Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tp 8, S 3
Thng 9/2003
Kinh t
Tp 8, S 3
Thng 9/2003
Tp ch in t
Tp ch in t
Tp 8, S 3, thng 9/2003
Khoa hc v cng ngh gip mang li mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc nng nghip vo th k 20
nhiu ni trn th gii. Tp ch Trin vng Kinh t s ra ln ny tp trung nu r xem nhng tin b v
cng ngh sinh hc c th c iu chnh nh th no nhm mang li li ch cho th gii th k 21, c
bit l nhng nc ang pht trin.
Khoa hc v cng ngh gip mang li mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc nng nghip vo th k 20
nhiu ni trn th gii. Tp ch Trin vng Kinh t s ra ln ny tp trung nu r xem nhng tin b v
cng ngh sinh hc c th c iu chnh nh th no nhm mang li li ch cho th gii th k 21, c
bit l nhng nc ang pht trin.
Nng cao nng sut v nhng c tnh tt ca cc sn phm lng thc c ngun gc ng vt v thc
vt t lu l mc tiu ca ngnh khoa hc nng nghip. cng vn l mc tiu ca cng ngh sinh
hc nng nghip, loi cng ngh c th ng vai tr l mt cng c quan trng trong vic gim nn i v
p ng nhu cu lng thc ca mt hnh tinh vi dn s ang gia tng v s lng v tui th, trong
khi vn gim c nhng tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng do cc hot ng trng trt gy ra.
Nng cao nng sut v nhng c tnh tt ca cc sn phm lng thc c ngun gc ng vt v thc
vt t lu l mc tiu ca ngnh khoa hc nng nghip. cng vn l mc tiu ca cng ngh sinh
hc nng nghip, loi cng ngh c th ng vai tr l mt cng c quan trng trong vic gim nn i v
p ng nhu cu lng thc ca mt hnh tinh vi dn s ang gia tng v s lng v tui th, trong
khi vn gim c nhng tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng do cc hot ng trng trt gy ra.
Trong mt mi trng quy nh v chnh sch thun li, cng ngh sinh hc c v vn tim nng to ra
nhng ging cy trng chu c thi tit khc nghit, chng c cc loi dch bnh v cc loi gy hi;
cn dng t ha cht hn; ng thi cung cp nhiu dinh dng hn cho con ngi v nhng gia sc s
dng chng. Tuy nhin, vn cn c nhng tranh ci xung quanh loi cng ngh mi ny. Tp ch in t
ln ny cp ti nhng cuc tranh ci ang tip din, ng thi a ra c s khoa hc ng n cho
vic s dng loi cng ngh ny.
Trong mt mi trng quy nh v chnh sch thun li, cng ngh sinh hc c v vn tim nng to ra
nhng ging cy trng chu c thi tit khc nghit, chng c cc loi dch bnh v cc loi gy hi;
cn dng t ha cht hn; ng thi cung cp nhiu dinh dng hn cho con ngi v nhng gia sc s
dng chng. Tuy nhin, vn cn c nhng tranh ci xung quanh loi cng ngh mi ny. Tp ch in t
ln ny cp ti nhng cuc tranh ci ang tip din, ng thi a ra c s khoa hc ng n cho
vic s dng loi cng ngh ny.
Vo thng 6 nm 2003, cc b trng nng nghip, y t v mi trng t hn 110 quc gia nhm hp
ti California v trc tip thy c cng ngh, trong c cng ngh sinh hc, c th lm tng nng
sut v gim tnh trng thiu lng thc trn ton cu nh th no. Bng cch chia s thng tin v vic
cng ngh c th lm tng nng sut nng nghip, chng ta c th gp phn gim tnh trng thiu lng
thc trn th gii.
Vo thng 6 nm 2003, cc b trng nng nghip, y t v mi trng t hn 110 quc gia nhm hp
ti California v trc tip thy c cng ngh, trong c cng ngh sinh hc, c th lm tng nng
sut v gim tnh trng thiu lng thc trn ton cu nh th no. Bng cch chia s thng tin v vic
cng ngh c th lm tng nng sut nng nghip, chng ta c th gp phn gim tnh trng thiu lng
thc trn th gii.
ng gp bi vit cho Tp ch ln ny c Th trng Ngoi giao Alan Larson, Th trng Nng nghip J.B.
Penn, Ph Gim c Cc Qun l{ Thc phm v Dc phm Lester Crawford, v i s Tony Hall, i din
ca M ti C quan Lng thc v Nng nghip ca Lin Hp Quc. Nhng quan chc ny cp n
mt lot cc vn t c s khoa hc ca cng ngh sinh hc ti an ton lng thc v cc vn nhn
mc sn phm. Bn cnh nhng bi vit ca h, Tp ch ln ny cn nhn c s ng gp ca mt
nhm nhng nh nghin cu v hc gi c uy tn trn th gii, mt bo co ca B Ngoi giao Hoa Kz v
Ngh nh th An ton Sinh hc Cartagena v cc ngun tin b sung khc.
ng gp bi vit cho Tp ch ln ny c Th trng Ngoi giao Alan Larson, Th trng Nng nghip J.B.
