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BI GING
TVT
H NI - 2020
BI GING
Bin son :
BI GING
M s:
491ANH213
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
Li ni
u
Ngy nay, ting Anh l cng c khng th thiu c i vi cc nh
nghin cu, khoa hc, cc nh qun l, hc sinh, sinh vin tch lu, hc
hi, nghin cu. C th ni s dng thnh tho ngn ng ny s ginh c li
th cnh tranh trong mi lnh vc, c bit l cc ngnh khoa hc k thut.
Nhm gip cho sinh vin h o to t xa hc ting Anh chuyn ngnh
in t vin thng c hiu qu, tp bi ging ting Anh chuyn ngnh vin
thng c bin son bao gm nhng kin thc c bn v mng, truyn dn
v tuyn v hu tuyn, chuyn mch v ng dng cng ngh thng tin
trong vin thng. Tp bi ging gm 10 Unit, i hi 60 tit trn lp, c th tng
ng 100 gi t hc. i km vi cun sch, sinh vin s cn b a i km gip vic hc t
hiu qu cao hn.
Tp bi ging ny rn luyn y cc k nng: nghe, ni, c, vit v
dch. Tp bi ging cung cp cc khi nim, cc vn v cch s dng cc
thut ng chuyn ngnh vin thng, to
iu kin cho sinh vin luyn nhng cu trc ng php. Phn thc hnh ngn
ng gm nhiu loi hnh bi tp ph hp gip sinh vin d dng hn trong vic
s dng cc kin thc vin thng, cc thut ng tch lu c.
Sau hc phn ting Anh chuyn ngnh in t vin thng, sinh vin c kh nng c, dch,
vit, phn tch cc ti liu c lin quan n chuyn ngnh. Sinh vin c c phng php nghin
cu ti liu chuyn mn bng ting Anh nhm phc v tt cho cc mn chuyn ngnh trong khi
hc ti Hc vin cng nh t nghin cu trong cng vic hay nng cao trnh sau ny.
Cc tc gi rt c gng tuy nhin do iu kin thi gian hn hp nn nhng thiu st trong
quyn bi ging l kh trnh khi. Chng ti rt mong v xin cm n s ng gp kin ca bn
b ng nghip v cc hc vin.
Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n s to iu kin gip ca Ban gim c Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng, Trung tm o to Bu chnh vin thng 1, Khoa C bn 1 v
s khuyn khch ng vin ca cc bn b ng nghip chng ti hon thnh c tp ti liu
ny.
H ni, nm 2007
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
The UK national network comprises:
a/ The local network
The lines between the subscriber and the local exchange.
b/ The junction network
The circuits between a local exchange and another local exchange.
The circuits between a local exchange and a primary centre, sometimes termed a
tandem exchange.
The circuits between a local exchange and a secondary centre, sometimes called a
Group Switching Centre (GSC).
c/ The main/ trunk network
The circuits between GSCs.
c. . network
f.
b.
c.
d. . e.
f.
g. . h.
i.
j. . k.
Figure 3 : a. . b.
c.
d. .. e.
f.
g. ..
1.3. Answer the following questions.
1.
2.
b. DSC
c. MSC
d. DP
e. CCP
f. TSC
h. a primary centre
i. a secondary centre
j. tertiary centre
k. a cabinet
3.
4.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
r.
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
to be composed of
to consist of
to comprise
to be made up of
Two SPC exchanges are installed; one to extend the central area, the other to serve
the new area.
There are two types of cables; one is fibre optic, the other is metallic.
Sorry to interrupt
Excuse me
- Giving clarification:
- Checking understanding:
Is that clear?
Do you follow me?
10
III. TM TT
1. Phn bit cc tnh hung s dng cc t ng ngha.
2. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi khng hiu li ngi ni, khi mun
lm r hn hoc khng nh ngi nghe hiu.
3. Cc c im ca mt mng in thoi quc gia.
4. Mt s cm t vit tt trong k thut vin thng.
VOCABULARY
anologue (analog) transmission
truyn dn tng t
t u dy (t u nhy)
cable
cp
cable tunnel
cng cp
circuit
mch
coaxial cable
cp ng trc
cross-bar type
kiu ngang dc
data
d liu, s liu
digital switching
chuyn mch s
digital transmission
truyn dn s
t phn phi
duct
ng cp
electromechanical exchange
tng i c in
interexchange junction
kt ni lin tng i
junction circuit
mch kt ni
junction network
local network
mng ni ht
gi phi dy chnh
main/trunk network
mng chnh/trung k
muiti-pair cable
cp nhiu i
muiti-pair cable
cp nhiu i
11
multi-unit cable
cp nhiu si
national network
non-local call
cuc gi ng di
open-wire line
dy cp trn
primary centre
trung tm s cp (cp I)
primary circuit
mch s cp
iu ch xung m
radio link
ng v tuyn
remote concentrator
b tp trung xa
secondary centre
secondary circuit
mch th cp
subscriber
thu bao
subscriber circuit
tandem exchange
tng i qu giang
tertiary centre
trung tm cp III
to install
lp t
traffic
lu lng
transit network
transmission
truyn dn
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Mng quc gia Vng quc Anh bao gm:
a/ Mng ni ht: * Cc tuyn ni gia thu bao v tng i ni ht.
b/ Mng chuyn tip: * Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v mt tng i ni
ht khc.
* Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v trung tm s cp, i khi cn c gi l
tng i qu giang.
* Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v trung tm th cp, i khi cn gi l
trung tm chuyn mch nhm (GSC).
c/ Mng chnh/ trung k: * Cc mch ni gia cc GSC.
* Cc mch ni gia cc GSC v cc tng i cp 3, Anh c coi l cc trung tm
chuyn mch khu vc v trung tm chuyn mch chnh (DSC v MSC).
d. subscriber
c. are/ 2 / Both
e. one/ another/ other
3. Reading 2
NHNG CNG C CA VIN THNG TNG LAI
Trong mt khong thi gian di na, rt nhiu cng vic trong lin lc vin thng ca
chng ta vn ph thuc vo h thng si ng mng mnh vn ang kt ni h thng in thoi
ti hu ht cc ngi nh v cng s ca chng ta. Vic khin cho h thng mng ny p ng
c nhng yu cu ca tng lai sp ti s i hi nhng cng ngh mi nhm m rng cc con
ng dnh cho xa l thng tin.
Dch v in thoi chun l mn qu m chng ta nhn c trong x hi hin i ngy
nay. Mng vin thng cng cng cung cp mt dch v ng tin cy v c truy nhp cao chng ta c nhng i hi cao v s phn ng mnh nu dch v khng sn sng p ng. Nhm
p ng nhng nhu cu v tin cy cao, v nhm cung cp cc dch v mt cch kinh t, mng
cng cng ang c nng cp nhanh chng.
Tuy nhin cc khch hng vn ang trng i vic s dng rng ri cc dch v mi nh
in thoi thy hnh, vn c trng by t cch y 30 nm. Tip theo cn phi c iu g
khin cho cc dch v mi nh thng tin hnh nh tr thnh hin thc v mt cch rng ri? Ngoi
vic c sn cc thit b u cui video khng t , yu cu ct yu l m rng rng bng tn
(tc l c thm nhiu tn s phc v truyn dn) phi do mng cung cp vi gi c chp nhn
c. Vic thy c cch thc c th t c mc tiu ny i hi phi xem xt li mng
vin thng hin thi v i hi cc cng ngh mi vn c trng mong s ci thin v tng dung
lng ca mng.
Mng in thoi truyn thng bao gm mt i si ng ni nh ca thu bao ti mt
tng i ni ht. N c gi l mng truy nhp thu bao. Tng i ni ht c ni ti mt tng
i ni ht khc qua mt lot cc tng i trung gian, s dng cp ng trc, cc tuyn truyn dn
vi ba v v tinh. B phn ny ca mng c gi l mng li. Trong mng li, c s dng mt k
thut gi l k thut a ghp knh nn ch cn mt s lng nh kt ni vt l ni gia cc
tng i in thoi. Kt qu l, mi tuyn truyn dn c th ti hng ngn cc cuc thoi ng
thi.
Trc y mng in thoi s dng k thut truyn dn v chuyn mch tng t. T
nhng nm 1970, mng li nhanh chng chuyn t mng tng t sang s. Cng ngh s em
li cht lng tt hn, vi kh nng ti to linh hot tn hiu gc thm ch c khi b chm trong
ting n khng mong mun. iu xung m (PCM) l qu trnh trong tn hiu in thoi tng
t c bin i thnh tn hiu s. Mi tn hiu thoi tng t c ly mu vi tc 8000 ln
mt giy, vi mi mu c biu din bi tm bit thng tin s. Vy nn mi tn hiu thoi i hi
mt knh truyn dn 64 kilobit / giy.
Trong nhng nm gn y cc kt ni trong mng li v ang c bin i sang cp
quang. Mt mng si quang c th kt ni rt nhiu trung tm th chnh. V mt c bn m ni
cp si quang l cng ngh truyn dn quan trng nht v n em li rng bng tn ln.
Vic bin i t tng t sang s trong cc tng i trong mng li c ngha l phn ln
cc tng i ni ht gi y l cc tng i s. Th cn trong mng truy nhp thu bao th sao?
Mt mc tiu lu di c t ra l nng cp mng truy nhp thu bao s dng cp si quang,
iu s cho php cung cp cc dch v bng rng mi nh in thoi theo yu cu. Tuy nhin
2.T
3.T
4.T
3.4. Decide which of the following features refer to present, past (traditional) or future
technology and write P for present, T for past (traditional) or F for future.
1.F
2. T
3.P
4.P
5.P
6.F
4. Listening
Tapescript
Lecturer:
Today we're going to consider local network development. In the case you have in
front of you, the objective is to expand the existing local network and extend it into
a new area.
In Figure 1d, you can see the traditional solution. The original central exchange is
expanded in a new building and additional cables are laid and cabinets are
installed.
Student A: Sorry, what do you mean by cabinets?
Lecturer:
Ah yes, I should've explained that. We've only concerned here with the primary
part of the network- that is the lines between the exchanges and the cross
connection points, or cabinets. Later we can consider the secondary and subscriber
circuits.
Student A: So cabinet is just another word for "cross connection point".
Lecturer:
Yes, that's right. Now, all they have done in this case is to build another
electromechanical exchange in the new area and use analogue transmission for
distribution in the network and the interexchange junction.
Student B: So that means that there's no digital switching or transmission in the network?
Lecturer:
Exactly. In fact both exchanges are traditional electromechanical of the crossbar
type. Very reliable but limited. Now, if we look at Figure 1e, we can see another
solution to the problem. Here two SPC digital exchanges are installed. One to
extend the central area, the other to serve the new area. The junction circuits
between the exchanges use PCM, but analogue transmission...
Student B: Sorry to interrupt again. I'm not sure I understand.
Lecturer:
Well, you can see that a new digital exchange is sited next to the old local
exchange, and the connection to the other new SPC exchange in the new area uses
digital transmission, normally called PCM, or pulse code modulation. Is that clear?
Yes, I think so.
Student B: Now, the rest of the network - that is the primary circuits from the exchanges to the
Lecturer:
Student C:
Lecturer:
Ging vin:
Sinh vin A:
Ging vin:
Sinh vin A:
Ging vin:
Sinh vin B:
Ging vin:
Sinh vin B:
Ging vin:
Sinh vin B:
Ging vin:
Sinh vin C:
Ging vin:
cabinets- remain analogue. That's the big difference in the third solution shown in
Figure 1f. Here the two areas, that is the central and new area, are served by one
SPC exchange. This allows the use of remote subscriber switches, sometimes
called remote concentrators, out in the primary network.
Do these replace the cabinets?
No, they are like remote parts of the exchange. They enable digital transmission, or
PCM, to be used much further out in the network. In this solution, analogue
transmission is only used for the lines between concentrators and the cabinets.
Hm nay, chng ta s tm hiu s pht trin mng ni ht. Trong trng hp ny,
trc mt bn l mc tiu m rng mng ni ht hin c v m rng mng sang
khu vc mi.
Bn c th xem gii php truyn thng hnh 1d. Tng i gc khu vc trung
tm c m rng trong mt ta nh mi, lp t thm cp v cc t u dy.
Xin li thy, t u dy ngha l g?
vng, ti s gii thch t . Chng ta mi ch cp y phn s cp ca
mng- l cc ng dy ni gia cc tng i v cc t u nhy, hoc cc t
u dy. Sau , chng ta xem xt cc mch th cp v mch thu bao.
Nh vy, t u dy ch l cch gi khc ca "t u nhy".
ng vy. By gi tt c chng c tin hnh trong trng hp ny l xy dng
mt tng i c in khc ti khu vc mi v s dng truyn dn tng t cho
vic phn phi trong mng v kt ni lin tng i.
Nh vy c ngha l khng c chuyn mch s hay truyn dn s trong mng?
Chnh xc. Thc t c hai tng i u l kiu ngang dc c in truyn thng.
tin cy cao nhng li c nhng hn ch. By gi, nu nhn vo hnh 1e, chng
ta c th thy mt gii php khc cho vn ny. y c 2 tng i s SPC
c lp t. Mt ci m rng mng khu vc trung tm, ci kia phc v
khu vc mi. Cc mch kt ni gia cc tng i s dng PCM, nhng truyn
dn tng t
Xin li ngt li thy. Em khng hiu lm.
, em c th thy rng mt tng i s mi c t cnh tng i ni ht c, v
vic kt ni vi tng i SPC mi khc trong khu vc mi s dng truyn dn
s, thng thng c gi l PCM, hoc l iu ch xung m. Em hiu cha?
Vng, em hiu.
By gi, phn cn li ca mng - l cc mch s cp t cc tng i n cc
t u dy - u l truyn dn tng t. l s khc bit ln trong gii php
th ba m c trnh by trong hnh 1f. y l 2 khu vc, khu vc trung tm v
khu vc mi, do mt tng i SPC phc v. iu ny cho php s dng cc
chuyn mch thu bao xa, i khi cn gi l cc b tp trung xa, nm bn ngoi
mng s cp.
C phi cc b tp trung ny thay th cho cc t u dy khng?
Khng phi, chng ging nh nhng b phn ca mt tng i nm xa tng
i. Chng cho php truyn dn s hay PCM trong mng c s dng m rng
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Public Data Networks are designed for data transmission only. They therefore avoid the
limitations of speed etc. of transmission over the switched public telephone or telex network. The
Nordic Public Data Network is a circuit switched type of digital network and its basic purpose is to
provide a means of synchronous data transmission.
The network consists of a number of components which are interconnected as shown in
Figure 1.
18
control the set-up and clear-down of data calls: set-up v clear-down chung nhau cm
t of data calls: iu khin vic thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi s liu
b.
c. .
d.
e.
f.
g. .
h.
19
Functions
1. DCC
2. RMX/DMX
3. DSE
4. DCE
5. SSC
e. transfer of traffic
6. TDM
7. DTE
b. What is the advantage of data networks compared with data transmission over the telephone?
...................
c. What is the capability of the DSE?
...................
d. What does the data terminal equipment consist of?
............
1.4. Below are some of the facilities a subscriber in the Nordic Public Data Network can have.
Match them with the appropriate description.
Facilities
Description
2. Direct call
3. Closed user group
4. Outgoing calls barred
5. Group number
6. Connect when free
7. Charge advice
20
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Cu ch ng v b ng (Active and passive sentences)
V d:
Practice 2.1. Make sentences from the table below. (In some cases, you can make both an
active and passive sentence.)
Agent
Action
Object
Adverbial
(tc nhn)
(hnh ng)
(tn ng)
(trng t)
You
expand
use
PCM
SPC exchanges
serve
both areas
They
install
cabinets
We
route
traffic
direct to a GSC
An open-wire line
connect
the subscriber
to the DP
We
set up
via a GSC
A machine
dig up
the road
We
site
the exchange
The RSS
switch
the call
mainly
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
Local Area Networks (LANs) may be defined as transmission and switching systems that
provide high-speed communication between devices located on a single site. This could be an office
complex, an industrial estate, a college campus or any closely linked group of buildings in which a
variety of workstations need to communicate with each other. A typical LAN may cover a distance
ranging from a few metres to around ten kilometres.
As much of our daily work in the office involves using different kinds of communication
media. LANs have been seen to be particularly useful in the fields of office automation (OA) and
distributed data processing (DDP). Several studies have shown that there are four fundamental levels
of communication in office systems:
1. Communication within a group, which could be a particular department in a company. The
distance of transmission ranges from a few metres to about one hundred metres.
2. Communication with other internal groups or departments in the same company. The
transmission distance ranges from a few hundred metres to perhaps two or three kilometres.
3. Communication with branch offices of the same company. The distance here ranges from a
few dozen kilometres to hundreds of kilometres.
4. Communication with the outside world. The transmission distance ranges from a few
kilometres to thousands of kilometres.
Typically we find that about 50% of all office communication circulates within one
geographic site and that 70% of all communication circulates within the same company Only 30%
ever goes beyond the company into the outside world, to customers and suppliers, for example
Type of communication
Distance covered
traffic
Suitability of system
PABX
1
2
3
4
transmission
campus
switching
estate
single
systems
office
offices
industrial
automation
college
complex
communication
systems
office
distance
fundamental
world
office
systems
transmission
site
branch
levels
outside
media
4. WRITING
LAN
1.
A multiplexor: ...
2.
3.
An electromechanical exchange: ..
4.
A duct: ...
5.
A crossbar: ....
6.
7.
SPC: ..................
8.
9.
10.
III. TM TT
1. S dng cu trc ch ng hay b ng ph thuc vo iu bn mun nhn mnh. Trong
cu trc b ng, ch thi ca ng t be.
