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PROIECT DE AN LA DISCIPLINA
P.C.M.A.I.
Tema de proiect:
Braov, 2015
mitracu Dorin
1. Studiu comparativ
BMW 3er (E36)
Cilindree
Putere
Alezaj
Curs
Raport de comprimare
Cuplu max/turaie
1596 cm^3
90kW/5500rpm
84 mm
72 mm
9.7
150Nm/3900 rpm
Peugeut 308 SW I
Cilindree
Putere
Alezaj
Curs
Raport de comprimare
Cuplu max/turaie
1598cm^3
90 kW/6000 rpm
77 mm
85.8 mm
11
160Nm/4250 rpm
Mini Cooper II
Cilindree
Putere
Alezaj
Curs
Raport de comprimare
Cuplu max/turaie
1598 cm^3
90kW/6000 rpm
77mm
75.8mm
11
160Nm/6000 rpm
Seat Leon
Cilindree
Putere
Alezaj
Curs
Raport de comprimare
Cuplu max/turaie
1398cm^3
90 kW/5600rpm
76.5mm
75.6 mm
11
200 Nm/3800 rpm
Audi A1
Cilindree
Putere
Alezaj
Curs
Raport de comprimare
Cuplu max/turaie
1398 cm^3
90 kW/5000 rpm
71 mm
84 mm
11,0:1
93 Nm/3600 rpm
2. Calculul termic
Calculul termic al unui motor, cunoscut i sub denumirea de " calculul ciclului de lucru
al motorului ", se efectueaza n scopul determinri anticipate a parametrilo proceselor ciclului
motor, a indicilor energetici i de economicitate, a presiunii gazelor n cilindrii motorului. Aceste
date ale cilculului permit stabilirea dimensiunilor fundamentale ale motorului, trasarea diagramei
indicate i efectuarea calculelor de rezisten a principalelor piese ale motorului.
O metod utilizat este metoda nbunit a lui Grineveki, care constituie o metod de
calcul analitic prin corectarea diagramei ciclului teoretic de referin.
Aceast metod se poate aplica att in stadiul de proiectare, ct i n cel de perfecionare
a prototipului. Datele iniiale necesare pentru calculul ciclului de lucru al unui motor n stare de
proiect se estimeaz dup rezultatele cercetrilor efectuate pe motoare analoage. Coincidena
rezultatelor calculului cu acelor obinute prin ncercarea motorului depinde de alegera corect
a parametrilor iniiali, estimate dificil ndeosebi cnd se realizeaz motoarele de construcie
original.
n cele ce urmeaz se prezint calculul termic al motorului avnd urmatoarele
caracteristici:
Pn =
nn =
i=
90 kw
90000 W
122.4 CP
5500 rot/min
4 numarul de cilindrii
Temperatura
Temperaturainitiala:
initiala:
Presiunea
Presiuneainitiala:
initiala:
Temperatura
Temperaturagazelor
gazelorreziduale:
reziduale:
Coeficientul
Coeficientuldedeexces
excesdedeaer:
aer:
Raportul
Raportuldedecomprimare:
comprimare:
T0 =
p0 =
Tr =
=
=
293 K
102*103 N/m2
950 K
1
10
(900 - 1000)
(0.85 - 1)
(7.5 - 11)
pr =
Presiunea
Presiuneareziduala:
reziduala:
105*103 N/m2
(105 - 125)
80*103 N/m2
20 K
10
(70 - 90)
(15 - 40)
(1.05 - 1.2)
pa =
T =
p =
Se calculeaza:
Coeficientul gazelor reziduale:
r=
T 0 + T
Tr
pr
293+30 105103
=
p a p p r 950
7 . 58010 31 . 05 105103
0.0044
T a=
T 0 + T + rT r
1+ r
293+30+0 . 0680950
=
1+0 . 0680
315.78 K
Coeficientul de umplere:
V =
prT 0
10510 3293
7. 5
1 . 05
=
3
p0T a 1 1+ r 10210 362 . 92 7 .51 1+ 0. 0680
10.567
n1= 1.39
Se adopta1,3
pentru
Parametrii
coeficientul
procesului
politropic
de comprimare
de comprimare
(1.32 - 1.39)
pc = p a 1= 8010 7. 5
1 . 33
1963767.13254802 N/m2
T c=T a
n11
775.15 K
0.854
0.142
0.004
43500
kg
kg
kg
KJ/kg
= 0.99
Mc= 1/114
Lmin =
1
c
h
o
1
0 . 854 0 . 142 0 . 004
+
=
+
=
0, 21 12 4 32
0, 21 12
4
32
1
=
114
h
c
0 . 142 0 . 854
+
0 . 790 . 504 +
+
2 12
2
12
=
= 1.053
L+ M c
1
0 .504 +
114
0 .79L+
0 =
f =
0 + r
1+ r
1 . 053+0 . 0680
= 1.0530
1+0 . 0680
C m =20+17 . 410