Penn, Ph Gim c Cc Qun l{ Thc phm v Dc phm Lester Crawford, v i s Tony Hall, i din
ca M ti C quan Lng thc v Nng nghip ca Lin Hp Quc. Nhng quan chc ny cp n
mt lot cc vn t c s khoa hc ca cng ngh sinh hc ti an ton lng thc v cc vn nhn
mc sn phm. Bn cnh nhng bi vit ca h, Tp ch ln ny cn nhn c s ng gp ca mt
nhm nhng nh nghin cu v hc gi c uy tn trn th gii, mt bo co ca B Ngoi giao Hoa Kz v
Ngh nh th An ton Sinh hc Cartagena v cc ngun tin b sung khc.
Ann M.
Venenan
B trng
B Nng nghip Hoa Kz
Ann M.
Venenan
B trng
B Nng nghip Hoa Kz
NI DUNG
NI DUNG
http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/wwwhta99_0.html
http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/wwwhta99_0.html
TRNG TM
TRNG TM
NHNG KHA CNH THNG MI V PHT TRIN CA CHNH SCH CNSH QUC T CA M
NHNG KHA CNH THNG MI V PHT TRIN CA CHNH SCH CNSH QUC T CA M
Alan Larson, Th trng Ngoi giao ph trch Vn Kinh t, Thng mi v Nng nghip
Alan Larson, Th trng Ngoi giao ph trch Vn Kinh t, Thng mi v Nng nghip
Larson cho rng vic qun l cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip da trn c s khoa hc gp phn tng cng t do bun bn
cc thit b cng ngh sinh hc an ton v s dng ng n loi cng ngh ny nhm thc y pht trin. Larson cn cho rng
cng ngh sinh hc mt trong nhng loi cng ngh mi mang nhiu ha hn nht trong thi i ca chng ta ng vai tr
quan trng i vi s thnh vng trong tng lai ca th gii n ni m chng ta khng th khng quan tm.
Larson cho rng vic qun l cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip da trn c s khoa hc gp phn tng cng t do bun bn
cc thit b cng ngh sinh hc an ton v s dng ng n loi cng ngh ny nhm thc y pht trin. Larson cn cho rng
cng ngh sinh hc mt trong nhng loi cng ngh mi mang nhiu ha hn nht trong thi i ca chng ta ng vai tr
quan trng i vi s thnh vng trong tng lai ca th gii n ni m chng ta khng th khng quan tm.
15
J.B. Penn, Th trng Nng nghip ph trch Dch v Trng trt v Nng nghip i ngoi
J.B. Penn, Th trng Nng nghip ph trch Dch v Trng trt v Nng nghip i ngoi
Cng ngh sinh hc c nhiu tim nng ng mt vai tr ln trong vic thc y nng sut nng nghip tng nhanh ng thi
vn gp phn bo v mi trng cho cc th h tng lai. l li bnh lun ca J.B. Penn, ng cho rng cng ngh sinh hc
n gin l mt cng c khc ci thin ma mng trong lch s trng trt lu i.
Cng ngh sinh hc c nhiu tim nng ng mt vai tr ln trong vic thc y nng sut nng nghip tng nhanh ng thi
vn gp phn bo v mi trng cho cc th h tng lai. l li bnh lun ca J.B. Penn, ng cho rng cng ngh sinh hc
n gin l mt cng c khc ci thin ma mng trong lch s trng trt lu i.
21
15
21
Cng ngh sinh hc mang li nhng li th r rt so vi cc cng ngh lai ging truyn thng do nguy c v nhng c im bt
li c th c gim thiu. l quan im ca Crawford, mt tin s v thuc th y, ng lp lun rng khng c c s khoa
hc no yu cu mt sn phm phi c dn nhn mc ch ra rng sn phm hoc cc thnh phn ca n c sn xut
theo cng ngh sinh hc.
Cng ngh sinh hc mang li nhng li th r rt so vi cc cng ngh lai ging truyn thng do nguy c v nhng c im bt
li c th c gim thiu. l quan im ca Crawford, mt tin s v thuc th y, ng lp lun rng khng c c s khoa
hc no yu cu mt sn phm phi c dn nhn mc ch ra rng sn phm hoc cc thnh phn ca n c sn xut
theo cng ngh sinh hc.
31
31
ng Tony Hall cho rng nhng nc ang i mt vi nn i phi xem xt nhng hu qu tc thi, nghim trng ca vic
khng chp thun vin tr lng thc c s dng cng ngh sinh hc. ng ni khng c l do g bin minh cho vic cc nc t
chi n thc phm m ngi dn M n hng ngy v c kim nghim nghim ngt.
ng Tony Hall cho rng nhng nc ang i mt vi nn i phi xem xt nhng hu qu tc thi, nghim trng ca vic
khng chp thun vin tr lng thc c s dng cng ngh sinh hc. ng ni khng c l do g bin minh cho vic cc nc t
chi n thc phm m ngi dn M n hng ngy v c kim nghim nghim ngt.
