Cam Nang Quan Trac Nuoc Thai Cong Nghiep (Trang 1 - 180) PDF

B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Vit Nam
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Cm nang
Canadian International
Development Agency
Agence canadienne de
dveloppement international
Quan trc nc thi cng nghip
B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
D N QUN L NH NC V MI TRNG CP TNH
TI VIT NAM (VPEG)
Tc gi: TS.Nguyn Vn Kit

TS.Hunh Trung Hi
Cm nang
H Ni, 2012
LI NI U
Qu trnh cng nghip ha v ang din ra mnh m Vit Nam trong hai thp k
qua i hi cc c quan qun l mi trng t trung ng n a phng phi c cc hnh
ng qun l thch hp gii quyt nhng vn nhim mi trng. Trong , quan trc
nc thi cng nghip t cc Khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip, lng ngh v cc c s sn
xut cng nghip nhm cung cp cc thng tin quan trng cho cc c quan qun l mi
trng ra quyt nh v c cc hnh ng qun l thch hp.
D n Mi trng Vit Nam Canada (VCEP 2) do Chnh ph Canada ti tr xy dng
v xut bn ln u cun Quan trc nc thi cng nghip vo nm 2006. D n Qun l nh
nc v mi trng cp tnh ti Vit Nam (VPEG) tip tc b sung v cp nht cun sch ny
nhm cung cp cho ngi s dng cc hng dn k thut thch hp vi iu kin hin ti.
Trng tm ca ti liu Quan trc nc thi cng nghip l cung cp cc hng dn quan
trc nc thi ti ngun ca cc Khu Cng nghip, Cm cng nghip, lng ngh, cc c s
sn xut cng nghip nhm gip bn c nm c cc k nng c bn trong cng tc quan
trc v phn tch dng thi cng nghip.
Ti liu ny bao gm 9 chng ni dung v 1 chng 10 v ti liu tham kho.
Chng 1: Gii thiu v thc thi php lut, bao gm cc vn bn php l cc Qui chun
k thut quc gia, Tiu chun ly mu, bo qun vn chuyn, phn tch trong
phng th nghim v cc yu cu i vi cng nhn phng th nghim.
Chng 2: Trnh by cc bc chun b mt chng trnh quan trc dng thi cng nghip.
Chng 3: Trnh by v phng php v thit b o lu lng, bao gm c cc bin php an
ton v thit b bo h ti hin trng.
Chng 4: Trnh by cc hng dn v ly mu v phn tch ti hin trng bao gm cc bin
php bo m an ton ti hin trng, cc phng php ly mu, phn tch mu,
quan st hin trng v m bo cht lng trong bo qun v vn chuyn mu
v phng th nghim.
Chng 5: Trnh by v cc k thut phn tch trong phng th nghim v mt s vn an
ton lao ng.
Mt trong nhng mc tiu v kt qu cui cng ca quan trc nc thi cng
nghip l nh gi thi lng nhim v bo co kt qu quan trc.
Chng 6: Gii thiu v phng php tnh thi lng, ni dung v cch trnh by mt bo
co quan trc. Bo co kt qu quan trc cn c son tho v trnh by r rng
QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP
theo tiu chun quc t lm c s cho qun l nhim cng nghip v gip
doanh nghip chun b c s d liu c chng nhn ISO v cc chng ch
khc cn thit.
Chng 7: Trnh by v c s l thuyt, nguyn tc v mt s v d thit b v quan trc lin
tc mt s thng s c bn ca nc thi. Chng ny cng gii thiu v cc
nguyn tc quan trc v thit k mng li quan trc nc thi trc tuyn.
Chng 8: Trnh by mt s yu cu c bn vi cht lng s liu phng th nghim v chng
trnh m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng (QA/QC).
Chng 9: Trnh by v phi nhim, ri ro trong quan trc v cc bin php an ton ngoi
hin trng, trong phng th nghim.
Ban Qun l D n Qun l nh nc v mi trng cp tnh ti Vit Nam (VPEG) v Trung
tm quan trc mi trng (CEM) xin trn trng gii thiu cun Quan trc nc thi cng
nghip nh mt ti liu hng dn k thut gip cc trung tm quan trc mi trng ca cc
tnh, cc Ban qun l cc KCN, CCN v cc doanh nghip cng nghip thc hin Lut Bo v
mi trng v cc vn bn php l hin hnh./.
Ban Qun l D n Qun l nh nc
v mi trng cp tnh ti Vit Nam
LI CM N
Ti liu ny l cng trnh hp tc c s ng gp ca nhiu ngi, c Vit Nam ln Canada

trong khun kh ca D n Mi trng Vit Nam Canada (VCEP) v D n Qun l nh nc
v mi trng cp tnh ti Vit Nam (VPEG) l giai an 3 ca VCEP do C quan Quc t Canada
(CIDA) ti tr.
Tc gi chnh l TS. Nguyn Vn Kit ngi a ra tng xut bn v vit bn tho ti
liu ny bng ting Anh. ng tc gi l TS. Hunh Trung Hi, Vin trng Vin Khoa hc v
Cng ngh Mi trng, i hc Bch khoa H Ni. Hai tc gi cng cp nht v b sung
mt s ni dung mi cho ti liu ny.
Nhm chuyn gia VCEP, VPEG tham gia thm nh v chun b xut bn ti liu ny gm
ng Marcel Couture, B Monya Pelchat, ng John Patterson, ng Khc Quang Minh, B
Isabelle Thibeault, ng Hong Dng Tng.
ng inh Xun Hng, iu phi vin d n quc gia VCEP bin tp v ng o Nht
nh gip dch bn tho ny.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng Bc Ninh, Hi Dng,
Bnh Dng, H Ni, Sc Trng, Long An, Nng, Qung Ngi v Hi Phng, cc nhn vin
d n VCEP, VPEG, cn b Trung tm quan trc mi trng (CEM) ng gp v ng h tch
cc bin tng ti bn ln 2 ti liu Quan trc nc thi cng nghip thnh hin thc.
Ban Qun l D n Qun l nh nc
v mi trng cp tnh ti Vit Nam
Gim c
TS. L K Sn
Mc lc
MC LC
NHNG T VIT TT.........................................................................................................................................17

CHNG 1: THC THI PHP LUT BO V MI TRNG..............................................................19
1.1. Gii thiu.....................................................................................................................................................19
1.2. Cc cng c php l i vi qun l nhim cng nghip.................................................19
1.2.1. Lut Bo v Mi trng nm 2005...............................................................................................19
1.2.2. K hoch 5 nm v ti nguyn v mi trng (2006-2010)...................................................21
1.2.3. Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia
v nc thi cng nghip ...............................................................................................................21
1.2.4. Cc Quy chun K thut Quc gia v nc thi cng nghip i vi
tng loi hnh sn xut....................................................................................................................25
1.2.5. Cc tiu chun quy nh hot ng ly mu.............................................................................26
1.2.6. Tiu chun quy nh hot ng bo qun v vn chuyn mu...........................................27
1.2.7. Tiu chun quy nh hot ng phn tch trong phng th nghim ..................................29
1.3. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP, thng t 106/2007/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT v ph bo v
mi trng i vi nc thi...............................................................................................................33
1.4. ngha v nh hng mi trng ca cc thng s nhim chnh ..............................33
1.4.1. Cc thng s nhim hu c thng thng (BOD5 , COD v TOC)....................................34
1.4.2. Cc thng s nhim cht rn thng thng (TSS, VSS v TDS) ........................................36
1.4.3. Cc thng s nhim hu c hng u c th......................................................................37
1.4.4. Cc kim loi nng c th ..............................................................................................................42
1.4.5. nhim v c c th .....................................................................................................................42
1.4.6. Cht dinh dng................................................................................................................................43
1.4.7. Thng s c hc v tc ng mi trng ca chng ...........................................................45
1.4.8. Ch s CHEMIOTOX ...........................................................................................................................47
1.5. Tng cng quan trc v thc thi php lut i vi nhim cng nghip.................48
1.5.1. Yu cu i vi phng th nghim c cng nhn ...............................................................49
1.5.2. Qun l v phn tch s liu............................................................................................................49
1.5.3. Thc thi quy nh php l...............................................................................................................50

CHNG 2: CC BC CHUN B.............................................................................................................73
2.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................................................................................73
2.2.1. Tun th cc vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng ..........................................................75
2.2.2. Bo v mi trng thy sinh v sc khe con ngi...............................................................75
2.2.3. Quan trc phc v cc hot ng Sn xut sch hn ............................................................78
2.2.4. Kim sot v nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi .......................................................................79
2.3. Cc bc chnh ca mt chng trnh quan trc......................................................................79
2.4. Cc thng s cn phn tch cho tng ngnh cng nghip...................................................80
2.4.1. Cc thng s chung ..........................................................................................................................80
2.4.2. Cc thng s c th cho tng ngnh cng nghip ...............................................................80
2.4.3. Phn tch ti phng th nghim.....................................................................................................86
2.5. Chun b cc thit b an ton cho quan trc hin trng .....................................................89
2.6 . Kho st s b v tr quan trc ..........................................................................................................91
2.7. Lp d ton kinh ph ..............................................................................................................................93
2.8. Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng ..............................................94
2.9. Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm trong phng th nghim ................................................95
2.10. Theo di mt s d n quan trc ...................................................................................................95
2.10.1. X nghip giy Quang Huy............................................................................................................96
2.10.2. Cng ty Longtech Precision Vit Nam (Th d)........................................................................98
CHNG 3: O LU LNG .....................................................................................................................119
3.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................119
3.2. Bin php an ton v thit b bo h ti hin trng..........................................................120
3.3. La chn cc thit b s cp..............................................................................................................123
3.4. S dng cc thit b o dng p chn ca a gic Thel-Mar..........................................126
3.5. o lu lng bng p chn t to..............................................................................................129
3.5.1. p chn ca ch nht khng thu dng .................................................................................129
3.5.2. Thit b o dng p chn ca hnh ch nht c thu dng................................................132
3.5.3. p chn c khe hnh ch V ........................................................................................................133
3.5.4. Lp t p chn ............................................................................................................................136
3.6. o lu lng bng mng Palmer-Bowlus..................................................................................136
3.6.1. Cc yu t thy lc..........................................................................................................................136
Mc lc
2.2. Mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc .............................................................................................73
3.6.2. Cc chi tit ca mng o c ng ..............................................................................................137

3.6.3. Lp t ti hin trng..................................................................................................................141
3.6.4. Bng tra cu .....................................................................................................................................143
Mc lc
3.7. o lu lng bng mng Parshall.................................................................................................143

3.7.1. Cc yu t thy lc..........................................................................................................................143
3.7.2. Cc chi tit ca dng c o xch tay Parshall.........................................................................145
3.7.3. Lp t ti hin trng..................................................................................................................147
3.7.4. Cng thc tnh ton v bng tra cu dng thi.....................................................................147
3.8. Dng c o th cp (Thit b o mc nc).............................................................................151
3.9. Tm tt cc nghin cu tnh hung .............................................................................................155
3.10. Tm tt nhng li hay gp trong lp t thit b o lu lng knh h..................156
CHNG 4: LY MU V PHN TCH TI HIN TRNG .............................................................175
4.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................175
4.2. m bo an ton ti hin trng...................................................................................................175
4.3. Phng php ly mu .........................................................................................................................176
4.3.1. Ly mu n.....................................................................................................................................176
4.3.2. Ly mu t hp................................................................................................................................177
4.4. Ly mu t ng ...................................................................................................................................177
4.4.1. Ly mu theo thi gian .................................................................................................................177
4.4.2. Ly mu theo lu lng ................................................................................................................178
4.5. Thng s k thut ca thit b ly mu t ng c ng thng phm....................179
4.6. Lu khi ly mu i din................................................................................................................181
4.7. Phn tch nhanh ti hin trng v ngha ca kt qu...................................................182
4.7.1. Trng hp dng thi dao ng lin tc hng gi ...............................................................183
4.7.2. Trng hp dng thi dao ng trung bnh nh k ............................................................186
4.8. Quan st v ghi chp ti hin trng...........................................................................................187
4.9. Chun b mu t hp ..........................................................................................................................187
4.10. Bo qun v vn chuyn mu n phng th nghim .....................................................188
4.11. m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng ti hin trng .....................................190
4.11.1. o, th ti hin trng...............................................................................................................190
4.11.2. Ly mu, x l mu v bo qun mu...................................................................................191
4.11.3. Vn chuyn mu v phng th nghim...................................................................................191
4.12. V d v thng s k thut ca thit b ly mu t ng .................................................192
CHNG 5: PHN TCH TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM ..................................................................209

5.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................209
5.2. Mt s iu cn lu v an ton lao ng................................................................................209
5.3.1. xut i vi phn tch TSS ......................................................................................................211
5.3.2. xut i vi phn tch COD ....................................................................................................212
5.3.3. xut i vi phn tch BOD ....................................................................................................214
5.4. Phn tch kim loi nng......................................................................................................................215
5.4.1. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t .........................................................................216
5.4.2. Khi ph Plasma cm ng (ICP-MS) ..........................................................................................219
5.4.3. Phng php cc ph....................................................................................................................222
5.5. Phng php sc k kh cho cc hp cht hu c c hi.................................................225
5.6. GC-MS cho cc cht nhim c hi c bit..........................................................................227
5.7. LUMINOTOX cho c tng s....................................................................................................231
5.8. Phn tch hm lng du...................................................................................................................234
5.9. m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng ni b ..........................................................235
CHNG 6: TNH TON THI LNG, BO CO QUAN TRC .................................................251
6.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................251
6.2. Lu v ph bo v mi trng......................................................................................................251
6.3. C s l thuyt tnh ton....................................................................................................................252
6.3.1. Gi nh nng nhim n nh ............................................................................................253
6.3.2. Xem xt nng nhim thay i theo thi gian ................................................................255
6.4. Nhng v d v tnh ton thi lng ............................................................................................256
6.4.1. Nghin cu s b.............................................................................................................................257
6.4.2. Nghin cu in hnh v dng thi sn xut (D n trnh din SXSH).............................258
6.4.3. Nghin cu in hnh v kim k ton din v tun th lut php..................................260
6.5. Gii thch mt s nghin cu s b...............................................................................................264
6.5.1. Ngoi suy thi lng theo ngy (kg/ngy)..............................................................................264
6.5.2. Din gii gi tr TSS .........................................................................................................................269
6.5.3. nh gi t l COD/BOD5.............................................................................................................269
6.6. Trng hp nghin cu in hnh ................................................................................................270
6.7. Nhng ni dung chnh ca bo co quan trc.........................................................................271
6.8. Chun b bo co quan trc theo QC/QA ...................................................................................275
Mc lc
5.3. Phn tch cc thng s thng thng trong QCVN...............................................................211
CHNG 7: QUAN TRC LIN TC TRC TUYN .............................................................................281

7.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................281
7.2. C s l thuyt v cc nguyn tc quan trc nc thi lin tc.......................................281
Mc lc
7.2.1. Phn tch COD lin tc ...................................................................................................................281

7.2.2. Phn tch TOC lin tc....................................................................................................................283
7.2.3. Phn tch BOD lin tc ...................................................................................................................284
7.2.4. o lin tc nng cc cht nhim hu c.........................................................................286
7.2.5. o c v TSS lin tc ..............................................................................................................291
7.2.6. Phn tch lin tc c tnh sinh hc ...........................................................................................295
7.3. Nhng v d v thit b quan trc nc thi lin tc ............................................................296
7.3.1. Thit b phn tch COD trc tuyn ..............................................................................................296
7.3.2. Phn tch TOC trc tuyn ..............................................................................................................297
7.3.3. Thit b quan trc BOD trc tuyn ..............................................................................................299
7.3.4. Thit b phn tch c v tng cn l lng (TSS) trc tuyn..........................................300
7.3.5. Thit b quan trc c tnh trc tuyn .......................................................................................302
7.4. Cc nguyn tc quan trc nc thi trc tuyn t xa...........................................................303
7.5. Thit k mng li quan trc nc thi trc tuyn ...............................................................305
CHNG 8: CHT LNG S LIU MI TRNG V QA/QC.....................................................311
8.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................311
8.2. Yu cu c bn i vi cht lng s liu phng th nghim...........................................311
8.2.1. u t c s h tng ......................................................................................................................311
8.2.2. Ngun nhn lc c k nng .........................................................................................................314
8.3. Qun l phng th nghim phn tch mi trng..................................................................314
8.4. m bo cht lng (QA) cho quan trc ....................................................................................316
8.5. m bo cht lng (QA) v kim sot cht lng (QC) i vi hot ng
quan trc ngoi hin trng ............................................................................................................318
8.5.1. m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng i vi hot ng o, th trc tip
ti hin trng..................................................................................................................................319
8.5.2. QA v QC trong hot ng ly mu, x l v bo qun mu .............................................320
8.5.3. QA v QC trong hot ng vn chuyn mu v phng th nghim..................................322
8.6. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim.......................................................................322
8.7. Gii hn pht hin.................................................................................................................................326
CHNG 9: AN TON V SC KHE NGH NGHIP ......................................................................331
9.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................................................331
9.2. Gii thiu v phi nhim v ri ro trong cc hot ng quan trc ...............................331
9.2.1. Cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng v tai nn lao ng.............................................331
9.2.2. Cc yu t c hi i vi sc khe ..............................................................................................332
9.3.1. Cc bin php k thut an ton khi quan trc ti hin trng..........................................334
9.3.2. Cc trang b bo h c nhn........................................................................................................338
9.4. An ton v sc khe ngh nghip trong phng th nghim ............................................343
9.4.1. T chc v an ton lao ng........................................................................................................343
9.4.2. Thc hnh phng th nghim an ton......................................................................................344
9.4.3. Lm vic vi ha cht ....................................................................................................................345
9.4.4. Lm vic vi dng c thy tinh ...................................................................................................347
9.4.5. Cc yu t nguy him vt l .........................................................................................................347
9.5. S cu..........................................................................................................................................................349
9.5.1. Trng hp da tip xc vi axt hay ha cht n mn mnh khc .................................349
9.5.2. Trng hp chy mu ...................................................................................................................349
9.5.3. Trng hp bng ............................................................................................................................350
9.6. Phng chy ti phng th nghim.................................................................................................350
9.6.1. Cc phng tin cha chy trong phng th nghim ..........................................................350
9.6.2. Khi xy ra ha hon........................................................................................................................351
CHNG 10: TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................................353
10.1. THC THI PHP LUT BO V MI TRNG - CHNG 1.............................................353
10.2. CC BC CHUN B - CHNG 2..............................................................................................354
10.3. O LU LNG - CHNG 3 ........................................................................................................355
10.4. LY MU V PHN TCH TI HIN TRNG - CHNG 4 ..............................................356
10.5. PHN TCH TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM CHNG 5.....................................................357
10.6. TNH TON THI LNG, BO CO QUAN TRC V
NGHIN CU IN HNH - CHNG 6 ......................................................................................359
10.7. QUAN TRC LIN TC TRC TUYN - CHNG 7 ...............................................................360
10.8. CHT LNG S LIU MI TRNG V QA/QC - CHNG 8......................................361
10.9. AN TON V SC KHE NGH NGHIP - CHNG 9.........................................................362
PH LC
Xem a CD km theo
Mc lc
9.3. Cc bin php an ton ngoi hin trng.................................................................................334
Danh sch cc bng
DANH SCH CC BNG
Bng 1.1: Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip ...............................22

Bng 1.2: H s Kq ca ngun tip nhn nc thi l sng, sui, knh, mng,
khe, rch............................................................................................................................................24
Bng 1.3: H s Kq ca h, ao, m ............................................................................................................24
Bng 1.4: H s lu lng ngun thi KF..................................................................................................25
Bng 1.5: Danh mc cc Quy chun Vit Nam v nc thi cng nghip....................................25
Bng 1.6: Phng php ly mu ..................................................................................................................26
Bng 1.7: Cc yu cu k thut chung thch hp bo qun mu nc thi phn tch
cc thng s l ha sinh (trch dn t TCVN 6663-3:2008) .............................................27
Bng 1.8: Sp xp cc thng s theo k thut bo qun
(trch dn t TCVN 6663-3:2008) ..............................................................................................28
Bng 1.9: Cc phng php phn tch cc thng s............................................................................29
Bng 1.10: Mc thu ph theo tng cht gy nhim i vi nc thi cng nghip..............33
Bng 1.11: V d v cc phn t thuc tr su........................................................................................39
Bng 1.12: V d v phn t PCB ..................................................................................................................40
Bng 1.13: Danh sch cc cht nhim c hi hng u Vit Nam........................................45
Bng 2.1: Mt s mc tiu v nhim v ca mt chng trnh quan trc ...................................74
Bng 2.2 : Bng tm tt cc Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip.............76
Bng 2.3 : Tip cn tng th thc hin mt chng trnh quan trc .......................................80
Bng 2.4: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip ................................................81
Bng 2.5: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip dt
(QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT)...............................................................................................................82
Bng 2.6: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip giy v bt giy
(QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT)...............................................................................................................83
Bng 2.7: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip ch bin thu sn
(QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT)...............................................................................................................83
(QCVN 01: 2008/BTNMT)..............................................................................................................84
10
Bng 2.9: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi y t (QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT)..................84
Bng 2.11: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc khai thc t cc cng trnh du kh
trn bin (QCVN 35:2010/BTNMT).........................................................................................86
Bng 2.12: Cc thng s gi cho quan trc nc thi cng nghip ...........................................87
Bng 2.13: Thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c nhn ti hin trng ..............................90
Bng 2.14: Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng.......................................97
Bng 2.15: Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng.......................................99
Bng 3.1: La chn cc thit b s cp (p v mng).......................................................................124
Bng 3.2: So snh cc dng c o lu lng xch tay.......................................................................125
Bng 3.3: Kh nng ti a ca cc thit b o lu lng dng p chn Thel-Mar ................126
Bng 3.4: Bng tnh lu lng cho p hnh ch nht khng thu nh dng chy ................131
Bng 3.5: Bng tnh ton lu lng cho p ch nht c thu nh dng ...................................133
Bng 3.6: Cc cng thc tnh lu lng cho p chn c khe hnh ch V (H, m)....................134
Bng 3.7: Tnh lu lng cho p hnh ch V.......................................................................................135
Bng 3.8: V d kch thc gn ng bng h mt ca mng Palmer-Bowlus
(Ngun: John Meunier Inc., Montral, Canada). Kch thc chnh xc
ph thuc vo loi (c ng hay c nh) v b dy ca tng ................................139
Bng 3.9: Bng tnh lu lng cho mng Palmer-Bowlus................................................................140
Bng 3.10: Cc t l ngp gii hn i vi dng c o lu lng Parshall.................................144
Bng 3.11: Kch thc mng o Parshall i vi cc b rng tht dng khc nhau, W........146
Bng 3.12: Cng thc tnh ton lu lng i vi dng chy qua my o Parshall ..............148
Bng 3.13: Bng tnh lu lng cho mng Parshall ...........................................................................149
Bng 3.14: Cc nguyn tc vt l c bn ca cc thit b o lu lng ......................................151
Bng 3.15: Tm tt cc chi tit k thut ca dng c o lu lng th cp
(Ngun: Ti liu k thut ca dng c o lu lng
bng sng siu m GREYLINE & ISCO)...............................................................................152
Bng 3.16: Danh sch s b cc trng hp nghin cu in hnh v o lu lng............155
Bng 4.1: Mu t hp theo lu lng......................................................................................................179
Bng 4.2: V d v thng s k thut ca mt my ly mu t ng...........................................180
Bng 4.3: Cc yu cu ti thiu khi ly mu i din .........................................................................181
Bng 4.4: Kt qu cc thng s o nhanh ti hin trng
(nc thi ca Cng ty Dt nhum Long An, 12/2002) .................................................183
Bng 4.5: Phng php kt hp mu t hp........................................................................................184
11
Danh sch cc bng
Bng 2.10: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca kho v ca hng xng du
(QCVN 29:2010/BTNMT) .............................................................................................................85
Bng 4.6: Xc nh cc qu trnh cng nghip lin quan n lch x thi,

Cng ty Dt nhum Long An, 12/2002 ................................................................................186
Danh sch cc bng
Bng 4.7: S dao ng trung bnh hm lng cc cht nhim trong 12 gi

quan trc lin tc ti Cng ty Cao su Sao vng (07/2003).............................................187
Bng 4.8: Bin bn giao nhn mu ...........................................................................................................189
Bng 4.9: Tm tt cc yu cu ly v bo qun mu nc phn tch cc thng s
c trong Ngh nh 04/2007/N-CP (trch TCVN 5993 1995)...................................189
Bng 5.1: Tm tt trang b bo h c nhn............................................................................................210
Bng 5.2: T chun b dung dch cho phn tch COD (tham kho Standard Method
for the Examination of water and wastewater, 1995) ...................................................213
Bng 5.3: Thnh phn ca mt ng th cho phn tch COD ..........................................................213
Bng 6.1: Mc thu ph theo tng cht gy nhim i vi nc thi cng nghip..............253
Bng 6.2: Gi tr t i vi xc xut tin cy P v s ln o c n (s liu ghi chp
hay o c sn c) ......................................................................................................................266
Bng 6.3: Cc gi tr o c v lu lng trong sut 24 gi.........................................................267
Bng 6.4: Phn tch thng k cc s liu thu thp trong nhng khong thi gian
xem xt khc nhau.......................................................................................................................268
Bng 6.5: Mt s gi tr t l COD/BOD5 o c...............................................................................270
Bng 6.6: Danh sch cc bo co quan trc v trng hp nghin cu in hnh ................270
Bng 6.7: Nhng ni dung chnh ca bo co quan trc .................................................................273
Bng 6.8: Cc hng mc v cc ni dung chnh ca chng trnh quan trc...........................274
Bng 6.9: B cc trnh by bo co...........................................................................................................275
Bng 6.10: Chi tit v cc xut kinh nghim cho vic xy dng bo co
d n quan trc..........................................................................................................................278
Bng 8.1: V d v xc nh MDL................................................................................................................327
Bng 9.1: Cc phng tin cha chy ang s dng ph bin .....................................................351
12
Hnh 1.1: Nhng cch tip cn khc nhau i vi cc cht/ngun gy nhim.......................34