T c=20+17 . 410
795 .71=
33.488 kj/kmol K
kJ
kmolK
''
kJ
kmolK
T z =21+29 . 310
43500 KJ/kg
Q ai
'
+C 'mT c = C 'm
fT z
( L+ M c )( 1+ r )
0 . 943500
+32 . 278705 . 64=( 21+29 . 3104 T z )1 . 05T z
1
( 0 .504 +
)( 1+0 . 0680 )
114
Tz=
3384 K
T
3251
pz = p c f z =11 . 661051. 05
=
Tc
705 . 64
9026940.08968 N/m2
(0.75 - 0.85)
p z 56 . 41105
=
=
pc 11 . 66105
4.597
(2.85 - 4.5)
1.5 Destinderea
n2= 1.23
(1.23 - 1.3)
pz
56 . 4110 5
pb = n =
= 531545.639908576 N/m2
1 . 25
7.5
2
Temperatura la sfarsitul destinderii:
T b=
Tz
n 21
3251
=
1 . 251
7.5
1992.511222804 K
Se 1,6
adopta
Parametrii
urmatoarele
principali
valori:
ai motorului
coeficientul de rotunjire al diagramei:
randamentul mecanic:
r = 0.98
(0.94 - 0.98)
m = 0.85
(0.75 - 0.85)
pi=
[ (
pc
1
1
1
1 n 1
1 n 1
1 n2 1
n11
1
2
)]
11 . 66105 4 . 83
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
.25
1
1. 331
7 . 51
1 . 251
1. 331
7.5
7 .5
)]=
'
pi=
=
[ (
pc
1
1
1
1 n 1
1 n 1
1 n2 1
n11
1
2
)]
11 . 66105 4 . 83
1
1
1
1
1
1
.25
1
1. 331
7 . 51
1 . 251
1. 331
7.5
7 .5
'
pi= rp i=0.9411.0910 =
)]=
1461429.7025238 N/m2
1432201.10847335 N/m2
i = R M
p iM pT 0
9 . 71050 . 5137293
=8 . 314
=
p0 Qi
1. 021050. 943500
0.04
(0.25 - 0.36)
1217370.94220235 N/m^2
0.03
(0.25 - 0.33)
ge =
3600 3600
=
=
eQ i 0 . 25943500
2.547 kg/kWh
2547 g/kWh
(280 - 350)
Raportul cursa-alezaj:
= S / D = 1.07
1,7 Dimensiuni fundamentale ale motorului
Capacitatea cilindrica va fi :
V h=
120000Pn
peni
12000090000
=
8 . 6510555004
0.403 l
D=
4V h
40 . 371
=
3 . 141. 02
0.7829 dm
78.2891 mm
83.77 mm
83.77 mm
W m=
Sn 0, 0785600
=
=
30
30
15.3577187 m/s
V t =iV h=40.371=
1.61 l
V t =iV h=40.371=
Pl =
Pn
Vt
90
=
1. 11
55.80 kw/l
Diagrama indicata
7.5
V a =V h
=0 .371
=
1
7 . 51
0.448 dm3
V c=
Va
0 . 428
=
7 .5
0.045 dm3
Vb = Va
Se traseaza izocorele:
Vc = Vz
Politropa ac care reprezinta procesul de comprimare se traseaza prin puncte:
V
p x= p a a
Vx
( )
n1
Vz
p x= p z
Vx
n2
( )
V
p x= p z z
Vx
n2
( )
a =30 RAC
0
ev =60 RAC
b=
1
3.6
Pozitia punctului c' se determina de cursa pistonului Xs corespunzatoare unghiului de avans la aprindere
X s=
S
2
( 1 cos a ) +
b
4
( 1 cos 2 a )
7.066 mm
2356520.55906 N / m 2
Pozitia punctului b' este determinata de cursa pistonului Xev corespunzatoare unghiului de avans la
deschiderea evacuarii:
X ev =
S
2
b
( 1cos ev ) 4 ( 1cos 2 ev ) =
16.579 mm
1
1
pa '= ( p a + pb )= ( 0 . 8+3 . 7)10 5 =
2
2
265773.22 N/m^2
1
1
5
pa '= ( p a + pb )= ( 0 . 8+3 . 7)10 =
2
2
1.02
1.05
1.613014
0.8
0.0087719298
c=
b=
a=
110152.753
22.1132423
0.00308532
=
Tz1=
1848.42313
3383.76954
.94 - 0.98)
.75 - 0.85)
0.078289135 m
0.08377 m
0.27777778
13.99*10^5
N /m
2.27*10^5
N / m2
N / m2
Pe=Pm 1
M e= M m
Pm (W)
nm (rot/min)
c
90000
5500
0.5 (0.45 - 0.65)
( ) ( )]
( )]
n
n 2
n
+ 2
+ 3
nm
nm
nm
n
n
1+ 2
+ 3
nm
nm
1=
34 c
340. 5
=
= 1
2(1c ) 2(10 . 5)
3=
2=
2c
20 . 5
=
= 1
2( 1 c ) 2( 10 . 5)
1
1
=
= -1
2(1c) 2(10.5)
c e= c min
MM
Me
C=
c ePe
1000
195.33 Nm
Pm
Pm
90103
M m=
=
=
=
n n 3 . 145600
30
30
156.26 Nm
2750 rot/min
M m=
Pm
n
Pm
n
30
n (rot/min)
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2750
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5500
5800
6000
6200
90103
=
3 . 145600
30
Pe (KW)
18.80
22.99
27.26
31.58
35.94
40.30
44.64
48.93
53.15
56.25
61.26
65.10
68.77
72.23
75.46
78.44
81.13
83.52
85.57
87.27
88.58
89.48
89.94
90.00
89.45
88.44
86.90
Me (Nm)
179.51
182.92