37
37
Ngh nh th v An ton Sinh hc, c hiu lc vo ngy 11/9/2003, s to cho cc nc c hi thu thp thng tin trc khi nhp
khu nhng sn phm s dng cng ngh sinh hc mi. Tuy nhin Ngh nh th khng gii quyt cc vn v an ton thc
phm v khng i hi dn nhn sn phm dnh cho ngi tiu dng.
Ngh nh th v An ton Sinh hc, c hiu lc vo ngy 11/9/2003, s to cho cc nc c hi thu thp thng tin trc khi nhp
khu nhng sn phm s dng cng ngh sinh hc mi. Tuy nhin Ngh nh th khng gii quyt cc vn v an ton thc
phm v khng i hi dn nhn sn phm dnh cho ngi tiu dng.
BNH LUN
BNH LUN
VAI TR CA CNG NGH SINH HC NNG NGHIP TRONG VIN TR LNG THC TH GII
43
VAI TR CA CNG NGH SINH HC NNG NGHIP TRONG VIN TR LNG THC TH GII
43
Bruce Chassy, Gio s v Ph Gim c iu hnh Trung tm Cng ngh Sinh hc ca i hc Illinois UrbanaChampaign
Bruce Chassy, Gio s v Ph Gim c iu hnh Trung tm Cng ngh Sinh hc ca i hc Illinois UrbanaChampaign
Cng ngh sinh hc c nhiu tim nng gp phn vo vic gim bt nn i kinh nin, c bit ti vng h Sahara ca chu Phi,
ni b l Cuc Cch Mng Xanh trong thp k 60 v 70. l li bnh lun ca Bruce Chassy. ng khuyn khch tng
cng u t cng cng vo nghin cu, gio dc v o to trong nng nghip cc cp a phng, quc gia v khu vc.
Cng ngh sinh hc c nhiu tim nng gp phn vo vic gim bt nn i kinh nin, c bit ti vng h Sahara ca chu Phi,
ni b l Cuc Cch Mng Xanh trong thp k 60 v 70. l li bnh lun ca Bruce Chassy. ng khuyn khch tng
cng u t cng cng vo nghin cu, gio dc v o to trong nng nghip cc cp a phng, quc gia v khu vc.
VAI TR CA CNG NGH SINH HC P DNG CHO CY TRNG TRONG H THNG LNG
THC TH GII
53
VAI TR CA CNG NGH SINH HC P DNG CHO CY TRNG TRONG H THNG LNG
THC TH GII
53
A. M. Shelton,Gio s Cn trng hc,HTH Cornell/Trm Th nghim Nng nghip Bang New York
A. M. Shelton,Gio s Cn trng hc,HTH Cornell/Trm Th nghim Nng nghip Bang New York
Gio s A.M. Shelton cho rng cp phn t, cc sinh vt kh ging nhau. Chnh tnh tng ng ny cho php cy ghp
thnh cng nhng gien mong mun gia cc loi sinh vt, do , cng ngh cy ghp gien l mt cng c hu hiu hn nhiu
so vi bin php lai to ging truyn thng trong vic ci thin nng sut cy trng v thc y cc bin php sn xut c li cho
mi trng.
Gio s A.M. Shelton cho rng cp phn t, cc sinh vt kh ging nhau. Chnh tnh tng ng ny cho php cy ghp
thnh cng nhng gien mong mun gia cc loi sinh vt, do , cng ngh cy ghp gien l mt cng c hu hiu hn nhiu
so vi bin php lai to ging truyn thng trong vic ci thin nng sut cy trng v thc y cc bin php sn xut c li cho
mi trng.
63
63
Terry D. Etherton, Gio s danh d v Dinh dng ng vt, HTH Bang Pennsylvania
Terry D. Etherton, Gio s danh d v Dinh dng ng vt, HTH Bang Pennsylvania
Thc n gia sc c sn xut bng cng ngh sinh hc chng t c kh nng nng cao hiu qu sn xut, gim lng
cht thi ca gia sc v h thp lng c t c th gy bnh cho gia sc. Thc n bin i gien dnh cho gia sc cng c th
ci thin cht lng nc v cht lng t thng qua vic gim bt lng pht-pho v ni-t trong cht thi gia sc.
Thc n gia sc c sn xut bng cng ngh sinh hc chng t c kh nng nng cao hiu qu sn xut, gim lng
cht thi ca gia sc v h thp lng c t c th gy bnh cho gia sc. Thc n bin i gien dnh cho gia sc cng c th
ci thin cht lng nc v cht lng t thng qua vic gim bt lng pht-pho v ni-t trong cht thi gia sc.
71
71
Calestous Juma, Gio s, Gim c D n Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Ton cu ho ti Trng Qun l{ Kennedy thuc
i hc Harvard
Calestous Juma, Gio s, Gim c D n Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Ton cu ho ti Trng Qun l{ Kennedy thuc
i hc Harvard
Theo Juma, phn nhiu cuc tranh lun v cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip c to ra bi nhng s tng tng v thng tin
sai lch ch khng phi bng chng khoa hc. ng b sung thm rng, cng ng khoa hc, vi s ng h ln hn t cc
chnh ph, cn phi c nhiu bin php hn gii quyt cc vn khoa hc v cng ngh vi ngi dn ca mnh.