Hnh 2.1: Minh ha s tch ly sinh hc ca cht c qua chui thc n .....................................78
Hnh 2.2: Knh h vi lu lng cc i....................................................................................................92
Hnh 2.3: c tnh din tch mt ct ngang .............................................................................................92
Hnh 2.4: c lng nhanh tc dng chy (NM ng Hip Ha) ...........................................92
Hnh 3.1: Thit b v dng c an ton ......................................................................................................122
Hnh 3.2: Cc chi tit lp t p Thel-Mar ............................................................................................127
Hnh 3.3: Ba loi p chn t to thng s dng..............................................................................129
Hnh 3.4: Mt ct ca dng chy qua p chn c nh vt cnh.................................................130
Hnh 3.5: Mt ct thy lc dng chy qua phn tht dng ca mng o lu lng
Palmer-Bowlus................................................................................................................................137
Hnh 3.6: Cc mng o lu lng Plamer-Bowlus bng si thy tinh
(Ngun: Plasti-Fab Product Bulletin) .....................................................................................138
Hnh 3.7: Cc loi mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus (lp c nh v c ng) .....................139
Hnh 3.8: Lp t mng o vo knh thot nc km theo chi tit cc kch thc
ca mng o Palmer-Bowlus (4, 6 v 8 inch) v kch thc
ca knh thot nc thi ..........................................................................................................142
Hnh 3.9: Kt ni thit b o lu lng v thit b ly mu nc t ng
(hot ng chc nng lu lng) (Tp hun ti hin trng
Hi Dng Bc Ninh, 07/2003).........................................................................................143
Hnh 3.10: Mt ct thy lc dng chy qua mng dn Parshall.....................................................144
Hnh 3.11: Hnh dng v cc kch thc thit k i vi mng o Parshall
(Ch : Dng c ny c thit k bao gm on u ng ni ty chn)............145
Hnh 3.12: iu kin lp t mng Parshall...........................................................................................150
Hnh 3.13: Thc hin lp t ging tnh v thc o dng tm mng (c vch chia)
gn im o mc nc thch hp .......................................................................................154
Hnh 3.14: Lp t ging tnh v thc o mc nc gn im o ct nc thch hp
trong trng hp mng Parshall..........................................................................................156
Hnh 4.1: S dng thit b ly mu t ng trong t hun luyn Hi Dng
(thng 01/2004) .............................................................................................................................177
13
Danh sch cc hnh v
DANH SCH CC HNH V
Hnh 4.2: Ly chai mu t my ly mu trong phng th nghim sau khi quan trc
qua m nh my dt nhum (Long An, 12/2002).......................................................178
Danh sch cc hnh v
Hnh 4.3: Ly mu t ng theo lu lng. ng ly mu c ni vi thit b th cp

l lu lng k siu m. Mng o Palmer-Bowlus l thit b s cp
(Hi Dng, o to thc t, 07/2003) ..................................................................................179
Hnh 4.4: Dao ng trung bnh gi hm lng hu c ti im thi trong 24 gi
trong nc thi ca cng ty dt Long An (12/2002) .......................................................185
Hnh 4.5: Dao ng trung bnh gi hm lng cht rn l lng ti im thi
trong 24 gi ti Cng ty Dt nhum Long An (12/2002)...............................................185
Hnh 4.6: M t cc hot ng hin trng...........................................................................................190
Hnh 4.7: My ly mu t ng Sigma 1600..........................................................................................192
Hnh 5.1: S nguyn tc phn tch kim loi nng bng phng php
hp th nguyn t .......................................................................................................................216
Hnh 5.2: V d thit b quang ph hp th nguyn t......................................................................217
Hnh 5.3: Thit b AAS CENTEMA H Ni o kim loi nng chng trnh
quan trc khu cng nghip Thng nh (S TNMT H Ni),
thng 6-7/2003 .............................................................................................................................217
Hnh 5.4: S lp t thit b phn tch thy ngn bng k thut hp th
nguyn t ha hi lnh...............................................................................................................218
Hnh 5.5: Thit b ph mu Hach ha tan kim loi nng trc khi phn tch
bng AAS.........................................................................................................................................219
Hnh 5.6: th Voltammogram (T Vin Ha hc- Vin Khoa hc v
Cng ngh Vit Nam, H Ni) ..................................................................................................223
Hnh 5.7: th thu c t my cc ph (Vin Ha hc- Vin Khoa hc v
Cng ngh Vit Nam, H Ni) ..................................................................................................224
Hnh 5.8: My phn tch cc ph kt ni my tnh, CPA-HH3 (Vin Ha hcVin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, H Ni)...............................................................224
Hnh 5.9: Nguyn tc sc k ct .................................................................................................................225
Hnh 5.10: Cc b phn chnh ca my sc k kh ..............................................................................226
Hnh 5.11: V d Sc k ............................................................................................................................227
Hnh 5.12: My Shimadzu 2010-GC trong ng dng phng th nghim
chuyn phn tch Vit Nam ESTEC-NILP (Trm Quan trc & Phn tch
mi trng) (hnh nh ca tc gi)...................................................................................228
Hnh 5.13: Nguyn tc ca h thng GC-MS.........................................................................................228
Hnh 5.14: Nguyn tc ca thit b phn tch ion t cc...................................................................228
Hnh 5.15: Kt ni GC/MS NILP H Ni (nh ca tc gi) ...........................................................230
Hnh 5.16: My GC/MS...................................................................................................................................230
Hnh 5.17: GC/MS t bn trong..................................................................................................................231
Hnh 5.18: LUMINOTOX .................................................................................................................................232
Hnh 5.18a: Nguyn l phng php LuminoTox ...............................................................................233
14
Hnh 5.18b: Kt qu xt nghim LuminoTox cho nc thi trc v sau x l ........................233

Hnh 5.19: My quang ph hng ngoi khng tn x.......................................................................234
Hnh 6.1: Dao ng lu lng theo thi gian ti im thi
(Nh my Cao su Sao vng H Ni).........................................................................................254
Hnh 6.2: Phng php chui s tnh ton tng th tch nc thi.......................................254
Hnh 6.3: Dao ng thi lng trong thi gian quan trc (D n trnh din SXSH
ti nh my git m gia sc Hi Dng, 12/2002)...........................................................258
Hnh 6.4: Dao ng thi lng trong sut thi gian quan trc
(D n trnh din SXSH Cng ty giy Hi H, Bc Ninh, 12/2002) ............................259
Hnh 6.5: Dao ng ca COD v BOD5 trong 24 ting quan trc (da trn kt qu
phn tch ca 6 mu t hp) (D n trnh din SXSH
Dt Nhum Long An, 2002) ...................................................................................................259
Hnh 6.6: Dao ng thi lng trong sut 24 gi quan trc s dng gi tr lu lng
trung bnh c nh (m3/hr) (D n trnh din SXSH
Dt nhum Long An, 2002) ......................................................................................................259
Hnh 6.7: Dao ng lu lng trong 72 gi quan trc (Nh my Cao su Sao Vng)...............261
Hnh 6.8: Dao ng thi lng (kg/12 gi) ca nh my cao su trong 72 gi quan trc
(Nh my Cao su Sao Vng H Ni) ........................................................................................261
Hnh 6.9: Dao ng lu lng theo gi trong sut 6 ngy quan trc
(Bnh Dng, VSIP, 11/2002) ......................................................................................................202
Hnh 6.10: Dao ng tng th tch dng thi trong 8 gi trong sut 6 ngy quan trc
(Bnh Dng, VSIP)......................................................................................................................263
Hnh 6.11: Dao ng ca thi lng nhim (kg/8 gi) trong sut thi gian quan trc
theo ma. Ln quan trc u tin (ma kh): t ngy 1 n ngy 6/11/2002 ,
ln quan trc th 2 (ma ma): t ngy 7 n ngy 12/6/2003 ti
khu cng nghip Vit Nam Singapore (Bnh Dng)................................................263
Hnh 6.12: Phn b lch lu lng ca nh my Cao su SV trong khong thi gian
quan trc l 72 gi (S ln o c l 74) ............................................................................266
Hnh 6.13: So snh cc gi tr trung bnh s hc (QTB) v gii hn tin cy
(QTB t. (/n)) thu c t cc khong thi gian xem xt khc nhau ...............268
Hnh 6.14: Thi lng TSS dao ng bt thng, so snh vi thi lng hu c
(Ti nh my giy v bt giy Bc Ninh)............................................................................269
Hnh 7.1: S ca thit b phn tch COD trc tuyn......................................................................282
Hnh 7.2: S thit b phn tch TOC trc tuyn...............................................................................283
Hnh 7.3: Bin i tc phn hy sinh hc theo thi gian ...........................................................284
Hnh 7.4: Din bin tc phn ng vi s sn c ca c cht.....................................................285
Hnh 7.5: S thit b phn tch BOD trc tuyn ..............................................................................285
Hnh 7.6: Cu trc in hnh ca hp mu cho nc chy qua .....................................................287
Hnh 7.7: Cu trc in hnh ca hp mu nhng chm...................................................................288
15
Danh sch cc hnh v
Hnh 5.20: V d biu % truyn ti so vi bc sng ...................................................................235
Hnh 7.8: My Hach UVAS sc UV Hp th / % truyn dn xc nh h s hp th

quang ph (SAC) bc sng 254 nm .................................................................................289
Hnh 7.9: Lp t u o ca my Hach UVAS sc UV Hp th /% truyn dn...........................289
Danh sch cc hnh v
Hnh 7.10: So snh ca SAC v COD theo thi gian i vi nh my x l nc

a phng ...................................................................................................................................290
Hnh 7.11: So snh ng bin thin theo thi gian ca SAC v TOC.........................................290
Hnh 7.12: Nguyn tc o: L1 = chm sng i ti mu c cc ht keo (P); L2 = chm sng
sau khi qua mu; St = nh sng tn mt; G/G1 = cc tia sng tn ra bin
c dng o........................................................................................................................291
Hnh 7.13: o nh sng xuyn qua v nh sng tn x 90 .............................................................291
Hnh 7.14: Gii hn tng quan gia s o c v hm lng TSS
o bng phng php trng lc..........................................................................................292
Hnh 7.15: Ht c nh (nh hn 1/10 bc sng nh sng) Ht c ln hn
(khong bc sng nh sng) Ln hn bc sng nh sng ...........................293
Hnh 7.16: Nguyn tc phng php o nh sng phn tn b mt ..........................................294
Hnh 7.17: Nguyn tc phng php nh sng phn tn/truyn dn ........................................294
Hnh 7.18: Nguyn tc o cht rn l lng (cc ht keo)..................................................................295
Hnh 7.19: Hnh nh mt thit b phn tch COD.................................................................................296
Hnh 7.20: M hnh thit b phn tch TOC lin tc............................................................................298
Hnh 7.21: Thit b phn tch TOC lin tc vi s h tr ca bc x t ngoi............................299
Hnh 7.22: Thit phn tch BOD lin tc..................................................................................................300
Hnh 7.23: Thit b phn tch c (v TSS) trc tuyn .................................................................300
Hnh 7.24: My o TSS hay c Hach sc............................................................................................300
Hnh 7.25: My o TSS Hach Solitax sc v thit b iu khin.........................................................301
Hnh 7.26: V d lp t u o TSS Hach Solitax sc v b phn iu khin
trong mt trm quan trc trc tuyn..................................................................................302
Hnh 7.27: Thit b phn tch c tnh lin tc trn c s bn hot tnh ....................................303
Hnh 7.28: Thit b phn tch c tnh sinh thi lin tc ..................................................................303
Hnh 7.29: S c bn ca mt mng li n gin ......................................................................305
Hnh 7.30: Mng li qun l.....................................................................................................................307
Hnh 7.31: Mt v d v mng li qun l kim sot nhim cng nghip ...........................309
Hnh 8.1: V d v phn b kt qu v gii hn ....................................................................................325
Hnh 9.1: Thit b v dng c an ton ......................................................................................................335
Hnh 9.2: Cc thit b an ton thng dng.............................................................................................338
Hnh 9.3: Thit b bo h c nhn..............................................................................................................339
Hnh 9.4: Mt n lc c ..............................................................................................................................340
Hnh 9.5: Mt n phng c c bnh dng kh ..................................................................................341
Hnh 9.6: Knh bo v mt ............................................................................................................................342
16
Nhng t vit tt
NHNG T VIT TT
AAS
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Quang ph hp th nguyn t
AR
Awareness Raising
Nng cao nhn thc
CEA
Canadian Executing Agency
C quan thc hin Canada
CIDA
Canadian International
Development Agency
C quan Pht trin quc t Canada
CORTTEN
Center of Research, Technology

Transfer and Environment
Trung tm Nghin cu, chuyn giao

cng ngh v Mi trng
CP
Cleaner Production
Sn xut sch hn
DOE
Department of Environment
B Mi trng (Canada)
DoNRE
Department of Natural Resources

and Environment
S Ti nguyn v mi trng
EIA
Environment Impact Assessment
nh gi tc ng mi trng
EM
Environmental Monitoring
Quan trc mi trng
EMD
Environmental Management
Division
Phng Qun l mi trng
GOV
Government of Viet Nam
Chnh ph Vit Nam
IPM
Industrial Pollution Management
Qun l nhim cng nghip
MoNRE
Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environment
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
NEA
National Environment Agency
Cc Mi trng quc gia
PP
Pollution Prevention
Ngn nga nhim
PSC
Project Steering Committee
Ban ch o d n
RBM
Results Based Management
Qun l da vo kt qu
TCVN
Viet Nam Standards
Tiu chun Vit Nam
VEPA
Viet Nam Environmental

Protection Agency
Cc Bo v mi trng
QA
Quality Assurance
m bo cht lng
QC
Quality Control
Kim sot cht lng
WHO
World Health Organization
T chc y t th gii
17
CHNG 1. THC THI PHP LUT BO V MI TRNG
1.1. GII THIU

Chng ny s gii thiu nhim v quan trc mi trng m ch yu l quan trc nc
thi cng nghip thng qua cc vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng hin hnh nhm
gip bn c c ci nhn tng th t phng din qun l mi trng i vi hot ng quan
trc nc thi cng nghip v cc thng s nhim mi trng nc.
Quan trc nc thi cng nghip da trn nguyn tc khoa hc v qun l. Cn b mi
trng chu trch nhim gim st nhim cng nghip cn cp nht thng tin v php lut
lin quan v cng c kin thc trc khi thc hin cc t quan trc thc a. iu ny s gip
h t tin v hnh x chuyn nghip khi i mt vi cc thch thc trong khi thc hin nhim
v ca mnh.
1.2. CC CNG C PHP L I VI QUN L NHIM CNG NGHIP
Hin nay, s lng vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng cung cp y v nh
ngha, quy nh, nguyn tc, hng dn cng nh ch ti x pht v cc hot ng gy
nhim mi trng, trong c cng tc quan trc mi trng v c th hn l quan trc nc
thi cng nghip. y s l nhng cng c php l hu hiu cho cng tc qun l mi trng
t trung ng ti a phng.
1.2.1. Lut Bo v Mi trng nm 2005
Lut Bo v Mi trng do Quc hi Kha 11 thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005 quy
nh v hot ng bo v mi trng; chnh sch, bin php v ngun lc bo v mi
trng; quyn v ngha v ca t chc, h gia nh, c nhn trong bo v mi trng. Theo
Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005, Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h thng v mi
trng, cc yu t tc ng ln mi trng nhm cung cp thng tin phc v nh gi hin trng,
din bin cht lng mi trng v cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng (iu 3).
Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 quy nh trch nhim bo v mi trng ca t chc,
c nhn v bo v mi trng trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v quy nh mt
cch c th yu cu bo v mi trng i vi cc ngnh, lnh vc nh hng trc tip n
mi trng nh: cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip (iu 35, iu 36, iu 37, iu 38); bnh
vin, c s y t (iu 39); xy dng (iu 40); giao thng vn ti (iu 41); thng mi (iu 42,
iu 43); khai thc khong sn (iu 44); du lch (iu 45); sn xut nng nghip (iu 46); nui
trng thu sn (iu 47); hot ng mai tng (iu 48).
Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 cng quy nh c th trch nhim bo v mi trng
nh: Tun th cc quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng; thc hin cc bin php bo
19
Chng I: Thc thi php lut bo v mi trng
v mi trng nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt, bn cam

kt bo v mi trng ng k v tun th tiu chun mi trng; phng nga, hn ch
cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng t cc hot ng ca mnh; khc phc nhim mi trng
do hot ng ca mnh gy ra; tuyn truyn, gio dc, nng cao thc bo v mi trng cho
ngi lao ng trong c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v ca mnh; thc hin ch bo co
v mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng; chp hnh ch kim tra,
thanh tra bo v mi trng; np thu mi trng, ph bo v mi trng.
iu 49 Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 cng quy nh nhng bin php, ch ti mnh
trong vic x l cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trng. Cc hnh thc
x l i vi t chc, c nhn hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trng
c quy nh nh sau: pht tin v buc thc hin bin php gim thiu, x l cht thi t
tiu chun mi trng; tm thi nh ch hot ng cho n khi thc hin xong bin php
bo v mi trng cn thit; x l bng hnh thc khc theo quy nh ca php lut v x l
vi phm hnh chnh. Trng hp c thit hi v tnh mng, sc kho ca con ngi, ti sn v
li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn do hu qu ca vic gy nhim mi trng th cn
phi bi thng thit hi hoc b truy cu trch nhim hnh s.
Khi c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v gy nhim mi trng nghim trng th ngoi
vic b x l theo cc hnh thc quy nh nu trn, cn b x l bng mt trong cc bin php
sau: buc thc hin cc bin php khc phc nhim mi trng, phc hi mi trng; buc
di di c s n v tr xa khu dn c v ph hp vi sc chu ti ca mi trng; cm hot
ng.
Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 cng c s phn nh r trch nhim v thm quyn
quyt nh vic x l i vi c s gy nhim mi trng, gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng gia cc c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng cp tnh, U ban nhn dn cp tnh,
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B trng, Th trng c quan ngang B, Th trng c quan
thuc Chnh ph, Ch tch U ban nhn dn cc cp (Khon 3 iu 49).
V qun l nc thi (iu 81 v iu 82), Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 quy nh vic
thu gom, x l nc thi v h thng thu gom, x l nc thi. Theo , nc thi ca c s
sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung phi c thu gom,
x l t tiu chun mi trng (iu 81). ng thi, quy nh c th cc i tng phi c h
thng x l nc thi bao gm: khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung; khu, cm cng
nghip lng ngh; c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v khng kt ni vi h thng x l nc
thi tp trung (iu 82).
V quan trc mi trng, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 bao gm 9 iu (t iu 94 n
iu 102) quy nh v quan trc mi trng, h thng quan trc, quy hoch h thng quan trc
v chng trnh quan trc mi trng; ch th mi trng; bo co hin trng mi trng cp
tnh; bo co tnh hnh tc ng mi trng ca ngnh, lnh vc; bo co mi trng quc gia.
Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h thng v mi trng, cc yu t tc ng
ln mi trng nhm cung cp thng tin phc v nh gi hin trng, din bin cht lng
mi trng v cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng.
c bit nhm x hi ha mnh m, nng cao vai tr ca ngi dn trong hot ng bo
v mi trng, bn cnh vic quy nh trch nhim quan trc mi trng ca cc c quan nh
nc nh B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (BTNMT); b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh
20
ph; U ban nhn dn cp tnh, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 cn quy nh trch nhim
quan trc mi trng ca cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, khu sn xut, kinh doanh,
dch v tp trung. im d Khon 2 iu 94 Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 quy nh Ngi
qun l, vn hnh c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v hoc khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp
trung c trch nhim quan trc cc tc ng i vi mi trng t cc c s ca mnh.
Quc hi Kha 11 thng qua Ngh quyt s 56/2006 v nh gi tnh hnh thc hin
k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi 5 nm 2001 - 2005 v nh hng pht trin kinh t - x
hi 5 nm 2006 - 2010 vi cc mc tiu, nhim v, ch tiu, gii php ch yu. Sau y l cc
ch tiu ch yu trong 5 nm v n nm 2010 v lnh vc ti nguyn v mi trng: T l che
ph rng 42 - 43%; t l dn c c s dng nc sch th l 95%, nng thn l 75%;
t l cc c s sn xut mi xy dng phi p dng cng ngh sch hoc c trang b cc
thit b gim nhim, x l cht thi l 100%; t l cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh t tiu
chun v mi trng l trn 50% ; xy dng h thng x l nc thi ti 100% s th loi 3
tr ln, 50% s th loi 4 v tt c cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut; 80 - 90% cht thi
rn, 100% cht thi y t c thu gom v x l t tiu chun mi trng.
1.2.3. Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc
thi cng nghip
Thng t s 47/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 28-12-2011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Quy
nh Quy chun k thut Quc gia v Mi trng (QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT) v nc thi cng
nghip c hiu lc t ngy 15/2/2012. Quy chun ny quy nh gi tr ti a cho php ca cc
thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi x vo ngun tip nhn. Quy chun p
dng i vi t chc, c nhn lin quan n hot ng x nc thi cng nghip vo ngun
tip nhn. Quy chun ny p dng thay th QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc
gia v nc thi cng nghip ban hnh km theo Thng t s 25/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 16
thng 11 nm 2009 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh Quy chun k thut
quc gia v mi trng.
QUI NH K THUT
2.1. GI TR TI A CHO PHP CA CC THNG S NHIM TRONG NC THI CNG
NGHIP KHI X VO NGUN TIP NHN NC THI
2.1.1. Gi tr ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi
x vo ngun tip nhn nc thi c tnh ton nh sau:
Cmax = C x Kq x Kf
Trong :
-
Cmax l gi tr ti a cho php ca thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi x
vo ngun tip nhn nc thi.
C l gi tr ca thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip quy nh ti Bng 1 ;
Kq l h s ngun tip nhn nc thi quy nh ti mc 2.3 ng vi lu lng dng chy

ca sng, sui, khe, rch; knh, mng; dung tch ca h, ao, m; mc ch s dng ca
vng nc bin ven b;
21
1.2.2. K hoch 5 nm v ti nguyn v mi trng (2006-2010)
Kf l h s lu lng ngun thi quy nh ti mc 2.4 ng vi tng lu lng nc thi

ca cc c s cng nghip khi x vo ngun tip nhn nc thi;
2.1.2. p dng gi tr ti a cho php Cmax = C (khng p dng h s Kq v Kf) i vi

cc thng s: nhit , mu, pH, coliform, Tng hot phng x , Tng hot phng
x .
2.1.3. Nc thi cng nghip x vo h thng thot nc th, khu dn c cha c nh

my x l nc thi tp trung th p dng gi tr Cmax = C quy nh ti ct B Bng 1.
2.2. GI TR C CA CC THNG S NHIM TRONG NC THI CNG NGHIP C
QUY NH TI BNG 1
Bng 1.1: Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip
TT
Thng s
n v
Gi tr C
A
oC
40
40
Pt/Co
50
150
6 n 9
5,5 n 9
Nhit
Mu
pH
BOD5 (20oC)
mg/L
30
50
COD
mg/L
75
150
Cht rn l lng
mg/L
50
100
Asen
mg/L
0,05
0,1
Thu ngn
mg/L
0,005
0,01
Ch
mg/L
0,1
0,5
10
Cadimi
mg/L
0,05
0,1
11
Crom (VI)
mg/L
0,05
0,1
12
Crom (III)
mg/L
0,2
13
ng
mg/L
14
Km
mg/L
15
Niken
mg/L
0,2
0,5
16
Mangan
mg/L
0,5
17
St
mg/L
18
Tng xianua
mg/L
0,07
0,1
19
Tng phenol
mg/L
0,1
0,5
20
Tng du m khong
mg/L
10
22
Thng s
n v
Gi tr C
A
21
Sunfua
mg/L
0,2
0,5
22
Florua
mg/L
10
23
Amoni (tnh theo N)
mg/L
10
24
Tng nit
mg/L
20
40
25
Tng pht pho (tnh theo P )
mg/L
26
Clorua (khng p dng khi x vo

ngun nc mn, nc l)
mg/L
500
1000
27
Clo d
mg/L
28
Tng ho cht bo v thc vt clo hu

c
mg/L
0,05
0,1
29
Tng ho cht bo v thc vt pht

pho hu c
mg/L
0,3
30
Tng PCB
mg/L
0,003
0,01
31
Coliform
vi khun/100ml
3000
5000
32
Tng hot phng x
Bq/l
0,1
0,1
33
Tng hot phng x
Bq/l
1,0
1,0
1
TT
Ct A Bng 1 quy nh gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi

x vo ngun nc c dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot;
Ct B Bng 1 quy nh gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi
x vo ngun nc khng dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot;
Mc ch s dng ca ngun tip nhn nc thi c xc nh ti khu vc tip nhn
nc thi.
2.3. H S NGUN TIP NHN NC THI KQ
2.3.1. H s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca sng, sui, khe, rch; knh, mng c
quy nh ti Bng 1.2 di y:
23
Bng 1.2: H s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn nc thi

Lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn nc thi Q
n v tnh: mt khi/giy (m3/s)
H s Kq
Q 50
0,9
50 < Q 200
200 < Q 500
1,1
Q > 500
1,2
Q c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn nc thi
03 thng kh kit nht trong 03 nm lin tip (s liu ca c quan Kh tng Thu vn).
2.3.2. H s Kq ng vi dung tch ca ngun tip nhn nc thi l h, ao, m c quy
nh ti Bng 1.3 di y:
Bng 1.3: H s Kq ng vi dung tch ca ngun tip nhn nc thi
Dung tch ngun tip nhn nc thi (V)
n v tnh: mt khi (m3)
H s Kq
V 10 x 106
0,6
10 x 106 < V 100 x 106
0,8
V > 100 x 106
1,0
V c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh dung tch ca h, ao, m tip nhn nc thi 03 thng
kh kit nht trong 03 nm lin tip (s liu ca c quan Kh tng Thu vn).
2.3.3. Khi ngun tipnhn nc thi khng c s liu v lu lng dng chy ca sng,
sui, khe, rch, knh, mng th p dng Kq = 0,9; h, ao, m khng c s liu v dung
tch th p dng Kt qu = 0,6.
2.3.4. H s Kq i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi l vng nc bin ven b, m ph
nc mn v nc l ven bin.
Vng nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh, th thao v gii tr di nc,
m ph nc mn v nc l ven bin p dng Kq = 1.
Vng nc bin ven b khng dng cho mc ch bo v thu sinh, th thao hoc gii tr
di nc p dng Kq = 1,3.
2.4. H S LU LNG NGUN THI KF
H s lu lng ngun thi Kf c quy nh ti Bng 4 di y:
24
Bng 1.4: H s lu lng ngun thi Kf

H s Kf
F 50
1,2
50 < F 500
1,1
500 < F 5.000
1,0
F > 5.000
0,9
Lu lng ngun thi F c tnh theo lu lng thi ln nht nu trong Bo co nh

gi tc ng mi trng, Cam kt bo v mi trng hoc n bo v mi trng.
1.2.4. Cc Quy chun K thut Quc gia v nc thi cng nghip i vi tng loi hnh
sn xut
Quyt nh s 16/2008/Q-BTNMT ngy 31/12/2008, Thng t s 25/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy
16/11/2009, Quyt nh 04/2008/Q-BTNMT v mi y l Thng t s 39/2010/TT-BTNMT v
thng t s 42/2010/TT-BTNMT ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Quy chun K
thut Quc gia v nc thi i vi mt s loi hnh sn xut, dch v (bng 1.5, xem chi tit
ni dung trong phn Ph lc).
Bng 1.5: Danh mc cc Quy chun Vit Nam v nc thi cng nghip
TT
Tn quy chun
S hiu
Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip

ch bin cao su thin nhin
QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT

ch bin thy sn
QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT

giy v bt giy
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT

dt may
QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT
Qui chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip
QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT
Qui chun k thut quc gia v nc thi y t
QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT
Qui chun k thut quc gia v nc thi kho v ca

hng xng du
QCVN 29:2010/BTNMT
Qui chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng trnh du

kh
QCVN 35:2010/BTNMT
25
Lu lng ngun thi (F )

n v tnh: mt khi/ngy m (m3/24h)
1.2.5. Cc tiu chun quy nh hot ng ly mu

Sau y l mt s tiu chun quy nh v phng php ly mu vi cc i tng c lin
quan ti hot ng quan trc mi trng, ty theo mc tiu v chng trnh quan trc nc
thi cng nghip yu cu, c th phi tin hnh cc hot ng quan trc nc thi ti ni tip
nhn.
1
Bng 1.6: Phng php ly mu

i tng
S hiu tiu chun, phng php
Hng dn chung
TCVN 6663-1:2011
TCVN 6663-6:2008
Nc sng sui
ISO 5667/6: 1990 (E)