185.91
188.49
190.66
192.42
193.76
194.69
195.21
195.33
195.00
194.28
193.14
191.59
189.63
187.26
184.47
181.26
177.65
173.62
169.18
164.32
159.05
156.26
147.27
140.76
133.84
ce (g/kWh)
214.36
210.37
206.98
204.14
201.82
199.97
198.59
197.64
197.12
197.00
197.33
198.06
199.23
200.84
202.92
205.49
208.60
212.28
216.61
221.63
227.45
234.17
241.93
246.25
261.28
273.36
287.50
C (kg/h)
4.03
4.84
5.64
6.45
7.25
8.06
8.87
9.67
10.48
11.08
12.09
12.89
13.70
14.51
15.31
16.12
16.92
17.73
18.54
19.34
20.15
20.95
21.76
22.16
23.37
24.18
24.98
1795.0668712964
1829.1602277009
1859.1210560564
1884.9493563628
1906.6451286202
1924.2083728285
1937.6390889879
1946.9372770982
1952.1029371595
1953.2652106733
1950.036673135
1942.8047490492
1931.4402969143
1915.9433167305
1896.3138084976
1872.5517722157
1844.6572078848
1812.6301155048
1776.4704950758
1736.1783465978
1691.7536700707
1643.1964654947
1590.5067328696
1562.6121685386
1472.7296834723
1407.6423667001
1338.4225218789
Pe [kW], C [kg/h]
Caracteristica externa
120.00
800.00
700.00
100.00
600.00
80.00
500.00
60.00
400.00
40.00
300.00
20.00
200.00
0.00
0
1000
2000
n3000
[rot/min]
4000
5000
6000
100.00
7000
Pe (KW)
Me (Nm
C (kg/h)
ce
(g/kWh)
0.00
0
1000
2000
n3000
[rot/min]
4000
5000
6000
100.00
7000
89.7533436
91.4580114
92.9560528
94.2474678
95.3322564
96.2104186
96.8819544
97.3468639
97.6051469
97.6632605
97.5018337
97.1402375
96.5720148
95.7971658
94.8156904
93.6275886
92.2328604
90.6315058
88.8235248
86.8089173
84.5876835
82.1598233
79.5253366
78.1306084
73.6364842
70.3821183
66.9211261
800.00
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
000
Pe (KW)
Me (Nm)
C (kg/h)
ce
(g/kWh)
100.00
000
Viteza I
[m/s]
PR
[kW]
0
Pr+Pa+Pd
[kW]
0
0
3. Calculul cinematic
R[mm]
41.88469
0.277778
575.9587
xp
[mm]
0.00
0.81
3.21
7.07
12.20
18.38
25.31
32.70
40.25
47.70
54.80
61.35
67.19
72.22
76.37
79.61
81.92
83.31
83.77
83.31
81.92
79.61
76.37
72.22
67.19
61.35
54.80
47.70
40.25
32.70
25.31
18.38
12.20
7.07
3.21
0.81
0.00
vp
[m/s]
0.00
5.34
10.40
14.96
18.81
21.78
23.79
24.82
24.90
24.12
22.61
20.52
17.99
15.18
12.21
9.16
6.10
3.04
0.00
-3.04
-6.10
-9.16
-12.21
-15.18
-17.99
-20.52
-22.61
-24.12
-24.90
-24.82
-23.79
-21.78
-18.81
-14.96
-10.40
-5.34
0.00
b=R/l
[RAC]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
ap
[m/s^2]
17753.88
17310.03
16012.99
13962.62
11313.88
8260.91
5017.40
1795.57
-1214.05
-3859.54
-6039.51
-7708.72
-8876.94
-9601.31
-9973.48
-10103.08
-10099.83
-10056.47
-10034.80
-10056.47
-10099.83
-10103.08
-9973.48
-9601.31
-8876.94
-7708.72
-6039.51
-3859.54
-1214.05
1795.57
5017.40
8260.91
11313.88
13962.62
16012.99
17310.03
17753.88
4. Calculul dinamic
D= 0.07829 m
S= 0.08377 m
Ap= 0.00481 m2
=S/D=
1.02
e=
7.5
Pn=
90 kw
n=
5500 rot/min
p0=
pa=
pr=
pz=
pe=
Va=
Vc=
Vh=
102000
80000
105000
9026940
1217371
0.448
0.045
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
l
l
0.238
4.20168
n1=
1.33
n2=
1.25
R=S/2= 0.04188 m
=
180 3.1416
N=Ftg
S= Fcos
T = Ssin ( + )
0.403 l
120 kg/m2
110 kg/m2
120 kg/m2
mj = mp+m
m1b = 0,2
m2b = 0,7
Fg pg p0 Ap
Momentul motor
Forta de inertie a maselor cu miscare de translM=TR
0.688 kg
0.159 kg
0.419 kg
Z =Scos ( + )
F j=m R
( cos + cos 2 )
j
Fortele rezultante din mecanismul biela - manivela
sin 2 )
2
Fcb =m 2 bR
F= F g + F j
Acceleratia pistonului:
a p =R(cos + cos2 )
Deplasarea pistonului:
-11841 -11841
x= [(1cos )+ (1cos2 )]