Theo Juma, phn nhiu cuc tranh lun v cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip c to ra bi nhng s tng tng v thng tin
sai lch ch khng phi bng chng khoa hc. ng b sung thm rng, cng ng khoa hc, vi s ng h ln hn t cc
chnh ph, cn phi c nhiu bin php hn gii quyt cc vn khoa hc v cng ngh vi ngi dn ca mnh.
80
Jonathan Schaffer
Th k ta son
Andrzej Zwaniecki
Ph tng bin tp
Wayne Hall
Christian Larson
Cng tc vin
Berta Gomez
Linda Johnson
Alyson McFarland
Kathryn McConnell
Bruce Odessey
Harriet Rusin
Ph trch m thut
Sylvia Scott
James Bullock
George Clack
Judith Siegel
Vn phng cc Chng trnh Thng tin Quc t, B Ngoi giao Hoa K cung cp cc sn phm v dch
v gii thch v chnh sch, x hi v cc gi tr ca M. Vn phng xut bn nm tp ch in t nghin cu
nhng vn ct li m hin nay nc M v cng ng quc t ang phi i mt. T bo ny gm nm ch
(Trin vng kinh t, Nhng vn ton cu, Nhng vn v dn ch, Chng trnh ngh s chnh sch i
ngoi M, X hi v cc gi tr M), cung cp cc thng tin phn tch bnh lun v c bn v cc lnh vc ch
.
Tt c cc s u c xut bn bng ting Anh, ting Php, ting B o Nha v ting Ty Ban Nha
v nhng s chn lc cn c xut bn bng ting Arp v ting Nga. Nhng s bng ting Anh xut bn
cch nhau khong mt thng. Cc s dch sang ting khc xut bn sau s ting Anh t 2 n 4 tun.
Cc kin nu trn cc t bo khng nht thit phn nh quan im hoc chnh sch ca chnh ph M.
B Ngoi giao M khng chu trch nhim v ni dung v kh nng truy cp thng xuyn n cc Websites
kt ni vi cc bo, trch nhim hon ton thuc v cc nh qun tr cc Websites ny. Cc bi bo c th
c dch v ng li nc ngoi tr cc bi c yu cu xin php bn quyn.
Cc s bo hin hnh hoc s c c th tm thy trn trang ch ca Phng cc Chng trnh thng tin
quc t trn mng World Wide Web theo a ch: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm. Cc bi bo c
lu di nhiu dng khc nhau tin xem trc tuyn, truyn ti xung v in ra.
Cc kin ng gp xin gi n i s qun M hoc gi n to son a ch:
Editor, Economic Perspectives
IIP/T/GIC
U.S. Department of State
301 4th Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20547
United States of America
E-mail: ejecon@pd.state.gov
80
Jonathan Schaffer
Th k ta son
Andrzej Zwaniecki
Ph tng bin tp
Wayne Hall
Christian Larson
Cng tc vin
Berta Gomez
Linda Johnson
Alyson McFarland
Kathryn McConnell
Bruce Odessey
Harriet Rusin
Ph trch m thut
Sylvia Scott
James Bullock
George Clack
Judith Siegel
Tp 8, S 3, thng 9/2003
Vn phng cc Chng trnh Thng tin Quc t, B Ngoi giao Hoa K cung cp cc sn phm v dch
v gii thch v chnh sch, x hi v cc gi tr ca M. Vn phng xut bn nm tp ch in t nghin cu
nhng vn ct li m hin nay nc M v cng ng quc t ang phi i mt. T bo ny gm nm ch
(Trin vng kinh t, Nhng vn ton cu, Nhng vn v dn ch, Chng trnh ngh s chnh sch i
ngoi M, X hi v cc gi tr M), cung cp cc thng tin phn tch bnh lun v c bn v cc lnh vc ch
.
Tt c cc s u c xut bn bng ting Anh, ting Php, ting B o Nha v ting Ty Ban Nha
v nhng s chn lc cn c xut bn bng ting Arp v ting Nga. Nhng s bng ting Anh xut bn
cch nhau khong mt thng. Cc s dch sang ting khc xut bn sau s ting Anh t 2 n 4 tun.
Cc kin nu trn cc t bo khng nht thit phn nh quan im hoc chnh sch ca chnh ph M.
B Ngoi giao M khng chu trch nhim v ni dung v kh nng truy cp thng xuyn n cc Websites
kt ni vi cc bo, trch nhim hon ton thuc v cc nh qun tr cc Websites ny. Cc bi bo c th
c dch v ng li nc ngoi tr cc bi c yu cu xin php bn quyn.
Cc s bo hin hnh hoc s c c th tm thy trn trang ch ca Phng cc Chng trnh thng tin
quc t trn mng World Wide Web theo a ch: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm. Cc bi bo c
lu di nhiu dng khc nhau tin xem trc tuyn, truyn ti xung v in ra.