Cu trc: Ch ng: S + V + O
B ng: S + be + Ved + O
2. Cc c im ca mng s liu.
3. Cu kin ca mng s liu cng chc nng ca chng.
4. Mt s tin ch ca mng s liu cng cng.
5. Cu to ca h thng SPC.
VOCABULARY
alphanumeric
adj.
bng ch v s
charge advice
thng bo gi cc
component
b phn, cu kin
composition
kt cu, cu to
electromechanical switching
chuyn mch c in
electronic switching
chuyn mch in t
engaged
adj.
bn equivalent
tng ng facilities
adj.
n
chc nng
hook
kho, t hp
identification
interpretation
key set
bn phm
link
tuyn, ng truyn
multiplexor
b ghp knh
predetermined number
s nh trc
signal
tn hiu
signal transfer
truyn dn tn hiu
speech connection
kt ni thoi
standardized interface
state changes
stream
lung
telex
in bo
to bar
cm
to clear down
gii phng
to hook on
t t hp
to monitor
to put in a queue
xp hng
to set up
thit lp
tone generator
my/ b to m bo
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Mng s liu cng cng c thit k ch truyn s liu. V th, n trnh c s hn ch
v tc v.v. ca vic truyn dn qua mng in bo hay in thoi cng cng. Mng s liu cng
cng Bc u l mng s kiu chuyn mch v mc ch chnh ca n l cung cp mt phng tin
truyn dn s liu ng b.
Mng ny gm mt s b phn c kt ni vi nhau nh trnh by trong Hnh 1.
Tng i chuyn mch s liu (DSE) iu khin vic thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi s
liu v gim st vic kt ni v cc chc nng ca mng. Tng i ny, vi dung lng x l 100
cuc gi mi giy, ti y c th s c b sung thm mt trung tm dch v c bit (SSC) nhm
gii thiu mt s phng tin mi. DSE c kt ni vi b tp trung mch s liu (DCC). Nhim v
ca b tp trung l tp hp lu lng t mt s mch thu bao ring. Lu lng ny c truyn
qua cc ng truyn tc cao ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) ti tng i.
Cc TDM ny, gm cc lung ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (64kb/s), cng truyn dn
lu lng gia DCC v mt trong cc b ghp knh (RMX). Cc b ghp knh (RMX v DMX) kt
ni mt s ng dy thu bao trc tip ti DSE hoc qua DCC ri truyn lu lng ti DSE. Thit
b u cui mch s liu (DCE) c lp t ch thu bao, nm gia RMX, DMX v thit b u
cui s liu (DTE). Thit b ny ch yu cung cp giao din c chun ha gia DTE v mng.
Cui cng, DTE bao gm mt my in hay b thit b u cui hin th s-ch hay mt my tnh, s
cung cp cho thu bao nhng phng tin tip nhn s liu.
1.2. Complete Figure 1.
a. SSC
b. TDM
c. DCC
d. TDM
e. DMX
f. DCE
g. DCE
h. DTE
2d
3f-h
5a
6e
7b
4g
2a
3c
4d
5b
6g
7f
2. Language Practice
Level 3: between branch offices of the same company in different geographic areas; a few dozen
to hundreds of kilometres; 20%; PABX.
Level 4: with the outside world; any distance; 30%; PABX.
switching systems
single site
office complex
industrial estate
college campus
communication media
office automation
fundamental levels
office systems
transmission distance
branch offices
outside world
4. Writing
4.1. Use the simplified block diagram of a Stored Programme Control system (SPC) to complete
the description below.
1. are connected to
2. consists of
3. i.e
4. contains
5. such as
6. made up of
7. such as
8. used
9. whereas
10. means
11. order
12. consists of
13. mainly
4.2. Give the explanations for these words.
1.
the device for combining a number of signals so that they can share a common transmission
medium.
2.
a system in which a varying electrical current transmits the callers voice pattern.
3.
4.
5.
6.
service that enables subscriber to send messages directly and instantaneously to one
another.
an electronic system using data processing and computer techniques for switching.
an alphabetical list of names and numbers.
a call is incorrectly routed.
an exchange which uses microchip technology.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications technology.
Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic, and this
3
1
3
2
demodulation of signals
extraction of conversations
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Process description
Hy xem s m t s lc cc qu trnh sau:
The height of the pulse is measured
and (it is) given a binary code.
Each code is then transmitted as the train of pulses.
First, by selecting suitable modulation frequencies.
the conversations can be placed next to each other.
Then, they are transmitted as a group to the receive side.
Where a similar station demulates the signals
and extracts the various conversations,
before they are transmitted to another exchange.
Lu 2 c im:
V d:
V d:
Ta lu khi s dng cc lin t v t and trnh lp li. Bc th nht thng dng t first
u cu, nhng bc tip theo c th dng nhng t then, after that, next,, bc cui
cng c th s dng t finally hoc thm ch before.
V d:
3
3
Practice 2.1. A. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the active way).
* subscriber A/ lift/ the handset
* wait for/ the dialling tone
* dial/ the number
* hear/ the ringing tone
* subscriber B/ pick up/ the receiver
* conversation/ take place
* the two subscribers/ replace/ the handsets
Practice 2.1. B. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the passive way).
* the handset/ lift
* a signal/ send/ the exchange
* the exchange/ send/ a dialling tone
* the number/ dial
* subscriber B number/ select/ in the exchange
* subscriber A number/ connect/ subscriber B number
* conversation/ take place
* handsets/ replace
* connection/ break
2.2. Questions and Responses
* Question for information
- Khi mun bit thng tin v iu g ta c th hi cu hi bt u bng Can you? hoc Could
you ?
Can you give me some background information about ?
- Khi mun hi v khong cch thi gian thc hin cng vic no ta bt u bng How
often....
How often does it need to be sampled?
How often do you phone me?
* Question for explanation
- Khi khng r iu g ta c th ngh ngi khc gii thch thm.
What do you mean by ?
V d: Khi nghe thy ngi ni cp ti PCM nhng ta khng hiu PCM l g, ta c th hi:
What do you mean by PCM?
- Khi mun phn bit vt ny vi vt kia, ta c th s dng cu trc: What is the difference
between and ?
V d: Khi nghe ni v k thut s v k thut tng t, ta khng phn bit c 2 khi nim ny,
ta c th hi:
What is the difference between analogue and digital technique?
3
4
* Giving explanations
Khi ta a ra cch gii thch khc cho 1 vn , ta c th ni:
In other words
Hoc ta c th ging gii thm vi hnh v minh ho:
Youll notice shown in black
* Showing understanding
Sau khi ngi ni gii thch xong v vn r rng, ta c th ni:
Thank you, thats a lot clearer.
Practice 2.2. Put the sentences or phrases into the right group.
1. Questions for information
2. Questions for explanation
3. Responses
4. Giving explanations
5. Showing understanding
a. Could you give me some background information about pulse code modulation?
b. How often does it need to be sampled?
c. Thank you, thats a lot clearer.
d. What do you mean by analogue?
e. Of course.
f. As you know in the simplest telephone system, speech is converted into electrical energy.
g. Well, analogue means that the current has the same waveform as the variations in air
pressure
h. I was just coming to that.
i.
In other words
j.
As you can see on the graph, the vertical axis is either current or air pressure.
m. I see.
n. Thats a good question.
o. So, thats what PCM is.
p. Let's look at this block schematic diagram.
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5
3. READING 2
Customers complaints
A I waste hours trying to get through. No one ever seems to answer the phone.
B I run my business on my own. Ive no secretary. Im out a lot and my customers get
fed up listening to my telephone answering machine.
C We must spend a fortune on international calls. You get through to a big companys
switchboard and then you are left listening to the phone ringing in someones office. After
a minute or so, you put the phone down and call the switchboard again!
D The phones always engaged. I keep trying but never seem to catch you when youre
not already on the phone.
E I would like to use the phone more for bookings but it costs so much. If you call long
distance in the day, itll cost you a fortune!
Common Channel Signalling and the subscriber
During recent years, the dramatic progress made in the field of telecommunications has
paved the way for the introduction of new and improved services. It will be of vital importance for
TAs to be able to satisfy customer demands regarding such services. Whatever new services
come, and regardless of their implementation, one thing is certain: they will require signalling
resources which cannot possibly be provided by the conventional signalling systems in use today.
With conventional signalling, a large number of pieces and many types of signalling
equipment are required. With Common Channel Signalling (CCS), the signalling equipment is
limited to relatively few signalling links. These links are used for the transfer of signalling
messages between SPC exchanges. One link can be used for signalling many simultaneous
transactions and hence is called a common channel. The signalling information is digitally
coded and transmitted in the form of discrete block of binary coded data. Each message is
logically associated with the transaction concerned (e.g. the set up of a call on a certain circuit) by
means of a label (address).
To summarize, CCS makes it possible to transfer signalling information directly from one
digital exchange to another without setting up a speech-path.
3.1. Main phrases
- be of vital importance for...: diu quan trng sng cn/ c bit quan trng i vi...
- label = address: nhn, a ch
3.2. a. Look back at the customers complaints. Match the following service with their
problems (A - E)
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6
i)
ii)
Diversion to subscriber
iii)
iv)
Diversion on no reply
Call diversion
3
7
VOCABULARY
aerial cable
cp treo
binary code
m nh phn
channel
knh
current
dng in
degree of directivity
nh hng
dialling tone
diameter
ng knh
frequency band
bng tn
ground station
trm mt t
handset / receiver
ng nghe, t hp
intermediate repeater
b lp trung gian
interval
khong cch
line amplifier
b khuych i ng dy
line of sight
parabola
ngten parabol
pulse
xung
iu ch bin xung
receive side
pha thu
receive station
trm thu
ringing tone
sampling rate
t l ly mu
send side
pha pht
send station
trm pht
i cp i xng
trm lp u cui
time slot
to amplify
khuych i
to break
to code
m ho
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8
gii m
to demodulate
gii iu ch
to distort
lm mo
to lift = to pick up
nhc my
to modulate
iu ch
to quantize
lng t ho
to replace
t tr li ch c
to take place
din ra
train of pulses
chui xung
underground housing
hp t ngm
waveform
dng sng
wavelength
bc sng
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Nhiu h thng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng trong k thut vin thng. Truyn dn
bng ng dy trn l phng php c in nht c dng truyn dn lu lng in thoi,
v phng php ny hin vn c s dng trong cc mng ni ht ca nhiu nc. Ngy nay, do
yu cu v tin cy khi vn hnh, cc mng ni ht c xy dng c s dng cp treo v cp
ngm.
Ni gia cc thu bao v tng i ni ht l cc mch hai dy v thng l nhng i cp
i xng. Ni gia cc tng i ni ht v chuyn tip l cc mch 2 dy hoc 4 dy. cc tuyn
xa hn, vic s dng cng ngh PCM trn cp ng trc s c nhiu thun li. Cc loi cp ny
cng c s dng cho cc h thng FDM truyn dn c 10 800 knh in thoi. Ti cc
khong cch u n dc theo ng cp ng trc l cc b khuych i ng dy. Cc b
khuych i ny c t cc hp chn di t v gi l "cc b lp trung gian". V nguyn
l, s lng knh dn cng ln th s b lp cn thit cng nhiu.
T nm 1965, v tinh ngy cng tr nn quan trng trong thng tin tm xa, c bit l tun
thng tin vt bin. V nguyn l, v tinh hot ng nh 1 b lp trung gian, cc tn hiu c
thu, c khuych i v c truyn ti trm mt t pha thu. Cc v tinh s dng cng mt
bng tn ging nh cc h thng chuyn tip v tuyn.
Kt ni v tuyn chuyn tip hot ng gia cc trm pht v thu trong tm nhn thng.
V nguyn l, ng knh ca anten parabol cng ln so vi bc sng th tnh nh hng ca
anten cng cao.
Ti cc trm lp u cui nm cc trm mt t v cc tng i chuyn tip, cc tn hiu
thoi c iu ch v trn trc khi truyn i. Mi mt tn hiu thoi ring r c dch ln
mt di tn s cao hn nhiu. Cng on ny c thc hin qua mt s bc. Trc tin, bng
cch la chn cc tn s iu ch thch hp, cc tn hiu thoi c th c xp lin cnh nhau dc
theo trc tn s. Sau , chng c truyn theo nhm n pha thu, ni c mt trm ging nh
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9
2F
3T
4F
5T
1.3. Complete the following simple process description of the function of a terminal repeater
station.
demodulation of signals
extraction of conversations
2. Language practice
Practice 2.1. A. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the active way).
First, subscriber A lifts the handset and waits for the dialling tone.
Then he dials the number and hears the ringing tone.
Next subscriber B picks up the receiver and the conversation takes place.
Finally, the two subscribers replace the handsets.
Practice 2.1. B. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the passive way).
When the handset is lifted, a signal is sent to the exchange where a dialling tone is sent back.
Then the number is dialled and subscriber Bs number is selected in the exchange.
Next subscriber As number is connected to subscriber Bs number and the conversation takes
place.
Finally, the handsets are replaced before the connection is broken.
Practice 2.2. Put the sentences or phrases into the right group.
1.
: a, b
2.
:d
3.
Responses
: e h, n,
4.
Giving explanations
: f, i, j, k, l, p
5.
Showing understanding
: c, g, m, o
3. Reading 2
4
0
B " Ti phi t lo liu cng vic kinh doanh ca mnh. Ti li chng c th k. Ti hay
phi vng mt c quan v khch hng ca ti chn phi nghe my tr li in thoi."
ii) C
iii) E
iv) A
v) B
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Tapescript
I'd like to ask you some questions about PCM or pulse code modulation. Could you give
me some background information to start with?
Of course. As you know, in the simplest telephone system, speech, in the form of air
pressure waves, in other words mechanical energy, is converted into electrical energy by
the telephone microphone. This electrical energy travels along a pair of wires to a receiver
which converts the electrical energy back into speech. Now, as you can see here in Figure
2g, in a traditional transmission system, the current is an analogue of the speech.
Sorry, what do you mean by analogue?
Well, that the current has the same waveform as the variations in air pressure. This is why
we call this method "analogue transmission". As you can see on the graph, the vertical axis
is either current or air pressure.
So, what's the difference with PCM?
Well, I was just coming to that. Let's look at this graph, Figure 2h. If the height of the
waveform is sampled and these samples are transmitted, then the original waveform can be
reconstituted at the receiver end.
I see. How often does it need to be sampled?
Good question. The sampling rate must be at least double the highest frequency component
present in the waveform.
So what's a typical sampling rate?
4
1
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
4
2
For telephone, in which frequencies are limited to 3400 Hz, a sampling rate of 8000
samples per second is used.
So that's what PCM is.
No, that's not the whole story. This sampling process is known as pulse amplitude
modulation. PAM for short. You'll notice the gaps between the pulses - these can be used
for other channels. On this graph, Figure 2i, a second PAM channel, shown in black, has
been inserted between the original PAM channels. This now forms a simple time division
multiplex system, or TDM.
So, how many channels can you put on a line?
Well, the 24-channel system is widely used but you can have more. However, these PAM
pulses are not transmitted directly over lines, since they would become distorted. Instead,
the height of the pulse is measured and given a binary code. Each code is then transmitted
as a train of pulses within the sample time or time slot. The process of approximating the
sample value to a coded level is called "quantization" and the whole process of sampling
and coding is known as pulse code modulation or PCM.
Thank you. That's a lot clearer. Could you now explain the 24-channel system in more
detail?
Yes, let's look at this block schematic diagram...
Xin php c hi ng mt s cu hi v PCM hay iu ch xung m. ng c th ni t
u cho ti mt s thng tin c bn khng?
Tt nhin. Nh bn bit, trong h thng in thoi n gin nht, thoi dng sng p
sut khng kh, ni mt cch khc l nng lng c c chuyb thnh nng lng in
qua ng ni in thoi. Nng lng in ny truyn qua mt i dy ti pha thu, ti y
nng lng in c chuyn thnh thoi. By gi, nh bn c th thy hnh 2g, trong h
thng truyn dn truyn thng, dng in l tn hiu thoi tng t.
Xin li, tng t ngha l g?
, ngha l dng in c dng sng ng vi nhng thay i ca p sut khng kh. y l
iu m ti sao chng ta gi phng php ny l truyn dn tng t. Nh bn c th
thy trn th, trc tung l dng in hay thanh p.
Vy c g khc vi PCM?
, ti va ni n . Chng ta hy nhn vo th hnh 2h. Nu cao ca dng sng
c ly mu v nhng mu c truyn i th dng sng ban u c th c khi
phc u cui pha thu.
Ti hiu ri. Chu k ly mu nh th no?
Cu hi hay y. T l ly mu t nht phi gp i thnh phn tn s cao nht c trong
dng sng.
Vy t l ly mu in hnh th th no?
i vi in thoi, tn s c gii hn ti 3400Hz, t l ly mu l 8 000 mu/giy c
s dng.
Vy l ci gi l PCM ?
Khng, cha phi l ton b cu chuyn. Qu trnh ly mu ny c bit n nh l s
iu ch bin xung, gi tt l PAM. Bn hy ch n cc khe h gia cc xung - cc
khe h ny c th c dng cho cc knh khc. Trn th hnh 2i, knh PCM th hai
biu th bng mu en, c chn vo gia cc knh PAM ban u. By gi knh ny to
A:
B:
thnh mt h thng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian n gin, hat TDM.
Vy ng c th t bao nhiu knh trn mt ng truyn ?
, h thng 24 knh c dng ph bin nhng ta c th c h thng gm nhiu knh hn.