2
4
xs
Vx
px
vx
ax
Fg
Fj
[grd]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
[m]
[l]
[N/m2]
[m/s]
[m/s2]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[grd]
[N]
[N]
0.0000
0.0008
0.0031
0.0069
0.0119
0.0179
0.0247
0.0448
0.0486
0.0598
0.0778
0.1019
0.1309
0.1636
102000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
0.00
5.17
10.10
14.55
18.33
21.31
23.38
17201
16791
15590
13686
11218
8357
5294
0
-106
-106
-106
-106
-106
-106
-11841
-11558
-10732
-9421
-7722
-5753
-3644
-11841
-11664
-10837
-9527
-7828
-5859
-3750
0.0000
0.0413
0.0815
0.1193
0.1536
0.1833
0.2076
0
-482
-885
-1142
-1212
-1086
-790
-11841
-11674
-10874
-9595
-7921
-5958
-3832
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
360
370
380
0.0320
0.0394
0.0469
0.0540
0.0606
0.0666
0.0717
0.0760
0.0794
0.0818
0.0833
0.0838
0.0833
0.0818
0.0794
0.0760
0.0717
0.0666
0.0606
0.0540
0.0469
0.0394
0.0320
0.0247
0.0179
0.0119
0.0069
0.0031
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0031
0.1987
0.2347
0.2704
0.3047
0.3366
0.3652
0.3901
0.4108
0.4270
0.4387
0.4457
0.4481
0.4457
0.4387
0.4270
0.4108
0.3901
0.3652
0.3366
0.3047
0.2704
0.2347
0.1987
0.1636
0.1309
0.1019
0.0778
0.0598
0.0486
0.0448
0.0448
0.0486
0.0598
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80000
80559
82276
85278
89792
96179
104987
117041
133594
156582
189063
235984
305480
410955
573515
820797
1165794
1535423
1710370
8936671
8156379
6296304
24.51
24.74
24.12
22.78
20.82
18.41
15.65
12.68
9.58
6.41
3.21
0.00
-3.21
-6.41
-9.58
-12.68
-15.65
-18.41
-20.82
-22.78
-24.12
-24.74
-24.51
-23.38
-21.31
-18.33
-14.55
-10.10
-5.17
0.00
0.00
5.17
10.10
2219
-106
-695
-106
-3307
-106
-5520
-106
-7285
-106
-8601
-106
-9505
-106
-10069 -106
-10379 -106
-10523 -106
-10576 -106
-10587 -106
-10576 -103
-10523
-95
-10379
-80
-10069
-59
-9505
-28
-8601
14
-7285
72
-5520
152
-3307
263
-695
419
2219
645
5294
980
8357
1487
11218 2270
13686 3460
15590 5121
16791 6900
17201 7742
17201 42529
16791 38773
15590 29818
-1527
478
2276
3800
5015
5920
6543
6932
7145
7244
7280
7288
7280
7244
7145
6932
6543
5920
5015
3800
2276
478
-1527
-3644
-5753
-7722
-9421
-10732
-11558
-11841
-11841
-11558
-10732
-1633
372
2170
3694
4909
5815
6437
6826
7039
7138
7174
7182
7177
7149
7065
6873
6515
5935
5087
3952
2539
897
-883
-2665
-4265
-5452
-5961
-5611
-4658
-4099
30688
27214
19087
0.2256
0.2366
0.2403
0.2366
0.2256
0.2076
0.1833
0.1536
0.1193
0.0815
0.0413
0.0000
-0.0413
-0.0815
-0.1193
-0.1536
-0.1833
-0.2076
-0.2256
-0.2366
-0.2403
-0.2366
-0.2256
-0.2076
-0.1833
-0.1536
-0.1193
-0.0815
-0.0413
0.0000
0.0000
0.0413
0.0815
-375
90
532
891
1126
1225
1194
1057
844
583
297
0
-297
-584
-847
-1064
-1208
-1250
-1167
-953
-622
-216
202
561
791
844
714
458
193
0
0
1126
1559
-1676
383
2235
3800
5037
5942
6547
6907
7089
7162
7180
7182
7183
7173
7115
6955
6626
6065
5220
4065
2614
923
-905
-2723
-4338
-5517
-6004
-5629
-4662
-4099
30688
27237
19150
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
0.0069
0.0119
0.0179
0.0247
0.0320
0.0394
0.0469
0.0540
0.0606
0.0666
0.0717
0.0760
0.0794
0.0818
0.0833
0.0838
0.0833
0.0818
0.0794
0.0760
0.0717
0.0666
0.0606
0.0540
0.0469
0.0394
0.0320
0.0247
0.0179
0.0119
0.0069
0.0031
0.0008
0.0778
0.1019
0.1309
0.1636
0.1987
0.2347
0.2704
0.3047
0.3366
0.3652
0.3901
0.4108
0.4270
0.4387
0.4457
0.4481
0.4457
0.4387
0.4270
0.4108
0.3901
0.3652
0.3366