APHA 1060 B
TCVN 5994: 1995
Nc ao h
ISO 5667/4: 1987
Nc thi
TCVN 5999:1995
Ly mu
-
Phng php ly mu: Thng thng nc thi cng nghip c lu lng cng nh hm
lng cc cht nhim bin thin theo thi gian, v vy m bo tnh chnh xc v i
din cn phi ly mu theo phng php ly mu t hp theo lu lng v thi gian trong
1 ca sn xut, ngha l gm cc mu n c ly v pha trn sao cho th tch ca mi
mu n t l vi lu lng dng thi ti thi im ly mu v c ly nhng khong
thi gian bng nhau trong thi gian ly mu. Khi ly mu cn phi kt hp vi o lu
lng.
Th tch mu: Th tch ca mu n cn thit trn vo mu t hp t l vi lu lng

ca n ti thi im ly mu v c tnh nh sau:
VS =
V TOT
QTB x NS
xQ
Trong :
VS: Th tch ca mu n cn thit trn
VTOT: Tng th tch yu cu ca mu t hp
QTB: Lu lng trung bnh
Q: Lu lng ti thi im ly mu n
NS: S mu n cn trn
26
Th tch mu cn ly l lng mu va thc hin cc php phn tch cc thng s

ha l. Lu , i vi tt c cc loi mu t hp, th tch ca tng mu n khng nh hn
50ml.
1.2.6. Tiu chun quy nh hot ng bo qun v vn chuyn mu
b) Mu sau khi ly cn c chuyn n ni phn tch cng sm cng tt. Trong qu trnh
vn chuyn mu vn phi tip tc c bo qun trong cc iu kin cn thit theo yu
cu m bo an ton v mu khng bin i khi v ti phng th nghim phn tch.
Bng 1.7: Cc yu cu k thut chung thch hp bo qun mu nc thi phn tch
cc thng s l ha sinh (trch dn t TCVN 6663-3:2008)
Loi chai
ng
mu
Th tch
mu ti
thiu (ml)
BOD5
P, G
500
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
24 gi
COD
P, G
100
Axt ha n pH<2 bng H2SO4, lm

lnh 20C n 50C
5 ngy
Cht rn l lng
P, G
200
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
Arsen
P, BG
100
Axit ha mu n pH<2 bng HCl
1 thng
BG
100
Axt ha n pH<2 bng HNO3
1 thng
Ch
P, BG
50
1 thng
Cadimi
P, BG
50
1 thng
Crm (III)
P, BG
50
1 thng
Crm (VI)
P, BG
100
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
ng
P, BG
50
1 thng
Km
P, BG
50
1 thng
Niken
P, BG
50
1 thng
Mangan
P, BG
50
1 thng
St
P, BG
50
1 thng
Thic
P, BG
50
Axit ho n pH<2, bng H2SO4
1 thng
100
Ph thuc phng php phn tch
BG
100
CuSO4 v axit ha bng H3PO4 n

pH<2
24 gi
Thng s
Thu ngn
CNPhenol
Cch bo qun
Thi gian
lu gi
ti a
1 2 ngy
24 gi
27
1
a) Mu nc sau khi ly, bo qun v lu gi theo TCVN 6663-3:2008 hoc APHA 1060 hoc
ISO 5667;
Thng s
Loi chai
ng
mu
Th tch
mu ti
thiu (ml)
1000
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
24 gi
Cng sm
cng tt
Clo d
P, G
100
Du khong
Cch bo qun
Thi gian
lu gi
ti a
Sunfua
P, G
100
Kim ha bng Na2CO3
Florua
P (khng
dng
PTFE)
100
1 thng
Clorua
P, G
100
1 thng
Amoni
P, G
100
Axt ha n pH<3 bng H2SO4, lm

lnh 20C n 50C
24 gi
Tng nit
P, G
100
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
24 gi
Tng phtpho
P, G
100
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
24 gi
Bnh cha
tit trng
50
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
8 gi
100
Thm 20ml + 1ml HNO3 50% (v/v) vo

cho 1l mu. pH phi nh hn 1. Gi
ch ti, 20C n 50C
Coliform
Tng hot
phng x a
24 gi
Cng sm
cng tt
Tng hot
phng x b
Ghi ch: (P- nha, G thy tinh BG - thy tinh borosilicat)
Bng 1.8: Sp xp cc thng s theo k thut bo qun

(trch dn t TCVN 6663-3:2008)
K thut bo qun
Thng s c p dng
Lm lnh 20C n 50C
BOD5, SS, du m khong, crm (VI), clorua,

florua, clo d
Axt ha n pH<2 bng H2SO4, lm lnh 20C

n 50C
COD, tng nit, tng pht pho, amoni, thic
Axit ha mu n pH<2 bng HCl
Arsen
Thu ngn, ch, cadimi, crm (III), ng, km,

niken, mangan, st
Kim ha bng Na2CO3
Sunfua
28
1.2.7. Tiu chun quy nh hot ng phn tch trong phng th nghim
Bng 1.9: Cc phng php phn tch cc thng s

TT
1
Thng s
Nhit
Tiu chun, phng php xc nh, phn tch

TCVN 4557:1988
TCVN 4559:1998
pH
TCVN 6492:1999 (ISO 10523:1994)

APHA 4500-H+B
Mi
APHA 2150 B
TCVN 6185:2008
mu (Co-Pt pH = 7)
ISO 7887:1994
2120 C, D, E
BOD5 (200C)
COD
TCVN 6001-1: 2008

APHA -5210B
TCVN 6491:1999 (ISO 6060:1989)
APHA -5220
TCVN 4560:1988
Cht rn l lng (SS)
TCVN 6625:2000 (ISO 11923:1997)

APHA-2540D
TCVN 6626:2000
Asen
ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B
APHA 3500-As
TCVN 7877:2008 (ISO 5666 -1999)
Thu ngn
TCVN 5990:1995
TCVN 7724:2007
Ch
TCVN 6193:1996 Cht lng nc - Xc nh coban, niken, ng,

km, cadimi v ch. Phng php trc ph hp th nguyn t
ngn la
11
Cadimi
TCVN 6197:1996
12
Crm (VI)
TCVN 6658:2000 Cht lng nc Xc nh crm ha tr su

Phng php trc quang dng 1,5 Diphenylcacbazid.
13
Crm (III)
TCVN 6494-3:2000
14
ng
TCVN 6193:1996
15
Km
TCVN 6193:1996
10
1
Phng php phn tch: ty vo mc tiu cht lng ra, phn tch cc thng s phi
tun theo mt trong cc phng php quy nh ti Bng 1.9 di y. i vi cc phng
php theo tiu chun quc t khc hoc cc phng php theo tiu chun b ngnh cng
nh cc phng php ni b, trc khi s dng cn phi c c quan qun l chng trnh
quan trc mi trng ph duyt hoc chp thun bng vn bn.
29
TT
Thng s
16
Niken
TCVN 6193:1996
17
Mangan
TCVN 6002:1995 (ISO 6333-1986) Cht lng nc - Xc nh

mangan - Phng php trc quang dng fomaldoxim
18
St
TCVN 6177:1996 (ISO 6332-1988) Cht lng nc - Xc nh st

bng phng php trc ph dng thuc th 1,10-phenantrolin
19
Thic
APHA 3500- Sn
20
Xianua
TCVN 6181:1996 (ISO 6703-1-1984) Cht lng nc - Xc nh

Xianua tng
21
Phenol
TCVN 6216:1996 (ISO 6439-1990) Cht lng nc - Xc nh ch

s phenol - Phng php trc ph dng 4-aminoantipyrin sau
khi chng ct
22
Du m khong
TCVN 5070:1995 Cht lng nc - Phng php khi lng xc

nh du m v sn phm du m
23
Du ng thc vt
Phng php xc nh tng du m thc vt thc hin theo US

EPA Method 1664 Extraction and gravimetry (Oil and grease and
total petroleum hydrocarbons)
24
Clo d
TCVN 6225-3:1996 Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t do v clo

tng s. Phn 3 Phng php chun iot xc nh clo
tng s
25
PCB
26
Ho cht bo v thc vt
ln hu c
27
Ho cht bo v thc vt
c clo
APHA 6431
EPA 605
EPA Method 614
APHA 608
EPA 8081A
Sunfua
TCVN 4567:1988 Cht lng nc Phng php xc nh hm

lng sunfua v sunphat
29
Florua
TCVN 6494:1999 Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc ion florua,

clorua, nitrit, orthophotphat, bromua, nitrit v sunfat ha tan
bng sc k lng ion. Phng php dnh cho nc bn t
30
Clorua
TCVN 6225-3:1996 Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t do v clo

tng s. Phn 3 Phng php chun iot xc nh clo
tng s
31
Amoni (tnh theo Nit)
TCVN 5988:1995 (ISO 5664-1984) Cht lng nc - Xc nh

amoni
32
Tng Nit
TCVN 6638:2000 Cht lng nc - Xc nh nit - V c ha xc

tc sau khi kh bng hp kim Devarda
28
30
33
Thng s
Tng Phtpho

TCVN 6202:1996
APHA 4500-P
34
Coliform
TCVN 6187-1:2009 (ISO 9308-1: 2000/Cor 1: 2007) Cht lng

nc - Pht hin v m vi khun coliform, vi khun coliform
chu nhit v escherichia coli gi nh - Phn 1 - Phng php
mng lc
35
Tng hot phng x
TCVN 6053:1995 Cht lng nc - o tng hot phng x

anpha trong nc khng mn. Phng php ngun dy
36
Tng hot phng x
TCVN 6219:1995 Cht lng nc - o tng hot phng x

beta trong nc khng mn
Cc thng s phn tch c th lin quan n cc cht c c th khng c trong cc TCVN hin nay. Cc
phng php phn tch sau y c kim nghim v ph duyt bi cc c quan qun l mi trng
Bc M.
Hp cht hu c d bay hi
(*) Cc phng php tiu chun(21st Son tho 2005): 6200 B.

Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic/Mass
Spectrometric Method (**) MA.400 COV 1.1
Bin son: 2002-12-19 / Sa i: 12-12-2008 (1) Phng php
phn tch: Xc nh VOCs: Gn lc v gi li php o v sc k
ca ph kh (Mthode danalyse: Dtermination des composs
organiques volatils : dosage par Purge and Trap coupl un
chromatographe en phase gazeuse et un spectromtre de masse)
Hp cht hu c bay hi mt
(*) Cc phng php tiu chun: 6410 Extractable Base/Neutrals
phn (PAH, phthalates, phenolics,
and Acids, 6410 B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatoha cht bo v thc vt c clo,
graphic/ Mass Spectrometric Method (**) MA. 400-COSVc 1.0
v PCBs)
PAH
Bin son: 2003-06-18 / Sa i: 08-11-2009 (3) Phng php

phn tch: Xc nh cc hp cht hu c bay hi mt phn bng
php o v ghi li sc ph (Mthode danalyse: Dtermination des
composs organiques semi-volatils complmentaires : dosage par
chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtre de
masse) (**) MA. 400 HAP 1.1
Ed.: 2001-12-05 / Revision : 2008-11-21 (3)
Phng php phn tch: Xc nh PAH bng php o v ghi li
sc ph (Mthode danalyse: Dtermination des hydrocarbures
aromatiques polycycliques : dosage par chromatographie en phase
gazeuse couple un spectromtre de masse)
PCB, Chlorobenzenes, v PAH
(**) MA. 400 SPE BPC/Clbz/HAP 1.0

Ed. : 2006-11-22 / Revision : 2009-12-02 (1)
Phng php phn tch: Xc nh PCBs, benzens clo ha & PAH:
chit pha rn (SPE) & phn tch bng GC/MS
(Mthode danalyse: Dtermination des biphnyles polychlors,
des chlorobenznes et des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : extraction et purification sur phase solide (SPE) et dosage
par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtre
de masse)
31
TT
TT
Thng s
(**) MA. 400 BPC 1.0

Ed. 1998-05-08 / Revision : 2009-08-11 (4)
Phng php phn tch: xc nh PCB: o bng GC/ MS
phng php dng cc cht tng ng (Mthode danalyse:
Dtermination des biphnyles polychlors : dosage par
chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un spectromtre de
masse mthode par congnre et groupe homologue)
1
Dioxins v Furans
(**) MA. 400 D.F. 1.0

Ed. : 1997-11-21 / Revision : 2006-11-02 (4)
Phng php phn tch: xc nh polychlorinated
dibenzo-para-dioxins & dibenzofurans: o bng GC/MS
(Mthode danalyse : Dtermination des dibenzo-para-dioxines
polychlors et dibenzofuranes polychlors :
dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse coupl un
spectromtre de masse)
Ha cht bo v thc vt
(ln hu c)
MA. 403 Pest 3.1

Ed. 2004-04-16 / Revision : 2006-03-17 (1)
Phng php phn tch: Xc nh thuc tr su ln hu c tan
trong nc, triazine, ha cht tr su carbamate v substitute
urea: chit bng C-18, o bng GC/MS.
(Mthode danalyse : Dtermination des pesticides de type
organophosphor, triazine, carbamate et ure substitue dans
leau : extraction avec C-18; dosage par chromatographie en phase
gazeuse couple un spectromtre de masse.
MA. 403 P. Ocl 4.0

Ed. : 2000-03-22 / Revision : 2008-04-24 (2)
Phng php phn tch: Xc nh ha cht tr su clo hu c:
chit lng-lng bng hexane v dichloromethane o bng
Ha cht bo v thc vt (c clo)
GC/MS
organochlor extraction avec de lhexane et du dichloromthane :
dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse)
Ha cht bo v thc vt (dng

Aryloacide)
MA. 403 P. Chlp 2.1

Ed. : 2010-06-10
Phng php phn tch: Xc nh ha cht tr su dng
aryloxyacide chit bng C-18 v te ha o bng GC-MS.
aryloxyacide; extraction avec C-18 suivie dune estrification :
dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couple un
spectromtre de masse)
STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF WATER & WASTEWATER, 21st Ed., 2005
Centre dexpertise en analyse environnementale du Qubec (CEAEQ)
(*)
2700, rue Einstein, bureau E.2.220
Qubec (Qubec) G1P 3W8
(**)
Tlphone : 1 (418) 643-1301
Tlcopieur : 1 (418) 528-1091
Courriel : ceaeq@mddep.gouv.qc.ca
32
1.3. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP, thng t 106/2007/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT v ph bo v mi

trng i vi nc thi
Sau thi gian a vo thc t p dng, Chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh s 04/2007/NCP ngy 8 thng 1 nm 2007 v vic sa i, thay th ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP, thng t
106/2007/TTLT/BTC-BTVMT v vic sa i, thay th thng t hng dn s
125/2003/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT ca lin B Ti chnh, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c th mc thu
ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi cng nghip tnh theo tng cht gy nhim c
quy nh nh trong bng 1.10.
Bng 1.10: Mc thu ph theo tng cht gy nhim i vi nc thi cng nghip
Cht gy nhim c trong nc thi

STT
Mc thu (ng/kg cht gy nhim c

trong nc thi)
Tn gi
K hiu
Ti thiu
Ti a
COD
ACOD
100
300
Cht rn l lng
ATSS
200
400
Thu ngn
AHg
10.000.000
20.000.000
Ch
APb
300
500
Arsenic
AAs
600
1.000.000
Cadmium
ACd
600
1.000.000
1.4. NGHA V NH HNG MI TRNG CA CC THNG S NHIM CHNH

Thnh phn cc cht nhim ca mt ngnh cng nghip kh a dng nn xc nh b
thng s v cc phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim vi cc tiu chun c th l
vic lm cn thit phc v cho mc ch qun l mi trng. Trc khi i vo cc m t chi
tit v phng php quan trc v phn tch trong phng th nghim cng nh c cc kt
qu phn tch, ngha ca mt vi thng s c bn.
Nhm nh gi mc nhim v nhim khun, kt hp mt vi tip cn khoa hc vi
nhau s em li kt qu cng hng. Hnh v di y minh ha nhng cch din gii khc
nhau i vi s lng /ngun gy nhim i vi mt ngnh cng nghip.
33
1
Nhm hn ch nhim mi trng t nc thi, s dng tit kim nc sch v to ngun

kinh ph cho qu Bo v mi trng thc hin vic bo v, khc phc nhim mi trng,
ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP v thng t
hng dn s 125/2003/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT ca lin B Ti chnh, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
v vic ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi, ch thu, np, qun l v s dng ph bo
v mi trng i vi nc thi.
Hnh 1.1: Nhng cch tip cn khc nhau i vi cc cht/ngun gy nhim
Cn nhn mnh rng khi nh gi mc gy nhim ton din cn s dng cc cch

tip cn khoa hc khc nhau. Mi thng s c th nhm xc nh mt loi cht nhim ring.
Nhn chung, cc thng s nhim c xy dng nhm phc v cng tc qun l mi trng
v nghin cu cc gii php k thut.
Ngoi tr mt vi ngnh cng nghip c bit nh cng nghip m kim loi hay nh my
sn xut thp, hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip thi ra cht nhim hu c trong nc thi
ca mnh. Cc cht nhim hu c thng thng l t hp ca cc-bon (C), hydro (H), xy
(O), Ni t (N), c th c thm lu hunh (S) v pht pho (P) trong mt vi trng hp. Cht hu
c trong nc thi sinh hot thng bao gm cc hp cht sau y:
-
40 n 60 % c ngun gc t cht m (amino-acids, polypeptides, v.v.)
25 n 50 % c ngun gc t carbohydrate,
8 n 12 % cc loi du v cht bo.
Cht thi cng nghip cha mt lng nht nh cc phn t hu c tng hp, c cu
trc t n gin n v cng phc tp (xem cc cht gy nhim hu c di y).
Phn tch hm lng nhim c th phn loi theo cch o lng tng cc cht hu c
gm mt s hoc thnh phn hu c c c tnh tng t khng th phn bit ring r, v d
nh BOD5, COD and TOC, hoc theo cch lng ha cc hp cht hu c ring r: VOCs, PAH,
PCB, v.v. Hy bt u vi vic xem xt tng cc cht gy nhim hu c v cc hp cht
nhim.
1.4.1. Cc thng s nhim hu c thng thng (BOD5 , COD v TOC)
Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD5)
Thng s nhim hu c c s dng ph bin nht l l nhu cu xy sinh ha 5 ngy.
iu ny c gii thch bi phng trnh di y:
VI KHUN
Cht hu c + O2
34
Sn phm cui + T bo vi khun mi
Mc d phng php kim tra BOD c hng lot hn ch, kt qu ca n hin nay thng
c dng cho cc mc ch sau:
-
Xc nh tng i lng xy cn n nh cht hu c theo cc phn ng sinh hc.
Xc nh kch thc ca thit b x l nc thi
o lng hiu qu ca mt s qu trnh x l
nh gi s tun th tiu chun thi cho php.
Vic x thi trc tip nc thi c hm lng BOD5 cao vo cc con sng hoc vo ngun
tip nhn s gy ra hin tng thiu xy cn thit cho cuc sng ca cc loi thy sinh.
Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD)
Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD) l lng xy cn thit xy ha cc hp cht hu c trong
nc thi theo phn ng ha hc s dng cht xy ha dichromate trong mi trng axit,
c minh ha trong phng trnh di y:
Cht hu c + Cr2O7 2- + H+
CO2 +H2O + NH4+ + 2Cr3+
Trong v d ny, cht hu c c th c xy ha bi cng thc tng qut c gin

lc CHON. Cht nhim hu c c nh gi gin tip thng qua vic s dng cht xy
ha dichromate. Nhm mc ch so snh vi BOD, lng cht xy ha dichromate c
chuyn i sang ng lng xy, c ngha l ng lng ca cht xy ha chuyn i
thnh 16g xy. Kt qu COD c th hin bng mg/L (O2) ging nh i vi BOD.
Mc d c th k vng gi tr BOD ca cc cht c thnh phn c bn l cc-bon s cao
nh COD, nhng iu ny khng th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn sau y:
-
Nhiu loi cht hu c kh xy ha trong phn ng sinh hc c th xy ha theo phn

ng ha hc,
Mt s cht hu c c th gy c cho vi sinh vt s dng trong phn tch BOD,
Gi tr COD cao c th xut hin do s xy ha trong phn ng ha hc ca cc cht

gy nhim v c.
S khc nhau v kt qu mg/L (O2) hay t s kinh nghim COD/BOD5 c th l du hiu

nh lng v s tn ti ca cht hu c kh hay t phn hy bng vi sinh.
Tng cc-bon hu c (TOC)
Hp cht hu c l nhng chui cc-bon. Php phn tch TOC c s dng xc nh
tng cc-bon hu c. Phng trnh phn ng c tm tt nh sau:
CHN
CO2 + Cc cht khc

XY HA MNH
35
1
Vi khun s dng xy trong qu trnh phn hy sinh hc ca cc cht hu c (cht c th

b phn hy). Vic xc nh BOD bao gm vic o lng xy ha tan c s dng bi cc vi
sinh vt trong mt khong thi gian tiu chun 5 ngy. Cn lu rng php o ny l cch
khng trc tip nh gi cc cht hu c c th phn hy c bng vi khun v php o
ny khng cho nh gi trc tip khi lng ca cht hu c. Kt qu c th hin qua lng
xy c s dng, tnh bng mg/L (O2). Lu khng nh gi thng s ny i vi cc cht
khng c kh nng phn hy bng vi khun.
Cc-bon hu c c xc nh thng qua lng CO2 sinh ra do qu trnh xy ha mnh

bng cc tc nhn nh: nhit v xy, tia cc tm, cht xy ha, hoc s kt hp ca tc nhn
ny vi nhau. Lng CO2 sinh ra c xc nh bng thit b phn tch hng ngoi hoc cc
thit b khc. Kt qu c biu th di dng mg/l (C).
TOC trong nc thi c th c s dng nh mt thc o cho cc c tnh nhim ca

n. Trong mt vi trng hp, c th lin h TOC vi cc gi tr BOD v COD. Ch s TOC c
s dng ph bin v ch mt 5-10 pht hon thnh php phn tch. Gn y, my phn tch
TOC t ng c trin khai.
1.4.2. Cc thng s nhim cht rn thng thng (TSS, VSS v TDS)
Tng cht rn cha trong nc thi bao gm:
-
Cc cht ni trn b mt
Cht l lng v cht ha tan trong dung dch
Cht c th lng xung.
X l nc thi nhm loi b cc cht nhim v c bit l cc cht l lng v cht ni.
Cc cht c th lng th d loi b hn v qu trnh lng n gin trong khi cc cht l lng v
ni cn phi can thip bng nhng qu trnh sinh hc hoc ha l phc tp. Cht ha tan ch
b loi b mt phn thng qua cc bc x l khc.
Tng cht rn (TS) thu c sau khi sy kh mt mu nc thi v cn lng cn cn li.
Php phn tch chun i vi cht rn c th lng c thc hin bng cch cho mu nc
thi vo bnh nn Imhoff mt lt v ghi li dung tch (ml) cc cht rn lng ng sau mt
khong thi gian nht nh (1 ting). TS v cht rn c th lng thng c s dng theo
di nh k hot ng ca nh my x l nc thi, nhng t c cp trong quy nh hn
l thng s TSS.
Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)
Tng cht rn l lng (TSS) c phn tch ra khi tng cht rn ha tan (TDS) bng
phng php lc. Php phn tch TSS mang tnh tng i, ph thuc vo kch c l ca giy
lc s dng. Cc b lc vi kch c l t 0,22 m ti 2,0 m ang c s dng cho php
phn tch TSS. iu quan trng l phi thng bo kch thc l ca giy lc khi vit bo co
kt qu TSS bng mg/L.
ng thi cng cn lu rng bn thn php phn tch TSS khng phi l th nghim c
ngha quan trng. TSS l mt thng s tng bi v khng th xc nh c phn b v kch
c v s lng ca cc ht trong gi tr ny. Hn na, bn cht ha hc ca TSS khng c
xc nh chnh xc v gi tr thu c c th bao gm cht rn khng gy nhim nh cc
mu nh t cc ng ng xi mng v tng cc b cha, hoc ch l nhng mu t t
cc b x l o trn mt t.
Tuy nhin, TSS l mt trong 2 thng s c s dng ph bin (cng vi BOD) nh gi
hiu qu ca cng trnh x l nc thi.
Cc cht rn l lng d bay hi (VSS)
Cc cht d bay hi l nhng cht c th bay hi hoc bc chy khi b nung nng n
nhit 500 50OC. Cht rn d bay hi (VS) phn ln l cht hu c, l phn khi lng b
36
gim sau khi nung mu. Trong khi , cht rn c nh (FS) l khi lng cht rn cn li trn
chn nung sau khi nung mu. Do , VSS c xc nh thng qua TSS v FS (VSS = TSS FS)
T l VSS/TSS cho thy t l phn trm ca cc cht nhim hu c. Trong mt qu trnh
x l c th (c bit l qu trnh sinh hc), VSS c s dng c tnh mt cch tng i
sinh khi trong b phn ng sinh hc.
Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)
Theo nh ngha, cht rn lt qua mng lc sau khi mu nc c lc qua mng c kch
thc l tiu chun c gi l cht rn ha tan. Kch c ca nhng ht huyn ph trong nc
thi thng c kch thc c trng t 0,01 ti 1,0 m. Vi kch thc l lc thng mi 0,45
m, chng ta c th tin rng mt s ht huyn ph nm ln trong gi tr ca TSS v phn cn
li nm trong cht rn ha tan. Do , mt s nhm ln c th xut hin trong qu trnh thit
k v hot ng ca nh my x l nc thi.
1.4.3. Cc thng s nhim hu c c th
Cc hp cht hu c c th c xc nh nh gi s tn ti ca nhng cht gy
nhim nguy him hng u nhiu ngi bit (cht gy ung th, cht gy t bin, d tt bm
sinh, cht c c tnh cao hay cht c tn ti lu di, kh o thi). C quan bo v mi trng
M bc u xc nh c khong 129 cht gy nhim hng u (c dng v c v hu
c). Cc phng php phn tch gp phn xy dng danh sch ny. K thut ang ngy
mt pht trin, hng lot hp cht hu c khc c pht hin v a thm vo danh sch
cc cht c u tin ca tng a phng phc v mc ch qun l cng tc bo v mi
trng mt cch hiu qu.
Phng php phn tch sc k kh (GC) v sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC) c s dng
nhiu nht pht hin cc hp cht hu c c th v chng c gii hn pht hin rt nh,
t 10-12 n 10-13 mg/L. Mt s detector in hnh c kt ni vi thit b GC bao gm:
-
dn in (Electrolytic conductivity),
By in t (Electron capture - ECD),
Ion ha ngn la (Flame ionization - FID),
Ion ha quang in (Photoionization -PID), v
Sc k kh ghp ni khi ph (Mass spectrophotometer- GC-MS).
Detector in hnh s dng trong HPLC bao gm chm t bo quang in (PDAD) v

bung phn ng cui ct (PCR).
Hydrocarbon thm a vng (PAH)
Cc cht PAH l mt trong nhng cht gy nhim hu c ph bin nht. Chng tn ti
trong khi v kh thi cng nghip. Chng c pht hin trong cht thi cng nghip nh
sn phm ph ca qu trnh chy nhin liu khng hon ton (g, than, du diezel, v.v). PAH
c quan tm do mt vi hp cht thuc h PAH c xc nh l tc nhn ung th, cht
gy ra t bin, d tt bm sinh mc tng i thp.
37
Cu to phn t ca chng bao gm cc nhn carbon thm gn vi nhau, v d nh:

-
Benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene,

chrysene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and
chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene,
benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, coronene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene (C20H14),
indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (C22H12) v ovalene.
V d phn t benzo[a]pyrene (5 nhn thm gn vi nhau):
Cc cht PAH u tin c bit n v tnh c hi ca chng bao gm cc cht gy

nhim sau:
Acenaphtene
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b) fluoranthene
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Benzo(ghi) perylene
Anthracene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Dibenzo(,h) anthracene
Pyrene
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
V d v cc phn t PAH c minh ha trong ph lc 1A V d v phn t PAH.

Cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC)
Khng c mt nh ngha r rng v c chp nhn mt cch rng ri v VOC gy
nhim. T quan im ha hc, VOC c th ch mt hp cht hu c bt k c th bay hi trong
iu kin thng. B Y T ca Canada phn loi VOC nh mt hp cht hu c c im si
trong khong 50 n 2500C. Cn nhn mnh n cc cht VOC c nh hng n cht lng
khng kh v ni tip nhn nc thi. Hng lot VOC c pht hin trong cht thi cng
nghip do chng c s dng nh dung mi hu c. Chng ta thng pht hin dng vt
ca cc cht gy nhim sau y:
38
Carbon tetrachloride : CCl4
Trichloroethylene : CCl2=CHCl
Benzen : C6H6
C quan bo v mi trng ca M xy dng mt danh sch cc cht gy nhim ph

bin hng u c tc ng ti mi trng sng thy sinh (c t cp tnh hoc mn tnh). Cc
VOC nm trong danh sch ny c lit k trong ph lc 1B (V d v cht hu c bay hi (VOC)).
Tolune (dung mi cng nghip): C6H5-CH3
Pentachlorophenol (ha cht bo v g): Cl5C6H-OH
Vinyl chloride (monomer to ra nha PVC thng dng): CHCl=CH2
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether (sn phm trung gian tng hp hu c): ClCH2CH2-O-H2CH2CCl
Dimethyl Phtalate (DMP, du ha do cng nghip): C6H4(COOCH3)2
Mt vi cht hu c bn bay hi nm trong danh sch u tin ca USEPA. Chng c

lit k trong Ph lc 1C (V d v cht hu c bn bay hi (semi-VOC)).
Cc loi ha cht bo v thc vt
Hu ht cc cht c hu c (ha cht bo v thc vt) pht sinh t vic s dng chng
trong hot ng nng nghip trong qu kh v di chuyn/pht tn theo dng chy b mt.
Mc d hin nay vic s dng chng b cm Vit Nam, nhng lng vt cc cht ny vn
c tm thy trong mt s loi nc thi. Danh sch cc loi ha cht bo v thc vt c c
tnh cao gm cc cht c lit k trong bng 1.11.
Bng 1.11: V d v cc phn t thuc tr su
Tn ha hc thng thng
Vi v d v cng thc ha hc
Aldrin
Dieldrin
CI
CI
CI
Chlordane
CI
4,4-DDT
CI
CI
4,4-DDE
4,4-DDD
Alpha-endosulfan
CI
CI
CI
Beta-endosulfan
Endosulfan sulfate
CI
C CI 3
CI
CI
CH
CI
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane

DDT
CI
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
CI
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Alpha-BHC
Beta-BHC
Gamma-BHC
Delta-BHC
C
CI
CI
CCI 2
C
CI
H
CHCI
C
C
CHCI
CH 2
H
Chlordane
39
1
Cc hp cht hu c gy nhim khc t bay hi hn v c xp vo mt tiu nhm gi

l semi-VOC. Phng php phn tch pht hin s tn ti ca chng phc tp hn. Vi v
d v tiu nhm ny c lit k nh sau:
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) l cc ha cht cng nghip c tng hp s dng

trong qu trnh sn xut cc thit b in, thit b trao i nhit, cc h thng thy lc, v mt
vi ng dng chuyn ngnh khc cho ti tn cui thp nin 70. PCB tn ti rt lu trong mi
trng v trong cc m ca sinh vt sng. Du hiu r rng nht ca vic PCB gy hi n mi
trng c th thy qua h sinh thi nc v qua cc loi tiu th sinh vt thy sinh.
Bng 1.12: V d v phn t PCB
Tn ha hc thng thng
Cng thc C12H10-xClx
PCB1242 (Arochlor 1242)

Dioxins v Furans
C 210 loi dioxin v furan khc nhau. Dioxin l hp cht hu c chng thm (antiaromatic) c cng thc ha hc l C4H4O2. C 2 cht ng phn, 1,2-dioxin (o-dioxin) v
1,4-dioxin (p-dioxin).
1
1
2
5
4
3
4
Furan l mt hp cht hu c chng thm c 4 nguyn t cc-bon v 1 nguyn t xy.

Cc hp cht c cu trc nh vy cng c coi nh furan.
Do kh nng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng ca chng, cc ti liu khoa hc hin

nay thng s dng tn dioxin gi chung cc dn xut clo ha ca dibenzo-1,4-dioxin.
Chnh xc hn polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins(PCDDs), trong s tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
(TCDD) 2,3,7,8, mt dn sut tetraclo ca dioxin, kh ph thng, c nhiu ngi bit n.
Polyclo dibenzo-dioxins, cn c phn loi thuc h hp cht halogen hu c, do c tnh
a cht bo ca chng nn c th tch t theo c ch sinh hc trong c th ngi v ng vt
40
hoang d v gy ra d tt bm sinh, bin d v ung th. Loi dioxin c nht l 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) c bit n rng ri nh cht c trong cht Da cam, mt
loi thuc dit c dng trong chin tranh Vit Nam.
10
7
4
CI
CI
CI
CI
Ngun dioxin v furan ln nht Canada sinh ra t vic t chy qui m ln rc th v

rc thi y t. Cc ngun pht sinh ch yu khc gm c:
-
Sn xut st thp,
t rc ca cc h gia nh trong vn nh, c bit l t ti nilon,
t chy nhin liu, gm c du diezen v nhin liu dng cho sn xut nng nghip
v si m ti nh,
t chy g, c bit l nhng loi g qua x l ha cht,
Qu trnh pht in,
Khi thuc l.
Cc cht hu c c hi khc
Cc cht hu c c hi khc c phn loi theo th t u tin lit k di y:
-
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Benzidine
Hexachlorobutadiene, Cl2C=CCl-CCl=CCl2
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Cl6C5
Isophorone
Toxaphene
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
41
1.4.4. Cc kim loi nng c th
Kim sot hm lng kim loi nng trong nc thi cng nghip l mt vic lm cn
thit. Mt s kim loi nng c bit nguy him cho sc khe con ngi v mi trng (v d
nh Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cr), mt s c th gy ra s n mn (nh Zn, Pb), mt s khc gy hi theo
nhng cch khc nhau (v d nh arsen c th lm nhim cc cht xc tc). Mt s nguyn t
ny thc ra l cn thit cho con ngi khi hp th vi lng nh (v d nh Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni)
trong khi nhng nguyn t khc l tc nhn gy ung th hoc c hi, tc ng n h thn
kinh trung ng (Mn, Hg, Pb, As), thn v gan (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu), hoc da, xng, hoc rng (Ni,
Cd, Cu, Cr).
nhim kim loi nng c th pht sinh t nhiu ngun nhng thng l t qu trnh tinh
ch kim loi, v d nh vic luyn ng v sn xut thp khng g. M in l ngun chnh
pht thi Crm v cadmium. Vn ln nht l kh nng tn ti trong t nhin ca kim loi
nng dng tch ly v phng i sinh hc, do , mt s loi sinh vt b phi nhim c hm
lng kim loi nng cao hn nng ca chng trong mi trng. Mt s loi c vng ven
bin (nh c cc) v chim bin (nh l chim hi u vng Atlantic) thng c s dng lm ch
th sinh hc quan trc s tn ti ca cc cht nhim ny.
Nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip l cc ngun gy nhim kim loi nng
lng vt. Mt s ngun nhim kim loi nng in hnh v c tnh ca chng c trnh
by trong Ph lc 1D " nhim kim loi nng v cc c tnh tim nng ca chng".
1.4.5. nhim v c c th
pH
Thng s pH c nh ngha l hm logarit m ca nng ion hydro. Khong pH ph
hp vi hu ht i sng sinh hc trong nc t nhin v x l nc thi c bin kh hp
(6-9). Bin cho php ca pH thng dao ng t 6,5 n 8,5. Nc thi cng nghip thng
mang tnh axit hay kim.
Clorua
Clorua l mt thnh phn rt c ch trong nc thi v n c th nh hng ti vic
ti s dng nc qua x l. Nc thi sinh hot, nc thi t cc nh my cng nghip v
sn xut nng nghip x vo ngun nc mt l ngun nhim clorua. Cht bi tit ca ngi
cha khong 6g clorua/ 1 ngi/1 ngy. Cc phng php x l nc thi truyn thng khng
loi b c clorua mt cch hiu qu. Hm lng clorua cao hn bnh thng c th c
xem nh mt du hiu ca s nhim.
Sulphur
Ion sulphate xut hin t nhin trong hu ht cc ngun cung cp nc, ch yu do thm
Al2(SO4)3. Sulphur c dng trong tng hp polypeptide v cht m. Sau n c thi
ra trong qu trnh thi ra ca cht m. S tn ti ca sulfur hydro (H2S) c th c gii thch
nh sau:
VI KHUN
Cht hu c + SO4
2-
S2-(nc) + 2H+
42
S2- + H2O + CO2

H2S (kh)
Sulfur hydro gy ra mi kh chu cho mi trng xung quanh v c th b oxi ha sinh hc

thnh axit sulphuric gy n mn cc ng dn nc thi bng vt liu b tng. S tn ti sulphur
trong nc thi vi hm lng ln cha x l l du hiu b phn hy trong h thng cng.
1.4.6. Cht dinh dng
Tng Nit (NTOT)

Tng ni t (NTOT ) gm c ni t hu c (NORGA), ni t trong amoniac (NNH3), ni t trong nitrit
v nitrate (NNO2 & NNO3). Gi tr ca thng s tng ni t c xc nh theo phng php Kjeldahl
(TKN) l tng ni t hu c vi nit c ha tr -3 v ammoniac.
NTOT = NNO2-NO3 + NNH3 + NORGA
TKN = NNH3 + NORGA
Ni t hu c v ammoniac sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy polypeptides v amino axit , l
thnh phn chnh ca protein (cht m). Trong mi trng thy sinh, ni t ammoniac tng
i c hi cho cc vi sinh vt. V vy, tiu ch x thi ca cc nh my x l nc thi v cc
ngun thi cng nghip khc cn hn ch x nit. c tnh ca nit trong amoniac gim khi
n c th b xy ha sinh hc thnh NO2- v NO3- thng qua qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ha vi
s tham gia ca vi khun c chng nh di y:
NITROSOMONAS
NNH3
NITROBACTER
NNO2
NNO3
Trong nhng trng hp c bit nht nh (bo v h, ao chng li s ph dng), vic x

nitrit v nitrate c th rt nghim trng v cn phi loi b chng. Bin php c th x l nitrit
v nitrate l p dng phng php hp th trong nhng vng t ngp nc nhn to, ni
m cc loi thc vt di nc s dng chng nh ngun dinh dng cho qu trnh trao i
cht. Mt cch khc loi b nitrit v nitrate l s bin i thiu xy m trong qu trnh
cc vi khun s dng ngun xy ca nitrit v nitrate thng qua vic kh cc hp cht cn loi
b nh sau:
DENITRIFICATION
NNO2 & NNO3
N2
Tng pht pho

Dng tn ti thng thng ca pht pho trong nc thi l triphosphate (polyphosphate)
P3O105- , trimetaphosphate P3O93- v ortho-phosphate PO43- (hoc HPO42-, H2PO4-, v H3PO4). Dng
ortho-phosphates PO43- rt cn thit cho s trao i cht ca to m khng cn phi phn hy
tip. S tn ti ca ortho-phosphates kt hp vi nitrate l nguyn nhn chnh ca vic to
c pht trin qu mc. Polyphosphate b thy phn trong nc v chuyn thnh orthophosphates.
43
1
Cc nguyn t ni t v pht pho l cc cht dinh dng quan trng i vi qu trnh sinh
hc. Trong mt vi trng hp c bit nh x l nc thi cho ngnh cng nghip giy v
bt giy hay lc du, cn phi b sung thm ni t v pht pho c th x l c nc thi
bng phng php sinh hc. Nhm kim sot s sinh trng qu mc ca to trong nc sau
x l, cn phi gim hoc loi b lng ni t c trong nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng.
1
Cu trc phn t trimetaphosphate
Cu trc phn t triphosphate
Ortho-phosphates c xc nh trc tip trong khi polyphosphate v pht pht hu c

phi c chuyn i thnh ortho-phosphate bng bc x l axit trc khi phn tch.
Cc cht dinh dng v tc ng mi trng ca chng
Hin tng ph dng (Eutrophication) ca ao v h
Vic x nc thi cng nghip c hm lng dinh dng cao (NTOT v PTOT ) vo ao h s
to ra mi trng nc qu nhiu dinh dng, lm tin cho s pht trin ca to v thiu
xy ha tan.
Sau nc tr nn m c, c mu ca xanh l cy, vng, nu hoc . S bng n ca
to xut hin khi to tch t thnh m dy c gn b mt ca nc v d nhn thy, cn tr
nh sng n c cc vng nc su hn trong h hoc sng sui. Mt s loi c khng th
sng thiu nh sng v i vi chng, khi to bt u cht, vn thm ch cn nghim trng
hn. Khi , vi khun cn xy chim ton b h sinh thi, phn hy to v s dng ht xy
ha tan trong qu trnh ny. Cc vi khun ny lm tng nhu cu xi sinh ha (BOD) ca h
sinh thi. Ch s BOD cao hn biu th mc xy ha tan thp. Hm lng xy thp i l nguyn
nhn khin nhiu loi c ngt th, v khi c cht, chng thm ch gp phn lm tng thm s
lng loi vt cht phn hy cn xy..
Mt vi s pht trin qu mc ca to, cn c gi l s rc ri ca to hay s pht trin
c hi ca to gy c i vi ng thc vt. Cht c m chng to ra c th i theo chui
thc n gy ra t vong cho ng vt. Vic pht trin ca to trong nc ngt c th l mi e
da i vi gia sc. Khi to cht, v cc loi ng vt n phi chng, cc cht neuro- v hepatotoxin c gii phng s git cht cc loi ng vt v c th gy e da n con ngi.
Sau y l mt v d v vic cht c ca to dn truyn vo con ngi thng qua vic n cc
loi ng vt gip xc v b ng c. Cc ng vt gip xc (trai, s) n phi cht c sinh hc
to ra trong qu trnh to pht trin mnh lm cho loi thc n ny ca con ngi c c t
v u c con ngi. Vic ny gy ra hin tng t lit, lon thn kinh chc nng, v tiu
chy do ng c khi n cc ng vt gip xc. Cc ng vt bin khc c th l sinh vt
truyn cht c, nh trong trng hp ca loi c cuguatera, l mt loi c sn mi v tch t
cht c v sau gy c cho con ngi.
Tc ng n sc khe con ngi: Hi chng Blue Baby
Nitrate trong nc ngm cao hn 10 mg/L (10 ppm) c th gy ra hi chng a tr xanh
'blue baby' (acquired methemoglobinemia), dn n gim xy trong mu (m c th dn n
hn m v t vong nu khng c cha tr kp thi).
44
1.4.7. Thng s c hc v tc ng mi trng ca chng

Cc cht gy nhim hng u
Bng 1.13: Danh sch cc cht nhim c hi hng u Vit Nam

Mt s cht nhim c hi Vit Nam
Tham kho: QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT
Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cht thi nguy hi
(Trch t Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng nc thi, kh thi v cht thi cng
nghip, 2010 - BTNMT)
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Total cresol
Phenol
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,6-dimethylphenol
2-chlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,6-dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2-Butyl-4,6-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
o-Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
Total Nitrophenol
Bromodichloromethane
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Iodomethane
Methyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorodibromomethane
Tribromomethane (Bromoform)
Chloroethane
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a) pyrene
Chrysene
Anthracene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Dibenzo(a,h) anthracene
Pyrene
Naphtalene
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Diethyl ether
Methyl chloromethyl ether
Bis(2-Chloroethyl) ether
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorophene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Tricholobenzene
Toxaphene
Ha cht bo v thc vt:
Dieldrin
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan sulphate
Tng thy ngn hu c

Tng ch hu c
Hp cht silic hu c:
Bis(1-methylethyl)dimethoxysilane
Bis(4fluorophenyl)(methyl)(1H1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)silane
Isobutylisopropyldimethoxysilane
Tetraethyl silicate
Triethoxyisobutylsilane
Tris(isopropenyloxy)phenyl
silane
Cc thnh phn hu c khc:
Acetone
Acetophenone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
-Propiolactone
Cyclohexanone
Aniline
p-Chloroaniline
o-Nitroaniline
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Diphenylamine
Naphtylamine
- Naphtylamine
Di-n-propylnitrosamine
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine
45
1
Cc hot ng ca con ngi v sn xut cng nghip pht sinh hng lot cht c m
khng phi tt c u c th pht hin bng cc thit b phn tch hin i. V vy, c quan
bo v mi trng ca mi nc xy dng danh mc cc cht nhim c u bng cn
quan tm. Vi s h tr ca khoa hc , danh sch ny s c cp nht phc v cho mc ch
qun l mi trng. Cc cht gy nhim c hi hng u Vit Nam c trch t vn bn
Quy chun k thut Quc gia v Ngng cht thi nguy hi QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT. Bng trong
ph lc 1E So snh danh sch cc cht c hang u tng hp t danh sch ca USEPA v
Mi Trng Canada.
Mt s cht nhim c hi Vit Nam

Tham kho: QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT
Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cht thi nguy hi
(Trch t Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng nc thi, kh thi v cht thi cng
nghip, 2010 - BTNMT)
1,2-Dibromomethane
Dibromomethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Tng Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Pentachloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Trichloroethyelene
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene
Trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene
Benzene
Ethyl benzene
Chlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Total Dichlorobenzene
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene
1,4-Dinitrobenzene
1,3-Dinitrobenzene
Toluene
2,3-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Total Dinitrotoluene
Xylene (o, p & m)
46
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Isodrin
Kepone
Methoxychlor
Mirex
Disulfoton
Methyl parathion
Phorate
Parathion
Propoxur
Silvex (2,4,5-TP)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
PCB v Dioxins/Furans
Total PCB
2,3,7,8-TCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
Total Dioxin (TCDD, PsCDD,
HxCDD)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
Total Furan (TCDF, PeCDF,
HxCDF)
Du khong:
Hydrocarbon<C10
Hydrocarbon C10 C16
Hydrocarbon C17 C34
Hydrocarbon >C35
Tng du khong
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-Butyl Phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Phthalic anhydride
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine
Acrylonitrile
Acetonitrile
Methacrylonitrile
Benzal chloride
Benzidine
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Aminodiphenyl
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl methacrylate
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Acrylamide
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
Ethyleneimine (Aziriden)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
Pyridine
Safrole
Carbon disulphide
Methanol
Isobutyl alcohol
m-Butyl alcohol
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Silver
Beryllium
Cadmium
Lead
Cobalt
Zinc
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Mercury
Chromium VI
Vanadium
Fluroure, FCynaure, CNTng Xyanua
Aming (Abestos)
S liu v c tnh
V d v s liu c hi lin quan n ha cht bo v thc vt Chlordane (xem ph lc 1F

V d v s liu c tnh lin quan n Chlordane) gii thch ti sao hm lng ti hn trong dng
thi c th nh n gi tr nghim ngt v thp n mc 0,000001 mg/L i vi mt s quy
nh mi trng (xp x gii hn pht hin ca thit b phn tch hin i trong phng th nghim).
1.4.8. Ch s CHEMIOTOX
Khi c mt s cht c cng lc c pht hin trong nc thi cng nghip, mt thch
thc i vi c quan qun l bo v mi trng l tp trung c th vo cht no. Sau y gii
thiu mt cng c qun l c T chc Mi trng Canada pht trin nhm thit lp cc
u tin v gii quyt vn c nhiu cht nhim c hi u tin khc nhau.
M hnh CHIMIOTOX (hoc CHEMIOTOX) l mt cng c ton hc nh gi bc tranh chung ca
cc cht c thi ra mi trng. Cch nh gi ny da trn kt qu xc nh tnh cht ha
hc ca cc cht c (mg/L), tip sau trng s (FTOX) v tim nng gy c ca tng cht c
trong nc thi. Trong thc t, cc ch s tng phn (CHEMIOTOX UNIT, CU) c tnh trn c s kt
qu ca tng cht c vi mc ch tng hp cc con s v thu c ch s chung (CHEMIOTOX
INDEX, CI = CU). Cc ch s ny cho php so snh v tng hp nh lng cc s liu quan trng
xc nh c tnh.
Phng php xc nh trng s c tnh kh n gin v phc v tt cho nhu cu qun
l mi trng. Tiu ch cht lng nc cho thy s tnh ton y thng tin v c hc ca
cc cht nhim. Cch tnh ton ny nhm xc nh gii hn hm lng chp nhn c
(mg/L) bo v con ngi v h sinh thi. Cht cng c, tiu ch cng nh. Trong m hnh
CHIMIOTOX, hai tiu ch cht lng nc c s dng l tiu ch c tnh mn tnh (CTAC,
mg/L) v nhng tiu ch lin quan n nhim c cc sinh vt thy sinh (CCOA, mg/L).
Vi hai loi tiu ch ny, nh hng c hi ca vic phi nhim ko di i vi mt cht
v kh nng tng hm lng sinh hc theo chui thc n u c tnh n. H s trng s
c tnh (FTOX-I lin quan n tng cht i) c th c xc nh mang tnh nh gi nh o
ngc tiu ch cht lng nc i vi tng cht mt cch nghim ngt nht (MSCi):
Tiu ch nghim ngt nht = Ti thiu ca CTAC v CCOA
Hay:
MSCi (mg/L) = Min (CTACi, CCOAi)
T :
FTOX - i =
1
MSCi
47
1
Nhiu nh sinh hc trn th gii nghin cu tc ng c hi ca mt s cht gy nhim

c nhiu ngi bit n, c bit l ha cht bo v thc vt, PAH, VOC, PBC, Dioxin v
Furan. S liu v c tnh c phn loi trn ton th gii thnh cp tnh v mn tnh. c
hi cp tnh nhn chung lin quan n tc ng ngay lp tc v trong thi gian ngn i vi
c ngi v cc loi ng vt. Tc ng di hn gy ra bi tnh c hi mn tnh: ung th, qui
thai, t bin, v.v. Th nghim sinh hc tc ng ln mu xt nghim sinh hc v php ngoi
suy cho php xy dng tiu chun nc t nhin v hm lng ti a c php x thi cc
cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip (mg/L hoc g/L).
H s trng s c tnh (FTOX-I) l mt s khng c th nguyn v nu ta quy v 1mg/L i

vi t s, v n cho thy c tnh tim nng c th gn cho mt cht nhim nh gi
mc quan trng tng i trong tng thi lng ca cc cht nhim u tin.
Vi mc ch thng bo cho cng chng, h s FTOX-I c th c xc nh mang tnh tng

i nh t l ca MSCi ca mt cht so snh i vi MSCi ca cht nhim u tin. Cht so
snh c th l thng s ph bin FeTOT m tiu ch nghim ngt nht l bng 0,3 mg/L (CCOA).
Trong trng hp ny, ch s FTOX-I ca mt cht i s l:
MSC Fe-TOTAL
MSCi
FTOX - i =
T , ch s Chemiotox (CI) c xc nh bng cng thc sau:

CI/d =
Load (kg/d) x F
i
TOX-i
CU/d
i
Di y l tm tt cc nguyn tc v kh nng p dng:

Cc nguyn tc l thuyt:
-
Da trn kt qu xc nh c tnh ca nc thi cng nghip;
Thit lp h s trng s c tnh (Ftox) c trng cho tng cht c v tiu ch nh

gi cht lng nc;
Tnh trng s ca thi lng nhim nh h s Ftox;
Kt hp thi lng c tnh trng s xc nh ch s CHEMIOTOX tng th.
p dng:
-
nh gi nhanh c tnh tng i ca mt ngun thi c hi c cng mu s;
Tng hp kt qu ca mt s cht c hi vo ch s CHEMIOTOX UNIT;
Kt hp ltheo mt s mc khc nhau: theo nhm cht nhim, theo tng loi hnh
cng nghip, theo cc nhm ngnh cng nghip, theo ngnh cng nghip, theo khu
vc a l, v.v.
V d v tnh ton c trnh by Ph lc 1G (V d v tnh ton ch s Chemiotox phc v

qun l nhim cng nghip).
1.5. TNG CNG QUAN TRC V THC THI PHP LUT I VI NHIM
CNG NGHIP
Ban hnh QCVN l bc u tin thc thi Lut Bo v mi trng Vit Nam. VCEP
ng gp cho vic tng cng quan trc mt s S TNMT bng o to thng qa qua thc
tin. l bc quan trng ca thc thi php lut.
Hin ti, khi mu nc thi hay nc b nhim c mang n cc phng th nghim
chuyn mn, cc phng th nghim phi c kh nng v tun th cht ch cc quy trnh phn
tch chun ca TCVN hoc quc t. Bn cnh , cn c c quan trung lp kim sot thng
xuyn v trc tip s m bo cht lng, kh nng chnh xc kt qu cng nh tnh i din
48
ca nhng kt qu phn tch. N s l bc vng chc trong vic thc thi php lut i vi
kim sot nhim cng nghip.
1.5.1. Yu cu i vi phng th nghim c cng nhn

Cc quy trnh cng nhn phng th nghim c th phc tp nu giai on u chng ta
khng c tng r rng v mc tiu di hn v li ch ca vic cng nhn, cc yu cu v k
thut, qun l v th nghim st hch. Cc quy trnh cng nhn chung c xc nh r rng
bi chun mc quc t.
Cc phng th nghim c cng nhn thng qua mt t chc chnh thc s p ng
tt c cc yu cu ca tiu chun quc t ISO/IEC 17025:2005 "Yu cu chung cho nng lc
phng th nghim xt nghim v hiu chun". Cc yu cu k thut chnh s lin quan ti cc
hng mc sau:
-
Cc ngun lc nhn s (khoa hc v k thut),
C s h tng phng th nghim,
Quan trc,
Cc phng php phn tch v nh gi phng php,
m bo cht lng ca kt qu phn tch v hiu chun
Bo co kt qu
Trong khun kh gii thiu v hng dn quan trc nc thi cng nghip, chng ti s
nu chi tit Yu cu v nhn s (ngun lc nhn s khoa hc v k thut) v h tng phng th
nghim trong Ph lc 1H. Cc hng mc khc s c xy dng trong cc phn sau (quan trc
ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim). Vic bo co ng cc kt qu s c
gii thch phn sau lin quan n qun l s liu.
1.5.2. Qun l v phn tch s liu
Qun l s liu rt thit yu i vi qun l mi trng di hn. Vic thiu s liu mi
trng nn s kh gii thch kt qu phn tch hin c v bi cnh doanh nghip ni pht
sinh nc thi. C th l, thiu s liu lu tr s khng ng gp cho vic chun b mt t
quan trc, v d nh:
-
Thit b o dng chy no cn mang theo (cn em theo thit b no trong s nhng
thit b cng knh ra hin trng).
S lng chai mu v ha cht bo qun cn thit i vi loi nc thi c cha cc

cht nhim c hi.
49
1
"Chng trnh cng nhn cc phng th nghim mi trng" c mc tiu cng c cht lng,
y mnh hiu qu v i mi cng ngh trong cc quy trnh phn tch Vit Nam. Chng
trnh t ra cc chnh sch v quy trnh xy dng cc c quan cp chng ch cho sn phm
ca cc phng th nghim xt nghim v hiu chun, cho cc h thng qun l cht lng v
mi trng, c quan ng k v c quan xc nhn kim ton mi trng. Chng trnh thc
y v h tr v nguyn tc vic xc nhn v cng nhn hay cc h thng tng ng nh
l phng tin tng s tin cy ca cng chng v doanh nghip vo kt qu phn tch v
gim s ln nh gi lp v nhng cuc kim ton khng cn thit.
Phng th nghim no cn phi lin h trc chun b ngn sch cho chi ph phn
tch v phi hp vic nhn mu ca cc chuyn gia phng th nghim.
S phn i, do d hay nghi ng ca i tc doanh nghip v vic pht hin ra thi

lng cht c hi tng ln dn n ph nhim tng theo.
Bo co kt qu v qun l s liu cn phi tun theo cc quy trnh c cng nhn

rng ri (xem ph lc 1I Bo co kt qu).
1.5.3. Thc thi quy nh php l
C th xut hin s phn i chnh thc nht nh t mt s cc bn lin quan n mi
trng trong lc p dng QCVN lin quan n Lut Bo v mi trng. iu c th xy ra
khi cc i tng gy nhim cho rng mt s phng php hay quy trnh khng thch hp
c s dng xc nh ngun gy nhim v thi lng cht gy nhim tng cao
dn n ph nhim cao. L chuyn gia quan trc mi trng, chng ta c trch nhim trnh
by c s khoa hc ca cc phng php quan trc, p dng lut php v QCVN/TCVN mt
cch khch quan, tnh ng n ca kt qu phng th nghim. iu c th thc hin
thng qua mt phng th nghim c cng nhn hay c quan chu trch nhim v quan
trc nc thi cng nghip. S cng nhn s ng gp v di hn cho vic thc thi php lut
mi trng.
50
Tn ha hc
V d v cc phn t PAH
Cu to phn t
Tn ha hc
Anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Chrysene
Coronene
Corannulene
Naphthacene
Naphthalene
Pentacene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
3
4
Triphenylene
Cu to phn t
PH LC 1A
12
Ovalene
11
6
10
51
V d v cc cht hu c bay hi VOC
Tn ha hc thng dng
Cng thc
PH LC 1B
Tn ha hc thng dng
Cng thc
Chloroform
CHCl3
1,2-dichloropropane
CH2Cl-CHCl-CH3
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
1,2-dichloropropylene
CH2Cl-CCl=CH2
Methylene chloride
CH2Cl2
Methyl chloride
CH3Cl
Bromoform
CHBr3
Dichlorobromomethane
CHBrCl2
1,2-dichloroethane
CH2Cl-CH2Cl
CHBr2Cl
1,1,1-trichloroethane
CCl3-CH3
Methyl bromide
CH3Br
Hexachloroethane
CCl3-CCl3
1,1-dichloroethane
CHCl2-CH3
Benzene
C6H6
1,1,2-trichloroethane
CHCl2-CH2Cl
Chlorobenzene
C6H5-Cl
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
CHCl2-CHCl2
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
C6H3Cl3
Chloroethane
CH2Cl-CH3
Hexachlorobenzene
C6Cl6
1,1-dichloroethylene
CCl2=CH2
1,2-dichlorobenzene
C6H4Cl2
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
CHCl=CHCl
1,3-dichlorobenzene
C6H4Cl3
Tetrachloroethylene
CCl2=CCl2
1,4-dichlorobenzene
C6H4Cl2
Trichloroethylene
CCl2=CHCl
Ethylbenzene
C6H5-CH2CH3
52
Tn ha hc
thng dng
V d v cc cht hu c bn bay hi (semi-VOC)
Cng thc
Tn ha hc thng dng
Cng thc
Nitrobenzene
C6H5-NO2
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
ClCH2CH2-O-H2CH2CCl
Toluene
C6H5-CH3
2-chloroethyl vinyl ethers
ClCH2CH2-O-CH=CHCl
2,4-dinitrotoluene
(NO2)2C6H3-CH3
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
ClC6H4-O-C6H5
2,6-dinitrotoluene
(NO2)2C6H3-CH3
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
BrC6H4-O-C6H5
(CH3)2ClC-O-CCl(CH3)2
1
PH LC 1C
Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
Phenol
C6H5-OH
2-chlorophenol
ClC6H4-OH
2,4-dichlorophenol
Cl2C6H3-OH
2,4,6-trichlorophen.
Cl3C6H2-OH
Pentachlorophenol
Cl5C6H-OH
2,4-dimethylphenol
2-nitrophenol
(CH3)2C6H3-OH
(NO2)C6H4-OH
Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP)
R & R1= CH3