Tuy nhin, cc xung PAM ny khng c truyn trc tip trn ng truyn v chng s
b mo. Thay vo , cao ca xung c o v c gn cho mt m nh phn. Sau ,
mi m c truyn nh mt chui xung trong thi gian ly mu hay l khe thi gian. Qu
trnh c lng gi tr ca mu theo mt mc m ho gi l "lng t ho" v ton b qu
trnh ly mu v m ho c gi l iu ch xung m hay PCM.
Xin cm n. Ti hiu hn nhiu ri. By gi ng c th gii thch chi tit hn v h
thng 24 knh c khng?
Vng, xin hy nhn vo gin hnh khi ny ...
2. F
3. T
4. T
b. ii
c. iii
4
3
1. Mc ch yu cu
Sau khi nghin cu bi 4, sinh vin cn:
1. Nm r cu to, cc u im ca si quang, nguyn tc hat ng ca si quang.
2. Cng c cu trc m t mt qu trnh.
3. Hiu r v m t li c mt h thng FDM, nguyn tc hat ng ca PCM.
2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Si quang c 2 phn: phn li trong sut nm trung tm v phn v bao quanh.
u im ca si quang: chi ph vt liu thp; kh nng chng nhiu v xuyn m cao;
bng thng rt rng; cp nh v nh; hon ton cch in.
2. Khi m t mt qu trnh, ta thng s dng thi hin ti n v cc lin t (sequence
markers).
3. H thng FDM gm c b iu ch, b khuych i, b lc v b gii iu ch.
4. PCM: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho, gii m...
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Fibre-optic communications, in which electrical signals are converted into pulses of light
that are squirted along very thin glass pipes, have several advantages over conventional copper
cables:
The signal fades (attenuates) less so repeaters can be more widely spaced.
Most fibres are made from silica, which is very cheap. At present a kilometre costs 1,000
or more but when they are produced in bulk, this figure should come down to as little as
25.
The material is lightweight and flexible. A 500m fibre weighs about 25kg; a coaxial cable
of the same length weighs 5 tons.
Although ordinary glass can only support effective light transmission for a few tens of
metres, optical fibres, which are made of pure glass, can carry light signals for up to 50 km
without amplification. Silica glass fibre has two components- the highly transparent core at the
4
4
Types
Main features
a.
Stepped-index
multimode
overlapping
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Glass fibre
4
5
Quality
*
Types
Light sources
Features
Applications
a.
b.
Multimode and
monomode
c.
d.
e.
Table 2
Types
Photodetectors
Features
a.
b.
c.
d.
Table 3
1.3. Below are the advantages of optical fibres. Match them with an appropriate
explanation.
Advantages
1. Potentially low material cost.
2. High immunity to interference and crosstalk.
3. Very large information bandwidth.
4. Small and light cable.
5. Complete electrical isolation.
Explanations
a. This means that they are suitable for crossing places which contain lots of electrical
apparatus that give off stray signals. A fibre-optic link is also difficult to tap.
b. This means that the signal faded less so that repeaters can be more widely spaced.
c. This means that fibre can carry a lot of information, 8,000 or more telephone
conversations.
d. This means that when manufacturers start to produce fibre in large quantities, the price
will be relatively low.
e. This means that the cables can easily be laid and that they will not occupy much duct
space.
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Explaining relationships
- The greater the number of channels, the larger the number of repeaters.
- The greater the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength, the
higher the degree of directivity.
Note:
4
6
high ngc ngha vi low; great, large ngc ngha vi small hoc i khi: few
(m t s lng)
Note:
Practice 2.2. Now make sentences for more precise relationships. (In each case you can make
more than one sentence.)
a. Return on investment 2,000: original investment 500
c. Cable costs 1985 500 per kilometre: cable costs 1980 125 per kilometre
e. The pulse rate 8,000 per second: the capacity 16,000 per second
4
7
3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
The process of choosing measuring points on the analogue speech curve is called
sampling. The measurement values are called samples. When sampling, we take the first step
towards a digital representation of the speech signal as the chosen sampling instants give us the
time coordinates of the measuring points.
The amplitudes of the samples can assume each value in the amplitude range of the speech
signal. When measuring the sample amplitudes, we have to round off for practical reasons. In the
rounding-off process, or the quantizing process, all sample amplitudes between two marks on the
scale will be given the same quantized value. The number of quantized samples is discrete as we
have only a discrete number of marks on our scale.
Each quantized sample is then represented by the number of the scale mark, i.e. we know
now the coordinates on the amplitude axis of the samples. The processes of sampling and
quantizing yield a digital representation of the original speech signal, but not in a form best suited
to transmission over a line of radio path. This process is known as encoding. Most often the
sample values are encoded to binary form, so that each sample value is represented by a group of
binary elements. Typically, a quantized can assume one of 256 values. In binary form, the sample
will be represented by a group of 8 elements. This group is called a PCM word. For transmission
purposes, the binary values 0 and 1 can be taken as corresponding to the absence and presence of
an electrical pulse.
Reconstruction
Sampling
Decoding
Quantizin
g
Regeneration
Encodin
g
Regeneration
Regeneration
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9
pulses are replaced by fresh pulses at suitable intervals, the information pulses can be transmitted
long distances with practically no distortion at all. This is one of the advantages of digital
transmission over analogue transmission: the information is contained in the existence or not of a
pulse rather than in the form of the pulse.
On the receiving side, the PCM words are decoded, i.e. they are translated back to
quantized samples. The analogue speech signal is then reconstructed by interpolation between the
quantized samples. There is a small difference between the analogue speech signal on the
receiving side due to the rounding off of the speech samples. This difference is known as
quantizing distortion.
3.1. Main phrases
- rounding off = quantizing process: qu trnh lng t ha
- the same quantized value: cng mt gi tr lng t
3.2. Find the information to complete the sentences.
Example:
The small difference between the analogue speech signal on the receiving side due
to the rounding off of the speech samples is known as: quantizing distortion.
III. TM TT
1. Cu to, cc u im ca si quang, nguyn tc hat ng ca si quang.
2. Cu trc m t mt qu trnh.
3. M t mt h thng FDM.
4. PCM: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho, gii m...
VOCABULARY
apparatus
dng c, thit b
avalanche photodiode
bandwidth
rng bng tn
booster
b khuych i
cladding
v bc
closely-defined wavelength
bc sng xc nh gn nhau
copper cable
cp ng
core
li, rut
crossing place
im ni ngang
crosstalk
xuyn m
device
thit b
duct space
electrical isolation
cch in
filter
b lc
glass pipe
ng thu tinh
graded-index multimode
mode in t c nh hng
immune to/against
adj.
trnh, chng c
interference
nhiu
light ray
tia sng
opaque
adj.
m, c
optical fibre
si quang
v tr tn s ban u
photodetector
pin photodiode
pulse of light
xung nh sng
pulse spreading
reflection
stepped-index monomode
stepped-index multimode
stray signal
tn hiu lc
to fade = to attenuate
to give off
pht ra, gy ra
to overlap
chng cho, gi ln
to restore
khi phc
to space
cch nhau
to squirt
bn ra
to tap
nghe trm
transparent
adj.
trong sut
up to (sth)
prep.
s lng ti a
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Thng tin si quang m trong cc tn hiu in c chuyn thnh cc xung nh sng
chy trong cc ng thu tinh rt mng, c mt s u im so vi cc cp ng thng thng:
Mc d thu tinh thng thng ch c th truyn dn nh sng t cht lng trong vng
vi chc mt, nhng si quang c lm bng thu tinh nguyn cht, c th ti cc tn hiu nh
sng trn qung ng di n 50km m khng cn khuych i. Si thu tinh silic ioxyt c 2
phn- phn li c trong sut cao nm trung tm v phn c bao quanh gi l v. C th
phn thnh 3 loi si chnh: si n mode chit sut phn bc, si a mode chit sut phn bc v
si a mode chit sut bin i u. Cc si chit sut phn bc c chit sut thay i t li ti v
theo nhng bc thng xc nh cn cc si chit sut bin i u c chit sut bin i tng dn
t li ra v. Si n mode c li rt b- si nh vy ch c th truyn c 1 ch in t c
nh hng. Trong si a mode, c th lan truyn c 500 tia sng, mi tia c bc sng khc
nhau rt t.
Cc k s vin thng mun gi phn x li l b nht cc xung nh sng khng b
chng ln nhau v to ra cc thng ip khng r rng. T khi mi xut hin si quang, cc k s
hay s dng loi si a mode chit sut bin i u hn loi chit sut phn bc gim thiu
vic chng xung nh sng. Nhng s dng si n mode cho hiu qu cao hn, vi vic khng
xut hin s tn x xung.
Cc ngun sng c th l iot pht quang (LEDs) hoc laze. Loi ngun sng th nht to
ra cc tn hiu yu hn, nhng c coi l gi r hn v tui th lu hn. Tuy nhin, laze ra nh
sng c bc sng chnh xc hn v v vy n thch hp i vi cc si n mode.
Cng c 2 loi thit b tch sng quang - iot quang silic kiu pin v iot quang silic kiu
thc. Cc thit b kiu thc thng nhy hn nhng gi c cng t hn.
1.2. Complete the following tables.
Table 1:
a. core
b. cladding
c. graded-index multimode
d. progressive transparency
e. **
f. stepped-index monomode
h.
***
Table 2:
Table 3:
a. LEDs
c. lasers
d. closely-defined wavelength
e. monomode
d. sensitive, expensive
2. a
3. c
4. e
5. b
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.2. Make sentences for the following relationships.
a. The higher the frequency, the higher the number of samples.
b. The greater the number of channels, the lower the cost of transmission.
c. The greater the degree of network digitalization, the fewer the exchanges.
d. The higher the degree of automation, the lower the number of manual operators.
Practice 2.2.Now make sentences for more precise relationships. (Modal answer)
a. The return on investment is four times the original investment.
b. The new system has double/ two times/ twice the number of channels.
c. 1980 cable costs per kilometre were a quarter of the 1985 costs.
d. The new distance between repeaters is a third of the old distance.
e. The pulse rate is half the capacity.
3. Reading 2
IU XUNG M
Qu trnh chn cc im o trn ng cong tn hiu ting ni tng t gi l ly mu.
Cc gi tr do c gi l cc mu. Ly mu l bc u tin th hin tn hiu ting ni di
dng s, v cc thi im ly mu chn s ch ra cc ta thi gian ca cc im o.
Bin ca cc mu tn hiu c th c nhn mt gi tr trong phm vi bin ca tn
hiu ting ni. Trong thc t khi o cc bin ca mu ta thng quy trn. Trong qu trnh quy
trn hoc lng t, tt c cc gi tr bin ca mu gia hai im trong mt bc c nhn mt
gi tr lng t ging nhau. S mu lng t l mt gi tr nht nh v ta ch c mt s lng
nht nh cc im trn thang lng t.
Mi mu xung c lng t c th hin bi mt im lng t trn thang lng t,
tc l ta bit c cc ta trn trc bin ca cc mu xung. Cc qu trnh ly mu v lng
t to ra th hin bng s cho tn hiu ting ni gc nhng cha phi dng thch hp nht
truyn dn theo ng dy hoc v tuyn. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh m ha. Thng
thng cc gi tr mu xung c m ha dng nh phn, mi mt gi mu xung c i din
bi mt nhm cc phn t nh phn. Thng l mi mu xung lng t c th mang mt trong
256 gi tr. Di dng nh phn, mu s c biu din bng mt nhm 8 thnh t. Nhm ny
c gi l mt t PCM. phc v mc ch truyn dn, cc gi tr 0 v 1 c th hin tng
ng vi trng thi khng xung v c xung.
2. F
3. A
4. E
5. D
6. B
3. audio
4. PCM
5. First
6. through
7. Next
8. AND
9. transmitted
10. original
2.
Cu trc so snh ca tnh t chia thnh dng so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht.
Quy tc thnh lp chung: da trn c s tnh t ngn (c mt m) hay tnh t di (tr cc
trng hp bt quy tc).
3.
Th hin ti hon thnh din t hnh ng trong qu kh c lin quan ti hin ti. Th
qu kh n din t hnh ng xy ra v kt thc trong qu kh, khng lin quan
ti hin ti.
4.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following text carefully.
On March 10th 1876, in Boston USA, Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable
words over what was certainly his most famous invention, the telephone. "Mr. Watson, come
here. I want you." he called out to an astonished assistant.
It quickly became necessary to link up people using the new invention. This was done
through the telephone exchange. In the first simple exchanges, all calls were handled manually by
the operator. Using the switchboard in front of her, she plugged the line of the subscriber calling
her into the line of the subscriber being asked for.
56
57
System
1880
1892
1940s
1948
1970s
1.3. Choose the right answers.
1. Who invented the telephone?
a. A. G. Bell
b. Watson
b. 1876, Boston
b. It is more expensive.
b. Electronic exchanges
58
T/ F
1.
T/ F
2.
T/ F
3.
T/ F
4.
T/ F
6. With digital system, the operator plugged the line of the caller into the
line of the called subscriber, using the switchboard in front of her.
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
12. With crossbar systems, a common control system was used for the first
time.
T/ F
13. Strowgers systems were cheaper and less noisy than crossbar ones.
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
16. Since 1970s, the old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have
started to be replaced by digital exchanges.
T/ F
17. The latest digital exchanges are cheaper, smaller, more quickly to
procure, install and commission but they are less reliable than previous
systems.
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. So snh (so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht)
Comparison: Positive, Comparative and Superlative
a. Trng hp so snh bng:
AS ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB AS
Example: A Strowger exchange is not as reliable as crossbar.
b. Thnh lp so snh bng v so snh hn vi tnh t mt m tit v tnh t hai m tit kt thc
bng Y, OW, ET, LE, ER:
So snh hn : ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + ER THAN
So snh nht : THE ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + EST
* Note: Vi tnh t c ui Y, p dng cng thc:
y i + er
Example:
y i + est
59
Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable words over what was
certainly his most famous invention
Bell made a lot of inventions, but the telephone was the most important.
Comparative
Superlative
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
far
further
the furthest
little
less
the least
many /much
more
the most
Example:
The more modern the equipment is, the more expensive it is.
The more difficult the task is, the harder we try.
b. the greatest
b. noisiest
b. better as
6. After inventing the automatic exchange, Strowger found that his business became .................
a. more profitable
b. faster than
b. better than
Cu trc:
Subject + have/ has + V(past participle)
Example: The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have begun to disappear.
-
+ For (a month, three years...) din t khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng.
+ Since (last week, 1970...) din t thi im bt u khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng.
Example:
"Since the 1970s they have started to be replaced by exchanges built around
electronic components".
"They have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic
components for almost 30 years".
+ Just: nhn mnh rng s vic va mi hon thnh. Trong cu, v tr ca "just" l ng gia
have/ has v qu kh phn t.
Example:
Cu trc:
b. has spoken
b. have begun
b. has became
b. has lived
b. have gone
b. has worked
b. has patented
10. The operators always .................... calls for Strowger to other undertakers.
A. connected
b. have connected
Example:
reliable: ng tin cy
profitable: c li nhun
Lu s bin i v trng m:
flexible ['fleksbl]
->
flexibility [,fleks'biliti]
Practice 2.3. Give the noun form of the adjectives.
Adjectives
Nouns
Adjectives
Nouns
electrical
popular
simple
dependable
negotiable
normal
objective
odd
original
prior
Nouns
Verbs
Nouns
1. agree
11. implement
2. allocate
12. improve
3.
benefit
13. invest
4. collaborate
14.
maintenance
5. complete
15. produce
6.
co-operate
16. promote
7. develop
17. provide
8. eliminate
18.
recruitment
9.
estimate
19. spend
10. extend
20.
training
3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.
TECHNOLOGY FOR CHANGE
Telecommunications technology has changed the world since 1800s. Of course, many
things have changed in the world since that time. Just think of the development in transport,
medicine and energy supply, for example. Telecommunications was important for the
development of all these other technologies, because, using telecommunications, we can send and
receive the lifeblood of modern society - information. All we have to do is flick a switch or turn a
dial.
The telecommunications story starts with the electric telegraph. Today the telegraph
seems a simple piece of technology. But 150 years ago it was a great innovation. When the first
telegraphs appeared, the fastest way of travelling was by rail. Train accidents were very common,
because nobody could communicate with the drivers of moving trains. Then telegraphs were used
to send messages down the line to tell the drivers when it was safe to go, and when they had to
stop and wait. At first the owners of the railways did not want to use the new technology because
they said it was too expensive, but in the end they had to, in order to improve safety. Soon the
owners of newspapers became interested in telegraphy, and it became a worldwide success.
At first telephones were not popular either. There were so few of them that there was no
point in having one as the number of subscribers was so small. Besides, servants or messengers
could be employed to take messages for less than the cost of a telephone. Now, after more than a
century, there are about 28 million telephones in Great Britain, with a population of 56 million.
People usually resist new technology. Then little by little they begin to accept it. Slow
acceptance means that there is time for technical improvements to be made. This leads to a better
product at a lower cost. So more and more people want the new product. Finally there is rapid
change in the technology itself, and in the community that uses it.
Telecommunications has developed in this way. In the beginning, the telegraph and the
telephone were interesting novelties. Then they became necessary to everyday life. Now
telecommunications is a major industry which plans, builds, operates and maintains the greatest
system in the world - the networks used to transfer information, from telex messages and speech
to computer data and high quality television pictures.
4. WRITING
Read the dialogue carefully.
Gibbs :
Allison:
Well, obviously you answer the phone when it rings, let's say on line 1. When you
find out the call's not for you, but for your colleague at extension 3, say, you should
push the "HOLD" button. You'll see that the held exchange line lamp will then flash.
