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f) T t ca cac mu i cua HPO42; PO43 u khng tan ho c it tan trong nc (tr cac mu i a)). Cac mu i
H2PO4 u tan.
g) T t ca cac hiroxit u khng tan trong nc (tr cac hiroxit cua cac cation a); Ca(OH)2 va Sr(OH)2 it tan).
2. Cha t lng tinh:
a) Oxit: Al2O3, ZnO, BeO, SnO, PbO, Cr2O3.
b) Hiroxit: Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Be(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3.
c) Mu i cha ion lng tinh: HCO3; HSO3; HS; H2PO4.
d) Amino axit: (H2N)x R (COOH)y. H2O la ch t lng tinh.
e) Mu i amoni cua axit y u: (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2SO3, (NH4)2S, CH3COONH4, (RNH3)2CO3, (RNH3)2SO3
Lu y: Al, Zn, Sn, Pb, Be tac du ng c vi dd NaOH va dd HCl nhng khng phai ch t lng tinh (Ban
ch t o la phan ng oxi hoa kh, khng phai phan ng axit baz).
3. Cha t ta c du ng vi nc:
a) nhi t thng: IA (Li, Na, K); Ca, Sr, Ba.
t
MgO + H2.
b) Lu y: + Mg t/d ch m vi nc t0 thng ( co tac du ng). Khi un nong: Mg + H2O
0
+ Al (nguyn ch t: khng co lp oxit Al2O3 bao v ) tac du ng c vi nc nhng nhanh chong dng
la i vi lp Al(OH)3 ngn khng cho nhm ti p xuc vi nc.
c) M t s kim loa i co tinh kh trung binh nh Zn, Fe co th kh c nc:
t 570 C
Fe3O4 + 4H2.
3Fe + 4H2O
t 570 C
FeO + H2 ;
Fe + H2O
0
t
Lu y: C + H2O
CO + H2
0
t
C + 2H2O
CO2 + 2H2
0
xt ,t
CH4 + H2O
CO + 3H2
0
d) Oxit cua kim loa i ki m (IA) va CaO, SrO, BaO tac du ng vi nc nhi t thng ta o thanh baz:
V/d: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH
e) Cac oxit axit: CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O3, P2O5, N2O5, NO2, Cl2O7, CrO3 tac du ng vi nc nhi t thng ta o
H2CO3;
axit tng ng. V/d: CO2 + H2O
H2SO3.
SO2 + H2O
4. pH cu a dung dich mu i:
a) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz mnh v anion gc axit mnh khng bi thuy phn, co pH = 7.
V/d: Na2SO4, KNO3
b) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz mnh v anion gc axit yu bi thuy phn, co pH > 7.
V/d: Na2CO3, NaHCO3, K2SO3
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c) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit mnh bi thuy phn, co pH < 7.
V/d: NH4Cl, CH3NH3NO3, C6H5NH3Cl (phenylamoni clorua)
d) Mui trung ha to bi cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit yu b thy phn (c hai b thy phn). Ty thuc
vo thy phn ca hai ion m dung dch c pH = 7 hoc pH > 7 hoc pH < 7.
V/d: (NH4)2CO3; (NH4)2S
Lu y: + NaHSO4 ho c KHSO4 co pH < 7, lam quy tim chuy n sang mau o.
+ Axit ma nh: HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3.
+ Axit y u: HF, H2S, H2CO3, H2SO3, HClO, H2SiO3 (ring H3PO4 co ma nh trung binh). Cac axit
hu c: HCOOH, CH3COOH
+ Baz ma nh: MOH (M la kim loa i ki m), Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2.
+ Baz y u: NH3, RNH2 (R: CH3-; C2H5-), C6H5-NH2.
+ Hiroxit lng tinh co tinh axit va tinh baz u y u NaAlO2 (pH > 7); AlCl3 (pH < 7)
5. M t s pha n ng hu c thng ga p:
a) T/d vi dd Br2 (m t mau)/i u ki n thng:
Hirocacbon khng no, ma ch h (co C=C ho c CC); xiclopropan.