0.3047
0.2704
0.2347
0.1987
0.1636
0.1309
0.1019
0.0778
0.0598
0.0486
4527574
3232505
2363176
1788269
1403054
1139175
954221
821945
725855
655368
603557
565810
522865
469067
408764
293811
270306
235049
220358
205668
190977
176287
161596
146906
132215
102000
102000
102000
102000
102000
102000
102000
102000
14.55
18.33
21.31
23.38
24.51
24.74
24.12
22.78
20.82
18.41
15.65
12.68
9.58
6.41
3.21
0.00
-3.21
-6.41
-9.58
-12.68
-15.65
-18.41
-20.82
-22.78
-24.12
-24.74
-24.51
-23.38
-21.31
-18.33
-14.55
-10.10
-5.17
13686 21304
11218 15070
8357 10885
5294
8117
2219
6263
-695
4993
-3307 4102
-5520 3466
-7285 3003
-8601 2664
-9505 2414
-10069 2233
-10379 2026
-10523 1767
-10576 1477
-10587 923
-10576 810
-10523 640
-10379 570
-10069 499
-9505
428
-8601
358
-7285
287
-5520
216
-3307
145
-695
0
2219
0
5294
0
8357
0
11218
0
13686
0
15590
0
16791
0
-9421
-7722
-5753
-3644
-1527
478
2276
3800
5015
5920
6543
6932
7145
7244
7280
7288
7280
7244
7145
6932
6543
5920
5015
3800
2276
478
-1527
-3644
-5753
-7722
-9421
-10732
-11558
11883
7348
5132
4473
4736
5471
6379
7266
8018
8584
8958
9164
9171
9011
8757
8212
8090
7884
7715
7431
6972
6278
5302
4016
2422
478
-1527
-3644
-5753
-7722
-9421
-10732
-11558
0.1193
0.1536
0.1833
0.2076
0.2256
0.2366
0.2403
0.2366
0.2256
0.2076
0.1833
0.1536
0.1193
0.0815
0.0413
0.0000
-0.0413
-0.0815
-0.1193
-0.1536
-0.1833
-0.2076
-0.2256
-0.2366
-0.2403
-0.2366
-0.2256
-0.2076
-0.1833
-0.1536
-0.1193
-0.0815
-0.0413
1424
1137
952
942
1087
1319
1563
1752
1840
1808
1661
1419
1099
736
362
0
-335
-644
-925
-1150
-1293
-1322
-1217
-968
-593
-115
350
768
1067
1195
1129
876
478
11968
7435
5220
4571
4859
5628
6568
7474
8227
8773
9110
9273
9237
9041
8764
8212
8097
7911
7770
7519
7090
6416
5440
4131
2493
492
-1567
-3724
-5851
-7814
-9489
-10767
-11568
720
0.0000
0.0448
102000
8936671
0.00
17201
0
42529
-11841
-11841
-11841
-11841
0.0000
0
1840
-11841
alfa
M1
M2
M3
Mt
T1
T2
Z1
Z2
T'
Z'
Rm
[grd]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
[N]
0.0
-85.3
-156.4
-201.7
-213.9
-191.7
-139.3
-66.1
15.8
93.6
156.6
198.0
215.1
209.5
185.4
147.9
102.2
52.0
0.0
-52.0
-102.4
-148.5
-186.6
-212.0
-219.5
0.0
-52.0
-102.4
-148.5
-186.6
-212.0
-219.5
-205.1
-167.6
-109.5
-38.1
35.7
99.0
139.6
149.0
126.2
81.0
34.0
0.0
198.9
275.4
251.5
200.8
167.9
166.2
0.0
-58.7
-112.9
-162.1
-201.8
-226.9
-232.2
-213.8
-170.3
-104.4
-20.3
61.8
135.4
188.2
211.1
199.4
154.8
84.5
0.0
-85.3
-156.4
-201.7
-213.9
-191.7
-139.3
0
-1242
-2444
-3545
-4456
-5062
-5242
-4898
-4001
-2614
-910
852
2363
3332
3558
3013
1933
813
0
4749
6575
6005
4794
4009
3967
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
0.0
-195.9
-371.6
-512.3
-602.4
-630.6
-591.1
-485.0
-322.0
-120.3
98.2
295.4
449.4
537.3
545.4
473.6
338.0
170.5
0.0
61.6
16.7
-98.6
-199.8
-235.8
-192.7
-2036
-3734
-4815
-5108
-4577
-3326
-1577
377
2235
3739
4726
5135
5002
4426
3532
2440
1242
0
-1242
-2444
-3545
-4456
-5062
-5242
-11841
-11495
-10213
-8300
-6054
-3815
-1904
-567
65
-9
-675
-1741
-2990
-4224
-5303
-6147
-6733
-7072
-7182
-7075
-6744
-6169
-5340
-4276
-3052
-7182
-7075
-6744
-6169
-5340
-4276
-3052
-1805
-722
-11
157
-306
-1353
-2778
-4217
-5193
-5287
-4591
-4099
26820
17986
10352
5683
3342
2271
0
-397
-645
-635
-326
243
958
1660
2189
2424
2325
1937
1386
835
434
260
254
214
0
-2996
-4510
-4775
-4625
-4536
-4604
-2329
-2210
-1734
-1065
-357
230
574
619
394
1
-416
-717