Then you simply call the required extension in the normal way, by pressing button 3.
When your colleague answers, you can transfer the held call in one of two ways. You
can either simply replace your handset, in which case extension 3 takes over the
original call from line 1, or your colleague at extension 3 can press the exchange line
button and he is automatically connected to line 1.
If no one answers at exchange 3, you should press the exchange line 1 button, to be
re-connected to the caller. You can then take the caller's message or ask him to call
back later.
4.
a...
OR
b...
i...
ii...
4.3. Decide if the statements are true or false. If false, say what is true.
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
T/F
III. TM TT
1. S pht minh ra in thoi v cc giai on pht trin ca tng i in thoi. Th h
tng i sau c nhiu u im so vi tng i trc.
2. Cc c im chung ca cc tng i in thoi.
3. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh (so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht).
4. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc hin ti hon thnh v qu kh n, phn bit ngha
s dng hai th.
5. To danh t t tnh t gc: thm ui ity.
VOCABULARY
administration
s qun l
acceptance
s chp thun
affiliate
xc nh
astonished
adj
kinh ngc
automatic exchange
tng i t ng
community
crossbar exchange
tng i ngang dc
dial
n, v
tng i s
diversified
adj
a dng ho
equitisation
s c phn ho
flick
g nh, n nh
innovation
s i mi, s cch tn
lead (to)
dn ti
lifeblood
huyt mch
manual exchange
manually
adv
messenger
ngi a tin
novelty
vt mi l
popularisation
principle
priority
quyn, s u tin
recognizable
adj
reduction
s gim
remain
duy tr
resist
khng c, chng li
tng i bn dn
substantial
adj
ng k
transport
v, n
chuyn ch, s vn ti
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Ngy mng 10 thng ba nm 1876, ti Boston, M, Alexander Graham Bell ni nhng
t u tin m nhn bit c qua chic my in thoi - vt chc chn l pht minh ni ting
nht ca ng - Anh Watson, hy n y, ti cn anh.
Nhu cu kt ni mi ngi thng qua vic s dng pht minh mi nhanh chng tr nn
cn thit. Vic ny c thc hin nh cc tng i in thoi. Trong nhng tng i n gin
u tin, tt c cc cuc gi c ngi nhn vin tng i x l bng tay. Bng vic s dng
bng chuyn mch trc mt mnh, c ta cm ng dy thu bao gi n vo ng dy thu
bao c gi.
tng v mt tng i t ng nhanh chng c a ra. Nm 1892, ba nm sau khi
ng k bn quyn sng ch, Almon Strowger c chng kin h thng tng i ca mnh
c lp t ti La Porte, Indiana. Strowger, mt ngi lm dch v mai tng ti Kansas City,
nhn thy doanh nghip ca mnh ngy cng km li do nhn vin in thoi lun kt ni cuc
gi ng nh n ng ta li ti nhng ngi lm dch v mai tng khc.
Trong vng nm mi nm tip theo, h thng tng i ca Strowger tri qua rt nhiu
ci tin, nhng nguyn tc vn gi nguyn. N c gi l tng i tng bc v ngy nay vn
cn hng ngn tng i Strowger ang hot ng trn th gii.
Th h tng i tip theo c pht trin u tin ti Thy in. Tng i ngang dc, nh
chng c gi, bao gm cc thanh dc v cc thanh ngang. Ln u tin, mt h thng kim sot
chung c s dng. iu ny khin cho tng i ngang dc r hn tng i Strowger, v gi
y mi thanh chn c th ti c ti mi cuc gi. Chng cng khng n nh tng i
Strowger. Nhng tng i ny hot ng theo nguyn tc c in, c s dng cc in t. Nm
1948, vic pht minh ra cc transitor dn n cuc cch mng trong in t v dn ti vic to
nn cc tng i in thoi bn dn.
Cc tng i c v in c gi y bt u bin mt, v t nhng nm 1970, chng bt
u c thay th bng cc tng i s dng cc linh kin in t. Cc tng i chuyn mch in
t mi nht c rt nhiu u im so vi cc loi tng i khc, do chng em li: s gim chi ph
ng k; s gim ln v kch c thit b; thi gian x l nhanh; thi gian lp t v i vo hot
ng nhanh; tin cy ln hn v chi ph vn hnh gim; cc dch v mi cho khch hng; v cc
thit b mi cho nh qun l.
1.2. Fill in the table.
Year
System
1880
Manual system
1892
1940s
Crossbar system
1948
Semi-electronic system
1970s
Electronic system
2. b.
3. b
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. T
10. T
11. T
12. T
13. F
14. F
15. F
16. T
17. F
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. b
Practice 2.2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. a; b
5. a
6. a; b
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. a
electricity
popularity
simplicity
dependability
negotiability
normality
objectivity
oddity
originality
priority
2. allocation
3. benefit
4. collaboration
5. completion
6. co-operation
7. development
8. elimination
9. estimate
10. extension
11. implementation
12. improvement
13. investment
14. maintain
16. promotion
17. provision
18. recruit
19. exspense
20. train
3. Reading 2
Cng ngh vin thng thay i th gii t nhng nm 1800. Tt nhin l rt nhiu iu
thay i th gii t khi . V d, hy ngh n s pht trin trong giao thng, y hc v cung
cp nng lng. Vin thng quan trng i vi s pht trin ca tt c nhng cng ngh , v khi
s dng vin thng, chng ta c th gi v nhn huyt mch ca x hi hin i - l thng tin.
Cu chuyn v ngnh vin thng bt u vi in bo. Ngy nay, in bo c v l mt
cng ngh n gin. Nhng cch y 150 nm l mt pht minh ln. Khi nhng my in bo
u tin xut hin, cch i li nhanh nht l bng ng st. Cc tai nn tu ha rt ph bin, v
khng ai c th lin lc vi cc con tu ang chy. Ri cc my in bo c s dng gi i
cc bc in dc theo ng dy bo cho nhng ngi li tu bit khi no an ton c th i
c, khi no h phi dng li v i. Ban u cc ng ch ngnh xe la khng mun s dng
cng ngh mi v h ni rng n qu t, nhng cui cng h buc phi thc hin, nhm nng cao
an ton. Cc ng ch ngnh bo ch nhanh chng quan tm n k thut in bo v n tr
nn mt thnh cng trn ton th gii.
u tin in thoi cng khng ph bin. C t in thoi n ni c in thoi cng
khng c ch g v s thu bao qu nh. Ngoi ra, c th thu nhng ngi hu a nhng bc
in vi chi ph t hn chi ph cho mt chic in thoi. Gi y, sau hn mt th k, c 28
triu in thoi Anh, vi dn s khong 56 triu.
Ngi ta thng chng li k thut mi. Ri dn dn h bt u chp nhn chng. S
chp thun chm chp c ngha l c thi gian cho ci tin cng ngh. Vic ny mang li mt sn
phm tt hn vi gi c thp hn. Vy nn ngy cng nhiu ngi mun sn phm mi. Cui
cng c mt s thay i nhanh chng trong bn thn cng ngh, v trong cng ng s dng n.
Vin thng pht trin theo cch ny. u tin, in bo v in thoi l nhng iu mi
l th v. Ri chng tr nn cn thit i vi cuc sng hng ngy. Gi y vin thng l mt
ngnh cng nghip quan trng ang thit k, xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng h thng ln nht
trn th gii - cc mng c s dng chuyn thng tin, t cc bc in telex v ting thoi ti
d liu my tnh v cc hnh nh v tuyn cht lng cao.
3.2. Decide if the statements are true or false.
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. T
4. Writing
4.3. Decide if the statements are true or false. If false, say what is true.
1. T.
2. F. If the call is for your colleague at extension 3, you should push the "HOLD" button.
3. T
4. T
5. T
2.
Nm c cc u im tng i in t so vi tng i th h c.
3.
So snh nguyn tc chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
4.
2. Tm tt ni dung
1.
2.
3.
Ma trn chuyn mch, cng ngh chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
4.
5.
Cu hi thng tin c th dng nhng hnh thc cu lch hi mang tnh gin tip, s dng
Could you tell me/ Would you mind explaining/ Perhaps you would let me know
6.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following text carefully.
Much of the world's telephone traffic is still handled by exchanges of electromechanical
design, each with thousands of wear-prone exposed moving parts. Analogue exchanges of this
type are costly to install and maintain, and are subject to familiar faults such as crossed lines,
noise and wrong numbers.
Many of the world's telecommunications administrations have explored other, digital,
solutions. They are designing networks that offer: a much higher quality of service than before,
using the latest microchip technology with few or no moving parts; less interference than
previously; lower installation and maintenance costs; and much faster connection speed for calls
and fewer wrong numbers than in the past.
The main characteristics of a digital exchange are:
1. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching
DE
DE
...
2. Interference
...
...
4. Crossed lines
...
5. Wrong numbers
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.3. Give each set of functions one main characteristic of digital exchanges.
Functions of digital exchanges
Main characteristic
e.g.
Microelectronics
Technology
1. an electromechanical exchange
f. a switching centre, the design of which is based on thousands of moving
parts
1. an electromechanical exchange
2. a digital exchange
3. a wrong number
4. a crossed line
5. analogue transmission
6. call charges
Classification
Electromechanical exchange
Digital exchange
Transmission type
Analogue transmission
Installation
a...
b...
c...
d...
Maintenance
g...
crossed lines
e...
Technical comments
rigidity of design
wrong numbers
f...
h...
j...
j...
k... higher
evolutionary
potential
l...
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Hi thng tin v ch dn (Asking for information and Giving instructions)
Mun ngh ngi khc cung cp thng tin hay hng dn, c th bt u cu ngh bng:
Could you tell me where/ how to...?
Would you mind explaining how...?
Perhaps you would let me know what...?
Example:
Khi cn hng dn ngi khc thc hin mt cng vic, c th s dng thc mnh lnh
(imperative) hoc s dng cu thng.
Example:
Khi nhn mnh cho cu mnh lnh c th dng tr ng t "Do" trc ng t chnh.
Example:
Practice 2.1. A. Identify phrases to ask for information and to give instructions.
Lets make sure you...
Giving instructions
Replies
d. Speaking
B. The connection points are made up of a horizontal and a vertical wire joined by a relay.
2. A. Two types of switching equipment predominate in Sweden.
B. These two types are crossbar equipment and digital systems.
3. A. This technique has one great drawback.
B. A lot of money has been invested in this technique.
4. A. The first rotary switch was invented by Almon Strowger.
B. This switch is still in use today.
C. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas City.
5. A. The analogue signals are transmitted to the exchange.
B. The analogue signals are in the 300 - 3400 Hz range.
C. The signals are sampled using PAM.
6. A. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following figures.
B. In the following figures we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small
exchange.
3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.
The purpose of every switching system is to establish a temporary circuit or link between
the caller and the subscriber being called. This circuit must be terminated when one of the
subscribers decides to replace his/ her handset. In handling a telephone call an exchange performs
three essential functions:
it processes all other information from the network and decides whether calls can be
established or not.
Two main types of switching technology have evolved: space division switching and time
division switching. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following
figures in which we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small exchange.
Switching
matrix
Fig 1
The switching matrix consists of a number of cross points made up of a series of
horizontal and vertical wires at the intersection of which a relay is installed. The relay has two
positions, on or off. If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire channel must be established
capable of transmitting a signal in the 300 - 3400 Hz band in both directions. The physical path of
each conversation can be clearly distinguished. As soon as one of the subscribers hangs up, the
physical link is broken and the call is terminated. The technique used in this exchange is known as
space division switching.
Time division switching has begun to replace space division techniques in nearly all the
most modern systems. If we imagine two conversations between four subscribers, we can see that
they no longer share the physical space in the switching matrix but that time slots are allocated to
each party. During their conversations, none of the subscribers will, of course, be aware that their
speech is being broken up into small batches of time.
When subscriber A speaks to subscriber B, the analogue signals in the 300 -3400 Hz range
are transmitted to the exchange, sampled (using Pulse Amplitude Modulation) and are then
transported on the bus before being reconverted into analogue form and sent on to subscriber B.
The sampling rate is determined by using Shannon's Theory which states that the sampling
frequency must be double the maximum frequency of the signal. In practice, sampling is done at 8
kHz. The time slot between two samples is thus 125 microseconds (1 second 8 000 = 0.000125
seconds). In other words, the signal is sampled once every 125 microseconds. In the conversation
between subscribers A and B, 16 000 samples are transported every second, 8 000 in each
direction. When two conversations take place at the same time, 32 000 samples have to be
transported per second. An observer with an oscilloscope connected to the bus would see the
samples corresponding to these two conversations in the form opposite.
This technique, known as time division switching, appears to be very attractive but has
one great drawback: the PAM samples can only be transmitted over relatively short distances, and
the capacity of the bus is limited. When an exchange handles more than 30 simultaneous calls, the
PAM sample itself must be encoded so that it can be transmitted within the exchange without
distortion. This is known as digital time division switching for each sample is encoded into eight
bits (one byte).
In a digital time division switching exchange, all internal links are performed using fourwire PCM which allocates a time slot to each subscriber who is talking at a rate of 64 000 bits per
second (bps), since 8 000 samples x 8 bps = 64 000 bps. If subscriber A talks to subscriber B, he
is allocated a time slot on the PCM 1 line, while subscriber B has a time slot on the PCM 2 line.
Every 125 microseconds, a double transfer of bytes takes place. This operation can be seen in the
diagram below in which we see the incoming PCM links on the left and the outgoing links on the
right.
PCM 1
DC A
PCM 2
DC A
Switching network
DC = Digital Channel
PCM 1
DC B
PCM 2
DC B
Fig 2
By associating digital transmission and switching techniques, an integrated digital
network is created. This will lead, in time and with the fusion of different digital networks, to an
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
3.1. Phrases
- be to converse: ni chuyn, lin lc qua in thoi
- no longer: khng na
3.2. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the objective of every switching system?
Definition
Function
a. Control
b. Subscriber connection
c. Signalling
4. What are the main differences between space and time division systems?
6. What are the two main characteristics of a digital time division switching exchange?
78
1.
2.
3.
Instructions
a. Internal calls
i.
ii
...
ii
...
...
ii
iii ...
iv ...
d. Automatic call- back
...
ii
...
1. For internal calls, you can dial the extension number immediately.
2. You push button 2 to get an outside line.
3. An operator isn't necessary with such a PABX.
4. You will hear two different dial tones when you transfer your number to
another extension.
5. To transfer calls back to your own office, you dial 8 and then your
extension number.
6. If your correspondent's line is engaged, you can press button 4. Your
phone and his phone will then ring simultaneously when he hangs up.
79
b. caller
b. push button
3. a. flash
b. off
4. a. caller
b. extension
5. a. pressing button 3
b. press button 3
III. TM TT
1. Cc c im ca tng i in t (tng i s).
2. Cc u im tng i in t so vi tng i th h c (tc x l nhanh hn, t sai s
hn)
3. So snh nguyn tc chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v theo thi gian.
4. Ma trn chuyn mch, cng ngh chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian.
5. Nguyn tc vn hnh PABX.
6. S dng cu mnh lnh hay cu trn thut bnh thng vi mc ch ch dn.
7. Thnh lp cu hi thng tin v cu cung cp thng tin (di hnh thc gin tip).
VOCABULARY
"HOLD" button
nt/ phm ch
allocated
adj
c nh v
automated
adj
t ng
automatically
adv
mt cch t ng
batch of time
corresponding
adj
tng ng
data processing
phr
x l d liu
defective
adj
b li
drawback
nhc im
entire
ajd
ton b
extension
my nhnh, my l
familiar faults
phr
cc li thng thng
flash
sng (n)
fusion
s trn ln
integrated
adj
tch hp
intersection
im giao nhau
latest technology
phr
observer
thit b quan st
obviously
adv
original
adj
(thuc) gc
oscilloscope
my hin sng
physical
adj
thc th, vt l
reconverted
adj
c bin i ngc li
relay
r le
signalling function
phr
simultaneous
adj
ng thi
switching matrix
take over
tip qun
temporary
adj
tm thi
terminated
adj
c kt cui
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Rt nhiu lu lng in thoi trn th gii vn ang c iu khin thng qua cc tng i
in c, mi tng i bao gm hng ngn b phn chuyn ng d hng. Cc tng i tng t ny
lp t v bo dng th tn km, v c nhng li thng thng nh xuyn m, nhiu v sai s.
Rt nhiu nh khai thc ngnh vin thng khai thc cc gii php s. H ang thit k
nhng mng mang li: cht lng dch v cao hn trc nhiu, s dng cng ngh vi mch mi nht
cho php s dng t hoc khng s dng cc b phn ng; t nhiu hn trc kia; chi ph lp t v
bo dng thp hn; tc kt ni cuc gi nhanh hn nhiu v t sai s hn trc kia.
Cc c tnh ch yu ca mt tng i s l:
1. Truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp. Tn hiu thoi v cc tn hiu khc c m ha
thnh s v phng php chung l ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c s dng c trong thit
b truyn dn v chuyn mch. u im ch yu ca h thng ny l tn hao ng truyn ca tn
hiu thoi t nhiu tr nn khng ph thuc vo c khong cch v s tng i m mt cuc gi i qua.
2. iu khin theo chng trnh lu tr (SPC) l vic ng dng x l d liu v k thut
my tnh vo mt tng i, vy nn cung cp mt phng php y tim nng v linh hot trong vic
iu khin vn hnh ca tng i.