C6H4(COOCH3)2
Diethyl Phthalate (DEP)
R & R1= CH2CH3

C6H4(COOC2H5)2
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
R & R1= CH2CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3
Phthalate (DEHP)
C6H4[COOCH2CH(C2H5)(CH2)3CH3]2
Butyl benzyl Phthalate
R=CH3(CH2)3 & R1= CH2C6H5
(BBP)
CH3(CH2)3OOCC6H4COOCH2C6H5
Di-n-Butyl Phthalate (DBP)
R & R1= (CH2)3CH3

C6H4[COO(CH2)3CH3]2
4-nitrophenol
(NO2)C6H4-OH
2,4-dinitrophenol
(NO2)2C6H3-OH
Parachloro-
ClCH3C6H3-OH
Di-n-octyl Phthalate
(DNOP)
R & R1= (CH2)7CH3

C6H4[COO(CH2)7CH3]2
m-cresol
4,6-dinitro-
(NO2)2CH3C6H2-OH
o-cresol
CHCl=CH2
Vinyl chloride
R1
53
nhim kim loi nng v c tnh tim tng ca chng
Tn
PH LC 1D
S dng
Quan ngi
Antimony (Sb)
- Antimony ang c dng ngy

cng nhiu trong ngnh cng
nghip bn dn sn xut i t,
b cm nhn hng ngoi, v cc
thit b c hiu ng Hall. dng
hp kim, cht ny lm tng cng
v bn c hc ca ch. ng dng
quan trng nht ca antimony l
cht lm cng ch trong cc c quy
ch-axit.
- Antimony v nhiu hp cht ca

n c c tnh. V mt lm sng,
ng c antimony rt ging vi ng
c arsen. liu lng nh, antimony gy ra au u, chng mt,
v suy nhc. Liu lng ln hn
gy nn mnh v thng xuyn, v
s dn n t vong trong vi ngy.
Arsen (As)
- Ph gia hp kim cho cc kim loi,

c bit l ch v ng dng trong
thanh dn c quy, v bc cp, ng
hi trong ni hi. dng tinh khit
l cht bn dn.
- Gy ung th & t bin gen. B

Sc khe v Dch v con ngi Hoa
K (DHHS) xc nh arsen l cht
gy ung th. Ht phi arsen v c
lm tng nguy c gy ung th phi
v ng h hp ni chung. Nut
phi arsen v c tng nguy c ung
th da v u bu trong bng
quang, thn, gan (ung th biu m
s cp), v phi.
Beryllium (Be)
Hn hai phn ba beryllium sn xut - DHHS xc nh beryllium v

ra c s dng trong cc hp kim mt s hp cht cha beryllium c
nh cht lm cng, ch yu i vi
nguy c gy ung th.
ng, v cc hp kim ny ng dng
trong nhng b phn chu mi mn
c bit, rung ng hay va p
mnh v trong cc cng c khng
gy ra tia la.
Cadmium (Cd)
- M in v ph ln b mt kim
loi, vng bc v cc hp kim c
nhit nng chy thp, pin nickelcadmium, lm c s cho cc bt
mu s dng trong ngh gm, men
chi tit my, thuc chng nm,
ngh nh v in, in cc cho n
hi cadimi v t bo quang in,
v.v.
54
- Cht gy ung th, tch ly hm

lng trong gan, thn, ty, tuyn
gip.
- Cc nh hng cp tnh xy ra khi
ht phi bi nng cao hay khi
v c th gy kh c hng, ho, au
u, nn ma, au ngc, bn chn
v b kch ng, hen, c th au
bng v c th gy ra t vong do
lm tn thng phi. Tiu th thc
n v nc ung nhim arsen (kim
loi v hp cht) mc cao c th
gy ra chy nc bt nhiu, kch
thch d dy dn n nn ma v
i ngoi.
Tn
S dng
Quan ngi
Chromium (Cr)
L cht to hp kim v m
trn kim loi v nha
chng g, thp khng g, lp
ph cho cc ph tng t
v ph kin thit b, nghin
cu ht nhn v nhit
cao, l thnh phn ca bt
mu v c.
Crm ha tr VI l cht gy ung th, gy lot t

bo, gy tn hi lu di trn da mn cm v tn
hi thn. Tt c cc dng c th c hi mc
cao, nhng crm VI c hn crm III. Hiu ng
ng c cp xy ra khi ht phi crm VI nng
cao v c th gy tn hi v kch thch mi,
phi, d dy, v rut. Nut phi lng crm ln
c th gy ra kch thch v lot d dy, co git,
tn hi thn v gan, v thm ch t vong.
Ch (Pb)
c quy, ph gia xng, v cp,

n dc, ng nc, lt b
cha, hp kim hn v hp
kim t nng chy, cc chi
tit gim chn trong xy
dng, kim loi mm, cc hp
kim babbit lm bc lt.
c hi khi nut hay th phi bi v khi, gy

tn hi di hn i vi no v thn. Trong h
thng thn kinh trung ng c th gy ra ph
n v cc nh hng ny thng khng o
ngc c. Gim ch s IQ, gy ra cc kh
khn trong hc tp v hnh vi ca tr em thm
ch ngay c hm lng ch thp. Phi nhim
ch nguy him hn vi tr em v thai nhi. Tr
trong bng m c th b phi nhim ch thng
qua m. Cc nh hng c hi bao gm
non, tr b thiu cn, v suy gim kh nng tr
no ca tr, kh hc hnh, v gim tng trng
th cht tr nh. Cc nh hng ny thng
gp hn sau khi phi nhim vi ch mc cao.
Ch c th gy ra sy thai v ph hoi h thng
sinh dc nam.
ng (Cu)
ng d gia cng, va d
ko si va d rn. V d ko
thnh si v dn in rt tt
nn ng hay c dng
trong ngnh in. Tuy nhin,
ng thng qu mm
trc tip s dng, do n
hay c ch thnh cc hp
kim. V d, ng thau l hp
kim ng-km, ng l
hp kim ng-thic. ng
c s dng nhiu trong
ng ng, k c ng ng
cp nc, thit b lm lnh
v iu ha khng kh do d
ch to v d hn, ng thi
c dn nhit cao.
- Tnh c hi ca ng l hu qu ca hm
lng ng trong c th b d. Ng c ng
c th do n thc n chua nu trong ni ng
khng c lp m, hay phi nhim lng ng
ln trong nc ung hay cc ngun mi
trng khc.
- Qu nhiu ng trong nc gy tn hi ti
sinh vt bin. nh hng c th quan st c
bi nng cao ca ng ln c v cc loi vt
khc l tn hi mang c, gan, thn v h thn
kinh. N cng lm ri lon nhy cm v mi
v ca c do c khng tm c bn i
khe mnh hay tm ng n khu vc
trng.
55
Tn
S dng
Quan ngi
Thy ngn (Hg)
Hn hng, xc tc, trong thit b

in, ca tt trong sn xut clo v
xt, dng c, n hi thy ngn,
trng gng, n h quang,
l hi.
Rt c khi hp th qua da v th phi khi

hay hi thy ngn, c hi mn tnh vi h
thn kinh trung ng, c th to ra d tt
bm sinh. Thy ngn cng kt hp vi carbon to thnh cc hp cht thy ngn
hu c. Cht thy ngn hu c thng dng
nht l methyl mercury (CH3Hg+), c sn
xut bi cc vi sinh trong nc v t. Cng
nhiu thy ngn c trong mi trng, cng
c nhiu methyl mercury c to ra bi
cc vi sinh. Methyl mercury tch ly trong
m ca c v cc loi vt khc. Hm lng
thy ngn trong m tng ln theo tng ca
chui thc n. EPA gii hn thy ngn
trong nc ung l 2 ppb.
Nickel (Ni)
Mt s kim loi c hp kim vi

nickel l st, ng, crm, v
km. Cc hp kim ny c s
dng lm tin xu, trang sc
v trong cng nghip ch to
cc b phn kim loi. Cc hp
cht ca nickel cng c s
dng m nickel, to mu cho
gm s, lm c quy, xc tc tng
tc phn ng ha hc.
Cc ngun phi nhim chnh l: khi thuc

l, khi t, phn bn, super-phosphate,
ch bin thc n, du, m hydro ha,
cht thi cng nghip, nu n bng thp
khng g, th cc thit b ht nhn, bt lm
bnh, t chy du FO, cha rng v cu
rng. Tc ng tiu cc ph bin nht ca
nickel n ngi l phn x d ng.
Selenium (Se)
in t, cc bn khun in, my
quay TV, t bo quang in, li
t tnh ca my tnh, pin mt
tri, gm s (cht to mu thy
tinh), thp v ng, lu ha cao
su, cht xc tc, nguyn t vi
lng trong thc n gia sc
Cc vt di hn trn ngn tay, rng, v

tc, yu t ni chung, suy nhc, sng ty
mi v ming.
Bc (Ag)
Trong sn xut bc nitrate, bc

Kim loi c, lm da, mt v mng nhy
bromide, cc ha cht k thut
mt mu v chuyn mu xm di hn.
nh, gng, cht dn in, cc
thit b in t m bc, cc loi
pin c bit, pin mt tri, cc
hp kim bng, dao ko trn bn,
trang sc, hn hng nha khoa, y
hc, thit b khoa hc, tip
im in, hp kim lm bc ,
cun t, huyn ph bc s dng
lm cht kt tinh trong nhip
nh v y hc, thng kt hp
vi protein.
56
Thallium (Tl)
S dng
Quan ngi
Khong 60-70% sn lng

thallium c s dng trong
ngnh in t, v phn cn
li s dng trong ngy dc
phm v sn xut thy tinh.
Thallium cng c s dng
trong cc thit b nhn tia
hng ngoi. Thallium v cc
hp cht cc c, v cn
phi rt thn trng khi lm
vic vi cht ny. Tip xc
vi da gy nguy him, v cn
c thng gi y khi nu
chy kim loi ny. Cc hp
cht thallium (I) c kh nng
ha tan trong nc cao v
c th ngm qua da d
dng. Phi nhim vi cc
hp cht thallium khng
c vt qu 0.1 mg trn
m2 da trong vng trung bnh
gia quyn theo thi gian 8
gi (tun lm vic 40 gi).
Thallium rt c v c s dng lm thuc

dit chut v su b, nhng vic ng dng
thallium c ct gim hoc loi b nhiu
nc. Thallium b nghi ng l cht gy ung th
cho ngi.
Ngun nhim gy ra hm lng thallium cao
trong nc l ha tch thallium trong cc cng
on ch bin qung.
57
1
Tn
So snh danh sch cc cht c hi hng u

Danh sch cc cht c hi ba nc khc nhau
PH LC 1E
Mt s cht c hng u
Vit Nam
Theo: QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT
Quy chun k thut quc gia v
ngng cht thi nguy hi
(Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi
trng nc thi, kh thi v cht
thi cng nghip,
1010 BTNMT)
Danh sch hng u

(Environment Canada)
Ref. Canadian
Protection
Environment Act.
(Ref. Priority
Substances Lists PSL1 &
PSL2, 2010)
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Total cresol
p-Chloro-m-Cresol
4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol
Phenol
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,6-dimethylphenol
2-chlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,6-dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
2-Butyl-4,6-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
o-Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
Total Nitrophenol
Bromodichloromethane
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Iodomethane
Methyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Tribromomethane (Bromoform)
Chloroethane
1,2-Dibromomethane
Dibromomethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Total Dichloroethane
- Pht thi t cc l
luyn ng s cp v
th cp v nh my tinh
luyn ng;
- Pht thi t l luyn
km s cp v thc cp
v nh my tinh luyn
km;
- Pht thi cc ht nhn
phng x t cc c s
ht nhn (tc ng n
cc loi khng phi
ngi)
- Nc thi nh my dt
- Nc thi t nh my
bt giy s dng ty
trng
- Nc thi clo ha.
1. Acenaphthene
2. Acrolein
3. Acrylonitrile
4. Benzene
- S gm chu la
- Ht bi l lng nh
hn 10 microns
- Du hp bnh rng
qua s dng
- Cc a im nhim
Creosote
- Mui ri ng chng
ng bng
17. LOI B
- Aluminum chloride,
aluminum nitrate,
aluminum sulphate
- Chloramines v c
- Hp cht arsen v c
- Hp cht cadmium v
c
- Fluorides v c
- Hp cht Organotin
- Cc hp cht nickel
oxidic, sulphidic v
23. Chloroform
58
Danh sch hng u

(USEPA)
(Ref. 2010)
5. Benzidine
6. Carbon tetrachloride
7. Chlorobenzene
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
9. Hexachlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dichloroethane
11. 1,1,1-trichloreothane
12. Hexachloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. Chloroethane
18. Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ethers
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22. Parachlorometa cresol
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
Mt s cht c hng u
Vit Nam
thi cng nghip,
1010 BTNMT)
Danh sch hng u

Ref. Canadian
Protection
Environment Act.
(Ref. Priority
PSL2, 2010)
Pentachloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Trichloroethyelene
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene
Trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene
Benzene
Ethyl benzene
Chlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Total Dichlorobenzene
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene
1,4-Dinitrobenzene
1,3-Dinitrobenzene
Toluene
2,3-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Total Dinitrotoluene
Xylene (o, p & m)
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a) pyrene
Chrysene
Anthracene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Dibenzo(a,h) anthracene
Pyrene
nickel v c ha tan
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
- Ammonia trong mi
trng nc
- Polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins
- Polychlorinated
dibenzofurans
- Hydrocarbons thm a
vng vng (PAH)
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
1,3-Butadiene
Butylbenzylphthalate
(BBP)
Carbon disulfide
Chloroform
N,N-Dimethylformamide
(DMF)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobutadiene
(HCBD)
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
2-Methoxy ethanol,
2-ethoxy ethanol,
2-butoxy ethanol
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Nonylphenol and its
ethoxylates (NPE)
Phenol
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Danh sch hng u

(USEPA)
(Ref. 2010)
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
38. Ethylbenzene
39. Fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl
ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl
ether
42. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)
methane
44. Methylene chloride
45. Methyl chloride
46. Methyl bromide
47. Bromoform
48. Dichlorobromomethane
49. LOI B
50. LOI B
51. Chlorodibromomethane
52. Hexachlorobutadiene
53. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
59
Mt s cht c hng u
Vit Nam
thi cng nghip,
1010 BTNMT)
Danh sch hng u

Ref. Canadian
Protection
Environment Act.
(Ref. Priority
PSL2, 2010)
Naphtalene
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Diethyl ether
Methyl chloromethyl ether
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorophene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Tricholobenzene
Toxaphene
Cc ha cht bo v thc vt thng
mi sau:
Dieldrin
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan sulphate
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Isodrin
Kepone
Methoxychlor
Mirex
Disulfoton
Methyl parathion
Phorate
Parathion
Propoxur
Silvex (2,4,5-TP)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
PCB & Dioxins/Furans
Total PCB
2,3,7,8-TCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
Total Dioxin (TCDD, PsCDD, HxCDD)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
3,5-Dimethylaniline
Benzene
Benzidine
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis (2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
Bis (chloromethyl) ether
54. Isophorone
Chlorinated paraffins
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
60
Chlorobenzene
Chloromethyl methyl
ether
Hexachlorobenzene
Hp cht crm ha tr VI
Pentachlorobenzene
Styrene
Tetrachlorobenzenes
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichlorobenzenes
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes
55. Naphthalene
56. Nitrobenzene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
64. Pentachlorophenol
65. Phenol
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloromethane
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tertiary-butyl
ether
Danh sch hng u

(USEPA)
(Ref. 2010)
66. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

67. Butyl benzyl phthalate
68. Di-n-Butyl Phthalate
69. Di-n-octyl phthalate
70. Diethyl Phthalate
71. Dimethyl phthalate
72. Benzo(a) anthracene
73. Benzo(a)pyrene
74. Benzo(b) fluoranthene
75. Benzo(b) fluoranthene
76. Chrysene
77. Acenaphthylene
78. Anthracene
79. Benzo(ghi) perylene
80. Fluorene
81. Phenanthrene
82. Dibenzo(,h) anthracene
83. Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
84. Pyrene
85. Tetrachloroethylene
86. Toluene
87. Trichloroethylene
88. Vinyl chloride
89. Aldrin
90. Dieldrin
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
Total Furan (TCDF, PeCDF, HxCDF)
Du khong:
Hydrocarbon<C10
Hydrocarbon C10 C16
Hydrocarbon C17 C34
Hydrocarbon >C35
Total mineral oil
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-Butyl Phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Phthalic anhydride
Bis(2-Chloroethyl) ether
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Tng thy ngn hu c
Tng ch hu co
Silanes hu c:
Bis(1-methylethyl)-dimethoxysilane
Bis(4-fluorophenyl)(methyl)(1H-1,2,4triazol-1-ylmethyl)silane
Isobutylisopropyldimethoxysilane
Tetraethyl silicate
Triethoxyisobutylsilane
Tris(isopropenyloxy)phenyl silane
Other organics:
Acetone
Acetophenone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
-Propiolactone
Cyclohexanone
Aniline
p-Chloroaniline
o-Nitroaniline
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Diphenylamine
Naphtylamine
- Naphtylamine
Di-n-propylnitrosamine
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine
Danh sch hng u

Ref. Canadian
Protection
Environment Act.
(Ref. Priority
PSL2, 2010)
Danh sch hng u

(USEPA)
(Ref. 2010)
1
Mt s cht c hng u
Vit Nam
thi cng nghip,
1010 BTNMT)
91. Chlordane
92. 4,4-DDT
93. 4,4-DDE
94. 4,4-DDD
95. Alpha-endosulfan
96. Beta-endosulfan
97. Endosulfan sulfate
98. Endrin
99. Endrin aldehyde
100. Heptachlor
101. Heptachlor epoxide
102. Alpha-BHC
103. Beta-BHC
104. Gamma-BHC
105. Delta-BHC
106. PCB1242 (Arochlor 1242)
107. PCB1254 (Arochlor 1254)
108. PCB1221 (Arochlor 1221)
109. PCB1232 (Arochlor 1232)
110. PCB1248 (Arochlor 1248)
111. PCB1260 (Arochlor 1260)
112. PCB1016 (Arochlor 1016)
113. 2,3,7,8-TCDD
114. Toxaphene
115. Antimony
116. Arsenic
117. Aming
118. Beryllium
119. Cadmium
120. Chromium
121. Copper
122. Cyanide, Total
123. Ch
124. Thy ngn
125. Nickel
126. Selenium
127. Bc
128. Thallium
61
Mt s cht c hng u
Vit Nam
thi cng nghip,
1010 BTNMT)
Danh sch hng u

Ref. Canadian
Protection
Environment Act.
(Ref. Priority
PSL2, 2010)
Danh sch hng u

(USEPA)
(Ref. 2010)
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine
Acrylonitrile
Acetonitrile
Methacrylonitrile
Benzal chloride
Benzidine
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Aminodiphenyl
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl methacrylate
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Acrylamide
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
Ethyleneimine (Aziriden)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
Pyridine
Safrole
Carbon disulphide
Methanol
Isobutyl alcohol
m-Butyl alcohol
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Silver
Beryllium
Cadmium
Lead
Cobalt
Zinc
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Mercury
Chromium VI
Vanadium
Fluroure, FCynaure, CNTng Xianua
Amming
62
V d v s liu c hi lin quan n Chlordane
Chlordane, C10H6Cl8 or 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8-octachloro- 2, 3, 3a, 4, 7, 7a-hexahydro- 4, 7methanoindene
nh hng n con ngi:
c cp tnh: Chlordane c c tnh t va phi n cao thng qua tt c cc ng phi

nhim. Cc triu chng thng bt u trong vng 45 pht n vi gi sau khi phi nhim
vi liu lng c. Cc cn co git c th l nhng du hiu u tin ca vic b ng c,
hoc c th bun nn, nn, v au rut trc . Ban u, nn nhn ng c trng c v
phn chn, nhng sau b chn nn, mt phng hng, mt, hay ln ln. Cc triu
chng khc c bo co trong cc trng hp ng c chlordane bao gm au u,
chng mt, c vn v th gic, sng ty, suy yu hay co git c. Trong nhng trng
hp nng, c th suy gim h hp hay t vong. Hon ton phc hi sau khi phi nhim
vi chlordane c th t c nu c chm sc ung thuc ng cch. Chlordane gy
rt rt mnh cho da v mt. Chlordane lm nh hng n chc nng gan do c th
thy xy ra nhiu s tc ng ln nhau gia thuc v ha cht BVTV ny. Trong c th
l gim hiu qu thuc chng ng, thuc phenylbutazone, chlorpromazine, steroids,
vin nga thai, v diphenhydramine. Hot ng ca hc mn tuyn gip c th gia tng.
c mn tnh: ngi chlordane c th hp th qua phi, d dy, v da. Thuc nm trong

m m v trong thn, c, gan v no. Chlordane c tm thy trong mu m ngi vi
nng t 0,03 n 0,4 mg/kg cng dn M. Hydrocarbon clo ha tch t trong m c
th c a vo tun hon nu cc m m ny c chuyn ha khi i hay khi hot
ng nhiu. Chlordane khng tch ly trong m s b thi ra qua nc tiu v phn. Chlordane tng c tm thy trong sa m. Chut ngi phi hi chlordane trong vng 30 pht
gi li 77% tng s chlordane ht phi. Th khi nhn 4 liu chlordane s gi cht ny li
trong m m, no, thn, gan v c. Vic thi chlordane nut phi s chm v c th
tn nhiu ngy hay vi tun. Chu k bn r sinh hc ca chlordane trong huyt thanh ca
tr em 4 tui ung phi chlordane huyn ph m c l 88 ngy. Trong mt tai nn ng
c khc ca tr 20 thng tui, chu k bn r l 21 ngy.
Tc ng ln ng vt:
Chim: Chlordane c c tnh trung bnh n nh i vi chim. Liu gy cht 50% (LC50)
ca chlordane i vi vt tri v g li l 858 v 430 ppm tng ng khi cho chng n thc
n c cha chlordane trong 8 ngy.
Tc ng ln sinh vt thy sinh: Chlordane rt c i vi ng vt khng xng sng

v c nc ngt. Liu LC50 (96-gi) cho c thi dng l 0,057 n 0,075 mg/L v 0.042
n 0.090 mg/L cho c hi cu vng. Chlordane tch ly sinh hc trong vi khun v trong
cc loi c bin v c nc ngt. D tnh h s tch ly sinh hc i vi chlordane vt
3000 ln so vi hm lng nn trong nc chng t qu trnh tch ly sinh hc l ng k
cho cht ny.
63
1
PH LC 1F
Tc ng i vi cc sinh vt: Chlordane rt c i vi ong v giun. Nhng nghin cu

vo thp k 1970 cho thy m m ca ng vt hoang d trn mt t v nc cha mt
lng ln ha cht BVTV mch vng cyclodiene, bao gm c chlordane.
Bn vng trong cc h sinh thi:
Phn hy trong t v nc ngm: Chlordane rt kh phn hy trong t vi chu k bn

r l khong 4 nm. Nhiu nghin cu tm thy d lng chlordane vt 10% lng s
dng ban u sau 10 nm s dng hoc lu hn. nh nng mt tri c th phn hy mt
lng nh chlordane. Bc hi l con ng chnh loi chlordane ra khi t. Chlordane
khng phn hy v mt ha hc v bng con ng sinh hc trong t. Mc d rt kh
phn hy, chlordane t c tim nng gy ra nhim nc ngm v khng ha tan trong
nc v nhanh chng b dnh vo cc ht t lm cho cht ny khng di chuyn c
trong t. Cc phn t chlordane thng lu trong cc ht st hp ph hay vo cht hu
c ca t trong lp t trn cng v bc hi chm vo khng kh. Tuy nhin, hm lng
rt thp ca chlordane (0,01 n 0,001 g/L) c pht hin ra trong c nc ngm v nc
mt trong nhng vng s dng nhiu chlordane. t ct cho php chlordane ngm
xung nc ngm.
Phn hy trong nc: Chlordane khng phn hy nhanh trong nc. Ha cht ny tn
ti trong cc thy vc bng cch hp ph vo trm tch hay bay hi. Chu k bay hi bn
phn ca chlordane trong h v ao c c lng khong 10 ngy. Chlordane c pht
hin trong nc mt, nc ngm, cht rn l lng, trm tch, mnh vn y h, nc
ung, bn cng, nc ma th, nhng khng c trong nc ma. Hm lng chlordane
c pht hin trong nc mt thng rt thp, trong khi hm lng trong cht rn l
lng v trm tch lun cao hn (<0,03 n 580 ug/L). S hin din ca chlordane trong
nc ung hu nh lun lin quan n s c nhiu hn l do s dng thng thng.
64
V d v p dng ch s Chemiotox phc v qun l

nhim cng nghip
Chng ta bt u t mt trng hp n gin. Mt nh my ha du thi nc thi hng

ngy vo mi trng xung quanh sau x l sinh hc vi thi lng cc cht nhim nh sau
(vi lu lng nc th vo trm x l: 12 619 m3/ngy):
Cc cht nhim c hi
Thi lng (kg/ngy)
Kim loi nng:

Arsenic (As)
Bc (Ag)
Vanadium (Va)
Selenium (Se)
St (Fe)
Km (Zn)
0,020
0,110
0,580
0,110
3,550
0,430
Cht hu c:
Bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)
Naphtalene
Du v m khong
0,036
0,002
16,670
Tng :
Hn 120 cht nhim u tin c phn tch, v ch nhng cht c hm lng cao
hn gi tr gii hn c bo co. Khng may, s hin din v lng cc cht nhim u tin
hay dao ng thng xuyn (hng ngy hay hng thng). Chng ta cn bo co con s tng
no nhm phc v mc ch qun l mi trng? Chc chn khng th l tng trng lng
ca tt c cc cht vi mc c hi rt khc nhau
Bng sau m t cc tnh ton dn n gi tr FTOX-I theo hai phng php.
Cht
FTOXi
FTOXi
MSCFe (mg/L)
0,3
Arsenic
57143
17143
Bc
10000
3000
Vanadium
71
21,3
Selenium
200
60
St
65
1
PH LC 1G
Cht
FTOXi
FTOXi
2,7
1667
500
Naphtalene
34
10,2
Du v m khong
100
30
Tnh theo 1/MSCi
Tnh theo MSCFe/MSCi
Km
MSCFe (mg/L)
Bng cch cn nhc trng s ca yu t c hi, FTOX-I, cc kt qu lin quan n nh

my ha du c bin i nh sau:
Cc thng s c hi
u tin
Kim loi nng:
Arsenic (As)
Bc (Ag)
Vanadium (Va)
Selenium (Se)
St (Fe)
Km (Zn)
Cht hu c:
Bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)
Naphtalene
Du v m khong
Tng (CHEMIOTOX INDEX, CI/ngy) :
FTOX-i
Thi lng
(kg/ngy)
Thi lng c hi
(CU/ngy)
17 143
3 000
21,3
60
1
2,7
0,020
0,110
0,580
0,110
3,550
0,430
343
330
12
7
3,6
1,2
500
10,2
30
0,036
0,002
16,670
18
0,02
500
1 215
ph bin ti cng chng v nhm mc ch qun l mi trng, vic gii thch lin
quan n x thi c hi ca nh my ha du ni trn c th l tng ng vi 1215 kg/ngy
ca st (hay 1 215 CU/ngy) mc d khi lng ca st thc t x ra l 3,6 kg/ngy (Fe). Vic
ci thin x l nc thi c th thc hin tip theo bng cch gim ly tin tng ch s
CHEMIOTOX CI/ngy = CU/ngy) thay v chi tit ca tng thng s trong rt nhiu thng s
trong danh sch.
66
Hnh 1A: p dng cng c qun l mi trng ch s CHEMIOTOX tm tt tnh hung nhim sng Saint-Laurent
bi x thi c hi cng nghip (Ngun: Environment Canada)
67
Cc yu cu v nhn s (nhn s khoa hc v k thut)

v c s h tng phng th nghim
PH LC 1H
Yu cu nhn s
Phng th nghim phi nh ra chnh sch m bo tt c nhn vin lm vic trong
phng th nghim c trnh thc hin cng vic theo yu cu. Thut ng trnh c
ngha l th hin c kin thc cn thit, k nng v kh nng thc hin cng vic. Chnh
sch ca phng th nghim cng bao gm cc quy trnh t liu ha o to, ti o to v
duy tr k nng, chuyn mn v trnh c th hin.
Khi c o to chuyn ngnh v xt nghim hay k thut, tiu ch nghim thu phi c
ra, v d nh quan st mt s xt nghim hay phn tch lin quan do cn b c kinh nghim
thc hin, thc hin thnh cng phn tch cc mu m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng,
so snh kt qu tng quan vi kt qu ca cc nhn vin c o to khc. Cc biu hin
tt s c ghi nhn.
Tng th, v yu cu chuyn mn chung i vi phng th nghim phn tch mi trng
nh sau:
1. Gim st chnh: c bng cp i hc, diploma hay tng ng v c t nht ba nm
kinh nghim lm vic trong phng th nghim,
2. Nhn vin phn tch: c bng cp k thut hay tng ng v mt s nm kinh
nghim lm vic trong phng th nghim ty thuc vo phc tp k thut ca
cng vic c giao, tng ng vi nhng xt nghim phi thc hin.
Phng th nghim s lu tr t liu v o to nhn vin, d liu chuyn mn v cc chng
ch. Bn cnh cc tiu ch trn, mt s tnh c th c nhng yu cu php l khc. Hng dn
cht lng hay cc ti liu h thng tiu chun khc s th hin cc yu cu ny.
Phng th nghim cn c cng b r rng v trnh chuyn mn yu cu cho tt c cc
chc danh v lu tr ti liu chng t tt c nhn vin c trnh i vi cng vic h c
yu cu thc hin. Ti liu v trnh th hin s c gi tr tng ng vi bng chng v
hiu qu phn tch.
Phng th nghim c quy nh chnh thc v o to cho sao cho mi cng vic c th
c giao cho ngi th hai nu ngi th nht nhn cng vic nhng khng th thc hin
c. Mi phng th nghim hay b phn cn lu tr ti liu v nhng kha o to m tng
nhn vin tham gia. Cc ti liu ny bao gm cc chng ch hc thut v k nng chuyn
mn, cc kha o to bn ngoi hay ni b tham d (v ti o to, nu cn) trong thi
gian lm vic ti phng th nghim.
Ti liu cn chi tit chng minh l nhn vin thc hin cng vic no c o to
v c nh gi v kh nng v trnh th hin ca h thc cng vic c giao.
Yu cu v c s h tng phng th nghim
Tin nghi v iu kin mi trng s ph thuc vo loi cng vic v khi lng cng vic
ang c thc hin, v c th bao gm (nu cn):
68
a) Lin quan n in:

Chiu sng y ti ni lm vic v c cc quy trnh gim st v kim sot chiu
sng c cng chp nhn c,
Kim sot c thi gian chiu sng vi cht lng v cng thch hp nhng
khu vc ring bit ca phng th nghim theo yu cu,
cng sut in,
cc cm thch hp c ni t, khng b sc in p v c n p,
C cp in d phng.
b) Lin quan n cp v thot nc:

-
C bn ra vi nc nng v nc lnh,
Cung cp nc ct thch hp,
C nc pha long (nc bin hay nc ngt) thch hp cho vic s dng trong xt
nghim c hc v nui cy sinh vt th nghim,
Kt ni ng nc vi thit b kh clo v lc nu cn,
C cc quy trnh b sung cc vt t tiu hao s dng trong ct nc hay x l nc

pha long ha cht,
C cc quy trnh kim sot cc thng s cht lng ca nc khi cn, c bit l
dn in hng ngy hay khi s dng v c cc hnh ng iu chnh nu nc khng
t yu cu.
c) Lin quan n kim sot khng kh trong phng:

-
Khng kh trong phng phi khng c bi, khi, du v thch hp sc hay lc mu,
Ngun to chn khng phi duy tr mc chn khng thp,
Kim sot nhit khng kh nhng khu vc c th ca phng th nghim nu cn,
Kim sot m nhng khu vc c th ca phng th nghim nu cn,
Yu cu cht lng khng kh thch hp nhng khu vc ring bit trong phng
th nghim nu cn (v d s v trng sinh hc); ngoi ra, phng th nghim phi
c thng gi tt (nhng ni thch hp khng kh ch i qua mt ln) v khng
c bi, khi,
T ht cng sut, c kh nng duy tr tc ht gi ti ca t.
d) Lin quan ti khng gian lm vic:

-
Mt bn th nghim thch hp,
Mt bn rng,
Mt sn hp l,
T lnh th tch, bao gm c ngn , bo qun mu v cc vt liu khc, v

c cc hnh ng cn thit nu khng lnh,
69
1
Kim sot v hn ch c tip cn n cc khu vc vn hnh ca phng th nghim

(bao gm vn phng v khu vc lu tr ti liu). Khch n phng th nghim ch c
tip cn hn ch ti cc khu vc vn hnh ca phng th nghim. Ghi chp v cc
khch ving thm khu vc vn hnh ca phng th nghim cn c lu li.
e) Lin quan n tim nng nhim cho:

70
nh gi v phn tch cc bin php trnh nhim cho trong nhng khu vc cn
c vt ca cc cht nhim mi trng,
C cc quy trnh m bo cc vt liu s dng lm v sinh v kim sot sinh vt

hi khng gy nh hng n cc xt nghim.
PH LC 1I
Bo co kt qu
Phng tin bo co:
Chu trch nhim:

Phiu kt qu th nghim hay bo co xt nghim nu thch hp c th do ngi c
y quyn k nh m t trong Hng dn cht lng v cc ti liu cht lng khc. Phiu
kt qu th nghim thng c dng cho cc mc ch php l. Do , thng tin cha
trong cc bo co ny phi tun theo cc lut c lin quan ca nc s ti. Bo co xt
nghim phi c t nht l tn ngi cho php ra bo co. Ch k thc ca ngi cho php ra
bo co khng nht thit phi trong bo co, nhng s c duy tr trong file. Ch k in
t l nu nh phng th nghim c cc quy trnh m bo khng xy ra vic s dng tri
php ch k in t.
Kh nng truy xut ngun gc:
Phng th nghim phi c kh nng truy xut ngun gc a im m xt nghim c
tin hnh, nu xt nghim c thc hin nhng ni khc nhau. Phng th nghim phi
a thng tin ny trong bo co xt nghim. Phng th nghim phi c kh nng truy thi
gian phn tch, c kh nng cung cp nhn dng (s hiu) ca phng php phn tch v phi
a nhng thng tin ny vo bo co xt nghim.
Trnh by kt qu:
Bo co xt nghim s cha kt qu phn tch vi n v o. S lng ch s c ngha hp
l c s dng trong kt qu bo co. Bo co xt nghim cha thng tin cn thit gii
thch kt qu, nh l:
Lu khi s liu c bo co thp hn gii hn pht hin (hay gii hn c nu

ra khc)
Lu khi kt qu c nh gi khng ph hp do s khng chun lin quan n

dao ng ca phng php, lch s ly mu, hiu qu ca phng php, nhiu hay
nh gi tnh hp l ca s liu
Lu khi khng c kt qu do mu b hng hay khng
Nng hay tiu chun ti a cho php.
71
1
i vi mt phng th nghim c cng nhn, kt qu s c bo co, thng l

trong bo co xt nghim, v s bao gm tt c thng tin m khch hng yu cu v cn thit
gii thch kt qu xt nghim v thng tin v phng php phn tch s dng. Yu cu
v kt qu phn tch cho khch hng khng ch bo co bng vn bn m cn dng bo co
file my tnh nh bng tnh EXCEL, bo co in t, file c s d liu, bo trn WEBSITE v.v.
CHNG 2. CC BC CHUN B
2.1. GII THIU

Trng tm ca chng ny l cng tc chun b ban u cho mt chng trnh quan trc
nc thi cng nghip. Cc hot ng ti hin trng s mang li nhng kt qu thc s khi
cc bc chun b ban u c thc hin tht tt. iu ny ch c th t c khi cc mc
tiu quan trc c thit lp mt cch y v c ph bin ti tng thnh vin trong
nhm ly mu ti hin trng v nhm phn tch trong phng th nghim.
T cc mc tiu ra, kinh ph thc hin s c d tr v thng qua cp qun l ph
duyt t chc ngun nhn lc, chun b y ha cht v vt liu cho chng trnh. Trc
khi bt u, cn kho st s b cc v tr quan trc nhm mc ch tin hnh thit k k thut.
Do cc im thi cng nghip thng rt kh tip cn nn vic o c dng thi cn phi
c chun b k cng nh c tnh tc dng thi, cc thit b o lu lng dng thi thch
hp, tnh trng sn xut ca c s, an ton sc khe v lao ng.
Mt s cng c tin ch da trn chng trnh Microsoft Excel c gii thiu nhm h
tr trong qu trnh chun b ti mi cng on ca chng trnh quan trc. Cc cng c ny
c thit k ph hp vi yu cu ca phng quan trc, S TNMT Trong cc hot ng ca
VCEP/VPEG, mt s chng trnh quan trc mi trng cng nghip c thc hin. Cc
cng c c thit k cho cc bi hc thc t ti hin trng, v cc kinh nghim lin quan
c tm tt thng qua cc cng c. Mt a CD cha cc file ti liu (MS Word, Excel v
Autocad) c km theo sch hng dn ny.
2.2. MC TIU CA CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC
Trc khi chun b chi tit cho chng trnh quan trc, cn hp tc cht ch vi cc c s
cng nghip v cc c quan qun l mi trng a phng nhm xc nh r rng mc tiu.
y l bc c bn quyt nh n kt qu ca chng trnh quan trc. Bng 2.1. a ra mt
vi gi v mc tiu quan trc v tm tt cc nhim v chnh cng nh trng tm ca chng
trnh quan trc.
73
Chng II: Cc bc chun b
Bng 2.1: Mt s mc tiu v nhim v ca mt chng trnh quan trc
Cc mc tiu
1. Tun th cc vn bn php quy
v bo v mi trng
- Chun b k cng: cc th tc hnh chnh, thu thp y

thng tin v k hoch sn xut v s mng li
dng thi
2. H tr qu trnh p dng ch ti
- Tp trung vo xc nh cc gi tr trung bnh c tnh i

din v lu lng v nng .
2
Cc cng vic chnh v trng tm quan trc
- Quan trc ti hin trng, ti thiu l 3 ngy c hot ng

sn xut.
- Nn c s hp tc vi mt bn th ba (nh cc trng i
hc, cc trung tm nghin cu, v.v)
3. Bo v mi trng thy sinh
- Tin hnh nghin cu s b danh mc cc thng s c tc

ng n mi trng (c c tnh). Lp danh mc thng
s cn phi phn tch.
4. Bo v sc khe con ngi
- Ch trng ti cc gi tr v nng v lu lng. Tnh ton

ti lng v tc ng n mi trng.
- Thc hin quan trc vi ngy trong tng ma: ma kh
hoc ma ma (c th lm cch nht)
- Nghin cu s b cc nguyn liu u vo v cc sn

5. Tng nng sut cng nghip
phm u ra La chn cc thng s theo quy trnh sn
trong bi cnh pht trin bn vng
xut Lp k hoch t quan trc theo cc chu trnh sn
xut cng nghip.
- Ch trng n nhng thay i v nng v lu lng
dng thi nh gi chnh xc cc ngun gy nhim.
- t quan trc bao qut hai hoc ba quy trnh sn xut
cng nghip (trc chn ra chu trnh sn xut mang
tnh i din).
6. Kim sot v nh gi hiu qu
x l nc thi
- Quan trc thng xuyn dng thi t cc trm x l

khuyn khch vn hnh thng xuyn.
- Pht hin cc li trong qu trnh x l v a ra gii php
khc phc.
74
2.2.1. Tun th cc vn bn php quy v bo v mi trng

Tm li, mt chng trnh quan trc c th c tin hnh nh gi s tun th cc
quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip. Bng 2.2 lit k mt s quy chun k
thut quc gia v mi trng c lin quan n nc thi cng nghip ti Vit Nam. Bn cnh
, quan trc nc thi cng nghip ni ring v nc thi ni chung cn c tin hnh
nhm trin khai thc hin thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi theo Ngh nh
04/2007/N-CP.
Bng 2.2 trnh by chi tit cc gi tr gii hn v nng cho php ca cc cht nhim
trong nc thi cng nghip v cc iu kin p dng tng ng da trn c lu lng dng
thi v c trng thy lc ca ngun tip nhn (lu lng sng trong trng hp thi ra sng
hoc th tch nc h i vi trng hp thi ra h).
2.2.2. Bo v mi trng thy sinh v sc khe con ngi
Cc ngun thi cha mt lng ln cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc (hm
lng BOD5 hoc cc ch s quan trng khc ca dng thi cao) s nhanh chng lm cn kit
lng oxy ha tan trong cc h ao v sng ngi tip nhn nc thi, gy ra mi e da trc
mt i vi h sinh thi di nc. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc thng s phn tch
thng thng nh BOD5 v COD thng c dng nh gi c trng ca cc dng thi.
Cc ch tiu dinh dng nh hm lng nit tng, phtpho tng cng c s dng nh cc
thng s ph bin nhm nh gi mc tc ng ln h thc vt di nc.
Ngoi ra, phi lu n dng thi cha cc c t cng nghip bo v lu di c mi
trng nc ln sc khe con ngi. Bng 2.2 v Hnh 2.1 nh ngha v m t cc cht
nhim c hi. Trong vi nm qua, c quan mi trng Canada tp trung nghin cu danh
mc cc cht nhim c hi hng u i vi mi trng (cc cht c, cc thng s phn
tch c tnh,). C quan mi trng Canada cng b mt s danh sch cc thng s hu
c cn phn tch.
75
2
Vi mc ch bo v mi trng nc v sc khe con ngi, cn la chn cc thng s

cn phn tch da trn nhng nghin cu v kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng. Chng
trnh quan trc s ch yu tp trung vo cc gi tr thi lng cng nghip trung bnh qua cc
ma khc nhau (ma ma hoc ma kh). Mt s t quan trc s c tin hnh c cc
kt qu thng k i din nhng khng nht thit phi quan trc trong nhiu ngy lin tc.
Trong lc tin hnh cc d n trnh din SXSH (CP Demo), v cc d n ngn nga nhim
(P2), thi gian quan trc ti hin trng nn c b tr ph hp vi quy trnh sn xut cng
nghip. La chn cc thng s phn tch da trn cc nguyn liu u vo v sn phm u
ra (v d thng s kim loi nng l cn thit i vi nh my thp). Tuy nhin theo di c
cc mc dao ng i din ca cc dng thi th cn phi quan trc trong hai hoc ba ngy
lin tip. Cui cng, cn lu thm mt s im khi tin hnh cc t quan trc nhm h tr
cng tc qun l Nh nc.
76
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
COD (c s mi)
COD (c s ang
hot ng)
Cht rn l lng
Asen
Thu ngn
Ch
Cadimi
Crm (VI)
Crm (III)
ng
Km
Niken
Mangan
St
Thic
Xianua
Phenol
Du m khong
Du ng thc vt
BOD 5 (20 0C)

50
50
0,05
0,005
0,1
0,005
0,05
0,2
2
3
0,2
0,5
1
0,2
0,07
0,1
5
10
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
30
20
A
40
6-9
Khng
kh chu
100
0,1
0,01
0,5
0,01
0,1
1
2
3
0,5
1
5
1
0,1
0,5
5
20
100
50
70
B
40
5,5 -9
Khng
kh chu
QCVN
24:2009/BTNMT
mg/l
mg/l
(Co -Pt
pH = 7)
Mi
mu (c s mi)
mu (c s ang
hot ng)
C
-
n v
Nhit
pH
Thng s
1
2
TT
50
50
30
6-9
100
250
50
6-9
QCVN
01:2008/BT NMT
10
50
50
30
6 9
20
100
80
50
5,5 9
QCVN
11:2008/BTNMT
50
80
50
30
50
20
6-9
100
200
150
50
100
50
5,5 - 9
B1
100
300
200
100
150
100
5,5 - 9
B2
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT
Bng 2.2 : Bng tm tt cc Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip
100
0,10
1
2
0,05
0,20
2
150
50
150
B
40
5,5 -9
Khng
kh chu
150
50
50
30
50
A
40
6-9
Khng
kh chu
20
QCVN
13:2008/BTNMT
37
36
35
Tng hot phng

x
Tng hot phng
x
Halogen hu c d
b hp th (AOX)
15
4
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/1
00ml
Bq/l
mg/l
0,1
Bq/l
3000
mg/l
Coliform
0,2
5
500
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
34
0,1
mg/l
32
33
31
28
29
30
27
0,3
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Clo d
PCB
Ho cht bo v
thc vt ln hu c
Ho cht bo v
thc vt Clo hu c
Sunfua
Florua
Clorua
Amoniac (tnh theo
Nit)
Tng Nit
Tng Phtpho
24
25
26
n v
Thng s
TT
0,1
5000
30
6
10
0,5
10
600
0,1
QCVN
24:2009/BTNMT
A
B
1
2
0,003
0,01
15
5
60
40
QCVN
01:2008/BT NMT
A
B
3.000
30
10
5.000
60
20
QCVN
11:2008/BTNMT
A
B
1
2
15
B1
15
B2
7,5
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT
77
QCVN
13:2008/BTNMT
A
B
1
2
Cc cht ha cht kh phn hy trong mi trng c nhng nh

hng sinh hc ng k (c cp tnh v mn tnh) ln cc loi thy sinh.
Cc cht nhim
Mt cht c coi l c khi n tn ti trong mi trng mt hm
c hi
lng nht nh s gy ra hoc c th gy ra nhng nh hng nguy
hi cho mi trng hoc cho sc khe con ngi.
Tch ly
sinh hc
L qu trnh m trong hoc nh cc ha cht c tch ly

trong cc c th sng (bng cch hp thu trc tip t mi trng xung
quanh qua ming, qua da v qua ng h hp).
Khuch i
sinh hc
L qu trnh m trong cc ha cht tch t trong mt nhm sinh

vt mt bc dinh dng vi nng cao hn cc sinh vt bc dinh
dng trc (thp hn) hay s tng nng qua chui thc n.
Hnh 2.1: Minh ha s tch ly sinh hc ca cht c qua chui thc n
2.2.3. Quan trc phc v cc hot ng Sn xut sch hn

Chng trnh quan trc mi trng cng nghip cn c s dng h tr cc c s
cng nghip va v nh nng cao nng sut thng qua cc chng trnh phng nga nhim
v sn xut sch hn. Nhng chng trnh quan trc k tip c th h tr cho vic ci thin
qu trnh sn xut v nh gi nhng li ch v kinh t v mi trng. Quan trc dng thi
cng nghip cn c tin hnh i vi cc c s c cng nhn t chun ISO 14001
hay i vi cc c s ngh cng nhn t chun ISO 14001.
Cc mi quan h vi cng ng ng vai tr rt quan trng khi tin hnh cc bc chun
b v vic hp tc cht ch vi cc c s cng nghip l iu kin cn thit c th t c
78
nhng mc tiu quan trc. Cc mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc phi c trnh by minh
bch bng vn bn v gi ti cc thnh vin tho lun trc khi tin hnh quan trc ti
hin trng. Vic phi hp vi cc c s cng nghip s trnh c cc vn pht sinh nh:
Chn sai im x thc trong trng hp c s cng nghip c mt s im thi cui
ng ng,
Dng thi b pha long,
C ngng hot ng sn xut bo dng ngoi k hoch trong sut thi gian
quan trc.
i vi cc chng trnh sn xut sch hn, cn theo di v ghi li mc dao ng ca lu

lng v nng . Cc d liu thu thp c (qu trnh sn xut, s mng li ng ng
thot nc) qua cc t kho st s b cng quan trng khng km so vi cc kt qu quan
trc. Cc nghin cu lin quan n qu trnh sn xut cng nghip cng rt hu ch trong vic
xc nh v tp trung vo cc ngun gy nhim ch yu. Cc gii php ci tin cng ngh
cn phi c thit k v xut bng nhng lun c thuyt phc.
2.2.4. Kim sot v nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi
Ngy cng c nhiu nh my x l nc thi c vn hnh Vit Nam, c bit x l
nc thi cng nghip trong cc khu cng nghip v doanh nghip u t nc ngoi. Hiu
qu x l ca cc nh my ny cn phi c nh gi bi nhiu l do. Cc nh my trong khu
cng nghip phi tin hnh x l s b trc khi thi ra h thng cng thi chung. Cc trm
x l s b v nh my x l chung ca ton khu cng nghip u kim sot qu trnh x l
mt cch bit lp nhm pht hin nhng trm c trc trc v xut gii php, nng cao tnh
tun th cc quy nh bo v mi trng.
Khuynh hng chung cho thy rng cc trm x l Vit Nam, v l do kinh t, thng rt
ngn thi gian sc kh (tit kim nng lng) v liu lng ha cht (gim chi ph cht keo t v
cht tr keo t) mc d lm nh vy s gim hiu qu x l. Thc hin cc chng trnh quan
trc thng xuyn s gip ngn chn cc hnh vi ny.
2.3. CC BC CHNH CA MT CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC
Chng trnh quan trc cng nghip bao gm nhiu bc khc nhau nhng phi m
bo phi hp tha ng cc nhim v c th mi bc. Cc bc chnh ca chng trnh
quan trc v nhng cng vic tng ng c trnh by tm tt trong Bng 2.3. Chng trnh
quan trc ch c bt u khi xc nh r rng cc mc tiu tng th, sau , tin hnh
lin h vi cc c s cng nghip v sp xp cc cuc gp chnh thc, cc cuc m phn v
tha thun. Thnh cng ca bc th tc u tin ny s cho php tin hnh cc bc chun
b v mt k thut tip theo.
p ng mc tiu qun l tng th cho mt chng trnh quan trc bao gm nhiu c
s cng nghip, cn lp mt bng tm tt cho thy mt bc tranh tng quan v cc bc
thc hin v tin chung ca chng trnh theo bng trong ph lc 2A Qun l cc bc v
tin quan trc. File MS-Excel c ni n nm trong a CD ca ti liu ny.
Vic qun l chi tit mt chng trnh quan trc phi c thc hin thng qua mt cng
c hnh chnh c bit c trnh by trong ma trn tm tt bng thuc Ph lc 2B Ti sao?
79
2
Ci g? u? Khi no? V Nh th no? ct u tin cc cu hi thng c t ra l Ti

sao? Ci g? u? Khi no? V Nh th no? Yu t thi gian hon thnh c trnh by trong
hng u tin: lp k hoch, mt tun trc khi tin hnh quan trc ti hin trng, thi gian
hot ng ti hin trng, giai on phn tch trong phng th nghim v bc kt lun. Cng
c ny c th thay i v pht trin cho ph hp k t khi thc hin chng trnh quan trc
u tin (Xem file MONIT-Checklist-Management.XLS).
Sau y, m t chi tit mt s bc quan trng trong quan trc mi trng, trn c s
kinh nghim rt ra t d n VCEP. Cc cng c qun l, pht trin trn phn mm MS-Excel,
c p dng. Cc cng c di dng tp MS-Excel c th c p dng ngay hoc ci tin
cho ph hp vi hu ht cc chng trnh quan trc cng nghip.
Bng 2.3 : Tip cn tng th thc hin mt chng trnh quan trc
Cc bc chnh
Cc nhim v
Tho thun vi cc c s
cng nghip
Xc lp cc mc tiu ca chng trnh

Tip xc ban u Gp g chnh thc Thng lng
Tho thun gia cc bn lin quan
Chun b cc ngun
Lp d ton ngn sch

Phn b ngun nhn lc
Cc danh mc kim tra thit b phng th nghim v
thit b hin trng
Quan trc ti hin trng
Cc hot ng thc hin ti hin trng

Kt thc chng trnh quan trc
Vn chuyn mu v phng th nghim
Phn tch trong phng

th nghim
Tip nhn v bo qun mu

Phn tch theo phng php chun, QA/QC ni b
Lin h vi cc phng th nghim bn ngoi
Lp bo co tng hp
Bo co s b
Trao i tho lun vi c s cng nghip
Bo co tng hp
2.4. Cc thng s cn phn tch cho tng ngnh cng nghip

2.4.1. Cc thng s chung
gim thiu chi ph phn tch mu, cn la chn k lng cc thng s c th cho tng
ngnh cng nghip. Khi chun b cho mt chng trnh quan trc, cn b qun l chng
trnh cn phi hp vi cn b phng phn tch xy dng mt danh mc ngn cc thng
s ph hp, trn c s ti liu sn c v cc bo co TM. Cng vic ny nhm xy dng d
ton kinh ph cho chng trnh quan trc, v d nh vic mua sm ha cht b sung hoc c
lng ph thu phn tch bn ngoi.
Cc thng s chung cho hu ht cc chng trnh quan trc bao gm:
80
pH: cho thy tc ng trc tip v tnh nguy cp i vi ngun tip nhn nc
Tng cht rn l lng (TSS): l thng s nh gi chung v cht nhim.
Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD): nh gi mc nhim phn ln cc cht hu c.
Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD5): nh gi chung lng cc cht hu c c kh nng

phn hy sinh hc
Nit Amoniac (NH3-N): nh gi tc ng trc tip i vi ngun tip nhn nc.
2.4.2. Cc thng s c th cho tng ngnh cng nghip