Cc kin ng gp xin gi n i s qun M hoc gi n to son a ch:
Editor, Economic Perspectives
IIP/T/GIC
U.S. Department of State
301 4th Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20547
United States of America
E-mail: ejecon@pd.state.gov
Trng tm
Trng tm
NHNG KHA CNH THNG MI V PHT TRIN CA CHNH SCH CNG NGH
SINH HC QUC T CA HOA KZ
NHNG KHA CNH THNG MI V PHT TRIN CA CHNH SCH CNG NGH
SINH HC QUC T CA HOA KZ
Alan Larson, Th trng Ngoi giao ph trch cc Vn Kinh t, Thng mi v Nng nghip
Alan Larson, Th trng Ngoi giao ph trch cc Vn Kinh t, Thng mi v Nng nghip
11
KT LUN
KT LUN
Hu ht tt c cc loi cy trng u c th c
xem l b bin i gien. Bin i gien xy ra
khi cy trng ca mt loi cho ra cy con. Cy
con khng nht thit phi ging mt trong hai
cy b v cy m m n l s kt hp gien ca
c hai. Trong nhiu th k, cc loi cy c
con ngi trng v lai ging to ra nhng cy
con mang cc c im theo mong mun. V d,
Mt s ngi li lo s cng c ny bi n c
xem l phi t nhin. Tuy nhin, hu ht mi
ngi u qun rng s khng c cc cy trng
15
Hu ht tt c cc loi cy trng u c th c
xem l b bin i gien. Bin i gien xy ra
khi cy trng ca mt loi cho ra cy con. Cy
con khng nht thit phi ging mt trong hai
cy b v cy m m n l s kt hp gien ca
c hai. Trong nhiu th k, cc loi cy c
con ngi trng v lai ging to ra nhng cy
con mang cc c im theo mong mun. V d,
Mt s ngi li lo s cng c ny bi n c
xem l phi t nhin. Tuy nhin, hu ht mi
ngi u qun rng s khng c cc cy trng
15
Mc d th h u tin ca cc ging cy
trng c to ra nh cng ngh sinh hc tp
trung vo vic em li nhng li ch kinh t
ng k cho ngi nng dn, song ngy cng c
nhiu bng chng cho thy cng ngh sinh hc
cn mang li nhng li ch to ln v an ton
lng thc v mi trng.
Mc d th h u tin ca cc ging cy
trng c to ra nh cng ngh sinh hc tp
trung vo vic em li nhng li ch kinh t
ng k cho ngi nng dn, song ngy cng c
nhiu bng chng cho thy cng ngh sinh hc
cn mang li nhng li ch to ln v an ton
lng thc v mi trng.
IU G S XY RA TIP THEO?
19
IU G S XY RA TIP THEO?
19
21
21
CC VN PHP L V QUN L
H thng qun l ca M l mt b phn quan
trng nhm m bo an ton lng thc. Phi
hp vi B Nng nghip M (USDA) v Cc
Bo v Mi trng (EPA), FDA ng vai tr
qun l cc loi lng thc c ngun gc thc
vt c to ra nh cng ngh sinh hc. Theo
o lut FD&C, FDA c thm quyn bo m
an ton ca tt c cc lng thc trong nc
v nhp khu cho ngi v ng vt trn th
trng M, ngoi tr tht, tht gia cm v mt s
sn phm trng - nhng hng mc ny thuc
phm vi iu tit ca USDA. Tuy nhin, an
ton ca d lng thuc th y trong tht gia sc
v gia cm do FDA qun l. Thuc tr su, bao
gm c cc loi c a vo mt ging cy
lng thc, li ch yu do EPA iu tit. C
quan Kim tra Sc kho Thc vt v ng vt
ca USDA (APHIS) c chc nng gim st an
ton nng nghip v an ton mi trng trong
trng trt v th nghim ti hin trng cc
ging cy trng c to ra nh cng ngh sinh
hc.
Nh c cp trn, mt s lo ngi v an
ton lng thc c th xut pht t:
Cht gy d ng: Lng thc thng cha hng
nghn loi protein khc nhau. Mc d a s cc
loi protein ny khng gy d ng nhng hu nh
tt c cc cht gy d ng cho con ngi tng
c bit n u l protein. Do cng ngh gien
c th cy ghp mt loi protein mi vo cy
trng nn c kh nng l k thut ny s a vo
ngun cung cp lng thc mt cht gy d ng
mi m trc y cha tng c bit n hoc
a mt cht gy d ng c bit vo mt
loi lng thc mi.
23
CC VN PHP L V QUN L
H thng qun l ca M l mt b phn quan
trng nhm m bo an ton lng thc. Phi
hp vi B Nng nghip M (USDA) v Cc
Bo v Mi trng (EPA), FDA ng vai tr
qun l cc loi lng thc c ngun gc thc
vt c to ra nh cng ngh sinh hc. Theo
o lut FD&C, FDA c thm quyn bo m
an ton ca tt c cc lng thc trong nc
v nhp khu cho ngi v ng vt trn th
trng M, ngoi tr tht, tht gia cm v mt s
sn phm trng - nhng hng mc ny thuc
phm vi iu tit ca USDA. Tuy nhin, an
ton ca d lng thuc th y trong tht gia sc
v gia cm do FDA qun l. Thuc tr su, bao
gm c cc loi c a vo mt ging cy
lng thc, li ch yu do EPA iu tit. C
quan Kim tra Sc kho Thc vt v ng vt
ca USDA (APHIS) c chc nng gim st an
ton nng nghip v an ton mi trng trong
trng trt v th nghim ti hin trng cc
ging cy trng c to ra nh cng ngh sinh
hc.