3. Bo hiu knh chung (CCS) s dng mi mt cp knh bo hiu (i v v), khng kt hp
trc tip vi knh lu lng, thc hin mi chc nng bo hiu cho c mt tuyn lu lng m c
th cha ti vi trm knh lu lng.
4. Cng ngh vi in t l vic p dng cng ngh cht bn dn th rn cung cp cc linh
kin vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau, t mt phn t kch hot n (v d transitor) ti cc bn mch
tch hp din rng. Vic s dng cng ngh ny cho ta vt c kch c vt l nh hn v tin cy,
cng vi thit k, sn xut v th nghim c t ng ho. Cc linh kin c c nh trn nhng
bng mch in, v nu c li th bn mch in c li c th tho b ra v thay bng mt bng mch khc
trong vi giy.
1.2. Decide whether the statements are about Disadvantages of Electromechanical exchanges
(DE) or Advantages of Digital exchanges (AD).
DE: 1; 2; 4; 5; 10
AD: 3; 6; 7; 8; 9; 11; 12; 13
1.3. Give each set of functions one main characteristic of digital exchanges.
1. Microelectronics Technology
2. Stored Program Control
3. Common Channel Signalling
4. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching
1.4. Match the following terms with a suitable explanation.
1. f
2. c
3. a
4. e
5. b
6. d
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1.A. Identify phrases to ask for information and to give instructions.
Asking for information
Giving instructions
the operator?
how...?
what...?
2. d
3. f
4. b
5. h
6. a
7. c
thit lp mt knh cho php mt tn hiu c truyn i gia hai thu bao.
Hai loi cng ngh chuyn mch chnh c pht trin l: chuyn mch phn chia theo
khng gian v chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian. Nguyn l ca hai loi chuyn mch ny
c th hin trong cc hnh sau m chng ta i theo ng dn ting thoi ca hai thu bao i
qua mt tng i nh.
Ma trn chuyn mch bao gm mt s cc im giao nhau c to bi mt lot cc dy
dn dc v ngang m ti cc giao im ca chng c t mt rle. Rle c hai v tr: ng hoc
ngt. Nu hai thu bao i thoi vi nhau, mt knh hai dy s c thit lp c kh nng ti
c tn hiu trong di tn 300 - 3400 Hz theo c hai hng. ng vt l ca mi cuc gi c
2c
3a
2. PAM sampling
3. bus
4. 125 microseconds
4. Listening
Tapescript
Gibbs:
Good morning, Mr Allison. Could you tell me how the user at any extension on our
new PABX will benefit from its greater number of facilities?
Allison:
Of course. First you must make a clear distinction between internal and external
calls. For internal calls, pick up the handset, wait for dial-tone - which is almost
instantaneous with this electronic system - then simply dial the four numbers of the
extension.
Gibbs:
Allison:
You pick up the handset, wait for the internal dial-tone, then push button number 2,
which will send you the dial-tone of the outside network. After that, you dial the
outside number in the usual way, using the appropriate local, regional or
international codes.
Gibbs:
In what way does the PABX make the switchboard operator's work easier?
Allison:
Well, you've probably noticed that each extension has four digits. The preceding two
digits, which make up the full six-figure number, are the same for every extension in
the company, in this case, 55. So anyone outside can dial 55 followed by the four
digits of the internal number, and the call is switched directly to the internal
extension without disturbing the operator.
Gibbs:
Allison:
Yes, she is, because she can still be contacted directly - her own number is 552222 and, if the phone rings more than 15 seconds at any extension without being
answered, the call is switched automatically to the operator.
Gibbs:
How do you transfer your number to another extension if you leave your office for a
long period?
Allison:
Pick up the handset, wait for the internal dial-tone, push 8, and you'll receive another
lower-pitched dial-tone, after which you dial the number of the extension in the
office you're going to. You'll then get a short dial-tone informing you that your
"new" number has been recognized and stored in the PABX.
Now, when you come back to your office, don't forget to dial 8 followed by your
own extension number, so that your own number is returned to your office. Do make
sure you do that, or all your calls will continue to be transferred to the office where
you were before! Well, let's make sure you've understood all that, shall we?
Gibbs:
OK. Pick up the handset. Internal dial-tone. Dial 8. Short recognition dial-tone.
Extension number of the other office. On returning to my own office, I dial 8 then
my own number.
Would you mind explaining how I can be called back automatically if my
correspondent's line is engaged when I phone?
Allison:
Right. Don't forget this system only works if both you and your correspondent go
through the same exchange. For internal calls, this is obviously the case with the
PABX, you dial your correspondent and receive the engaged tone. Then, you simply
press button 4 and hang up. When your correspondent hangs up, the phone will ring
in your office, which, in turn, causes the phone in your correspondent's office to
ring! Simple, isn't it?
Gibbs:
I suppose so! Could you also let me know what detailed billing facilities exist for the
PABX?
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
Gibbs:
Allison:
4.1. Complete the table.
a. ii) Wait for the dial tone.
b. ii) Wait for the internal dial tone.
2.T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. a
10. b
2.
Mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN) l s kt hp nhiu mng vin thng khc nhau.
3.
Dch v videotex - truyn vn bn bng hnh nh ca Anh - qua mt qu trnh pht trin
v thnh cng vi mc tiu hng v ngi s dng.
4.
5.
6.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following extract from a speech about "Trends in Computer Communications.
The present status of telecommunications is a result of a long evolution through more than
a hundred years. It is interesting to note that the old telegraph system used digital transmission.
When, many years later, telephony was introduced, analogue transmission was used. Telex, on the
other hand, worked with a digital technique while video transmission in principle uses analogue
transmission. Data communication is digital and a transition is now t aking place where all
services, voice, text, data and picture - will be integrated in a basic digital network. This digital
Transmission Services
1. telegraph
2. telephony
3. telex
A/D
3. video
A/D
4. data
Definitions
1. Telefacsimile
2. Videotex
3. BIGFON
4. Teletex
5. Teletext
6. Electronic
mailbox
f.
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. D bo (forecasting)
Khi ni v thi tng lai, ta ch ra mc c th s xy ra ca s kin theo ba cp :
1. Certainty (chc chn)
will/ won't + do
might, could + do
+ do
Special fast-rate
(15 pounds extra fee)
Business customers
Residential
customers
DIAVOX
3 - 5 days *
2 - 4 weeks
5 - 10 weeks
AMBASSADOR
3 - 5 days
3 - 5 weeks
4 - 6 weeks
MICKEY MOUSE
10 - 15 days
-----------
10 - 12 weeks
REGENCY
3 - 5 days
4 - 6 weeks
5 - 7 weeks
* In all cases: - first figure (3) represents a minimum waiting time for installation.
- last figure (5) represents a maximum waiting time for installation.
A. Match the two columns.
(1) If you need one in a hurry, we could deliver a Diavox in 3 days,
but you will have to pay 15 pounds extra.
(2) For a business customer we should/ought to be able to deliver an
Ambassador in 4 weeks.
Possibility
Probability
Certainty
Mr Binns speaking.
This is Mr Binns.
Who's speaking, please?
(c kt ni)
Waiting
(ch my)
Taking a message
( ngh li li nhn)
Leaving a message
(l do gi in)
Communication problems
(vn trong lin lc)
Singing off
(kt thc cucgi)
Thanks, goodbye.
Bye. (more informal).
Practice 2.2. A. Put the following jumbled telephone conversation in the correct order.
y l mt cuc ni chuyn qua in thoi gia 3 ngi (A, B, C). Trong A l in thoi vin
ti tng i c quan Amway International, B l ng Jackson (ngi gi n) v C l ng Barker
(ngi c gi). Hy c k cc cu v sp xp li theo ng trt t, bt u bng cu 6a:
"Amway International. Can I help you?"
1 B: Hello, Mr Baker, this is Mr Jakeson. How are you?
2 C: Of course, I'll ring you as soon as my secretary gets back from lunch. Can I have your
number?
3 B: It's Mr Jakeson of Rushfords.
4 C: How do you spell Eindhoven?
5 B: Yes, but can you make it before 5?
6 A: Amway International. Can I help you?
7 B: Good, Goodbye.
8 C: M for Michael?
9 B: E, I, N...
10 C: Fine, thanks. How can I help you?
11 B: Well, I'm phoning about our order no. 541.
12 A: Hold on a moment Mr Jakeson. I'll put you through.
13 C: Just a moment, I'll find the file... I can't seem to find it. Can I call you back?
14 B: double O, two.
15 C: Eindhoven 4, 8, 3... ?
16 A: Who's speaking, please?
17 C: Bye.
18 B: Yes, could you put me through to Mr Barker, please?
19 C: Thank you, I'll call you within the next hour or so.
20 B: Yes, it's Eindhoven 483002.
21 C: Barker speaking.
22 B: No, N for Nicholas, D, H, O, V, E, N.
1. 6A
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
B. These are standard phrases to start and finish telephone calls. Put them in suitable
purposes.
Example: 5. Confirming future plans:
a. Anyway...
Purposes
Phrases
94
1. f E
Name
1. Lasers
2. PCM
3. Electronic
mail
4. Telefax
5. CCS
6. SPC
7. Remote
concentrators
8. Nordic
Public Data
network
Classification
a. Means of
transmission
b. Service
c. Circuit
switched
network
d. Method of
signalling
e. Electronic
system
f. Light sources
g. Remote part of
an exchange
Characteristics /Function
A. It provides a means of asynchronous data
transmission.
B. It uses one pair for performing all signalling
functions of one route.
C. It involves the sampling and coding of analogue
signals.
D. They enable PCM transmission to be used further
out in the local network.
E. They produce light of a closely defined wavelength.
F. It uses data processing and computer techniques for
switching.
G. It enables videotex subscribers to send messages
directly and instantaneously to one another.
H. It provides for the transmission and reproduction
of still pictures and printed matters.
B. Analyse the following definitions. Identify whether the underlined parts are Term (T),
Group (G) or Characteristics (C).
Example:
Group (G)
Characteristics (C)
1. called (verb; past form) -> synonym: d. termed (verb; past form)
9. immovable (adjective) -> antonym: j. portable (adjective)
a. line amplifiers
2. tremendous
b. amplify
3. intermediate repeaters
c. receiver
4. boost
d. known as
5. handset
e. enormous
6. send
h. output
7. input
i. infinite
8. limited
g. receive
9. modulate
k. digital
10. analogue
j. demodulate
3. READING 2
Read the following article about the evolution of Prestel, the British videotex service.
The strategy pursued by Prestel in the business field has been simple and successful - that
of initially marketing specific information services to key business areas with defined and special
needs. The case of the travel industry, where 80 percent of travel agents now use Prestel, is a good
and telling example of how Prestel can become indispensable in a business context.
However, the hurdle of gaining mass public acceptance of Prestel was still to be
overcome. The British public would not buy Prestel simply for information but would do so for a
joint package of information and interactive services. The first move towards a full range of
interactive services aimed directly at the ordinary person was the "Homelink" system.
Banking, and the problems of transferring and disposing of money, is a chore that is
universal. At a time of increased automation in a traditionally conservative industry and as the
traditional roles of both building societies and banks become blurred, Prestel launched the most
ambitious home banking scheme in the world - Homelink.
Together with the entrepreneurial Nottingham Building Society and the Bank of Scotland,
Homelink offers its customers a wide range of financial services which previously had to be
carried out in person at a branch. Through Homelink pages, bank and building society accounts
can be securely seen on the screen, money transferred electronically and simple tasks like paying
a telephone bill easily performed.
Prestel's other major initiative to promote home usage this year revolves around another
piece of technology - the microcomputer. Millions of micros are now in use in the UK and all
require programs before they can function. The broadcasting of computer programs over viewdata
and teletext systems - known as telesoftware - is not a new idea, but Prestel's Micronet 800 Series
is the largest telesoftware facility in the world.
Together with East Midlands Allied Press, a publisher of computer magazines, Prestel
provides a library of some 2,000 programs on a wide range of subjects - from the obligatory
games to complex educational and business programs.
Most microcomputers can be connected to Micronet 800 using a simple modem and
associated software. Having selected the program required, the pages are simply called up on
Prestel and the screenfuls of software then activate the microcomputer. As well as supplying more
lighthearted programs, Micronet 800 provides plenty of scope for educational purposes. Schools
can link in with other schools and educational users around the country to swap ideas, techniques
and even programs they have written themselves. Business users are equally well catered for with
special closed areas of Micronet that can be used for private business communication.
In short, Prestel's move towards the residential market marks another revolutionary stage
in the service. What was originally perceived as a "world of information at your fingertips has
become a series of very specialized information services allied to a growing series of interactive
facilities.
Prestel meant the supply of fast, updated information for travel agency users but with the
introduction of "Skytrack", Prestel's airline reservation service, there is a move towards
interaction. Linking up the Prestel customer through a series of computer systems to US-based
airline computers may seem technically advanced - and it is. But for the end-customer the
interactive benefits of Prestel are that simplicity and user-friendliness are the two keystones of
commercial success.
Prestel will continue to evolve, and the interaction of interfaces with other networks is no
longer test bench dreams. The interconnection of first private computers with Prestel and later this
year, with overseas viewdata systems, will form part of what is the next evolutionary stage.
3.1. Phrases
- user-friendliness: tnh thn thin
- test bench dream: c m th nghim
- be equally well catered for: c cung cp bnh ng
- "world of information at your fingertips: "th gii thng tin ngay u ngn tay bn"
- the hurdle of gaining mass public acceptance: cuc chy ua ginh c s chp nhn
ca qung i qun chng
- money transferred electronically: chuyn tin in t
3.2. Fill in the table with the suggested words and phrases.
Micronet 800
Skytrack
Travel industry
Homelink
Stage 1: Specialized
business sectors
Example:
Stage 2: Residential
Service :
sector
Service :
business sector
Service :
Co-operators
a
g
h.
U.S. Airline Companies
d
Stage 5: Business sector
Service :
e
Service :
Foreign Telecommunication
Administrations
b. a pleasant task
98
b ................................
b. computer chess
e. computer tennis
6. The evolution of Prestel has been from a general information concept to
a. specialized information services
b. interactive services
b. interactive services
c. travellers
9. What does interfaces with the telex network are no longer a test bench dream" mean?
a. This development will certainly happen. b. This development is likely to happen.
c. This development has happened.
4. LISTENING
on trch di y l t mt t ri gii thiu dch v mua sm v ngn hng gia nh.
Homelink is the first service of its kind in the world. It links your home to the
Nottingham Building Society, the Bank of Scotland and a range of shopping services,
via your ordinary television set. Not surprisingly, it has aroused enormous interest
and comments.
Di y l nhng cu tr li ca ngi nhn vin cho cc cu hi ca khch hng v dch v
ny. Sau khi nghe cc cu hi ca khch hng, hy xc nh cu tr li ph hp.
Listen to the questions carefully. Find out the suitable answer to each question you hear.
(The first one has been done for you as an example.)
Example: Question: a. Can I use the Homelink service twenty-four hours a day?
Answer: 7. No, 18 hours a day.
1. Payment of bills, direct debiting and crediting correspondence with banks, applications for
mortages, loan quotations.
2. Nothing, its free.
3. No, any ordinary colour or black and white TV will do.
4. No, its as simple to use as a calculator or video.
5. A minimum of 1000 as deposit.
99
6. Yes, theres a 5 for use the Prestel computer network and local telephone charges each
time you use Homelink.
7. No, 18 hours a day.
8. Yes, you can make electronic holiday reservations with Thomas Cook.
9. Nearly all information.
10. No, it plugs straight into the aerial socket of your TV.
11. Theres no need to worry. Homelink uses 10 different security checks to safeguard your
account.
12. Nothing. Not any other charges.
13. Well, beside a 5 rental a quarter and local telephone charges, you will also have to pay
Prestel computer charges if you use Homelink during the day.
a. 7
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g. ...
h. ...
i.
j.
k.
l.
III. TM TT
1. Khi nim mt s dch v nh videotex, fax, electronic mailbox l kt qu ca cuc
hn nhn gia vin thng v x l s liu.
2. Xu hng pht trin ca mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN).
3. Qu trnh pht trin v thnh cng ca dch v videotex.
4. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc d bo (should, will probably, ought to, to be likely to...)
5. Ngn ng trn in thoi lin h cng vic (Identifying yourself, Reason for phoning...)
6. Thnh lp cu nh ngha v thit b, sn phm hay dch v t cc t ch tn, phn loi v
c im.
VOCABULARY
activate
kch hot
alphanumeric
adj
(dng) ch, s
associated software
blur
central processor
b x l trung tm
demagnetize
kh t
end customer
entrepreneurial
adj
ferrite
function
phc v
graphic form
dng ha
initiative
sng kin
100
keystone
magnetize
t ho
microcomputer / micro
my vi tnh
modem
mdem
obligatory
adj
theo lut nh
perceive
presentation
s th hin
promote
thc y safeguard n
b phn bo v successor
text service
dch v vn bn
transition
s chuyn tip, qu
updated
adj
cp nht
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Tnh trng ca ngnh vin thng ngy nay l kt qu ca mt cuc pht trin lu di. iu
th v l h thng telegraph c l s dng k thut s. Trong khi , nhiu nm sau in thoi li
s dng k thut tng t. Mt khc, telex s dng k thut s trong khi truyn dn video v
nguyn tc s dng k thut tng t. Truyn d liu s dng k thut s v ngy nay, ang din
ra mt s bin i trong cc dch v, thoi, vn bn, d liu v hnh nh - s c kt hp trn
mt mng s c bn. Mng s ny s l mt phng tin truyn thng s liu l tng ca truyn
d liu v s thc y s pht trin ca ngnh thng tin ny.
S pht trin ca truyn thng d liu ty thuc rt ln vo s pht trin ca x l d liu.