-818
-723
-543
-477
-723
-1241
-1542
-16948
-12365
-8261
-5511
-3809
-2661
6021.952
6030.341
5765.582
5416.568
5113.412
4996.060
5136.868
5483.710
5896.061
6224.608
6359.344
6242.176
5863.107
5249.919
4455.534
3547.143
2605.630
1764.239
1363.298
1766.452
2612.778
3561.950
4481.826
5292.477
5927.244
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
-205.1
-167.6
-109.5
-38.1
35.7
99.0
139.6
149.0
126.2
81.0
34.0
0.0
198.9
275.4
251.5
200.8
167.9
166.2
191.5
232.3
275.1
308.1
323.3
317.5
291.5
248.9
192.7
129.0
63.5
0.0
-58.7
-112.9
191.5
232.3
275.1
308.1
323.3
317.5
291.5
248.9
192.7
129.0
63.5
0.0
-58.7
-112.9
-162.1
-201.8
-226.9
-232.2
-213.8
-170.3
-104.4
-20.3
61.8
135.4
188.2
211.1
199.4
154.8
84.5
0.0
-85.3
-156.4
-66.1
15.8
93.6
156.6
198.0
215.1
209.5
185.4
147.9
102.2
52.0
0.0
-52.0
-102.4
-148.5
-186.6
-212.0
-219.5
-205.1
-167.6
-109.5
-38.1
35.7
99.0
139.6
149.0
126.2
81.0
34.0
0.0
198.9
275.4
-79.7
80.5
259.2
426.6
557.0
631.6
640.6
583.3
466.9
312.2
149.5
0.0
88.2
60.2
-59.1
-187.6
-271.0
-285.6
-227.4
-105.5
61.1
249.7
420.8
551.9
619.3
608.9
518.4
364.8
182.0
0.0
55.0
6.2
-4898
-4001
-2614
-910
852
2363
3332
3558
3013
1933
813
0
4749
6575
6005
4794
4009
3967
4572
5546
6568
7355
7719
7581
6960
5942
4602
3080
1516
0
-1400
-2695
4572
5546
6568
7355
7719
7581
6960
5942
4602
3080
1516
0
-1400
-2695
-3871
-4818
-5417
-5545
-5104
-4065
-2493
-485
1475
3232
4494
5039
4761
3697
2017
0
-2036
-3734
-1805
-722
-11
157
-306
-1353
-2778
-4217
-5193
-5287
-4591
-4099
26820
17986
10352
5683
3342
2271
1644
954
-28
-1328
-2844
-4414
-5878
-7120
-8009
-8500
-8632
-8212
-7975
-7437
1644
954
-28
-1328
-2844
-4414
-5878
-7120
-8009
-8500
-8632
-8212
-7975
-7437
-6737
-5773
-4575
-3228
-1881
-734
-10
83
-530
-1850
-3746
-5973
-8208
-10113
-11391
-11841
-11495
-10213
-4735
-4773
-4591
-4132
-3434
-2609
-1814
-1192
-794
-574
-351
0
3075
4635
4938
4806
4713
4756
4838
4806
4530
3920
3122
2175
1233
451
-80
-308
-251
0
318
519
-1724
-838
8
742
1269
1530
1550
1451
1408
1607
2021
2057
17398
12712
8544
5728
3959
2750
1762
844
-9
-706
-1157
-1282
-1066
-574
99
806
1379
1815
1760
1388
6332.856
6479.174
6369.277
6044.395
5578.154
5052.730
4511.287
3901.841
3077.051
2004.723
1472.964
1720.504
32982.984
24696.644
17250.023
12461.084
10000.266
9010.780
8752.031
8754.426
8756.329
8617.544
8272.768
7710.549
6960.457
6082.551
5096.077
4083.564
3195.644
2392.553
2571.094
3143.671
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
-162.1
-201.8
-226.9
-232.2
-213.8
-170.3
-104.4
-20.3
61.8
135.4
188.2
211.1
199.4
154.8
84.5
0.0
-201.7
-213.9
-191.7
-139.3
-66.1
15.8
93.6
156.6
198.0
215.1
209.5
185.4
147.9
102.2
52.0
0.0
251.5
200.8
167.9
166.2
191.5
232.3
275.1
308.1
323.3
317.5
291.5
248.9
192.7
129.0
63.5
0.0
-112.3
-214.9
-250.7
-205.4
-88.3
77.8
264.2
444.4
583.0
668.0
689.3
645.3
540.1
386.1
200.0
0.0
-630620.2
689257.2
-4815
-5108
-4818
-4577
-5417
-3326
-5545
-1577
-5104
377
-4065
2235
-2493
3739
-485
4726
1475
5135
3232
5002
4494
4426
5039
3532
4761
2440
3697
1242
2017
0
0
7719 7719
-3871
-6737
-8300
-5773
-6054
-4575
-3815
-3228
-1904
-1881
-567
-734
65
-10
-9
83
-675
-530
-1741
-1850
-2990
-3746
-4224
-5973
-5303
-8208
-6147
-10113
-6733
-11391
-7072
-11841
-7182
26820 26820
-11841 -11841
472
145
-420
-1109
-1764
-2221
-2364
-2112
-1626
-952
-254
307
615
629
388
0
781 3978.340
141 4817.993
-380 5558.000
