


Q

Operate

Power1(2)

Power1(2)
Angle1(2)

Angle1(2)

Operate

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 74

Reverse power protection


Q
Operate
Line
Margin

Operating point
without turbine torque

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 75

Set desired pickup (0,5 to 3%)

Set time delay 5-30 s

Sequential tripping logic

Low forward power protection


Operate
Line

Margin

Operating point
without turbine torque

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 76

Set desired pickup (1 to 10%)

Set time delay 5-30 s

Sequential tripping logic

Blocked by external signal


when generator is not
loaded

Reverse Power Protection (32R)

Endangering condition
87N

Protected object

Turbine

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

Motor operation

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

Consequences

IdN/I

REF PDIF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<

Excessive heating of turbine


blades (steam units)

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Mechanical damages to thrust


bearing (Francis turbines)
Explosion risk for diesel units

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 77

U/f>

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

24

OEX PVPH

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Negative sequence overcurrent (46)


IR+
IRISIT+

IS+

IT-

From asymmetric currents, a negative sequence current


component I2, is filtered out.
Negative sequence stator currents rotate in a opposite
direction from the rotor and consequently induce a
100Hz current component into the rotor. As a
consequence rotor ends can over-heat.
I- , I nsc
46
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 78

I22 x t = k

Negative phase sequence (46)


Causes
unbalanced loads
untransposed transmission circuits
unbalanced system faults
series faults
CB pole discrepancy
open circuits

Features
Characteristic adjustable to I22 t=k
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 79

Broken stator winding


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Unsymmetrical currents

Protected object

Unit Trafo

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

Meter.
CV MMXU

Stator windings

50/51

3I>

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Rotor

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

Rotor overheating
Vibrations

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

September
9, 2013

| Slide 80

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

OC4 PTOC

Consequences

87O

IN>

EF4 PTOC

50/51

CC RBRF

Endangering condition
50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Broken transformer winding


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Unsymmetrical currents

Protected object

Unit Trafo

50N/51N

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Stator windings

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Rotor

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

CC RBRF

Vibrations

64R

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

September
9, 2013

| Slide 81

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

ABB Group

32

GOP PDOP
37

87G

+ REX060, REX061

46

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

RRE<

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

Rotor overheating

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Consequences

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

50/51

CC RBRF

Endangering condition

50BF 3I> BF

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Pole slip / out of step protection (78)

Asynchronous running of a synchronous


machine with the rest of the system but with
excitation intact

Characterized by power
(P & Q) oscillation

Manifests as impedance movement in R & X


plane

Big mechanical impact on turbine and shaft

Pole Slip typically caused by:

Long fault clearance time (especially close


by 3Ph faults are critical)

Inadvertent tripping of a transmission line


(increase of transmission impedance
between generator and load)

Loss of large generator unit

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 82

Pole slip / out of step protection (78)

Endangering condition

High stator current

Possible system blackout

87N

Protected object

Rotor shaft and stator winding

Unit Trafo

50N/51N

50/51

| Slide 83

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

September
9, 2013

Ith

TR PTTR

3I>

NS2 PTOC

ABB Group

49

OC4 PTOC

Voltage and current variations

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

3I>

OC4 PTOC

IN>

+ REX060, REX061

50/51

CC RBRF

Mechanical damages to shaft


Asynchronous machine
operation (with field intact)

50BF 3I> BF

EF4 PTOC

Consequences

IdN/I

REF PDIF

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Frequency protection (81U/O)

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 84

Over-frequency 81O: protects in


case of turbine over-speed

Under-frequency 81U:
protection of the steam turbine at the
"critical speed"

Low network frequency (81U)


87N

Endangering condition

Under-frequency

Protected object

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50/51

CC RBRF

Transformer

50/51

IN>

3I>

59N

3Uo>

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

64R

RRE<
87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
I2>

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

| Slide 85

32

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

CC RBRF

46

September
9, 2013

Ucos

PSP PPAM

NS2 PTOC

ABB Group

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

ROV2 PTOV

Steam turbine vibrations

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

50BF 3I> BF

Ith

TR PTTR

<
Y

Steam turbine
Over-excitation

49

OC4 PTOC

Consequences

3I>

OC4 PTOC

50BF 3I> BF

EF4 PTOC

IdN/I

REF PDIF

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

High Network Frequency (81O)


Endangering condition

87N

Over-frequency

Protected object

Turbine

Rotor

50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

50/51

IN>

3I>

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

U/f>

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
RSE<

STTI PHIZ

| Slide 86

24

OEX PVPH

Meter.

TR PTTR

64S

September
9, 2013

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

+ REX060, REX061

ABB Group

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

CC RBRF

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

Ith

TR PTTR

OC4 PTOC

Mechanical stresses
Turbine vibrations

49

51/67

3I>

OC4 PTOC

EF4 PTOC

Consequences

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Unit Trafo

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Over-voltage protection, 59

With faulty AVR overvoltage can


cause over excitation of the
generator-transformer block

V can sharply increase after load


rejection followed by machine
runaway

3U>

AVR
Uinj

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 87

Over-voltage protection (59)


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Over-voltage

Improper voltage regulation

Unit Trafo

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

Meter.
CV MMXU

50/51

Electrical circuits

59N

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<
87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

| Slide 88

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

September
9, 2013

32

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

46

ABB Group

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Increased risk for earth-faults