Nh c cp trn, mt s lo ngi v an
ton lng thc c th xut pht t:
Cht gy d ng: Lng thc thng cha hng
nghn loi protein khc nhau. Mc d a s cc
loi protein ny khng gy d ng nhng hu nh
tt c cc cht gy d ng cho con ngi tng
c bit n u l protein. Do cng ngh gien
c th cy ghp mt loi protein mi vo cy
trng nn c kh nng l k thut ny s a vo
ngun cung cp lng thc mt cht gy d ng
mi m trc y cha tng c bit n hoc
a mt cht gy d ng c bit vo mt
loi lng thc mi.
23
CHT PH GIA
Mt cht c ch nh a vo trong lng
thc c gi l cht ph gia, tr phi cht
c tha nhn rng ri l an ton (GRAS) hoc
nu khng th c min kim tra v an ton,
v d nh loi thuc tr su c EPA gim st
v an ton. o lut FD&C quy nh phi c
s ph duyt i vi bt c cht ph gia no
trc khi gii thiu cht ra th trng, khng
ph thuc vo k thut c s dng a n
vo trong lng thc l g. Do , cc cht c
a vo trong lng thc hoc l cht ph gia
mi yu cu phi c ph duyt ca FDA trc
khi ra th trng, hoc l GRAS v do c
min p dng cc yu cu v kim duyt trc
khi a ra th trng. Nhn chung, nhng loi
thc n nh hoa qu, rau v ng cc khng cn
phi c ph duyt trc khi gii thiu ra th
trng v chng c s dng an ton trong
nhiu nm. Ngoi tr h thng cht ph gia,
khng c yu cu ph duyt trc khi a vo th
trng no i vi cc loi lng thc ni chung.
25
CHT PH GIA
Mt cht c ch nh a vo trong lng
thc c gi l cht ph gia, tr phi cht
c tha nhn rng ri l an ton (GRAS) hoc
nu khng th c min kim tra v an ton,
v d nh loi thuc tr su c EPA gim st
v an ton. o lut FD&C quy nh phi c
s ph duyt i vi bt c cht ph gia no
trc khi gii thiu cht ra th trng, khng
ph thuc vo k thut c s dng a n
vo trong lng thc l g. Do , cc cht c
a vo trong lng thc hoc l cht ph gia
mi yu cu phi c ph duyt ca FDA trc
khi ra th trng, hoc l GRAS v do c
min p dng cc yu cu v kim duyt trc
khi a ra th trng. Nhn chung, nhng loi
thc n nh hoa qu, rau v ng cc khng cn
phi c ph duyt trc khi gii thiu ra th
trng v chng c s dng an ton trong
nhiu nm. Ngoi tr h thng cht ph gia,
khng c yu cu ph duyt trc khi a vo th
trng no i vi cc loi lng thc ni chung.
25
VN NHN MC
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht ca
ngnh cng ngh sinh hc l vn nhn mc.
Theo o lut FD&V, mt loi lng thc b
27
VN NHN MC
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht ca
ngnh cng ngh sinh hc l vn nhn mc.
Theo o lut FD&V, mt loi lng thc b
27
CC GING CY THUC
KT LUN
Sau 10 nm kinh nghim ti M, chng ti c c
s kt lun rng cc loi lng thc c ngun
gc cng ngh sinh hc c an ton ging nh
nhng lng thc c sn xut theo k thut lai
to truyn thng. Vn phng K ton Tng hp
M (GAO) v Vin Khoa hc Quc gia (NAS)
a ra nhng bo co nht tr vi nh gi
ny. Chng ti tin rng nhng loi lng thc
c sn xut bng cng ngh sinh hc m
chng ti nh gi cng c an ton nh
nhng lng thc thng thng, v chng ti s
tip tc theo st s pht trin ca loi cng ngh
ny nhm m bo rng nhng vn v an ton
s c gii quyt trc khi a sn phm ra th
trng.
29
CC GING CY THUC
KT LUN
Sau 10 nm kinh nghim ti M, chng ti c c
s kt lun rng cc loi lng thc c ngun
gc cng ngh sinh hc c an ton ging nh
nhng lng thc c sn xut theo k thut lai
to truyn thng. Vn phng K ton Tng hp
M (GAO) v Vin Khoa hc Quc gia (NAS)
a ra nhng bo co nht tr vi nh gi
ny. Chng ti tin rng nhng loi lng thc
c sn xut bng cng ngh sinh hc m
chng ti nh gi cng c an ton nh
nhng lng thc thng thng, v chng ti s
tip tc theo st s pht trin ca loi cng ngh
ny nhm m bo rng nhng vn v an ton
s c gii quyt trc khi a sn phm ra th
trng.
29
Thng 10 nm ngoi, ti ti thm Zimbabwe v Malawi, hai trong s su quc gia chu
tc ng ca cuc khng hong ni trn. Vi
vai tr i s mi ca Hoa K ti Cc c
31
Thng 10 nm ngoi, ti ti thm Zimbabwe v Malawi, hai trong s su quc gia chu
tc ng ca cuc khng hong ni trn. Vi
vai tr i s mi ca Hoa K ti Cc c
31
33
33
35
35
NGH NH TH CARTAGENA LM G?