Cho n nay, tt c cc du hiu ch ra mt xu hng tin ti x l d liu t xa iu c ngha
l vic s dng cc dch v truyn thng d liu nhiu hn. Qu thc, kt qu s l mt cuc hn
nhn gia vin thng v x l d liu. Hy vng l cuc hn nhn ny s em li mt s cc sn
phm hu dng. Hin thy trc mt lot cc dch v c bit - c bit l trong lnh vc
truyn vn bn v hnh nh.
Mt s cc dch v vn bn mi hoc s sp c gii thiu:
Teletex l mt dch v quc t cho php thu bao trao i th tn trn c s b nh ti b
nh, thng qua mng vin thng. L th h sau ca telex, n s s dng nhng b x l vn bn
c bin i c bit v nhng my ch in t v cho php nhng bc th ba trang A4 c
gi i gn nh ngay lp tc t u n cui t nc.
101
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. D
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. a
2. f
3. b
4. e
5. a
6. d
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1. Use the table to complete sentences.
A. Match the two columns.
1. Possibility
2. Probability
3. Certainty
2. could
3. likely to
6 should/ ought to
7. won't
4. won't
Practice 2.2.A. Put the jumbled telephone conversation in the correct order.
102
1. 6A
2. 18B
3. 16A
4. 3B
5. 1A
6. 21C
7. 1B
8. 10C
9. 11B
10. 13C
11. 5B
12. 2C
13. 20B
14. 15C
15. 14B
16. 4C
17. 9B
18. 8C
21. 7B
22. 17C
19. 22B
20. 19C
2. d; j
3. e; g
4. a; i
5. b; k
6. f; l
2. a C
3. b G
4. b H
5. d B
6. e F
7. g D
8. c A
nonmetallic element: G
2. abacus: T
bead frame : G
3. Input: T
information: G
4. computer: T
memory: B
5. system: T
mainframe: T
computer: G
mainframe is physically small, has a fixed word length between 8 and 32 bits, and costs less
than $100,000 for the central processor: C
8. core: T ferrite ring: G
2. e
3. a
4. b
5. c
6. g
7. h
8. i
9. j
10. k
3. Reading 2
Chin lc m Prestel theo ui trong lnh vc kinh doanh tht n gin v rt thnh cng
- l s tip th ban u ca cc dch v thng tin c bit i vi cc th trng kinh doanh ch
cht c cc nhu cu c bit v c xc nh. Trong trng hp ca cng nghip du lch, ni
m 80% cc hng du lch hin ti s dng Prestel l mt minh chng tt v gy n tng mnh,
ni ln v sao Prestel c th tr nn khng th thiu trong khung cnh kinh doanh.
Tuy nhin, cuc chy ua ginh c s chp nhn ca qung i qun chng i vi
Prestel vn cn tip din. Dn chng Anh mua Prestel khng ch n gin l thng tin m cn
mong mun tham gia vo mng thng tin chung v cc dch v tng tc khc. H thng
Homelink l bin php u tin ca a mt loi dch v tng tc trc tip ti ngi dn lao
ng bnh thng.
Cng vic ngn hng, nhng vn chuyn v gi tin, l cng vic chng my th v
nhng li hay phi thc hin. Vo thi im m t ng ho c tng ln nhanh chng trong mt
nn cng nghip bo th truyn thng v khi vai tr truyn thng ca c cng ty cho vay mua nh
103
v ngn hng ang b lu m, th Prestel tung ra th gii mt k hoch t chc ngn hng gia
nh y tham vng l Homelink.
Cng vi cng ty kinh doanh cho vay mua nh Nottingham (N.B.S) v Ngn hng
Scotland (B.S), Homelink cung cp cho cc khch hng cc dch v ti chnh a dng m trc
y tng khch hng phi trc tip giao dch ti chi nhnh ngn hng. Thng qua cc trang
Homelink, cc ti khon ti ngn hng v cng ty cho vay mua nh c th xem mt cch an ton
trn mn hnh, vic chuyn tin in t v cc cng vic n gin nh tr tin ho n in thoi
c thc hin mt cch d dng.
Sng kin c bn khc ca Prestel l xc tin ngay trong nm vic s dng my vi tnh ti
gia nh. Hng triu my vi tnh hin nay c s dng ti Vng quc Anh u cn c cc
chng trnh trc khi chng c th hot ng c. Vic truyn chng trnh my tnh trn cc
h thng hin th d liu v truyn vn bn t xa, c bit n nh l cc phn mm truyn
thng - khng phi l mt tng mi, nhng mt lot Micronet 800 ca Prestel l phng
tin phn mm truyn thng ln nht th gii.
Cng vi East Midland Press - mt nh xut bn cc tp ch v my tnh, Prestel cung cp
mt th vin vi khong 2.000 chng trnh vi nhiu ch - t cc chng trnh tr chi theo
lut nh n cc chng trnh kinh doanh v gio dc tng hp.
Hu ht cc my vi tnh u c th ni ti Micronet 800 bng mt modem n gin vi
cc chng trnh phn mm lin quan. Sau khi chn c cc chng trnh cn thit, cc trang
c ly mt cch n gin t Prestel tip cc mn hin th ton phn ca phn mm s kch
hot my vi tnh. Cng nh vic cung cp cc chng trnh gii tr ngy mt nhiu hn, Micronet
800 cn cung cp phm vi phong ph cho cc mc ch gio dc. Cc trng hc c th kt ni
vi nhau v nhng ngi s dng chng trnh gio dc trn khp t nc u c th trao i
tng, k thut v thm ch cc chng trnh m do chnh h t vit.
Nhng ngi s dng vi mc ch kinh doanh cng c cung cp bnh ng vi cc
khu vc gn nh c bit ca Micronet - ni dnh cho cc thng tin thng mi t nhn. Ni mt
cch ngn gn, s nng ng ca Prestel hng v th trng dn c nh du mt giai on
pht trin khc trong dch v. Quan im c t xa xa - Th gii thng tin ngay chnh u
ngn tay bn - tr thnh mt chui cc dch v thng tin rt c bit kt hp vi mt lot cc
phng tin tng tc ang pht trin.
Prestel c nh cung cp thng tin nhanh t lu, nhm cp nht cho ngi s dng
trong hng du lch, song vi s xut hin ca Skytrack - dch v t ch trn my bay ca
Prestel, c s hng ti vic tch hp. Vic kt ni khch hng ca Prestel thng qua mt lot
cc h thng my tnh kt ni my tnh ti Hng khng Hoa k, c th xem nh l s tin b
k thut. Nhng i vi cc khch hng ch th li nhun tng tc ca Prestel chnh l s n
gin v tnh d s dng cho ngi dng, chnh l hai yu t ch cht cho s thnh cng thng
mi.
Prestel s tip tc pht trin v s tng tc cc giao din vi cc mng khc t lu
khng cn l nhng c m trn bn th nghim na. S kt ni gia cc my tnh n l u
tin vi Prestel v trong cui nm nay vi cc h thng hin th d liu nc ngoi s to ra giai
on pht trin tip theo.
3.2. Fill in the table.
104
a. Travel industry
b. Homelink
c. Micronet 800
d. Skytrack
2. c
3. a
4. a. Homelink
b. Micronet 800
5. a b e
7. b
8. c
9. b
6. a
4. Listening
Tapescript
a. Can I use the Homelink service twenty-four hours a day?
b. I understand that I can use it for normal banking services like account statements and
transferring funds. What other financial services does it offer?
c. Beside the financial services, what about travel? I believe theres something on offer here?
d. How much does it cost to advertise something through Homelink - my car, for example?
e. If I join, will I get the Prestel information service?
f. Now, coming to the equipment. Do I have to buy a special TV?
g. Do I need a special adaptor for the Home Deck?
h. What about training? I suppose Ill need something on how to operate the Home Deck?
i. Im worried about the other people getting access to my bank account. What safeguards
are there to prevent this?
j. Finally, the cost. How much do I have to invest with the Nottingham Building Society?
k. How much do I have to deposit in the Bank of Scotland. Are there any other charges?
m. I see, so theres a 5 rental a quarter and local telephone charges each time I use it.
Anything else?
n. Right, thanks very much. Thats all for now. Ill be in touch soon.
Find the suitable answers to the questions you hear.
a. 7
b. 1
c. 8
d. 2
e. 9
f. 3
g. 10
h. 4
i. 11
j. 5
k. 12
l. 6
m. 13
105
5.
6.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following text on Internet Access.
Where is Access in the Network?
Internet access has different meanings to different people. In this text, the concept of
access can be explained as follow. There are three major entities in the provision of Internet
service:
106
End users who want to have Internet service as well as other services, such as telephony or
cable TV
Data service providers who want to supply Internet access, content services, or other data
services, such as virtual private networking
Telephony, wireless and cable service providers who want to provide connectivity
between end users and data service providers
Note that, at times, the last two entities are combined. For example, several companies
such as MCI, AT&T or Pacific Bell provide both telephony and Internet access.
Now to the question: What is access? To the telephony, wireless or cable service
provider, access is the network connection from the end users home or business to the outsideplant termination points within the service node. In traditional telephony architecture this is most
commonly thought of as the twisted-pair, cross-connect point and is referred to as the main
distribution frame (MDF). The remainder of the telephonys providers network would be referred
to as the switching and transport network.
In contradistinction, an Internet service provider (ISP) views access as the connection
from its customer to its network. Here, access is the connection from the end-users home or
business to the gateway-access node belonging to the ISP. Thus, to the ISP, the telephonys
access, switching and transport network are all parts of access.
Access Evolution
Access evolution is being driven primarily by strong demands for increasing bandwidth to
support a growing variety of user services. In the past, traffic sent over the Internet was largely
text-based information with file transfer and e-mail being among the most popular services. The
surge in growth of the Internet during 1995 was in part due to the graphical nature of the World
Wide Web (WWW).
A significant aspect of this shift is that graphical images generally consist of a large
number of bits. To transfer large graphical image files quickly with satisfactory performance
meant that higher-speed access technologies were needed than those used to deliver relatively
small text files. The WWW also became the base for nurturing other capabilities such as animated
graphics, audio, and low-rate video. Each of these capabilities has been pushing the need for
increasingly higher-speed access.
An Overview of Access Alternatives
Internet-access technologies fit into four broad categories:
Twisted pair
Fiber/coax
Wireless
All fiber
Several technologies and implementations exist within each of these broad categories.
Twisted-pair telephone lines are the access media used in the vast majority of individual
residential subscribers today. Over time, a number of technologies have been introduced to
provide faster data speeds over this medium.
107
U N II V E R S II T Y
1.1. Phrases
- in contradistinction: tri ngc li
- fiber/ coax system: h thng cp quang kt hp cp ng trc
- the base for nurturing: c s nui dng
- data service provider: nh cung cp dch v d liu
- end user: khch hng ch, ngi s dng ch
- outside-plant termination points: cc im kt cui ngoi vi
1.2. Match the beginnings with the endings.
Names
Wants
3. End users
108
..
2. ISP
..
3. PON
..
4. MDF
..
5. WWW
..
6. PCS
..
a. destinated
2. connected
b. personal communications
3. moderate
c. hooked
4. scope
d. medium
5. intended
e. range
6. business users
h. entirely
7. in part
i. improves
8. worsens
j. decreases
9. broadband
k. narrowband
10. increase
l. residential users
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Cc bin th ca t (Derivations)
T mt ng t c th c cc bin th thnh nhiu t loi khc nhau. Hy nghin cu k cc v d
di y.
Example:
Practice 2.1. Complete the parts of the table below where you see three dots.
Verb
1. to emerge
Abstract noun
Noun agent
Adjective
emerging
2.
liberalization
3.
private
4.
politics
109
5. to install
6.
profitability
7. to subsidize
8. to legislate
9. to approve
10. to rely
11.
regulative
2. Length of stay :
3 days
3. Hotel :
4. Date of return :
20 September at 19.15
Routine tasks
5. Review previous meetings minutes
6. Present actions taken since last meeting
7. Assign tasks to various members of the group
Special objectives
8. Discuss frequency distribution in the 11.7 to 12.5 GHz band
9. Have a meeting with the Nordic delegates
10. Present latest details of Tele-X project
Practice 2.2. A. Ask Mr Lei about his fixed plans (1 - 4), the routine tasks hell be
performing (5 - 7) and anything special he intends to do (8 - 10).
Example: 1. When are you leaving Stockholm?
B. Now you are Mr Lei. Answer the questions in Practice 2.2. A.
Example: 1. Im leaving Stockholm (at 10.20) on Monday 17 September.
2.3. Cu hi ui (Tag questions)
Cu trc:
Tag questions
Statement,
Tag
Cc tr ng t (do, have, be, must, can, should) lun c nhc li phn cu hi ui.
Nu khng c tr ng t trong cu k, ta phi chn tr ng t ph hp (do, does, did) cho
phn ui.
Example:
Practice 2.3. End the following sentences with the correct form of tag.
1. A new electronic exchange has just been installed,..?
2. The processor is the central component of a computer system,.?
3. Computers have changed a lot our working conditions,..?
4. The PAM sampling unit samples the signals, ?
5. A Strowger exchange isnt as noisy as a crossbar central office,?
6. The telephone company handling this function is called the local exchange carrier,
?
7. In days of old there was only one long-distance carrier -AT&T, ?
8. A wide-area network (WAN) links metropolitan or local networks, usually over common
carrier facilities,.?
9. A synchronous optical network (SONET) usually embodies a fiber-optic ring that will
permit transmission in both directions,?
10. The common channel signaling network works closely with the PSTN, ..?
3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.
PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1
Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right
instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level
languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC, depending
on the type of problems to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is
often called a source program, and it can not be directly processed by the computer
until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code. Usually a
single instruction written in a high-level language, when transformed into machine
code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief description of some of the many
high-level languages.
FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for
solving scientific and mathematics problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and
English phrases. It was first introduced in the United States in 1954.
COBOL acronym for Common Business-Oriented Language. This language is
used for commercial purposes. COBOL which is written using English statements,
deals with problems that do not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first
introduced in 1959.
ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL which
means International Algebraic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific
purposes. ALGOL was first introduced in Europe in 1960.
PL/1: Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine features of
COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for data processing as well as scientific
applications.
BASIC acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United States for use by students who
require a simple language to begin programming. Other such languages are APL
(developed in 1962), PASCAL (named after Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971).
When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to do
a specific type of work such as calculate a company's payroll or calculate the stress
factor on a roof, it is called an application program. Institutions either purchase these
programs as packages or commission their own programmers to write them to meet the
specifications of the users.
The program produced after the source program has been converted into
machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. A computer
program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer, does this.
Consequently, a computer needs its own compiler for the various high-level languages
if it is expected to accept programs written in those languages. For example, in order
10
that an IBM system 370 may process a program in FORTRAN, it needs to have a
compiler that would understand that particular model and the FORTRAN language as
well.
The compiler is a systems program, which may be written in any language, but
the computer's operating system is a true systems program, which controls the central
processing unit (CPU), the input, the output, and the secondary memory devices.
Another systems program is the linkage editor which fetches required systems routines
and links them to the object module (the source program in machine code). The
resulting program is then called the load module, which is the program directly
executable by the computer. Although systems programs are a part of the software, the
manufacturer of the machine usually provides them.
Unlike systems programs, software packages are sold by various vendors and
not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. They are a set of programs designed to
perform certain applications, which conform to internationally accepted rules,
irrespective of the particular specifications of the user. Payroll is an example of such a
package which allows the user to input data - hours worked, pay rates, special
deductions, names of employees - and get salary calculations as output. These
packages are coded in machine language (0s and 1s) on magnetic tapes or disks which
can be purchased, leased or rented by users who choose the package that most closely
corresponds to their needs.
3.1. Phrases
- commission their own programmers to write the programs: giao nhim v cho nhng nh
lp trnh ring ca h vit cc chng trnh
- instruction for what to do: lnh yu cu thc hin vic g.
3.2. Decide whether these statements are true or false (T/ F), referring to the information in
the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true.
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
11. All high-level programs must be translated to machine code before the
computer can execute them.
T/ F
12. The best place to buy software packages is from the manufacturer.
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
3.3. Find out what the words in BOLD typeface refer to.
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 7
a. program/ source
program
b. program
c. institutions
d. programs
e. compiler
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 9
g. tapes or disks
h. packages
i. computers
Paragraph 10
f. routines
B. instructed
C. instructor
B. compiled
C. compiles
c. A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been
.............................
3. A. describe
B. description
a. Our introductory programming text included a brief .......................... of the many highlevel languages.
b. It is difficult to ...................... the memory of a microcomputer without referring to
"chips".
4. A. result
B. resulting
a. The linkage editor links systems routines to the object module. The ..........................
program, referred to as the load module, is directly executable by the computer.
b. The ......................... of these mathematical operations were obtained from the university
mainframe and not from my micro.
5. A. specifications
B. specific
a. Our company brought three packages with very .......................... applications: payroll,
accounts receivable and accounts payable.
b. An applications program is designed to do a ............................ type of work, such as
calculating the stress factor on a roof.
c. Did the analyst give the new programmer the ........................ necessary to start on the
project?
3.5. Find synonyms (1 - 5) and antonyms (6-10)
Paragraphs
Synonyms
Paragraph 1
1. converted
Paragraph 7
2. buy
Paragraph 9
3. brings
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
5. rented
Paragraphs
Paragraph 1
6. lengthy
Paragraph 8
7. uncharge
Paragraph 9
8. separate
Paragraph 10
9. reject
Paragraph 10
10. depending on
Antonyms
4. WRITING
Note taking l k nng ghi vn tt cc thng tin, c th t mt bi c hay mt bi nghe. Hy
c cc thng tin sau v lch s my tnh, nghin cu k v d v lm bi tp.