-662 6120.143
-657 6447.119
-400 6510.272
-1 6321.133
379 5922.318
606 5490.585
570 5118.146
239 4948.871
-335 5041.223
-1030 5327.042
-1690 5666.028
-2159 5925.883
-2329 6021.952
17398
6162.602
-16948 Rm=
32982.984
N=Ftg
S= Fcos
T = Ssin ( + )
Z =Scos ( + )
omentul motor
Fcb =m2 bR
-5819.02222
=arcsin( sin )
T
[N]
[N]
[Nm]
0
-2036
-3734
-4815
-5108
-4577
-3326
-11841
-11495
-10213
-8300
-6054
-3815
-1904
0.0
-85.3
-156.4
-201.7
-213.9
-191.7
-139.3
-1577
377
2235
3739
4726
5135
5002
4426
3532
2440
1242
0
-1242
-2444
-3545
-4456
-5062
-5242
-4898
-4001
-2614
-910
852
2363
3332
3558
3013
1933
813
0
0
4749
6575
-567
65
-9
-675
-1741
-2990
-4224
-5303
-6147
-6733
-7072
-7182
-7075
-6744
-6169
-5340
-4276
-3052
-1805
-722
-11
157
-306
-1353
-2778
-4217
-5193
-5287
-4591
-4099
30688
26820
17986
-66.1
15.8
93.6
156.6
198.0
215.1
209.5
185.4
147.9
102.2
52.0
0.0
-52.0
-102.4
-148.5
-186.6
-212.0
-219.5
-205.1
-167.6
-109.5
-38.1
35.7
99.0
139.6
149.0
126.2
81.0
34.0
0.0
0.0
198.9
275.4
6005
4794
4009
3967
4572
5546
6568
7355
7719
7581
6960
5942
4602
3080
1516
0
-1400
-2695
-3871
-4818
-5417
-5545
-5104
-4065
-2493
-485
1475
3232
4494
5039
4761
3697
2017
10352
5683
3342
2271
1644
954
-28
-1328
-2844
-4414
-5878
-7120
-8009
-8500
-8632
-8212
-7975
-7437
-6737
-5773
-4575
-3228
-1881
-734
-10
83
-530
-1850
-3746
-5973
-8208
-10113
-11391
251.5
200.8
167.9
166.2
191.5
232.3
275.1
308.1
323.3
317.5
291.5
248.9
192.7
129.0
63.5
0.0
-58.7
-112.9
-162.1
-201.8
-226.9
-232.2
-213.8
-170.3
-104.4
-20.3
61.8
135.4
188.2
211.1
199.4
154.8
84.5
-11841
30688
-11841
0.0
323322.6
-232235.2
Rp
[N]
2329.33
2245.58
1850.41
1240.32
483.72
334.53
1116.53
1771.98
2224.13
2424.44
2361.46
2065.68
1609.62
1104.61
695.04
542.98
766.31
1259.18
1541.90
17210.30
13161.62
9541.38
7194.89
5923.00
5318.26
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5039.15
4846.51
4590.87
4198.44
3660.60
3024.87
2386.21
1878.17
1616.46
1705.87
2051.17
2056.53
26
17667.400
38
13530.56
9868.83
7477.12
6155.07
5493.64
5149.18
4879.46
4530.49
3982.89
3329.75
2524.39
1629.98
730.01
127.59
863.28
1401.95
1814.70
1788.49
1481.49
39
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
912.92
202.15
566.37
1291.90
1882.00
2257.09
2364.06
2145.91
1734.83
1109.18
348.73
454.01
1199.79
1802.78
2193.93
2329.33
3309.222
Rp=
17667.40
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
S
R
L
n 3.145600
= =
=
30 30
R=
S
= 0.04188469 m
2
1
1
.. . .. . . .. .
3.0
3. 8
R
1
= =
L 3.6
max=
Aria pistonului:
14
(12-18)
D 2 3. 140 . 0772
A p=
=
=
4
4
S X = R ( Lcos ) +
575.958653 rad/s
1
( 1cos )
0.004814 m2
S X =R ( 1cos ) ( 1cos 2 )
4
1
S X = R ( Lcos ) + ( 1cos )
S X =R ( 1cos ) ( 1cos 2 )
4
V P=
D 2
Salignl
4
Viteza pistonului:
V = R sin
sin 2
2
max
=arccos
[ (
1
4
1
1
2 4
Acceleraia pistonului:
a = R2 ( cos cos 2 )
Ordinea de lucru a cilindrilor 1-3-2 1-3-2-4
a
0
1
2
3
4
180
A
C
E
D
360
C
D
A
E
540
D
E
C
A
720
E
A
D
C
foarte complexe din cauza regimului variabil de funcionare . De aceea se folosesc relaii
simplificate obinute in ipoteza unei viteze unghiulare constante a arborelui cotit i la regim stabilizat.
F g =( p g p0 )A p
Ap - aria suprafeei capului pistonului;
pg - presiunea gazelor n cilindru dup diagrama indicat;
p0 - presiunea mediului ambiant;
Forta de presiune a gazelor este indreptata dupa axa cilindrului si poate fi considerata in axa boltului de piston .