37
NGH NH TH CARTAGENA LM G?
37
Trn c s mt nh gi khoa hc v ri ro v
trong vng 270 ngy k t ngy nhn c thng
bo v nh xut khu, nhng nc nhp khu
s phi quyt nh v vic nhp khu LMO c
dng a vo mi trng nc .
TI LIU CHNG T
Tha thun t ra cc yu cu v chng t vn
ti bin khc nhau i vi cc loi LMO khc
nhau. Nhng quy nh ny s c p dng sau
khi Ngh nh th c hiu lc.
Chng t km theo cc l hng LMO c dng
a vo mi trng, nh ht ging gieo
trng, phi xc nh r l hng c cha LMO
cng vi c tnh nhn dng v nhng c im
v/hoc c trng sn c ca loi LMO .
NHNG IU KHON CH YU CA
NGH NH TH V AN TON SINH HC
39
Trn c s mt nh gi khoa hc v ri ro v
trong vng 270 ngy k t ngy nhn c thng
bo v nh xut khu, nhng nc nhp khu
s phi quyt nh v vic nhp khu LMO c
dng a vo mi trng nc .
TI LIU CHNG T
Tha thun t ra cc yu cu v chng t vn
ti bin khc nhau i vi cc loi LMO khc
nhau. Nhng quy nh ny s c p dng sau
khi Ngh nh th c hiu lc.
Chng t km theo cc l hng LMO c dng
a vo mi trng, nh ht ging gieo
trng, phi xc nh r l hng c cha LMO
cng vi c tnh nhn dng v nhng c im
v/hoc c trng sn c ca loi LMO .
NHNG IU KHON CH YU CA
NGH NH TH V AN TON SINH HC
39
THNG MI VI NHNG NC
KHNG L THNH VIN CA NGH NH
TH
Ngh nh th khng nh rng vic vn chuyn
xuyn bin gii cc sinh vt sng b bin i
gia nhng nc Thnh vin v khng phi
Thnh vin phi ph hp vi mc ch ca Ngh
nh th ny. V th, mc d Ngh nh th ch
quy nh rng vic bun bn LMO gia cc nc
Thnh vin v khng l Thnh vin phi ph hp
vi mc ch ca Ngh nh th, chng ti thy
trc rng, mt vn thc t l cc cng ty
nhng nc khng l Thnh vin mun xut
khu n cc nc Thnh vin s cn tun th
nhng quy nh trong nc p dng ti nc
Thnh vin nhp khu ph hp vi quy nh
ca Ngh nh th.
THNG MI VI NHNG NC
KHNG L THNH VIN CA NGH NH
TH
Ngh nh th khng nh rng vic vn chuyn
xuyn bin gii cc sinh vt sng b bin i
gia nhng nc Thnh vin v khng phi
Thnh vin phi ph hp vi mc ch ca Ngh
nh th ny. V th, mc d Ngh nh th ch
quy nh rng vic bun bn LMO gia cc nc
Thnh vin v khng l Thnh vin phi ph hp
vi mc ch ca Ngh nh th, chng ti thy
trc rng, mt vn thc t l cc cng ty
nhng nc khng l Thnh vin mun xut
khu n cc nc Thnh vin s cn tun th
nhng quy nh trong nc p dng ti nc
Thnh vin nhp khu ph hp vi quy nh
ca Ngh nh th.
41
41
Bnh lun
Bnh lun
Bruce Chassy, Gio s v Ph Gim c iu hnh Trung tm Cng ngh sinh hc ca Trng i
hc Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Bruce Chassy, Gio s v Ph Gim c iu hnh Trung tm Cng ngh sinh hc ca Trng i
hc Illinois Urbana-Champaign
43
43
45
45
47
47
Gn y, ngi ta xc nh thm mt cn tr
mi i vi vic phn phi vin tr lng thc.
Nhng tht bt ma mng lin tc khu vc
Nam Phi khin hng triu ngi 6 quc gia
c nguy c thiu i. gii quyt tnh trng
ny, Lin Hp Quc ngh cung cp vin
tr lng thc, bao gm mt khi lng ng
ln. Trong tng s ng cung cp M, c
khong 30-35% l ging ng ng dng cng
ngh sinh hc c kh nng chng cn trng.
Ging ng ny c C quan Bo v Mi
trng M (EPA), B Nng nghip M (USDA)
v Cc Qun l Thc phm v Dc phm
(FDA) ph duyt l an ton s dng lm thc
n cho ngi v ng vt. Loi ng ny c
trn ln vi ng thng thng trong h thng
49
Gn y, ngi ta xc nh thm mt cn tr
mi i vi vic phn phi vin tr lng thc.
Nhng tht bt ma mng lin tc khu vc
Nam Phi khin hng triu ngi 6 quc gia
c nguy c thiu i. gii quyt tnh trng
ny, Lin Hp Quc ngh cung cp vin
tr lng thc, bao gm mt khi lng ng
ln. Trong tng s ng cung cp M, c
khong 30-35% l ging ng ng dng cng
ngh sinh hc c kh nng chng cn trng.