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences
Over-excitation

3I>

<

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

OC4 PTOC

87O

Protected object

IN>

EF4 PTOC

50/51

CC RBRF

Endangering condition
50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Over-fluxing (excessive V/Hz), 24

F orB const

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 89

E
U
const
f
f

Overfluxing protects generator and


transformer magnetic core against
overheating

Specially critical during start-up and


shut-down

Wide frequency operation of the


relay important for generator
protection

Incorrect turbine control (24, 81O/U)


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Endangering condition

Protected object

Under-frequency

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

IN>

50/51

87O

3I>

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV
81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Y
51/67

3I->

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC

Over-excitation

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS
50BF 3I> BF

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

| Slide 90

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

<
Y

September
9, 2013

Meter.
CV MMXU

OC4 PTOC

OC4 PTOC

ABB Group

Ith

TR PTTR

Transformer

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

49

EF4 PTOC

Consequences

50BF 3I> BF

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Thermal overload, 49
Temperature Increase

F (1 e )
= Winding temperature increase
F= final temperature with present current
T = Winding thermal time constant

0,63

Time

T
t=

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 91

I2 - Ip2
x ln 2
I - ( k x I b )2

Stator thermal overload (49S)


87N

IdN/I

REF PDIF

Endangering condition

Stator overcurrent

Unit Trafo

50N/51N

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

Protected object

<
Y

59N

Electrical circuits

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

Consequences

81

60FL

<
Y

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

51/67

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

AEG GAPC

50BF 3I> BF

Stator overheating

CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

21

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

| Slide 92

27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
RSE<

STTI PHIZ

September
9, 2013

U/f>

Meter.

TR PTTR

64S

ABB Group

24

OEX PVPH

* In case of severe overload (setting dependent)

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Rotor thermal overload (49R)

Endangering condition

Protected object

Rotor overcurrent
50/51

Rotor winding

Consequences

49R

Excitation Transformer

Rotor overheating
Excitation System

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 93

Field Circuit Breaker

Accidental energizing, 50AE

Operates when generator is


energized by a mistake

In principle voltage controlled OC


function

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 94

Accidental energizing (50AE)

Endangering condition
87N

Stator overcurrent or
unsymmetrical currents

Protected object

Bearings

Rotor

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Bearing damages due to low


oil pressure
Rotor overheating

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF

64R

RRE<

21

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS

Stator overheating

46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
* 3Z< is a delayed reserve protection
59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 95

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Breaker-failure protection (50BF)

Issues a back-up trip of adjacent breaker in case of failure of the circuit


breaker of the protected object to open (i.e. to interrupt the primary
circuit)

Its operation in most cases trips only local breakers

Commonly uses the bus bar protection disconnector replica logic to


route its tripping command to adjacent breakers

Re-trip (t1), Backup trip / bus-strip (t2), Second back-up trip timer
(t3)
Short reset time (15ms)
Known CB faulty (bypass t2)

Operating mode

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 96

Current / Contact / Current & Contact

Breaker fails to open the circuit (50BF)


Endangering condition

87N

Stator overcurrent or
unsymmetrical currents

Protected object

Electrical circuits

Rotor

IdN/I

REF PDIF

50N/51N

Unit Trafo

50BF 3I> BF

50/51

CC RBRF

3I>

OC4 PTOC

49

Ith

TR PTTR

IN>

Meter.
CV MMXU

87O

EF4 PTOC

3Id/I

T3W PDIF

Y
D

50/51

3I>

OC4 PTOC

<
Y

59N

3Uo>

ROV2 PTOV

Consequences

81

60FL

<

SDD RFUF

f<

78

SA PTUF

Ucos

PSP PPAM

51/67

Rotor overheating

3I->

OC4 PTOC

50AE

U/I>

21

AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF

Stator overheating

CC RBRF

Prolonged damages caused by


the fault current

Main Protection Function


Reserve Protection Function
ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 97

64R

RRE<

32

87G

+ REX060, REX061

3Id/I

GEN PDIF

GOP PDOP
37

ROTI PHIZ

Z<

ZMH PDIS

P<

GUP PDUP
40

<

LEX PDIS
46

I2>

NS2 PTOC

VT

59N

UN>

ROV2 PTOV

49

Ith

24

U/f>

OEX PVPH
27

3U<

UV2 PTUV
59

3U>

OV2 PTOV
81

f>

SA PTOF

Meter.

TR PTTR

CV MMXU

59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S

RSE<

STTI PHIZ

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2

Destroyed bearing insulation (38)

Endangering condition
Shaft (bearing)
current
Protected object
Bearing
Consequences
Bearing damages
Stator/rotor damages

Shaft current transformer


Bearing

Rotor

Insulation

Slip-ring shaft grounding for


turbo or Pelton turbines

Turbine

I>

Relay type: RARIC (setting range 0.5-2.0 mA)

Shaft CT type: ILDD


Damage to the bearings occurs if the current through
the shaft exceeds 1 A
The induced EMF is about: 0.5 - 1 V for turbomachines; 10 - 30 V for hydro-machines

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 98

Conclusion

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 99

Stator earth faults

Rotor earth faults

Stator short circuits

Stator/rotor interturn faults

External faults

Abnormal operation

Thank you for your participation


Shortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.
To view a schedule of remaining webinars in this series, or for more
information on ABBs protection and control solutions, visit:

www.abb.com/relion

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 100

ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series


Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any

specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,


you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or

purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales

representative for further information.


ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 101

ABB Group
September
9, 2013

| Slide 102

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