Example:
The very first calculating device used was ten fingers of a mans hand.
-> primitive times: first calculating device: ten fingers of mans hand
In 1830, an Englishman, Charles Babbage designed a machine called Analytical
Engine.
-> 1830: Charles Babbage designed Analytical Engine
4.1. Read the following information on the history of computers and match the notes with
the time.
The very first calculating device used was ten fingers of a mans hand.
Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which seeds are moved from left to right.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, J. Napiver, a Scotsman, devised mechanical way of
multiplying and dividing. Henry Briggs used Napivers ideas to produce logarithm tables
which all mathematicians use today. Calculus was independently invented by Newton, an
Englishman and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.
In 1930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush.
Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944.
In 1946, two engineers J. Eckert and J. Mauchly, built the first digital computer using
parts called vacuum tubes.
Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newman
developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computers
memory.
The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950.
In 1960 the second generation of computers was developed, using transistors instead of
vacuum tubes.
The fourth generation of computers has now arrived, which have been reduced greatly in
size, due to microminiaturization.
At the rate computer technology is growing, todays computers will be obsolete in the
future.
Time
Notes
primitive times
later
2. abacus invented
future
reduced
in
size
due
to
III. TM TT
1. Lch s pht minh my tnh.
2. Mt s vn trong truy cp Internet.
3. Khi qut v chng trnh v ngn ng lp trnh (COBOL, BASIC, ALGO,
FORTRAN...)
4. Ch thnh lp cc bin th ca t (ng t -> danh t...)
5. Thnh lp cu ngha thi tng lai (intend to do, aim to do, we are going to...)
6. Cc phn ui cu hi c ghp thm vo cui cu k. Cu hi ui c phn thnh
hai loi, theo mc ch v cch c.
VOCABULARY
n
bn tnh access
truy cp
alternative
gii php
animated
adj
(hnh nh) ng
arithmetic
n. adj
s hc
broadband
bng rng
calculus
compile
bin dch
compiler
conform
correspond
ph hp, tng ng
driver
emission
abacus
formulae
implementation
incredibly
adv
ng kinh ngc
inherently
adv
vn
logarithm table
bng logarit
obsolete
adj
c xa, li thi
outside-plant
b phn ngoi vi
payroll
bng lng
peripheral
adj
(thuc) ngoi vi
predominant
adj
tri hn hn, ni bt
primary memory
b lu tr s cp, b nh s cp
remainder
phn, b phn cn li
secondary storage
b lu tr th cp
special deduction
khu tr ring
specification
surge
dy ln, tro ln
ten-fold
suffix
gp mi ln
vacuum tube
ng chn khng
vendor
i l, nh cung cp
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Khi nim truy cp trong mng
Vi nhng i tng khc nhau, truy cp Internet c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau. Trong
bi c ny, khi nim truy cp c th c din gii nh sau: C ba thc th ch yu trong vic
cung cp cc dch v Internet.
Khch hng ch, nhng ngi mun c dch v Internet cng nh cc dch v khc, nh
in thoi hay truyn hnh cp.
Nh cung cp dch v d liu, nhng ngi mun cung cp truy cp Internet, cc dch v
ni dung, hay cc dch v d liu khc nh mng ring.
Nh cung cp dch v thoi, v tuyn v cp, nhng ngi mun cung cp kt ni gia
khch hng v nh cung cp dch v d liu.
Dy i xon
Cp quang/ cp ng trc
V tuyn
Cp quang ton b
2. b
3. a
2. c
3. d
4. e
5. a
6. l
7. h
8. i
9. j
10. k
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1. Complete the parts of the table below where you see three dots.
1. emergence
2. to liberalize liberal
3. to privatize privatization
4. politician political
5. installation
7. subsidy
8. legislation legislative
9. approval
8. Do you aim to discuss frequency distribution in the 11.7 to 12.5 GHz band?
9. Are you going to have a meeting with the Nordic delegates?
10. Do you intend to present latest details of Tele-X project?
B. Plans and intentions (answers)
1. Im leaving Stockholm (at 10.20) on Monday 17 September.
2. Im staying for four days.
3. Im staying at Hotel Bristol.
4. Im returning on 20 September at 19.15.
5. Ill be reviewing previous meetings minutes.
6. Ill be presenting action taken since last meeting.
7. Ill be assigning tasks to various members of the group.
8. Yes, I do.
9. Yes, I am.
Practice 2.3. End the following sentences with the correct form of tag.
1. hasnt it 2. isnt it
3. havent they
4. doesnt it
5. is it
6. isnt it
8. doesnt it
9. doesnt it
10. doesnt it
7. wasnt it
3. Reading 2
CHNG TRNH V NGN NG LP TRNH
1. My tnh c th gii quyt nhiu vn khc nhau nu cung cp ng lnh yu cu thc
hin. Trc ht cc lnh c vit bng mt trong nhng ngn ng bc cao c th l FORTRAN,
COBOL, ALGO, PL/1, PASCAL hay BASIC, tu thuc vo kiu vn c gii quyt. Chng
trnh c vit bng mt trong nhng ngn ng ny gi l chng trnh ngun, my tnh khng
th x l trc tip chng trnh ngun chng no chng trnh ny cha c bin dch thnh m
my. Thng thng mt lnh n l c vit bng ngn ng cp cao khi chuyn sang m my s
tr thnh nhiu lnh. Sau y s m t s lc mt s ngn ng cp cao:
2. FORTRAN: c cu to t cc ch u FORmula TRANslation. Ngn ng ny dng
gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n khoa hc v ton hc. N gm c cng thc i s v
cm t ting Anh. Ngn ng ny c gii thiu ln u tin ti Hoa K nm 1954.
3. COBOL: c cu to t cc ch u COmmon Business - Oriented Language. Ngn
ng ny dng vo mc ch thng mi. COBOL c vit bng ting Anh, gii quyt cc vn
t lin quan n php tnh ton hc. N c gii thiu ln u tin nm 1959.
4. ALGO: c cu to t cc ch u ALGOrithmic Language. N dng vo mc ch
ton hc v khoa hc. ALGO c gii thiu ln u tin ti chu u nm 1960.
5. PL/1: Programming Language 1. c pht trin nm 1964 kt hp cc c tnh ca
COBOL v ALGOL. Do n dng x l d liu cng nh cc ng dng khoa hc.
6. BASIC: c cu to t cc ch u Beginners All-purpose Symbollic Instruction
Code. c pht trin nm 1965 ti i hc Dartmouth Hoa K sinh vin s dng khi cn
mt ngn ng gin n khi bt u lp trnh. Nhng ngn ng khc nh ALP (pht trin nm
1962) v PASCAL (t theo tn Blaise Pascal v pht trin nm 1971).
8. Khi mt chng trnh vit bng mt trong nhng ngn ng cp cao ny c thit k
thc hin mt cng tc c bit nh tnh bng lng cho cng ty hay tnh yu t chu lc trn mi
nh th chng trnh ny gi l chng trnh ng dng. Cc hc vin mua bn nhng chng trnh
ny lm b chng trnh hoc giao nhim v cho lp trnh vin ca vin vit chng trnh p
ng cc c tnh ca ngi s dng.
9. Chng trnh sn xut theo chng trnh ngun c chuyn i thnh m my gi
l chng trnh i tng hay mun i tng. Cng vic ny do mt chng trnh my tnh
thc hin gi l b bin dch, b phn c nht cho mi my tnh. V th my tnh cn c b bin
dch ring cho cc ngn ng cp cao khc nu mun s dng c cc chng trnh vit bng
ngn ng . V d, my IBM 370 c th x l mt chng trnh bng ngn ng FORTRAN,
n cn phi c mt b bin dch thng hiu m thc c bit cng nh ngn ng FORTRAN.
10. B bin dch l mt chng trnh h thng c th c vit bng bt k ngn ng no,
nhng h thng vn hnh my tnh l mt chng trnh cc h thng thc iu khin b x l
trung tm (CPU), u nhp, u xut v nhng thit b b nh ph. Mt chng trnh cc h
thng khc l b son tho lin kt chn nhng chng trnh h thng theo yu cu v ni chng
vi mun i tng (chng trnh ngun trong m my). Chng trnh nhn gi l mun np,
l chng trnh c th vn hnh trc tip bng my tnh. Mc d cc chng trnh h thng l mt
phn ca phn mm, nhng chng thng c cc nh sn xut my tnh cung cp.
3.2. Decide whether these statements are true or false. Make the necessary changes so that
the false statements become true.
1. 1. T
2. F. Cobol is wordy. Fortran is used in scientific applications.
3. T
4. F. Systems software is usually provided by their manufacturer. Applications software must
be purchased elsewhere.
5. T
6. T
2. a
3. b.
4. c
5. d
6. e
7. f
8. i
9. h
10. g
3.4. Choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.
1. a. C. instructor
b. B. instructed
c. A. instructions
2. a. A. compiler
b. C. compiles
c. B. compiled
3. a. B. description
b. A. describe
4. a. B. resulting
b. A. result
5. a. B. specific
b. B. specific
c. A. specifications
2. purchase
3. fetches
4. conform
5. leased
6. brief
7. converted
8. links
9. accepted
10. irrespective of
4. Writing
2. later
4. 1820
5. 1830
6. 1930
7. 1944
8. 1946
9. 1947
10. 1950
11. 1960
12. 1965
13. now
14. future
2. Second
3. the
4. for
5. way
6. of
7. things
8. at/ after
9. learn
10. few
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following description of certain types of radio communications.
Transmission medium
Information
Radio
wave
Space
Radio
Information
wave
telephone services, and to communicate on a global scale through distant satellites, which act as a
kind of reflector in the sky, redirecting the information we send up to them.
Radio wave
Throw a stone into a pond
Antenna
b. switching exchange
b. Yes
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Cu vi mnh ch nguyn nhn v kt qu (Reasons and Results)
b. because
b. since
3. The rockets were lost at sea and, .., the launches were expensive.
a. as a result
b. for
4. The shuttle heralds a new era of space travel it can perform at least 100
separate missions.
a. consequently
b. as
5. The Kennedy Space Centre was fog-bound and, , the launch was delayed by
24 hours.
a. as a result
b. because
b. for
7. Geosynchronous satellites travel at the same speed as the earth; , they are
much used for telecommunications.
a. consequently
b. as
8. The list of private companies involved in the project is long and, .., Mr
Leijon will not give the names of all the companies involved.
a. as a result
b. since
2.2. t cu hi (Questions)
Hy ch hai cch th hin cu hi: Cu hi trc tip (Direct questions) v Cu hi lch s (Polite
questions)
a. Cu hi trc tip: C th dng cu hi bt u bng t hi (Wh-question) hay cu hi dng
o (Yes/ no-question).
When are you installing the new system?
Is she an operator?
b. Cu hi lch s: Cu hi thng c th hin km theo mt cm t ng u cu khin cu
hi tng phn lch s nh:
Could you tell me...? / Would you mind telling me...?
Phn ni dung chnh ca cu hi:
+ Cu hi bt u bng t hi
- > Could you tell me Wh - word + S + V ?
Example:
- > Could you tell me whether I have to deliver the electronic equipment, please?
Practice 2.2. Now read the following dialogue and put in suitable questions.
The information after each blank will help you decide what the question should be. In the
dialogue, Chris Bradley (CB) is talking on the phone to Tom Davies (TD) about Bradfield
Electronics' RPH system.
CB:
TD:
1...
CB:
TD:
CB:
2...
TD:
I'm very well, thanks. I'm phoning about your latest RPH system. I'd like a bit more
information.
CB:
3...
TD:
CB:
TD:
CB:
TD:
5...
CB:
TD:
6...
CB:
TD:
7...
CB:
TD:
CB:
No, fine. We could organize a demonstration next week. Would next Thursday at 2 p.m.
be all right for you?
TD:
9.
CB:
i) Good.
ii) ) 10... ?
TD:
No, there'll
Department.
CB:
11
be
several
other
people
with
me,
mainly
from
the
Sales
TD:
CB:
TD:
12...
CB:
TD:
CB:
Bye Tom.
Adjective
Noun
1. good
qualified
candidate
2. slow
complex
technique
3. poor
planned
scheme
4. simple
successful
strategy
5. stringent
tested
equipment
6. efficient
secure
system
7. continuous
monitored
status
8. cheap
old-fashioned
product
9. direct
transferred
information
10. extreme
experienced
salesman
T vit tt v mt hot ng, mt s kin thng dng trong mt ngnh, mt lnh vc. C
hai k thut dch:
- nu l bn dch cho gii chuyn mn c: nn gi nguyn t, v cc chuyn gia thuc
lnh vc u rt quen thuc vi nhng t vit tt ny.
MUX (Multiplexor)
.....................................................................................................................
2. ADSL:
.....................................................................................................................
3. APD:
.....................................................................................................................
4. asap:
.....................................................................................................................
5. AT & T:
.....................................................................................................................
6. ATM:
.....................................................................................................................
7. CATV:
.....................................................................................................................
8. CCITT:
.....................................................................................................................
9. CDMA:
.....................................................................................................................
10. DSB:
.....................................................................................................................
3. READING 2
Read the description of the Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT).
Description of System
The NMT system made up of the following component parts:
MTX (Mobile Telephone Exchange) is the brain of the system and is technically the most
complicated part. The MTXs form the interface between the NMT system and the fixed
telephone network. Whereas signalling and other system components of NMT are the
same in all Nordic countries, their telephone networks differ in some respects. One of the
functions of the exchanges is therefore to compensate for these differences.
The Base Stations are intermediary links without switching function between the wire and
radio transmission. There will be about 1,000 base stations when the system is developed
to full capacity.
The Mobile Stations i.e. the subscriber equipment, will be available in various forms, e.g.
vehicle-borne, portable or of coin-box type. A mobile station is owned or leased by the
subscriber and must be type-approved by the Administrations.
Each country is divided into a number of traffic areas. In a traffic area there are a number
of base stations spaced between about 8 and 80 km apart. Each traffic area belongs to a single
exchange. This means that all base stations in the area are connected to this exchange and that all
traffic in the area is channelled through it. The exchange communicates with the telephone
network via the trunk exchanges. Every mobile subscriber is registered in a so-called home MTX,
usually the MTX controlling the traffic area in which the subscriber normally resides.
Setting up of calls
A call from an ordinary telephone subscriber is connected on the basis of the first digits of
the mobile subscriber's number to his home MTX. The latter stores data of his present location
and transmits a call signal via all base stations in that traffic area. The mobile system answers
automatically with a call acknowledgement and the MTX then assigns the mobile station a traffic
channel. The call is set up.
If the mobile subscriber is in a traffic area not belonging to his home MTX, the home
MTX hands over the call to the MTX controlling the visited traffic area, and the latter MTX takes
over the subsequent setting up of the call.
3.1. Phrases
- be available: sn sng, c sn
- in some respects: v mt s kha cnh
- be developed to full capacity: pht trin ti dung lng ti a
3.2. Match the names with the explanations.
1. The Base Stations
2. home MTX
3. Mobile Telephone
Exchange
c. subscriber equipment
1. Where does the NMT system compensate for the differences in the four countries' telephone
networks?
a. the exchanges
b. 2
4. What happens right after the mobile station transmits a call acknowledgement?
a. The call is set up.
b. MTX assigns the mobile station a traffic channel.
5. When does the home MTX hand over calls to another MTX?
a. When the mobile subscriber is in a traffic area not belonging to his home MTX.
b. When the MTX assigns the mobile station a traffic channel.
3.4. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences below.
1. Transmission between exchanges...
2. "Hop length" means...
3. Radio link systems...
4. In the telephone network...
5. With radio links we can send and receive...
6. Radio is an important means of communication...
7. Radio networks may be cheaper to install than...
8. Although cheaper to install than cable networks...
a. sound, pictures and data through the air.
b. may be either digital or analogue.
c. in shipping and air-traffic control.
d. the cable networks which may need thousands of kilometres of wires.
e. may be by radio link.
f. radio networks often have fewer circuits.
g. "distance between antennae".
h. frequencies between 300 MHz and 20 GHz are used.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
4. LISTENING
Listen to the following radio telephone conversation between Peter Needham (PN), a
salesman from Bradfield Electronics Ltd., Nutley, and John Brown (JB), area manager for
Bradfield, who is in the factory at Nutley. Peter Needham is in his car heading for Greenwood,
where he has to deliver some electronic equipment.
4.1. Phrases
- off you go = go ahead: xin c ni, mi anh/ ch c ni
- about the size of: khong bng c
- free of charge: khng tnh cc, min cc
- quarterly rental: tin thu hng qu
- in stock: tn kho, ct trong kho
4.2. Answer the questions.
1. Where is PN during the conversation?
a. In his car on the A 207 heading towards Greenwood.
b. In his car on the A 217 heading towards Greenwood.
2. Why did JB get a call from Swanford Tools at Thurby?
a. Because they were interested in Bradfield Electronics equipment modernization
scheme.
b. Because they were interested in one of Bradfield Electronics products.
3. What road must PN take to Slingdon and where must he turn right?
a. He must take the B 2378 and turn opposite the Bear Inn.
b. 4.30
c. 4.15
4.3. Fill in the sentences with appropriate prepositions, basing on the figure.
1. Peter Needham's ..................... the A217.
a. on
b. in
c. at
b. from
c. towards
b. past
c. from
b. in towards
c. in into
5. Just after he's gone ............................ Slingdon, he'll see the Bear Inn.
a. on
b. towards
c. into
6. When he comes ................... Slingdon, he'll see the golf course ...................... his right.
a. out of on
b. into on
c. into in
Greenwood
B2378
Golf
course
B 379
PNs car
A 217
SwanfordTool
Thurby
Bradfield Electronics
Nutley
Example:
A 19
III. TM TT
1. nh ngha thng tin v tuyn, cc dng thng tin v tuyn. Cc c im ca thng tin v
tuyn (u im v nhc im).
2. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi di ng, nguyn tc hot ng ca mt h thng in thoi di
ng.
3. Thnh lp c cu s dng cc gii t ch ni chn (in, on, at...), cu hi lch s (Could
you tell me...)
4. K nng giao tip bn cng vic v thu nhn thng tin qua in thoi.
5. S dng kt hp nhiu tnh t hay tnh t kt hp vi trng t.
VOCABULARY
airwave; radio wave
ng ten
automatically
adv
mt cch t ng
base station
trm gc
broadcast
qung b
call acknowledgement
thng bo v cuc gi
compensate
demonstration
digital links
tuyn ni s
economic efficiency
hiu qu kinh t
electrical wave
sng in t
exclusively
adv
Gigahec
hertz (Hz)
hec (n v o tn s)
hop
bc nhy
Kilohec
leased
adj
c thu
manufacture
sn xut
Megahec
microwave tower
thp vi ba
original signal
tn hiu gc
radiate
bc x
redirect
ti nh hng
reflector
b phn x
simultaneously
adv
ng thi
stationary
adj
stringent
adj
subsequent
adj
take over
tip qun
Terahec
transmission medium
type-approved
adj
vehicle-borne
adj
gn trn xe
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
Thng tin v tuyn l mt phng php pht hay thu m thanh, cc hnh nh v s liu
trong khng gian nh cc sng in t. Chng ta s dng sng khng trung cho nhiu mc ch:
thng tin qung b i vi hu ht cc trm v tuyn v truyn hnh a phng cng nh quc
gia, trong cc dch v in thoi v v tuyn di ng, v thng tin lin lc trong phm vi ton
cu nh cc v tinh tm xa, cc v tinh ny ng vai tr nh mt vt phn x trn tri, chuyn tip
nhng thng tin chng ta gi ln .
2. a
3. b
5. a
6. b
7. a
4. b
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1. Join the sentences below with either a reason marker or a result marker.
1a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. a
Practice 2.2. Now read the following dialogue and put in suitable questions.
1. Good morning. Could I speak to Chris Bradley, please?
2. Hello Tom. How are you?
3. Oh yes. What would you like to know exactly?
4. Does the user need a lot of equipment? / Is there a lot of equipment in the system?
5. Where does the user keep it?
6. How small (is it) exactly?
7. Whats the availability like? / Do you have many in stick at the moment?
8. Would you mind giving me a demonstration as soon as possible?
9. Yes, that would be fine.
10. Will you be alone?
11. Would you mind giving me your phone number?
Could you remind me of your phone number?
12. Shall I come straight to your office?
Practice 2.3. Now use the table below to build up acceptable combinations.
1. a well qualified candidate
Practice 2.4. Give the full forms of the abbreviations. Translate them into Vietnamese.
1. ADM: Add - Drop Multiplexor - B ghp knh Add - Drop/ B xen tch
knh
2. d
3. a
4. c
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
2. g
3. b
4. h
5. a
6. c
7. d
8. f
4. Listening
Tapescript
Peter:
John:
Hello Peter. Its John here. Where are you now exactly?
Peter:
Im on the A 217 heading towards Greenwood. Ive just gone past Chertsey windmill.
John:
Right. Well, Ive got some good news for you. Ive just had Swanford Tools on the
phone you know, the company over at Thurby. Apparently theyre very interested in
the RPH radiophone documentation I left with them about a month ago, and would like
someone to visit them as soon as possible. On the phone I got the impression theyre
ready to bite.
Peter:
Good. Weve had several inquiries about the radiophone recently. Our research is
beginning to pay off. What do you want me to do then deliver the equipment to
Greenwood or get straight over to Thurby?
John:
Peter:
John:
Peter:
John:
Peter:
John:
Peter:
John:
Oh, and when you talk about the RPH radiophone, bring out all of the usual arguments:
efficient businesses needing good communication, RPHs profit-making capabilities,
saving on fuel costs, and meeting the customers needs. You know the sort of things I
mean.
Of course. Ill deliver the equipment to Greenwood first thing tomorrow morning. I
should be back in Nutley by 4.30. The A 19 from Thurbys a fast road and a lot of people
will be going the other way towards Slingdon at about 4. See you later at the office then.
Bye John.
Bye.
2. b
3. a
4. b.
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. b
4.3. Fill in the sentences with appropriate prepositions, basing on the figure.
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. c
6. a
2.
3.
Cc vn bn (fax, letter) trao i trong cng vic dng ngn ng trnh trng. Cc bn
fax, telex c s dng nhng thut ng vit tt.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1
Read the following text carefully.
SATELLITE SYSTEMS
In our world of TV media, satellite communications is an everyday occurrence. We get
news reports from the whole world straight into our living room. Perhaps fewer of us realise that
telephone traffic also uses satellite links. Satellite technology, however, involves high initial costs,
and for them to be profitable, at least some of the following points need to be fulfilled:
Geographical obstacles cause even greater costs for corresponding ground connections.
1.1. Phrases
- point-to-multi point: im ti a im
- the same rate as: cng tc vi
- be compensated for: c b
- high traffic intensity: s tp trung lu lng thng tin cao
1.2. Choose TRUE or FALSE.
T/ F
1. Satellite links are used for TV but not for the telephone.
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
10. When you talk to someone by satellite you do not hear their answers
immediately.
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. T ch s lng i vi danh t m c
Khi din t s lng, lng, phi xc nh xem danh t cp ti l danh t m c
(countable noun) hay khng m c (uncountable noun).
Countable nouns
Uncountable nouns
- Call calls
- News
- Company companies
- Equipment
- Information
Every (mi)
Every doctor has got a mobile phone.
1960
1. ...
1960
1980
2000
2050
2100
0%
10%
70%
90%
100%
100%
90%
30%
10%
0%
calls
were
transmitted by
In
1980
2. ...
2000
3. ...
2050
4. ...
2100
5. ...
will be
satellite.
Little (t)
I've got little information on it.
No / None of (khng)
No information was given.
Approx
100%
Countable
Uncountable
every /all
all
most
most
many/ a lot of
much/ a lot of
some
some
several
a few
a little
5%
few
little
0%
no/ none
no/ none
85%
In
1960
1. ...
1980
2. ...
2000
3. ...
2050
4. ...
2100
5. ...
was
transmitted
by satellite.
information
will be
b. much
c. both a and b
b. much piece of
c. few piece of
b. a few
c. a little
b. Some
c. both a and b
b. A few / b. a little
c. both a and b
b. Many a piece of
c. both a and b
SUB SCRIB ER
PREFIX
STEM
SUFFIX
Practice 2.3. Match the first two columns (1 and 2), basing on the suggestive examples in
column 3.
1. Prefixes
1. com-,con-, co-
2. Meanings
a.
in, into
3. Examples
co-operate, connect
2. in-, im-
b.
not
c.
small
illegal microscope,
4. micro-
d.
before
5. pre-
e.
back, again
war
6. re-
f.
together, with
return, re-read
1. Stems
2. Meanings
3. Examples
7. -audi-, -audit
g.
study of
audience, auditorium
8. -chron-
h.
hear
chronological
9. -dic-, -dict-
i.
time
dictation
j.
say, speak
telegram
k.
write, writing
biology
12. -phon-
l.
sound
telephone
m.
write
inscription
14. -spect-
n.
look at
inspect
o.
see
vision, video
1. Suffixes
2. Meanings
3. Examples
p.
forms noun
teacher, spectator
17. -ist
q.
a person who
typist, biologist
information
3. READING 2
Read the following text carefully.
The launching of the first satellite by the Russians in 1957 began what has become known
as the "space race", the first stage of which culminated with the Americans landing on the moon
twelve years later. A whole range of satellites now orbit the Earth and are used for a variety of
purposes.
Low orbit satellites, the typical height of which varies from 150 to 450 kilometres, are of
little use for telecommunications for they are only in line of sight of each earth station for about
15 minutes. Their rotation period around the Earth is about one and a half hours and their main
use is for remote sensing, a field in which digital processing techniques are proving especially
valuable. A low orbit satellite, equipped with a multispectral scanner system (MSS), can observe
the Earth in great detail providing us with extremely accurate information about agriculture,
forestry, water resources and pollution patterns. It also has a multitude of applications in such
fields as weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, geology, oceanography and cartography.
There are important defence implications too, since they can be used to "spy" on the activities of a
potential enemy.
Medium altitude satellites are used for telecommunications, especially in countries
which cover a vast geographical area like the USSR. They "fly" at a typical height of 9 000 to 18
000 kilometres, orbiting the Earth in a period of five to twelve hours. They are in line of sight of
the earth station for between two and four hours.
The most important type of satellite for telecommunications is the geosynchronous, or
geostationary, satellite positioned over the Equator at a height of 35 800 kilometres. Its rotation
period is 24 hours, the same as the Earth's and consequently, seen from the Earth, this type of
satellite appears to remain motionless in the sky. It is within line of sight of an earth station for its
entire life.
A communication satellite is, in essence, a microwave relay station which receives signals
in a given frequency band and retransmits them at a different frequency to avoid problems of
interference between the weak incoming signal and the powerful retransmitted signal. The
equipment which receives a signal, amplifies it, changes its frequency and then retransmits it, is
called a transponder. A satellite can handle large amounts of traffic which it can send over vast
areas of the Earth. It therefore represents a relatively cheap way of transmitting information over
long distances. For countries which do not already have sophisticated cable or microwave
networks the use of a satellite can be extremely beneficial as it can be used in their place.
The first satellites were seen as a way of communicating with people who lived in isolated
area of the world. As a result, earth stations began to appear in the remotest parts of the globe. The
cost of satellite communications began to fall steadily and consequently, satellites have to
compete with submarine cables as a way of linking continents cheaply. With the arrival of optical
fibre undersea cables, however, a more balanced division of intercontinental circuits between the
two is likely. Satellites were soon used to broadcast TV programmes "live" from one side of the
Earth to the other, and then to link up computer terminals in different parts of the world. The use
of digital transmission and multiplexing techniques has led to an enormous increase in the
capacity of satellites.
The international organization INTELSAT was created in 1964 to provide international
communication services by satellite. In 1983 it operated and owned 16 spacecrafts in
geosynchronous orbit representing an investment of over three billion US dollars. In 1983 it
handle two thirds of all international telephone and data communications and transmitted virtually
all "live" international television broadcasts. 109 nations are members of INTELSAT. Between
1979 and 1983 INTELSAT's traffic doubled, yet its communications charges decreased, despite a
73% rise in the worldwide cost of living index.
Satellites are not simply replacements for point-to-point terrestrial lines. They have
several unique properties, among which the most important are:
270 millisecond propagation delay caused by the distance the signal has to travel (80 000
km - 300 000 km /sec = 0.27 seconds).
the possibility of very high bandwidths or bit rates if the users can avoid local loops by
having an antenna on his premises, or a radio link to an earth station antenna.
the special security problems that are posed when information is broadcast through a
satellite.
3.1. Phrases
- what has become known as: iu tr nn c bit n nh l
- a variety of purposes: nhng mc ch khc nhau.
- be of little use: t tc dng
- cost of living index: ch s mc sng
- in essence: v bn cht
3.2. Complete the key.
Earth
Earth
Earth
1..............
a. height:
b. rotation period:
c. time in line of sight of earth station:
d. use:
2...............
a. height:
b. rotation period:
c. time in line of sight of earth station:
d. use:
3................
a. height:
b. rotation period:
c. time in line of sight of earth station:
d. use:
e. exact position:
a. In 1969
b. In 1977
a. two thirds
b. 109
d. 16
e. 1964
f. doubled
to confirm that Mr. Davies will visit Mr. Bradley at Bradfield Electronics (Date
of meeting: Thursday 26th April at 2 p.m.)
Mr. Davies hopes Mr. Bradley will provide a demonstration of the mobile phone
series
to confirm that three other members from Sales department will be with Mr.
Davies
Beginning: 1. B
Ending:
8. G
Yours sincerely,
19th April,...
Mr. Davies hopes that you will be able to provide a demonstration of the
mobile phone series which is of great interest to Swanford Tools ltd.
Ms. J. Whitfield,
(Secretary)
p.p. Mr. T. Davies
I can also confirm that three other members of our Sales department will be
present with Mr. Davies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Beginning: 1. D
Ending:
A
8. A
T. DAVIES
64032 SPANCOM
43751 SWANTOOL
43751 SWANTOOL
Fax. No3624
Thanks,
Attention: J. WHITFIELD
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
4.3. Now you are Ms. Whitfield. Write a letter to Chris Bradley, including all the
information in the fax and basing on the letter in Writing 4.1. (the beginning and the ending
have been done for you).
Tel: 0432 53260
Mr. C. Bradley,
Breadfield Electronics,
Nutley, NU6 SR7
Dear Mr. Bradley,
Yours sincerely,
Ms, J. Whitfield
(Secretary)
III. TM TT
1. C cc loi v tinh nh Low orbit satellites, Medium altitude satellites v Geostationary
satellites.
2. Mi loi v tinh c nhng c im cao khc nhau v ng dng khc nhau. Thng tin
v tinh c cc c im chung: quay quanh tri t, Tm hot ng rng
3. Cc t ch s lng, khi lng b ngha cho cc danh t. Mt s ch kt hp vi danh
t m c hoc khng m c. Mt s kt hp vi c hai loi danh t.
4.
Cc vn bn (fax, letter) trao i trong cng vic dng ngn ng trnh trng. Cc bn fax,
telex c s dng nhng thut ng vit tt chuyn dng.
VOCABULARY
beneficial
adj
c li
buffer memories
b nh m
counteract
culminate
ln n cc im
delay (echo)
tr (ting vng)
earthbound
adj
hng v mt t, quanh mt t
echo-suppressor
b nn ting vng
Equator
ng xch o
float
tri ni
geostationary
adj
a tnh
index
ch s
isolated
adj
hoang vng, xa xi
live
adv
trc tip, ti ch
local loop
mch vng
mainland
t lin
motionless
adj
bt ng
h thng qut a ph
multitude
v s
obstacle
tr ngi
orbit
qu o
positioned
adj
c nh v
propagation
s truyn lan
reminiscent
adj
lm nh li, gi nh
rotate
rotation period
chu k quay
spacecraft
tu v tr
spy
do thm
transponder
b pht p
unique
adj
duy nht
virtually
adv
ANSWER KEYS
1. Reading 1
H THNG V TINH
Trong th gii truyn thng v tuyn, thng tin v tinh xut hin hng ngy. Chng ta
nhn c nhng bn tin tng thut t ton th gii thng vo trong phng khch. C th t
ngi trong s chng ta nhn ra rng lin lc bng in thoi cng s dng cc tuyn ni v tinh.
Tuy nhin, cng ngh v tinh i hi chi ph ban u cao, v chng c li, t nht phi c c
vi trong s nhng im sau:
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. F
2. Language Practice
Practice 2.1. Fill in the sentences with appropriate words of quantifiers.
1. no
2. few
3. many
4. most
5. all
2. little
3. much
4. most
5. all
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. c
6. a
Practice 2.3. Match the first two columns (1 and 2), basing on the suggestive examples in
column 3.
1. f
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. d
6. e
7. h
8. i
9. j
10. k
11.g
12. l
13. m
14. n
15. o
16. q
17. q
18. p
3. Reading 2
Vic phng v tinh u tin ca ngi Nga nm 1957 bt u cho cuc chy ua v
tr, m kt thc ca gian on u l vic ngi M t chn ln mt trng 12 nm sau . Hin
nay tt c cc v tinh bay theo qu o tri t ang c s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau.
Cc v tinh qu o thp c cao in hnh trong phm vi t 150 - 450 km, t c s
dng trong vin thng bi v chng nm trong tm quan st ca mi trm mt t khong 15 pht.
Chu k quay ca chng quanh tri t khong 1 gi ri v chng c s dng chnh cho vic
cm bin t xa, l lnh vc m k thut s l s ang c bit chng t l c gi tr. V tinh qu
o thp c trang b vi h thng my qut a quang ph (MSS), c th quan st Tri t rt chi
tit cung cp cho chng ta thng tin cc k chnh xc v nng nghip, lm hc, ngun nc v s
nhim. Ngoi ra n c rt nhiu ng dng trong cc lnh vc nh d bo thi tit, iu khin
tr ng truyn 270 mili giy do khong cch m tn hiu phi truyn qua (80.000 km
- 300.000 km/giy = 0,27 giy).
Kh nng t di thng rng hoc tc bit rt cao nu ngi s dng c th trnh mch
vng cc b bng cch s dng mt anten trn nc nh hoc c mt kt ni v tuyn ti
anten ca trm mt t.
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. a
3. c
5. a
2. d
4. b
6. f
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. F
6. H
7. C
8. G
2. F
3. B
4. G
5. C
6. H
7. E
8. A
2. d
3. a
4. e
5. g
6. b
7. i
8.f
9. c
10. j
157
MC LC
UNIT 1.
UNIT 2.
18
UNIT 3.
31
UNIT 4.
OPTICAL FIBRES
44
UNIT 5.
56
UNIT 6.
71
UNIT 7.
88
UNIT 8.
106
UNIT 9.
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS .
124
UNIT 10.
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
141
158
MC LC
159
158