NH2
OH
Anehit R(CHO)n; HCOOH; HCOONa; HCOONH4; HCOOR (R: CH3-; C2H5-); glucoz; mantoz.
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr.
+ Lu y: Benzen va ankyl benzen (R-C6H5) chi phan ng vi Br2 khan/nguyn ch t khi co xuc tac b t Fe.
b) T/d vi dd AgNO3/NH3:
Phan ng trang gng (Ag): Anehit R(CHO)n; HCOOH; HCOONa; HCOONH4; HCOOR (R = CH3-;
C2H5-); glucoz; fructoz; mantoz.
vang: R-CCH (ankin n i ba u ma ch).
c) T/d vi dd KMnO4:
Hirocacbon khng no (co C=C ho c CC); anehit; HCOOH; HCOONa; HCOONH4; HCOOR (R = CH3-;
C2H5-) lam m t mau KMnO4 i u ki n thng.
Benzen khng phan ng. Ankyl benzen (R-C6H5) chi tac du ng vi KMnO4 khi un nong.
d) T/d vi NaOH:
Dung dich
NaOH loang:
+ Ankyl halogenua: R-X (X: Cl, Br) vi R: CH3-; C2H5-; C6H5CH2-; CH2=CH-CH2-
t
V/d: C2H5Cl + NaOHloang
C2H5OH + NaCl
o
OH
+ Cac oxit va hiroxit g m: Cr2O3, SiO2, BeO, Be(OH)2, SnO, Sn(OH)2, PbO, Pb(OH)2. Ring SiO2 tac
du ng vi dung dich
NaOH c ho c nong chay.
e) T/d vi Cu(OH)2 i u ki n thng:
Axit cacboxylic (RCOOH) dd mau xanh lam.
Ancol co it nh t hai nhom OH k nhau phc mau xanh lam.
Glucoz, fructoz, saccaroz, mantoz.
Peptit (co it nh t 2 lin k t peptit ho c t tripeptit tr ln); protein ta o phc mau tim
.
t
+ Lu y: RCHO + Cu(OH)2/NaOH
RCOONa + Cu2O (o ga ch) + H2O.
6. M t s pha n ng v c thng ga p:
o
t
M(NO3)n
M2On + NO2 + O2: khi M la kim loa i t Mg Cu.
o
t
M(NO3)n
M + NO2 + O2: khi M la Ag, Hg.
o
t
+ Lu y: 4Fe(NO3)2
2Fe2O3 + 8NO2 + O2.
o
t
V/d: CaCO3
CaO + CO2.
Mu i cacbonat cua kim loa i sau Cu bi nhi t phn kim loa i + CO2 + O2.
t
V/d: Ag2CO3
2Ag + CO2 + 1/2O2.
o
t
Mu i hirocacbonat: 2HCO3
CO32 + CO2 + H2O.
o
t
t
NH3 + HCl; (NH4)2CO3
NH4HCO3 + H2O;
V/d: NH4Cl
o
t
NH3 + CO2 + H2O
NH4HCO3
o
t
N2 hoc N2O:
Mui amoni ca gc axit c tnh oxi ha
o
t
NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O;
t
V/d: NH4NO3
N2O + 2H2O;
t
N2 + Cr2O3 + 2H2O
(NH4)2Cr2O7
o
d) Mu i sunfua (S2):
t
(Fe2O3, CuO) + SO2
(FeS, FeS2, Cu2S, CuS) + O2 (d)
o
t
(Ag, Hg) + SO2
(Ag2S, HgS) + O2
o
2. Apatit: 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2
3. Magiezit: MgCO3
6. olomit: CaCO3.MgCO3
9. Xinvinit: NaCl.KCl
Cl2
2HCl
+2H 2 O
H 2 SO4 +
1. SO2 +
2HBr
Br2
MnO2
MnCl 2 +Cl2 +2H 2 O
4HCl
2KMnO
16HCl
2KCl+2MnCl 2 +5Cl 2 +8H 2O
4
+
2.