Mi ngnh cng nghip thi ra cc cht nhim c th. Do vy khng nht thit phi
a tt c cc thng s lit k trong quy chun k thut quc gia QCVN v nc thi cng
nghip vo tt c cc chng trnh quan trc. V d, nh my cn thp thng thi ra kim loi
nng v cn v c l lng, nn chng c l do g tin hnh o COD hay BOD5, l nhng
thng s cho thy mc nhim cc cht hu c. Ngc li, nc thi t ngnh cng nghip
giy v bt giy thng cha hm lng ln si hu c nn COD v BOD5 (v t l COD/BOD5)
l thng s rt quan trng khi quan trc. i vi ngnh cng nghip ny, thng s v phenol
v cc cht cha clo quan trng hn l cc thng s kim loi nng. Trong mt vi trng hp
c bit, ngi ta tng pht hin nng thy ngn mc ng quan tm trong nc
thi cng nghip giy v bt giy.
Bng di y tm tt cc tiu chun ca Vit Nam, p dng i vi nc thi ca mt s
ngnh cng nghip u tin trong quan trc mi trng.
Bng 2.4: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip
QCVN
24:2009/BTNMT
Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi

cng nghip
p dng chung
QCVN
11:2008/BTNMT

cng nghip ch bin thu sn
p dng cho cng nghip ch bin

thy
QCVN 12:
2008/BTNMT

cng nghip giy v bt giy
p dng cho cng nghip giy v

bt giy
QCVN
13:2008/BTNMT

cng nghip dt
p dng cho cng nghip dt

QCVN 1:2008/BTNMT cng nghip ch bin cao su t nhin
p dng cho cng nghip ch bin

cao su t nhin

bi chn lp cht thi rn
p dng i vi nc rc
Cht thi rn nguy hi theo ngnh cng

nghip
p dng i vi cc cht thi rn c

trong nc thi
QCVN
28:2010/BTNMT

y t
p dng cho cc c s khm,

cha bnh
QCVN
29:2010/BTNMT

kho v ca hng xng du
p dng cho kho v ca hng xng

du trn t lin
QCVN
35:2010/BTNMT
Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc khai

thc t cc cng trnh du kh trn bin
p dng cho cc cng trnh khai

thc du kh
QCVN
25:2009/BTNMT
Danh Mc cht thi
nguy hi
81
2
i vi nc thi ca ngnh dt (c bit l nc thi cng on nhum), cc thng s

nht thit phi quan trc c lit k trong bng 2.5.
Bng 2.5: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip dt
(QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT)
STT
Thng s
Gii hn cho php
n v
A
40
40
Nhit .
pH
6 n 9
5,5 n 9
Mi
Khng kh chu
Khng kh chu
mu (c s mi ) ti pH=7
mu (c s ang hot ng) ti
pH=7
Pt-Co
Pt-Co
20
50
150
BOD5 @ 200C
mg/L
30
50
COD
mg/L
50
150
Tng cht rn l lng TSS
mg/L
50
100
Du/m
mg/L
Crm VI (Cr+6)
mg/L
0,05
0,10
10
Crm III (Cr3+)
mg/L
0,20
11
St
mg/L
12
ng
mg/L
13
Clo d
mg/L
Chng ta c th thy rng mt s thng s phi c tin hnh o bng cc thit b hin
trng nh: nhit , pH, v d lng clo hot ng (nh ClO-, Cl2, chloramines). Mi cng c
th nh gi mt cch tng i. Bn cnh cc th tc hnh chnh v tnh ton chi ph phn
tch, th cc mu phn tch cn c ly trong cc chai ly mu chuyn dng . i vi cc ch
tiu kim loi nng (thng s t 9 12 trong bng 2.5) v thng s du m khong phi c
cc phng th nghim chuyn mn phn tch.
Cc thng s quan trc nc thi t cng nghip giy v bt giy c tm tt trong
bng 2.6.
82
Bng 2.6: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng nghip giy v bt giy
Gii hn cho php
Thng s
n v
Giy (B1)
Bt (B2)
6 to 9
5,5 n 9
5,5 n 9
pH
BOD5 @ 200C
mg/L
30
50
100
COD (C s mi)
COD (c s ang hot ng)
mg/L
mg/L
50
80
150
200
200
300
mg/L
50
100
100
mu (c s mi)
mu (c s ang hot ng)
Pt-Co
Pt-Co
20
50
50
100
100
150
Cc cht clo hu c d hp th
(AOX)
mg/L
7,5
15
15
Phi s dng chai ly mu c bit v phng phn tch rt chuyn dng tin hnh o
thng s th 6 trong bng 2.6.
Vi hai ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm v ch bin cao su thin nhin th s lng
cc thng s v c trng nc thi t hn (Bng 2.7 v 2.8).
STT
Thng s
Gii hn cho php
n v
A
6 to 9
5,5 to 9
pH
BOD5 @ 200C
mg/L
30
50
COD
mg/L
50
80
mg/L
50
100
NH3-N
mg/L
10
20
Ni t tng
mg/L
30
60
Du v m
mg/L
10
20
D lng clo (hot ng)
mg/L
Tng c-li form
mg/L
3 000
5 000
83
STT
(QCVN 01: 2008/BTNMT)
Thng s
Gii hn cho php
n v
A
6 n 9
6 n 9
pH
STT
BOD5 ti 200C
mg/L
30
50
COD
mg/L
50
250
mg/L
50
100
Ni t tng
mg/L
15
60
NH3-N
mg/L
40
Mc d QCVN khng bt buc nh gi mi, nhng vn cn tin hnh nh gi nng

H2S bi v trong ch bin cao su c s dng Na2S lm cht chng keo t m cao su v s pht
tn ca mi kh c bit ra mi trng.
Cc thng s v cht c thng c quan tm hn trong bo v mi trng. Cn b
qun l cn phi cht vn v s tn ti ca cht c trong nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip
ny ngay c khi cha c tiu chun v cht c. Chng ta c th s dng cc d liu ca cc
nc khc lp danh mc cc thng s (Xem Bng 2.12). Bng ny gi mt s thng s u
tin c th p dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau. Khi p dng, chng ta c th thay
i cc thng s cho ph hp. Trong trng hp c nhiu im thi t mt nh my th vn
c th p dng cc thng s ny bng cch lp ra cc thng s u tin cho nc thi ca tng
cng on mt. Chng ta c th s dng cc bng d ton chi ph phn tch nh trong
phn tip theo.
i vi nc thi ca ngnh y t (t cc c s khm, cha bnh), cc thng s nht thit
phi quan trc c lit k trong bng 2.9.
Bng 2.9: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi y t (QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT)
STT
84
Thng s
n v
Gii hn cho php

A
6,5-8,5
6,5-8,5
pH
BOD5 (200C)
Mg/l
30
50
COD
Mg/l
50
100
Mg/l
50
100
Sunfua (tnh theo H2S)
Mg/l
1,0
4,0
Amoni (tnh theo N)
Mg/l
10
Thng s
Gii hn cho php
n v
Nitrat (tnh theo N)
Mg/l
30
50
Phosphat (tnh theo P)
Mg/l
10
Du m ng thc vt
Mg/l
10
20
10
Tng hot phng x
Bq/l
0,1
0,1
11
Tng hot phng x
Bq/l
1,0
1,0
12
Tng coliforms
MPN/100ml
3000
5000
13
Salmonella
Vi khun/100ml
KPH
KPH
14
Shigella
Vi khun/100ml
KPH
KPH
15
Vibrio cholerae
Vi khun/100ml
KPH
KPH
2
STT
i vi nc thi ca kho v ca hng xng du, cc thng s nht thit phi quan trc
c lit k trong bng 2.10.
Bng 2.10: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca kho v ca hng xng du
Gii hn cho php
STT
Thng s
pH
n v
B
Kho
CH c dch
v ra xe
CH khng
c dch v
ra xe
6-9
5,5-9
5,5-9
5,5-9
Tng cht rn l lng
Mg/l
50
100
120
120
Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)
Mg/l
50
100
150
150
Du m khong (tng hydro

carbon)
Mg/l
15
18
30
i vi nc khai thc t cc cng trnh du kh trn bin, thng s cn quan trc chnh
l hm lng du c tnh theo hm lng du trung bnh ngy l trung bnh cng gi tr
hm lng du ca 04 mu nc khai thc, mi mu c ly cch nhau 06 gi trong 01 ngy.
Bng 2.11 quy nh gi tr ti a cho php ca hm lng du trong nc khai thc khi thi
xung bin.
85
Bng 2.11: Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc khai thc t cc cng trnh du kh
trn bin (QCVN 35:2010/BTNMT)
STT
V tr thi
Gii hn trung bnh ngy

(n v: mg/l)
Cch ranh gii khu vc nui trng thy sn, bo v thy sinh,
vui chi gii tr di nc nh hn 01 hi l
5,0
Cch b nh hn 03 hi l
10
Cch b t 03 n 12 hi l
15
Cch b ln hn 12 hi l
40
Ghi ch: b c hiu l ranh gii gia t lin v bin
2.4.3. Phn tch ti phng th nghim

VCEP cung cp cc thit b phng th nghim c bn (my ct nc, cn, l nung, v.v.)
v cc thit b phn tch ca cng ty HACH. Hn mt na cc thng s trong c th phn
tch bng phng php HACH (da trn my quang ph) v cc cht l sn phm ca cc phn
ng ha hc bao gm cc thng s c bn nh pH, COD, BOD5 v SS. Mt s thng s khi
phn tch phi chng ct mu trc khi s dng phng php so mu hoc phng php
trng lc (nh NH3, phenol, xyanua, du v m khong). VPEG s ti tr cc thit b b sung cho
phng th nghim ca cc S TNMT tham gia d n.
Cc kim loi nng (As, Cd, Pb, Cr(III), Cu, Zn, Ni, Sn v Hg) c cc phng th nghim bn
ngoi phn tch. Cc phng th nghim ny s hu cc thit b phn tch hin i nh quang
ph hp th nguyn t (AAS). Cc mu phi c ph hy bng axit (HACH Digesdahl, axit v
H2O2) ha tan hon ton kim loi trc khi phn tch bng AAS.
Mt s cc thng s hu c phc tp c th phi nh n dch v phn tch ca cc phng
th nghim bn ngoi v ch c cc thit b phn tch hin i nh sc k kh kt ni khi ph
(GC/MS) mi c th phn tch lng vt cc cht c hi nh PCB, PAH v cc cht VOC nh
Tetrachloroethylen v Trichloroethylen.
86
Bng 2.12 : Cc thng s gi cho quan trc nc thi cng nghip

CC THNG S GI (khng theo quy chun) - Danh sch khng hn ch
STT
NGNH CNG NGHIP
As Cd
Cr
Cu Co Hg Mo Ni
Pb Se Zn
Hp cht Thuc
VOC PAH
phenol BVTV
Phtal.
Du/m Du/m
AOX (*)
Khong hu c
Cng nghip lin quan n nng nghip

1
Phn phi ho cht nng

nghip
Thm canh
Chn nui
Nui trng thy sn
Ch bin thy sn (QCVN11:2008/BTMT)
Cng nghip lin quan n ha cht tng hp

6
Sn xut si dt thm
Sn xut ha cht v c
Sn xut ha cht hu c
Ch bin cao su t nhin

(QCVN-01:2008/BTMT)
10
Giy v bt giy (QCVN12:2008/BTMT)
Cng nghip luyn kim

11 in phn
12 Sn xut gang (c)
13 Ch bin kim loi
87
14 Sn xut thp (c)
88
CC THNG S GI (khng theo quy chun) - Danh sch khng hn ch

STT
NGNH CNG NGHIP
As Cd
Cr
Cu Co Hg Mo Ni
Pb Se Zn
Hp cht Thuc
VOC PAH
phenol BVTV
Phtal.
Du/m Du/m
AOX (*)
Khong hu c
Cng nghip luyn kim

15 ng v sa cha tu thy
16 Sa cha c kh
Cng nghip ch bin da, thuc da, v dt
17 Sn xut da v thuc da
18
Cng nghip dt
(QCVN-13:2008/BTMT)
Cng nghip lc du
19 Lc du
20 Khai thc du, kh

Cng nghip khai khong (qung kim loi)
21
Khai khong
(qung kim loi)
Cng nghip quy nh ti QCVN-24:2009/BTMT

22
(*) Lu : Ti QCVN 12-2008/BTMT v QCVN 24:2009/BTMT, thng s phn tch l cc hp cht clo hu c d b hp ph, bao gm c phenol clo ha.
2.5. CHUN B CC THIT B AN TON CHO QUAN TRC HIN TRNG
Trang thit b bo h c nhn: mt n phng c, knh bo h, gng tay, m, ng bo

h v qun o chng thm nc;
Cc thit b pht hin mi (H2S) v kh chy (CH4).
89
2
Cho n nay, cc nh qun l v chuyn gia mi trng ti Vit nam c th vn cha qun
l c chnh xc im x thi ca nh my, do vic quan trc nc thi cng nghip s
c tin hnh ti ni b nhim nht. Do mt s l do lch s v vn ha, ngi ta thng
khng mun cho khch tham quan nhng ni , v cng v vy m vic duy tr c s h tng
nhng ni cng b b qua. m bo an ton lao ng trn hin trng l u tin hng
u. Ngay c khi tin hnh kim tra s b hin trng, cn b qun l mi trng cng vi
cc chuyn gia mi trng phi mang theo nhng trang thit b an ton lao ng ti thiu
nh:
Chng 9 trnh by c th cc nguy c b phi nhim khi quan trc ti hin trng v
nhng bin php phng trch. Trong phn ny ch nhn mnh rng cn chun b cc trang
thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c nhn ti hin trng. Trang thit b an ton v
phng tin bo v c nhn l nhng thit b, dng c nhm che chn hoc lm gim bt s
nguy him m bo an ton i vi ngi quan trc.
Khi mang i hin trng, cc trang thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c nhn phi
c la chn v chun b k cng, m bo khng tha khng thiu, cho yu cu v an
ton. Khi chun b thc hin mt chng trnh quan trc, cn phi a ra danh mc cc trang
thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c nhn cn thit ti hin trng ph hp vi tng
trng hp c th. Bng 2.13 lit k cc loi trang thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c
nhn ti hin trng cng nh tc dng ca n.
Nguyn tc la chn v s dng phng tin bo v c nhn trong lao ng l chn v
s dng phng tin bo h lao ng thch hp vi cng vic. ng thi, cn lun bo qun
d s dng, gi gn sch s vic s dng phng tin bo v c nhn tr thnh thi
quen n np.
Bng 2.13 : Thit b an ton v phng tin bo v c nhn ti hin trng
STT
Trang thit b v phng tin
Tc dng
Thit b kim tra kh c
Kim tra nng kh c (H2S, NH3, CO, VOCs & kh d

chy) ti ni lm vic.
Qut thng gi
Ngn khng cho bi v hi kh c vo khu vc lm vic.
M bo h
Ngn nga nguy him pht sinh do vt ri, vng,

phng chng in git.
Dy an ton
Ngn nga nguy him do ri, ng khi lm vic trn cao
Giy an ton
L phng tin bo v chn, ngn chn trnh khi vt

ri, va p, vt sc; ngn nga git in
Knh bo h
Ngn nga tn thng cho mt do vt vng, bn vo,

do cht c, tia c hi gy ra
Gng tay an ton
Bo v ngi lao ng chng n mn i vi da tay
Mt n na mt
Bo v trnh ht phi bi v cc kh c
Mt n phng c
10
Bt tai
11
Mt n dng kh
12
Phao cu sinh
90
Bo v chng ht phi c, hi c
Phng tin bo v tai, chng li ting n
Phng tin ngn nga nguy him do thiu xy
Phng nga cht ui
2.6 . KHO ST S B V TR QUAN TRC

Khi t c tha thun vi c s cng nghip, v trc khi tin hnh quan trc ti
hin trng cn phi kho st s b v tr quan trc nh gi cc iu kin thc t ch
khng nn ch da vo Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng hin c v hon cnh thc t c
th thay i.
Kho st s b v tr ly mu l cng on khng th thiu trong qu trnh chun b cho

t quan trc ti hin trng. V tr cc im thi phi c xc nh chnh xc, cc chi tit
phi c ghi li (loi cng thi, ng knh, su, ni tip nhn...) m tt nht bng hnh
nh hay cc bn v. Hiu r qu trnh sn xut xc nh cc trng thi cc i, cc tiu ca
mc nc ti cc cng thi hoc trng hp khng c nc thi. Cc yu cu c th i vi
vic ly mu v o c dng thi phi c ghi li trnh lng ph thi gian chun b. Mt
v d v biu mu ghi chp tm tt c nu trong Ph lc 2C. Xem thm v d trong a CD
km theo.
Khi kho st s b hin trng cn phi c tnh c lu lng thi nhm phc v mc
ch thit k k thut o lu lng. Di y xem xt trng hp thot nc bng mt
knh h m khi knh y ng vi lu lng dng thi ln nht (Hnh 2.2). Rt c th xy ra
tnh hung cc thit b o lu lng c bn (p chn, cc loi p thng phm, mng o lm
sn) khng thch hp o c dng thi. Do vy nhm quan trc ti hin trng phi nm
r tnh hnh ch ng chun b cc thit b thch hp.
tnh gn ng lu lng dng thi, c th p dng cng thc sau (trong trng hp
ang xt):
Q=AxV
Trong :
-
Q: lu lng thi, m3/s
A: Din tch mt ct ngang (chiu rng x chiu su), m2
V: Vn tc dng thi, m/s
Din tch mt ct ngang A c th c tnh d dng theo Hnh 2.3. Vn tc dng thi thng
c o bng mt thit b t ng c chnh xc cao, nhng nu ch kho st s b th
ch cn thc hin n gin bng cch o khong thi gian cn thit mt mnh giy (hoc
mt mu g) tri gia hai im quan st (Hnh 2.4).
91
2
Sau khi thu thp cc chi tit khc nhau lin quan n trao i gia cc i tc (in thoi,
fax, email), cc hot ng sn xut s c tm lc v a ra nhn nh chung v cc ngun
c kh nng gy nhim cng nh nhng ngun nc thin nhin ln cn (h, sng,...). Bn
cnh , cng c th c tnh mt cch gn ng v lu lng dng thi t s lng cng
nhn trong dy chuyn sn xut i vi cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip c s dng nc.
Cui cng, cc chi tit lin quan n nhng vn mi trng bit cn c ghi li gii
thch thm v so snh s tng quan vi kt qu quan trc.
KNH DN H HNH CH NHT

KT CU B TNG
Hnh 2.2: Knh h vi lu lng cc i
KNH DN H HNH CH NHT

KT CU B TNG
/s)
(m
V
,
C
T
CH
IU
R
NG
K
NH
,
Q=
xV
NC SU, m
THIT DIN KNH

A = RNG x SU
Hnh 2.3: c tnh din tch mt ct ngang
Hnh 2.4 : c lng nhanh tc dng chy (NM ng Hip Ha)
92
2.7. LP D TON KINH PH
Thng thng cc chi ph c chia thnh cc loi:

a) Chi ph thit b quan trc v o lu lng;
b) Chi ph phn tch trong phng th nghim (phng th nghim ni b v phng th
nghim bn ngoi);
c) Chi ph khc bao gm chi ph i li ti a im cng nghip, mua sm cc vt liu
cn thit ti hin trng, cc chi ph cho an ton/thit b c bit nh bo v an ton,
thm d kh c, in n bo co, v.v..
d) Chi ph lin quan n nhn cng.
Chi ph phn tch
nh mc chi ph phn tch c nu trong Thng t s 83/2002/TT-BCT ca B Ti Chnh
ban hnh thng 9 nm 2002. Ph quan trc cng c tnh ton theo thng t ny. Vic tun
th quy trnh QA/QC s yu cu thm mt vi phn tch (mu lp, mu trng hin trng, mu
trng vn chuyn,...) v mt t l phn trm ca tng chi ph s c cng vo tng chi ph
chnh thc. Tuy nhin, gn y cc chi ph hnh chnh c cng thm v chi ph phn tch
c thit lp trn c s tng tnh.
Thit lp mt mc chi ph phn tch thng nht cho tt c cc tnh l mt thch thc ln.
Trong bi cnh ca phin bn Hng dn ny, mt phng php tnh ton chung c
xut ngi c nhn thc c chi ph phn tch. Chi ph thc chc chn s khc nhau theo
tng tnh ph thuc vo mc pht trin ca phng th nghim (cht lng v s lng) v
tn sut cc t kim sot nhim mi trng.
Chng ta hy gi nh l hng nm phi phn tch 100 mu cho BOD5 hoc bt k mt ch
tiu thng thng no khc. Ti sao li ly con s thun tin l 100? c th chuyn n
gin cc s liu c ca cng ty cung cp quc t ni ting nh HACH c mt ti th
trng Vit Nam. Trong Ca-ta-l ca nh cung cp, chng ta c th d dng tm thy danh
sch cc ha cht v vt liu (giy lc, v.v.) v my mc c nh (bung BOD, t ht m, my
o -xy) cn thit cho b 100 ln phn tch. Quy trnh phn tch c vit ra cho php d ton
chnh xc gi cng v mc tiu th in v nc ct. Trong v d ny, chi ph cho mt ln phn
tch BOD5 s c tnh ton nh sau:
93
2
Kinh ph c d tr da trn bng thng k cc chi ph v k hoch hot ng thc t.

Phn tm tt vic lp d ton ngn c nu ra trong bng ca Ph lc 3C. Theo kinh nghim
thu c th mt t quan trc c hiu qu c th chia thnh nm bc lin tip. Mi bc
phi t c cc kt qu r rng. Vic kho st s b thc a v bc chun b ng vai tr
ht sc cn thit to iu kin ti u m bo thc hin thnh cng cc nhim v ti hin
trng. Cc mu t hp i din vn l trng tm ch yu. Phn tch trong phng th nghim
vi chng trnh QA/QC ni b s t c mc tiu l thu c kt qu i din cho dng
thi. Kt qu quan trc s c trnh by y v tng hp trong bo co cui cng. Ban
lnh o c trch nhim phn b nhn lc v kinh ph cho tng bc.
Chi ph phn tch =
X + Y + Z + DEP + MAINT + (f x OH)

100
Trong :
X: chi ph vt liu (ha cht & vt liu) cho 100 phn tch mi nm
Y: chi ph nng lng v nc ct /b phn tch hng nm
Z: chi ph lao ng chuyn mn trc tip lin quan n 100 ln phn tch
DEP: chi ph khu hao hng nm ca thit b chuyn dng. Chi ph khu hao l bin
s ph thuc vo loi thit b. Chi ph c th da trn k khu hao 2, 3, 5 nm (ph
thuc vo tn sut s dng v mc lc hu)
MAINT: ngn sch hng nm ca phng th nghim dnh cho duy tu cc thit b
chuyn dng, thng l phn trm ca chi ph ban u (5%, 10%, v.v.)
OH: tng chi ph qun l hng nm ca phng th nghim: qun l, hnh chnh v s
h tr chung, tham gia hi tho v hi ngh, chi ph thu nh, chi ph duy tu bo dng
ta nh, v.v.)
f: h s thc nghim cho cc phn tch hng nm ca thng s BOD5. Gi tr ca h

s ny cn c xc nh da trn con s ti chnh vn hnh ca phng th nghim
trong nm trc. Nn d ton s ny bng cch so vi cc phng th nghim mi
trng khc.
Ph vn chuyn c tnh theo n gi trn mt n v khong cch (km) gia a im

quan trc v c quan thc hin quan trc. Cui cng, trong qu trnh d tr kinh ph cn tnh
ton kinh ph d phng cho c nhng khon chi ngoi k hoch nh dch v bo v (cho thit
b ti hin trng), dch v d kh c hay cc yu cu cn thit khc bo v an ton sc
khe con ngi.
Bng trong Ph lc 2D tm tt v tng quan v cc chi ph trong k hoch ca ton b
chng trnh qua nm bc. Mt s d liu (cng tc ph, s ngy cng, s nhn cng) cn c
ngi s dng a vo.
Chng trnh tnh ton kinh ph ny ch l xut, trong qu trnh thc hin c th sa
i ci tin cho ph hp. Tuy nhin ngi s dng nn kim tra cc phng trnh v s kt
ni gia cc tnh.
2.8. DANH MC KIM TRA I VI NHM QUAN TRC TI HIN TRNG
Nhm quan trc ti hin trng c nhim v phi thu thp c cc mu i din ca
dng thi cng nghip v o c dng thi. Cc iu kin ti hin trng thng khng thun
li, m c bit l Vit Nam cc im thi thng khng c thit k tt. Do vy, chun
b cho vic hon thnh tt cc nhim v ngoi hin trng th ngoi bng tm tt kt qu
vic kho st s b hin trng cn phi c mt danh mc kim tra cho qu trnh chun b
t quan trc tng ng.
Danh mc ny c th c chia thnh cc phn ty thuc vo cc iu kin c th nh
c trnh by trong phn ph lc (xem file MONIT-Checklist-Onfield.XLS trong CD). Trc tin,
94
Ty thuc vo cc mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc m cn c cc thit b phn tch

ti hin trng ph hp xc nh nhanh cc c trng ca dng thi: pH (v ORP), dn
(S/cm) hoc tng cht rn ha tan TDS (mg/l), c (NTU) v SS. Cc thng s o nhanh c
th h tr cho vic ra quyt nh ly mu mu t hp. V d nh trong chng trnh sn xut
sch hn vic thu thp 24 mu trong 24 gi (mt mu trn mt gi, ly mu trong 24 gi) c
th gim s lng bng cch ly mu t hp l nhng mu i din ng v chnh xc hn
cho dng thi t nhng cng on gy nhim nng nht.
Cui cng, cn quan tm ng mc n cc yu t thun li v iu kin an ton cho con
ngi nhm m bo thnh cng cho cc t quan trc di ngy ti hin trng.
2.9. DANH MC KIM TRA I VI NHM TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM
Mu nc thi phi c phn tch ngay m bo mu cn mang tnh i din (BOD5,
coliform, ...). phng th nghim lun trong trng thi sn sng, yu cu cn phi c mt
danh mc kim tra i vi nhm phn tch trong cho phng th nghim trong qu trnh chun
b. S kt hp gia vic tip nhn mu v bo qun lnh vn cn thit trong khi phi duy tr
cc thit b phn tch ch lm vic thng ngy. Trc khi tin hnh t quan trc ti
hin trng, cc vn bn chnh thc phi c chuyn n lnh o phng th nghim. Vic
chun b (v d nh hiu chun thit b) v mua sm b sung (v d nh ha cht) cng c th
b sung m thnh cng ca chng trnh.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, nhm cn b phng phn tch l ngi chun b cc thit
b phn tch xch tay v chai ng mu. H phi a cc thit b ny vo bng kim tra ca
mnh. V d cho bng kim tra c th tm thy trong Ph lc 2F (C th xem trong file MONITChecklist-Lab.XLS).
2.10. THEO DI MT S D N QUAN TRC
Khi tin hnh nhiu d n quan trc cng mt lc, cn b phng QLMT c th s dng
cng c qun l chung chia s thng tin gia cc cn b phng mi trng. Cng c ny
gip lp k hoch tng tun, c bit l ti u ha vic s dng cc thit b quan trc trn
hin trng. Cc ch nhim d n quan trc c th theo di c tin ca cc d n. (Xem
Bng ti Ph lc 2A).
95
2
nhm quan trc ti hin trng phi c cc vn bn chnh thc thc hin ly mu bn
trong mt c s cng nghip hoc phn xung quanh thuc ch s hu khc. o c dng
thi l cng vic cn nhiu loi thit b nht v vy cn ht sc ch trng n cng tc chun
b trc khi tin hnh. Ngoi ra, cn cn phi ch cc ph ph khi lp t cc p chn, mng
o v cc loi dch v khc (v d nh thu my pht in, ca in lp cc p g t to, thu
nhn cng ti ch lm sch cc ng cng b tc). Thit b ly mu t ng v c quy cn
phi c kim tra trc khi em s dng ti hin trng. Cc mc khc (bnh chuyn mu,
chai ng mu, v.v..) s dng trong ly mu th cng phi c lit k v kim tra. Cc iu
kin vn chuyn mu ti phng th nghim cn phi c xem xt cn thn v c gii php
thay th khi cn thit.
2.10.1. X nghip giy

a ch: Cm cng nghip Phong Kh Bc Ninh
CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC NC THI
THNG 8/2008
Tn chng trnh quan trc:
Th im t quan trc nc thi vi s ti tr ca Ngn hng Th gii (WB)

1. Mc ch:
-
Tnh ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi;
T kim sot nhim nc thi;
2. V tr quan trc: cui dng thi

3. Thng s quan trc: lu lng, pH, BOD5, COD, SS, S24. Tn sut quan trc: 2 ln/thng
5. Ngy quan trc: 25 v 26 thng 08 nm 2008
6. Phng php quan trc:
o lu lng nc thi: s dng p chn Thel-Mar (M) o lu lng. Lu lng nc

thi c o lin tc trong 8 gi v c chia lm nhiu ln o, mi ln o cch nhau
1 gi.
Ly mu nc thi: Mu c ly theo phng php ly mu t hp theo lu lng v thi

gian trong 8 gi. Th tch ca mu n cn thit trn vo mu t hp t l vi lu lng
ca n ti thi im ly mu.
Phn tch mu: mu c gi phn tch dch v ti PTN Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi
trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni.
Cc mu kim sot: mu trng, mu lp, mu chun.
Bo qun mu:
+
COD: axit ha bng H2SO4 n pH<2.
BOD5, SS, S2-: c bo qun lnh 2-50C v phn tch ngay trong vng 24 gi.
7. Nhn lc:
B Nguyn Phi Bc Qun l nhn s, ch tr.
ng Lu Mnh Ton Qun c phn xng, thc hin.
8. Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng (Bng 2.15).
96
Bng 2.14 : Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng
Ni dung
Tng qut chung
Mc ch, yu cu
Thng tin v xng: s mt bng, nhn lc,

thng s quan trc
V tr v thi gian quan trc
Tnh trng
R rng
R rng, y
thng nht gia nhm

quan trc v phn xng
II
Thit b o c dng chy
p chn Thel-Mar
t st
III
Dng c ly mu, cha ng mu, bo qun

mu, vn chuyn mu
Pipet 5ml (TQ)
2 chic
ng ong 1000ml (TQ)
1 chic
a thy tinh
2 chic
Qu bp cao su ui chut
1 chic
Bnh tia 500ml (TQ)
1 chic
Bnh nha ng mu (1lt) (Chai nha 1lt)
16 chic
Thng cch nhit bo qun lnh (Thng xp)
1 chic
X nha 10 lt
1 chic
Ca nha 2 lt
1 chic
10
H2SO4 (d=1,84), tinh khit phn tch (PA), 0,5L/l
1 l
11
Bin bn, nhn mc
5 t
12
Bng dnh, ko
1 b
13
Phng tin vn chuyn mu n PTN
IV
Thit b o nhanh ti hin trng
My o pH
D n cho mn
My o dn
D n cho mn
My o c
D n cho mn
Thit b an ton
M bo h lao ng
2 ci
ng cao su
2 i
Gng tay cao su
2 i
Khu trang
2 ci
Knh bo h
2 ci
Ghi ch
STT
D n cho mn
Sn c
D n cho mn t
97
2.10.2. Cng ty gia cng c kh (Th d)

a ch: KCN Qu V Bc Ninh
CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC NC THI THNG 8/2008
Tn chng trnh quan trc:
Th im t quan trc nc thi vi s ti tr ca Ngn hng Th gii (WB)
2
1. Mc ch:
-
Tnh ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi;
T kim sot nhim nc thi;
2. V tr quan trc: cui dng thi ca trm x l nc thi

3. Thng s quan trc: lu lng, pH, COD, SS, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Ni.
4. Tn sut quan trc: 4 ln/thng
5. Ngy quan trc: 05 - 08 thng 09 nm 2008
6. Phng php quan trc:
o lu lng nc thi: s dng my o siu m o tc dng chy trong ng ng.