Aceasta forta este considerata pozitiva cand este orientata spre axa arborelui cotit si negativa cand este
orintata invers.Calculul valorilor fortei de presiune a gazelor se face tabelar.Se construeste curba Fg=f()
Fortele de inertie
Fortele de inertie sunt produse de masele aflate in miscare accelerata si anume :piston asamblat (piston , bolt ,
segmenti , sigurantele boltului ) , biela si arbore cotit. Fortele de inertie sunt indreptate in sens opus acceleratiei
si sunt date de formula generala :
F=ma [ N ]
m masa elementelor in miscare , in
a - acceleratia maselor , in
[ m/s 2 ]
[ Kg ]
a)
b) Forte de inertie produse e masele neechilibrate ale elementelor aflate in miscare de rotatie ( Fr )
F j=m a
j p
[N ]
ml=mp +m1 b [ Kg ]
mp - masa pistonului asamblat , in
[ Kg ]
m1b - masa bielei concentrata in axa boltului si care se considera ca executa miscare de translatie , in
Fortele de inertie Fj se pot exprima , tinand seama de expresia acceleratiei pistonului pentru
mecanismul biel manivel axat .
F j=m R
2( cos + cos 2 )
j
[N ]
F j= f ( )
d
Ft =m rR
dt
[N ]
forta tangentiala
Pentru majoritatea motoarelor de autovehicule , repartizarea masei bielei pe cele doua componente este :
m 1b = ( 0,2. . . .. . 0,3 )m b
m 1b =0,275m b
m2b =0,725mb
In aceste conditii , masa elementelor aflate in miscare de translatie alternativa se poate determina cu
relatia :
m j =m p + m1 b =m p +0, 275m b
mp - masa pistonului asamblat
mb - masa bielei
Masele rotitoare mr, sunt constituite din masa fusului maneton mm, masa bratului de
manivela redusa la raza R si componenta m2b a bielei , adica:
m r =m m +2( mbr ) R +m 2 b
Masa bratelor manivelei avand centrul de masa la raza r fata de axa arborelui cotit ,
se poate reduce la raza R a manivelei pornind de la egalitatea :
2
2
( m br ) RR =m br
de unde se obtine :
( m br ) R = mbrR
[ Kg ]
Masa bielei
kg/m2
100-150
kg/m2
120-200
F= F g +F j [ N ]
Calculul fortei F se face tabelar si se construeste curba F=f()
Forta F aplicata in axa boltului se descompune in doua componente, una de sprijin,
normala pe axa cilindrului (N) si una dupa axa bielei (B):
.
N =Ftg
[N ]
B=
F
cos
[N ]
Z =Scos( + ) [ N ]
T = Ssin( + )
[N ]
T = Ssin( + )
[N ]
cos 2 )
cos 2 )
Anexe
10000000
9500000
9000000
8500000
8000000
7500000
7000000
p [N/m2]
6500000
6000000
5500000
5000000
4500000
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
Diagrama indicat
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
0.0000
V [l]
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.3000
a indicat
00
V [l]
0.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
Cronomanograma
10000000
9000000
p, [N/m2]
8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
0
90
180
270
360
, [RAC]
450
540
630
720
720
xp,vp [mm],[m/s]
x, v, a= f()
100.00
20000.00
16000.00
60.00
12000.00
40.00
8000.00
20.00
4000.00
ap[m/s6^2]
80.00
0.00
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0.00
360
-20.00
-4000.00
-40.00
-8000.00
-60.00
[rad]
-12000.00
20000.00
ap[m/s6^2]
16000.00
12000.00
8000.00
4000.00
0.00
360
-4000.00
-8000.00
-12000.00
x
p
v
p
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0
90
180
270
360
-10000
-20000
[Rac]
450
540
630
720
F
g
F
j
720
Diagrama N,S
55000
45000
35000
25000
N
[
]
15000
5000
0
-5000
-15000
90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
N
[N
]
720
T, Z = f()
40000
T, Z [N,m]
30000
20000
10000
0
0
90
180
270
360
-10000
-20000
[RAC]
450
540
630
720
720
400.0
M [Nm]
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0
90
180
270
360
-100.0
-200.0
-300.0
[RAC]
450
540
630
720
720
-17000
-14000
-11000
-8000
-5000
-5000
-3000
-2000
-1000
1000
1000
4000
7000
10000
13000
16000
19000
Z' [N]
3000
5000
T' [N]
5000
T' [N]
Momentul total
800.0
600.0
Mt [Nm]
400.0
200.0
0.0
0
90
180
270
360
-200.0
-400.0
-600.0
-800.0
[RAC]
450
540
630
630
720
-10000
-5000
-8000
-4000
0
0
5000
T [N]
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
4000
8000
12
8000
12000
Rm [N]
35000.000
30000.000
25000.000
20000.000
15000.000
10000.000
5000.000
0.000
0
90
180
270
360
[RAC]
450
540
630
630
720
Rp [N]
16000.00
12000.00
8000.00
4000.00
0.00
0
90
180
270
360
[RAC]
450
540
630
720
720