KClO
6HCl
3
KCl+3Cl 2 +3H 2 O
K 2 Cr2 O 7 14HCl
3Cl 2 +2KCl+2CrCl3 +7H 2 O
Cl2
3 2Cl
Fe +
3. Fe +
2Br
Br2
Ca(ClO)2 +CaCl2 +H 2 O
4. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
CaOCl2 +H 2 O
5. Cl2 +
6KOH
5KCl+KClO3 +3H 2 O
NaHCO3 +HClO
NaClO
+CO2 +H 2 O
7.
2CaOCl 2
CaCO3 +CaCl 2 +2HClO
NaCl(ran)
HCl+NaHSO4 /Na2SO4
t0
9. NaNO3(ran) +H2 SO4 (ac)
HNO3 +NaHSO4
2HF+CaSO4
CaF2(ran)
Br2 +SO2 +H 2 O
2HBr
+H 2 SO4 (ac)
11.
8HI
4I 2 +H 2 S+4H 2 O
I
I2
14. 2 Fe3 + Fe2+
S
S
1.
2KCl + 3O2
2KClO3
xt: MnO2
2. 2H2O2
O2 + 2H2O
3. O3 + 2Ag Ag2O + O2
4Cl2 + 4H2 O
H 2 SO4 + 8HCl
9. H2S +
S + HCl
Cl2(kh)
SO 2
t0
12. SiO 2 + 2Mg
2MgO +
CO
2
H2 SO4 ac
13. Cn(H2O)m (cacbohirat)
nC + mH2O
H 2 SO 4
17. Na2S2O3 +
S + SO2 + H2O +
HCl
Si
C
Na2 SO 4
2NaCl
B. LP 11:
Nho m Nit Photpho:
t thng
1. 6Li + N2
2Li3N
t
2. N2 + 3Mg
Mg3N2
t
3. NH4Cl + NaNO2
N2 + NaCl + 2H2O
t
5. 4NH3 + 3O2
2N2 + 6H2O
xt ,t
6. 4NH3 + 5O2
2NO + 6H2O
7. 2NH3 + 3CuO
3Cu + N2 + 2H2O
8. P + HNO3 ( c)
C
t0
H3 PO4 +5NO2 +H 2 O
CO 4NO + 2H O
2
2
2
9. Cu + 4HNO3 ( c) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O. 10. 3Cu + 8HNO3 (loang) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
11. 3H2S + 2HNO3 (loan g) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
t
12. 2P + 3Ca
Ca3P2
0
t
3P2O5 + 5KCl
15. 6P + 5KClO3
t
3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO
16. Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C
p ,t
(NH2)2CO + H2O
17. CO2 + 2NH3
t
Zn + CO
2. C + ZnO
H2 SO4 ac
CO + H2O
3. HCOOH
t0
t
Mg2Si
6. 2Mg + Si
t
Na2SiO3 + H2O
7. SiO2 + 2NaOH ( c)
0
t
Na2SiO3 + CO2
8. SiO2 + Na2CO3
0
t
Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 + 2CO2
10. 6SiO2 + CaCO3 + Na2CO3
0
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xt ,t
5. 2CHCH
CH2=CH-CCH
xt ,t
6. 3CHCH
C6H6
xt ,t
7. CH4 + H2O
CO + 3H2
xt ,t , p
8. CO + 2H2
CH3OH
xt ,t , p
9. 2CH4 + O2
2CH3OH
10. R
R'
+ HCN R
CN
OH
O
CH3COOH
R'
12. 2CH3OH + O2
2HCHO + 2H2O
xt ,t 0
xt ,t
13. 2C2H4 + O2
2CH3CHO
xt ,t
14. CH3OH + CO
CH3COOH
xt ,t
15. 2C4H10 + 5O2
4CH3COOH + 2H2O
xt
16. CH3COOH + CHCH
CH3COOCH=CH2
Fe HCl
19. C6H5NO2 + 6H
C6H5NH2 + 2H2O
t0
20.
OH
OH
H2C
H2C
O
HO
OH
HO
OH
Glucoz: C6H12O6
HCl khan
+ CH3OH
HO
OCH3
HO
+ H2O
OH
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