Ging ng ny c C quan Bo v Mi
trng M (EPA), B Nng nghip M (USDA)
v Cc Qun l Thc phm v Dc phm
(FDA) ph duyt l an ton s dng lm thc
n cho ngi v ng vt. Loi ng ny c
trn ln vi ng thng thng trong h thng
49
51
51
A. M. Shelton, Gio s Cn trng hc, HTH Cornell/Trm Th nghim Nng nghip Bang New York
A. M. Shelton, Gio s Cn trng hc, HTH Cornell/Trm Th nghim Nng nghip Bang New York
53
53
cch gy ging thc vt truyn thng nh Mendel thc hin, da trn s lai ging nhn to
trong phn hoa ca mt loi cy c chuyn
sang mt ging cy tng thch khc. Mc ch
l thu c tnh trng mong mun t mt loi
cy v a n sang mt loi cy khc. Tuy
nhin, nhiu khi nhng c tnh mong mun
hoc l khng xut hin nhng ging cy
tng thch hoc l khng xut hin bt c
ging cy no. iu ny khin cho cc nh gy
ging thc vt phi tm kim nhng cch thc
mi cy ghp nhng gien mong mun.
55
cch gy ging thc vt truyn thng nh Mendel thc hin, da trn s lai ging nhn to
trong phn hoa ca mt loi cy c chuyn
sang mt ging cy tng thch khc. Mc ch
l thu c tnh trng mong mun t mt loi
cy v a n sang mt loi cy khc. Tuy
nhin, nhiu khi nhng c tnh mong mun
hoc l khng xut hin nhng ging cy
tng thch hoc l khng xut hin bt c
ging cy no. iu ny khin cho cc nh gy
ging thc vt phi tm kim nhng cch thc
mi cy ghp nhng gien mong mun.
55
57
57
Cc sn phm tr su cha Bt bt u c
thng mi ha ti Php vo cui nhng nm
1930, song n tn nm 1999 tng s sn phm
Bt bn ra cng ch chim cha ti 2 phn trm
tng gi tr tt c cc loi thuc tr su. Vi ng
dng hn ch nh mt loi thuc tr su bng l
cy, Bt ch tr thnh mt loi thuc tr su chnh
khi cc gien to ra cht Bt c cy ghp vo
cc loi cy trng ch yu. Cc loi cy trng
c cy ghp Bt hin nay l ng v bng. Cc
loi ny c trng trn mt din tch tng cng
l 14,5 triu hc-ta trong nm 2002. Cc loi cy
chng chu virt c to ra bng cch a mt
b phn khng c tnh ly nhim ca virtthc
vt vo cy, v c bn ging nh tim chng
cho cy bo v n khi loi virt y. Cng
ngh ny c gi l sc khng ly t mm
bnh. Cy b v cy u c cy ghp
gien trnh b nhim mt s loi virt thng
thng v c php bn ti Hoa K. C gn 1
triu hc-ta trng cc loi cy ny.
Cc loi cy c to ra nh cng ngh sinh hc
ngy nay cung cp cho ngi trng cy nhng
cng c tt hn x l vn cc loi gy hi.
59
Cc sn phm tr su cha Bt bt u c
thng mi ha ti Php vo cui nhng nm
1930, song n tn nm 1999 tng s sn phm
Bt bn ra cng ch chim cha ti 2 phn trm
tng gi tr tt c cc loi thuc tr su. Vi ng
dng hn ch nh mt loi thuc tr su bng l
cy, Bt ch tr thnh mt loi thuc tr su chnh
khi cc gien to ra cht Bt c cy ghp vo
cc loi cy trng ch yu. Cc loi cy trng
c cy ghp Bt hin nay l ng v bng. Cc
loi ny c trng trn mt din tch tng cng
l 14,5 triu hc-ta trong nm 2002. Cc loi cy
chng chu virt c to ra bng cch a mt
b phn khng c tnh ly nhim ca virtthc
vt vo cy, v c bn ging nh tim chng
cho cy bo v n khi loi virt y. Cng
ngh ny c gi l sc khng ly t mm
bnh. Cy b v cy u c cy ghp
gien trnh b nhim mt s loi virt thng
thng v c php bn ti Hoa K. C gn 1
triu hc-ta trng cc loi cy ny.
Cc loi cy c to ra nh cng ngh sinh hc
ngy nay cung cp cho ngi trng cy nhng
cng c tt hn x l vn cc loi gy hi.
59
IU G S XY RA?
IU G S XY RA?
61
61
GII THIU
THC N GIA SC
63
GII THIU
THC N GIA SC
63
65
65
KT LUN
67
KT LUN
67
69
69
71
71
M RNG LC LNG NG H
M RNG LC LNG NG H
DN NG
77
DN NG
77
79
79
Trung tm Hoa K
Phng Thng tin-Vn ha, i s qun Hoa K
Tng 1, Rose Garden Tower, 170 Ngc Khnh, H Ni
Tel: (04) 3850-5000; Fax: (04) 3850-5048; Email: HanoiAC@state.gov
http://vietnam.usembassy.gov
- 32 -
88