Lu lng nc thi c o lin tc trong 8 gi v c chia lm nhiu ln o, mi ln
o cch nhau 1 gi.
Ly mu nc thi: Mu c ly theo phng php ly mu t hp theo lu lng v thi

gian trong 8 gi. Th tch ca mu n cn thit trn vo mu t hp t l vi lu lng
ca n ti thi im ly mu.
Phn tch mu: mu c gi phn tch dch v ti PTN Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi
trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni.
Cc mu kim sot: mu trng, mu lp.
Bo qun mu:
+
COD: axit ha bng H2SO4 n pH<2.
SS: c bo qun lnh 2-50C v phn tch ngay trong vng 24 gi.
Kim loi nng: axit ha bng HNO3 n pH<2.
7. Nhn lc:
ng Nguyn Tin Dng Phng Hnh chnh
ng Nguyn Vn Hin K thut vin trm x l nc thi.
8. Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng (Bng 2.16)
98
Bng 2.15: Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng
Ni dung
Tnh trng
Tng qut chung
Mc ch, yu cu
Thng tin v xng: s mt bng, nhn lc,

thng s quan trc
V tr v thi gian quan trc
II
Thit b o c dng chy
My o lu tc bng siu m
III
Dng c ly mu, cha ng mu, bo qun

mu, vn chuyn mu
Pipet 5ml (TQ)
2 chic
ng ong 1000ml (TQ)
1 chic
a thy tinh
4 chic
Qu bp cao su ui chut
2 chic
Bnh tia 500ml (TQ)
1 chic
Bnh nha ng mu (1lt) (Chai nha 1lt)
36 chic
Thng cch nhit bo qun lnh (Thng xp)
1 chic
X nha 10 lt
1 chic
Ca nha 2 lt
1 chic
10
H2SO4 (d=1,84), tinh khit phn tch (PA), 0,5L/l
1 l
11
HNO3 , tinh khit phn tch (PA), 0,5L/l
1 l
12
Bin bn, nhn mc
5 t
13
Bng dnh, ko
1 b
14
Phng tin vn chuyn mu n PTN
IV
Thit b o nhanh ti hin trng
My o pH
D n cho mn
My o dn
D n cho mn
My o c
D n cho mn
Thit b an ton, phng tin bo v c nhn
M bo h lao ng
2 ci
ng cao su
2 i
Gng tay cao su
2 i
Khu trang
2 ci
Knh bo h
2 ci
Ghi ch
R rng
R rng, y
STT
thng nht gia nhm

quan trc v phn xng
D n cho mn
D n cho mn t
99
100
M : Phng th nghim bn ngoi
F :Danh mc kim tra i vi phng th nghim v hin trng
P : Hon thnh bo co tng hp
L : Phn tch theo cc phng php chun, QA/QC
E : Lp k hoch ngun nhn lc
K : Nhn/bo qun mu
D : D tr kinh ph
O : Trao i tho lun vi c s cng nghip
I : Kt thc hat ng ti hin trng
H : Quan trc ti hin trng
Ch thch ring cho

bc tip theo
C : K kt tha thun
Bo co
tng hp
B : Lin h, gp g v thng lng
Phn tch trong

phng th
nghim
N : Bn tho bo co tng hp
Quan trc ti hin

trng
G : Bt u thc hin
Chun b cc
ngun lc
Tha thun gia

cc bn
PH LC 2A
A : Thit lp cc mc tiu ca chng trnh
Ghi ch :
10
TT
C s cng nghip
trong chng trnh sn xut sch hn
kim ton v
quan trc dng thi
Qun l cc bc quan trc v tin
Lp k hoch
L do
(Ti sao ?)
Nhng sn
phm cn
t c
(ci g ?)
Danh mc kim tra quan trc nc thi cng nghip

(ly mu v phn tch)
Mt tun trc
khi quan trc ti
hin trng
Mc tiu quan
trc c xc
nh r rng cho
c c s cng
nghip
v c quan thc
hin quan trc.
Bn sao tha
thun gia lnh
o c s cng
nghip v c
quan thc hin
quan trc.
Tha thun gia

c s cng
nghip v c
quan thc hin
quan trc.
Lm vic vi
trng nhm
quan trc
thit lp cc
mc tiu quan
trc chnh xc v
r rng.
Cc thng s
mi trng l
cc ch th quan
trng ca dng
thi cng
nghip. Cc
thng s ny c
th phn tch ti
phng th
nghim trc
thuc hay
phng th
nghim bn
ngoi.
Danh mc kim
tra cc thng s
quan trc do i
din phng th
nghim trc
thuc hoc
phng th
nghim bn
ngoi la chn.
Phn tch chi ph

li ch ca vic
ly mu v phn
tch. Kinh ph
thc hin. Lin
h vi phng th
nghim
chun b cc ha
cht v thit b
cn thit.
Danh mc kim
tra cc thit b
hin trng
dng ly mu
v o c dng
thi.
Quan trc ti
hin trng
Phn tch trong

phng th
nghim
Kt thc
m bo bo
co tng kt
phi p ng
cc mc tiu
c xy dng
ca chng
trnh quan trc.
Kim tra mt s
thng s c th
o c ti hin
trng bng cc
thit b xch tay
(my o pH,
dn in,
c) ra quyt
nh ti ch (nu
cn) v cung cp
nhng thng tin
c ch cho
phng th
nghim. m
bo rng cc gi
tr ca dng thi
o c l gi tr
i din.
Bin bn giao
nhn mu trong
t ly mu ca
trng nhm ly
mu (thi gian
n, iu kin
lm lnh v bo
qun) cho
phng th
nghim.
Trnh by bo
co hon chnh,
tm tt nhng
kt qu quan
trng lin quan
ti cc mc tiu
c xy
dng.
Mi tng quan
gia cc thng s
o c ti hin
trng v kt qu
phn tch trong
phng th
nghim. So snh
vi d liu c sn
lin quan ti c
s cng nghip.
Thc hin quy
trnh QA/QC.
101
2
PH LC 2B
Thi gian
(khi no?)
a im
( u?)
102
Lp k hoch
Mt tun trc
khi quan trc ti
hin trng
Cn quan tm
n cc din
bin mi trng
t nhin (ma
ma / ma kh,
chu k thy
triu,...).
Kim tra li thi

tit hoc cc
hin tng t
nhin khc qua
cc phng tin
thng tin i
chng v.v..
Cn quan tm
n cc thay i
/ tnh trng dao
ng nhim
ca c s. Hp
tc hiu qu vi
i din c thm
quyn ca c s
cng nghip
trong giai on
ny.
Cng vi i
din c thm
quyn ca c s
cng nghip
kim tra ln cui
qu trnh sn
xut.
Kho st ln u
c s cng
nghip v im
ly mu. o s
b mt s mu
n v o dng.
Xc nh s
lng v v tr
(trn bn )
ca cc mu cn
ly thu c
kt qu, d liu
c tnh i din.
Lun lun phi

c mt ngi
cnh thit b
nhm m bo
tnh trng hat
ng ca thit
b cng nh vn
an ton.
Thu thp nhng

d liu c sn v
c s cng
nghip (qu
trnh sn xut
hng ngy) v
im thi (
su, v tr).
Chun b sn
phng tin vn
chuyn cc vt
liu v thit b
cn thit ti
im ly mu v
vn chuyn mu
v phng th
nghim.
Ni phc v
ly mu qua
m?
Quan trc ti
hin trng
Kim tra nh k
cc thng s c
th o ti hin
trng (v d c
sau 4 gi i vi
trng hp ly
mu 24 gi). Hiu
chun thit b.
Phn tch trong

phng th
nghim
Vic phn tch
ti phng th
nghim nn
c tin hnh
ngay sau khi
nhn mu.
Kt thc
Lp bo co
quan trc cng
sm cng tt.
C th gi bo
co quan trc
qua ng bu
in thng
thng nhng
nu ch thn
gi trc tip v
gii thch tng
tn cho lnh o
c s cng
nghip s to
c mi quan
h tt p hn
vi cng ng.
Cch thc
thc hin
(nh th
no ?)
Thit b sn c
ca c quan
thc hin quan
trc, v mua sm
hoc ch to ti
ch mt s linh
kin c bn.
Mt tun trc
khi quan trc ti
hin trng
Quan trc ti
hin trng
Phn tch trong

phng th
nghim
Kt thc
Danh mc kim
tra vic ly mu
ti hin trng
c trng
nhm ly mu
xy dng. Bn
sao cc quy trnh
QA/QC (mu lp,
mu trng vn
chuyn, mu
trng hin
trng,...).
Cc iu kin an
ton v bo h
lao ng. Lp
t chng trm.
m bo
in cho cc
thit b t ng.
Trn ln to
mu t hp nh
nu trong
quy trnh
QA/QC. Ra sch
trng k cc chai
ng mu.
Trnh by bo
co quan trc
vi c s cng
nghip phi
c nhn vin
c kinh nghim
thc hin.
Ngun nhn lc
sn c tin
hnh cc hat
ng ti hin
trng v phn
tch trong
phng th
nghim. Ngun
kinh ph sn c
cho tng giai
on ca
chng trnh.
Cc nhn vin
c la chn
(trng nhm,
k thut vin
chnh, cn b k
thut d phng).
Nhu cu kinh
ph c xy
dng v chuyn
cho b phn c
lin quan.
Bo co v chc
nng hot ng
bnh thng v
khng bnh
thng ca thit
b. Ghi li kt
qu quan st
dng thi bng
mt thng
thng bo cho
phng th
nghim cng
nh cp
trong bo co.
Kim tra thit b

ln cui (hiu
chun). Ghi chp
v truyn t
cho ngi s
dng tip theo.
m bo s hp
tc vi phng th
nghim bn
ngoi v cc
thng s lin
quan ca cng
mt mu.
103
2
Lp k hoch
Phiu kho st s b cc v tr quan trc

Tn chng trnh:

D n trnh din sn xut sch hn
C s cng nghip:
Cng ty st v nhm trng men
a ch:
Hi Phng
Tel / Fax:
2
PH LC 2C
E-mail:
H tn
i din pha nh my
Tel / Fax
H tn
Ngi chu trch nhim

thc hin
Nguyn Tuyt Lan
H s s
Sn xut
Hot ng ca c s cng nghip
Cc qu trnh
V tr
Tng s
Cng nhn
Sn xut
Nc thi
Cc vn mi trng c th c
Kh thi
Cht thi rn
Xc nh cc ngun thi
M t (Kiu ng cng, thot nh trng lc hay p lc, ng knh, su, ni tip nhn; knh h, dc, cc kch thc; cc
im ch c bit cho vic ly mu v o lu lng dng thi)
V tr s 1
V tr s 2
V tr s 3
Quy trnh sn xut cng nghip hay cc ngun thi chnh
Ca 1
Ca 2
Ca 3
Bn tm tt cc yu cu i vi vic ly mu ti hin trng v o lu lng dng thi
Ly mu t ng
My ly mu t ng Manning
Cc chai ng mu v bo qun mu
Nc v my lnh
Cc thng s o nhanh ti hin trng

o lu lng dng thi
Vn an ton
Chng trnh quan trc xut
D n trnh din SXSH
Mc tiu ca chng trnh:

Thi gian thc hin:
Ba ngy lin tip
Ngy bt u thc hin:
Cn xc nh
Ngi chu trch nhim thc hin:

Xc nh v tr ly mu
V d
1 - Bn trong nh my
2 - Bn trong nh my
3 - Cui ng ng
104
Cc hot ng quan trc chi tit

Ngy :
Lch trnh :
Thit b ly mu:
T ngy:
Ti ngy:
Gi bt u : 8:00 Sng
24 gi)
Gi kt thc: 8:00 Sng (Ly mu
Thit b ly mu t ng
Chng trnh ly mu:

Thi gian t hp, 4 x 250 ml/h - 24 chai /24-h
Theo dng :
Khng
2
V tr 1
Ti hin trng
Theo thi gian:

Thit b o tc dng:
Cu kin s cp:
p chnThel-Mar v gi tr c trc tip trn thc
Cu kin th cp:
Khng
Cc thng s phn tch ti hin trng

pH
Kt hp vi chng trnh ly mu (1 gi 1 ln)
dn
Nhit
Ngy :
T ngy:
Lch trnh :
Gi bt u : 8:00 Sng
24 gi)
Thit b ly mu:
Ti ngy:
Gu ly mu n th cng theo phng ngang
Chng trnh ly mu:
V tr 2
Ti hin trng
Theo thi gian:
Mt mu n ti thi im lu lng ti a quan st

c
Theo dng :
Khng
Thit b o tc dng:
Thnh phn s cp:
Khng
Thnh phn th cp:
Khng

pH
Khng
dn
Khng
Khng
Nhit
Khng
Ngy :
T ngy:
Lch trnh :
Gi bt u : 8:00 Sng
24 gi)
Thit b ly mu:
Ti ngy:
Gu ly mu n th cng theo phng ngang
Chng trnh ly mu:
V tr 3
Ti hin trng
Theo thi gian:
Mt mu n ti thi im lu lng ti a quan st

c
Theo dng :
Khng
Thit b o tc dng:
Thnh phn s cp:
Khng
Thnh phn th cp:
Khng

pH
Khng
dn
Khng
Khng
Nhit
Khng
105
106
Chi Ph (VN)
Phn tch trong

phng th nghim
Quan trc trn hin

trng
(A12)
Tng ph (VN ) cho tng giai on
Tng chi ph (ng VN) cho c

chng trnh
(A11)
Tng chi ph (VN ) :
. In ti liu, bo co
(B12)
(C12)
(C11)
(D12)
(D11)
(D9)
(D5)
. Phn tch thu bn ngoi
(C7)
(C6)
(C5)
(C4)
(C3)
(C2)
(C1)
(1) Bng gi tr lu lng o (1) Bng kt qu phn

c, (2) nh hoc hnh v, tch ti phng TN, (2)
(3) Bng kt qu theo thi Bng kt qu phn tch
gian + cc mu hn hp
thu bn ngoi
(D8)
(B11)
(B6)
(B4)
(B3)
(B2)
(B1)
Cc bng kim: (1) Qun l (2)

Hin trng (3) Phng th
nghim
. Phn tch ti phng TN
An ninh ti hin trng
Nguyn vt liu ti hin trng
. Cc mua sm ph tr:
. Phng tin i li
(A5)
(A4)
Th lao (VN)
Tng kinh ph cho th lao (VN):
(A2)
(A3)
Thi gian lm vic (ngy)
(A1)
(1) Phiu tng kt d

liu chun b quan
trc
S lng cn b
Nhn lc chnh
Sn phm giao np
Nhim v chnh
Chun b
Kim tra s b
TM TT NGN SCH
E
Bo co quan trc
Date :
Ngnh :
S TNMT :
2
(E12)
(E11)
(E4)
(E3)
(E2)
(E1)
Bo co cui cng
Kim tra s b trn

(1) Phn tch ti phng
hin trng chun Hp tho lun v chun b nhn (1) o lu lng (2) Ly
(1) Hp tng kt, & (2)
TN ca s, & (2) Thu
b cho chng trnh
lc cho quan trc ti S TNMT mu & (3) Phn tch nhanh
Vit bo co
phn tch bn ngoi
quan trc
Lp k hoch cng tc v ngn sch
Lp d ton kinh ph quan trc

PH LC 2D
Bng 2.D1: Tm tt vic lp d ton kinh ph
107
Mc th lao ca S TNMT
A3, B3, C3 & E3
Xem phn tnh ton chi ph
(e.g.: A4=A1xA2xA3)
Tng tin th lao
. Ngh qua m:
. C ngy :
Ph phn tch ni b v thu bn ngoi tnh theo nh

mc ca B TC quy nh Xem phn chi ph
Kinh ph cp cho an ninh trn hin trng Xem phn

chi ph
Chi ph d kin v thc cp cho nguyn vt lieu cho

hin trng Xem phn chi ph
(1) Bng kt qu phn tch ti phng TN (Xem MONIT-I-Analyses.XLS)

(2) Bng kt qu phn tch thu bn ngoi (Xem MONIT-E-Analyses.XLS)
Bo co cui cng (Xem MONIT-F-Report.XLS)
Bng kim thit b hin c v danh mc mua sm
(3) Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm phn tch phng th nghim (Xem Tp
MONIT-Checklist-Lab.XLS)
Bng kim thit b hin c v danh mc mua sm
(2) Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng (xem MONITChecklist-Onfield.XLS)
M t chng trnh quan trc, s giao ng ca thi lng so vi lch

sn xut
Nng Cht rn l lng, COD, BOD5,

Nng kim loi nng
c trng ca giao ng lu lng, phng php chun b mu tng hp
Giao ng lu lng trong ngy c quan trc

Gii thch cch thc thc hin
Cc hot ng, lp k hoch nhim v, v t hng mua sm
Ni dung chnh
Lch x thi, thng tin v im thi
Ngn sch d kin cho tng cng on, bao gm c chi

th lao v cc chi ph khc (e.g.: A12 = A4 + A11)
(1) Danh mc kim tra qun l ni chung (xem tp MONIT-Checklist-Management)
A12, B12, C12, D12 & E12
(1) Bng gi tr lu lng o c (Xem tp MONIT-Flows.XLS)

(2) nh hoc hnh v (Xem MONIT-Images.XLS)
(3) Bng cc thng s o nhanh (Xem Tp MONIT-Qparameters.XLS)
D8 & D9
C7
B6 & C6
A11, B11, C11, D11 & E11 Tng chi ph cho tng cng on
Sn phm giao np
Cng on
Tm tt (v ch gii)
A
(1) Phiu tng kt d liu (xem MONIT-Prelim.XLS)
A5, C5 & D5
A4, B4, C4 & E4
S ngy c tnh th lao
A2, B2, C2 & E2
. Tin n :
S cn b phng QLMT
Ginh cho tnh ton
Ngi in :
A1, B1, C1 & E1
Quy trnh in bng mu
Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng
PH LC 2E
S TNMT
D n :
Ngy :
Ngnh :
Cn b
theo di :
Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm quan trc ti hin trng
MONIT-Checklist-Onfield.xls
1. Nhng vn chung
1.a
Cng vn yu cu cho ly mu
Ghi ch
T trng phng QLMT
1.b Thng tin v c s c quan trc: S khng

gian c s, cn b chu trch nhim, danh mc
chi tit cc thng s cn quan trc.
T trng phng QLMT, t

bo co TM
1.c
T trng phng QLMT
Tha thun chnh thc tin hnh quan trc

ti c s
1.d Thng nht v a im ly mu

1.e
Khng nh v chu trnh sn xut, cho thy vic

sn xut l theo dy chuyn, mc hot
ng trung bnh c duyt
T pha c s cng nghip

T pha c s cng nghip
2. Thit b o lu lng
2.a
Mng o lu lng lp ghp v thit b g lp

ch to trong nc ph hp vi knh nc thi
T bo co trc kim ton
2.b Mng o Palmer-Bowlus flumes v thit b g

lp ch to trong nc ph hp vi knh nc
thi. Thc o
T bo co trc kim ton
2.c
T bo co trc kim ton,

cc thit b siu m v thit b
in t phi c kim tra v
hiu chun
Thit b o mc nc ( cng ngh siu m c s

dng cp ni)
2.d Ti ct
2.e
Cc cng c khc xy dng p hay mng:

in, ca my, v.v.
3. Thit b ly mu
3.a
Thit b ly mu t ng v ph kin
3.b Pin/c quy d phng
108
Ly t kho: phi kim tra

Ly t kho: phi kim tra
3. Thit b ly mu
Bnh nha chuyn mu nc vo chai
ng mu
3.d Danh mc chai ng mu (v ha cht bo

qun mu)
Ly t phng th nghim
3.e
Cc ph kin: tem dn khng thm nc, nhn

hoc bin, bt d khng thm nc, keo gn
Ly t phng th nghim
3.f
Ti lnh hoc nc
2
3.c
3.g Hp xp hoc hp vn chuyn mu khc

3.h Phiu ghi mu chuyn cho phng th nghim
Ly t phng th nghim
4. Cc thit b phn tch trn hin trng

4.a
pH k cn tay (v o th xy ho kh )
Ly t phng th nghim:
phi c cn chnh
4.b Thit b o dn in cm tay (v o tng cht

rn ha tan)
Ly t phng th nghim:
phi c cn chnh
4.c
Ly t phng th nghim:
phi c cn chnh
Thit b o c cm tay
5. Thit b bo h
5.a
Knh bo h, m bo h, gng tay, ng cao su

hoc ng cao (ty iu kin)
5.b Qun o bo h (nu cn)

5.c
o ma PVC v o chong, m, ym (Nu cn)
5.d Mt n thng, hoc mt n phng c trm

u bao gm hp lc, bu lc v
Trong trng hp gp kh c
5.e
Thit b cp dng kh phng trng hp

khn cp (v ngun in)
5.f
Thit b quan trc kh vn hnh tay
5.g Thit b nng h v an ton (chn ba trc, puli,

dy c kha no, thang)
Trong trng hp c h ga
5.h Hp cu thng
Rt cn thit
5.i
Rt cn thit
in thoi di ng hoc my nhn tin
6. Cc thit b khc
6.a
Lu bo v thit b v ngi
6.b Hp bo qun thit b

6.c
Nc ung v nc sch
109
Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm phn tch phng th nghim
PH LC 2F
S TNMT:
D n :
Ngy:
Ngnh:
Cn b
theo di:
Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm Phn tch phng th nghim
MONIT-Checklist.XLS
1. Nhng vn chung
1.a
Cng vn yu cu cho ly mu v phn tch (ni

b hoc thu bn ngoi)
Trng phng QLMT
1.b Thng tin v nc thi cng nghip: cc thng

tin cn la chn phng php phn tch (
m bo chnh xc) (v d nh di BOD5 cho
tng loi cht nhim, khong nng kim loi
nng, vv)
Do trng phng QLMT cung

cp, hoc t cc bo co
TM, bo co quan trc k
trc
1.c
Do trng phng QLMT v

ngi ph trch cc phng
th nghim thc hin
Tha thun vi cc phng th nghim bn ngoi

(v chi ph phn tch, chnh xc) trong trng
hp phi o c cc thng s v kim loi nng
v cc hp cht phc tp khc
1.d Tha thun v thi gian nhn mu v phn tch

ti s
Do Phng Th nghim xc
nhn
1.e
Do Phng th nghim bn
ngoi xc nhn
Tha thun v thi gian gi mu v phn tch

n phng th nghim bn ngoi
2. Ly mu
Danh mc cc chai ly mu (v ha cht bo
qun mu)
Ly t phng th nghim
2.b Ph kin: tem khng thm nc, nhn hoc

bin, bt khng thm nc, keo gn
Ly t phng th nghim
2.c
Ly t phng th nghim
2.a
Phiu ghi mu chuyn cho phng th nghim
3. Cc thit b phn tch trn hin trng

3.a
pH k cn tay (v o th xy ho kh )
Ly t phng th nghim :
phi c cn chnh
3.b Thit b o dn in cm tay (v o tng cht

rn ha tan)
phi c cn chnh
3.c
phi c cn chnh
110
Thit b o c cm tay
Danh mc kim tra i vi nhm Phn tch phng th nghim

MONIT-Checklist.XLS
4. Thit b phn tch phng th nghim cho tng
thng s phn tch
Giy lc (22, 45)
Phi c sy kh trc khi i

ly mu
My sy
Cn phn tch (0.0001g)
Cn cn chnh
H thng lc : bm lc chn khng, bnh lc,

gi
L sy (105 C)
cn c kim tra
Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD)
ng nghim (0-150 or 0-1500 mg/L)
Availability in fridge
Dung dch so snh COD (1000 mg/L)
Cn c chun b
My o COD Hach
Cn c kim tra
My quang ph Hach-2500/Hach-4000
Cn c cn chnh
Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD5)

Dung dch dng cht
Cn c chun b
Chai o BOD
Cn c lm sch
u o xy
Cn c cn chnh
xy k
Cn c cn chnh
Hp BOD (20 C)
Cn c kim tra
111
PH LC 2G
Mt s v d v chi ph phn tch

2F Mt s v d v ph phn tch
N GI
HOT NG THU V PHN TCH MU KHNG KH XUNG QUANH,

KH THI V NC THI TRN A BN TNH NG NAI
(B sung nhng ch tiu B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cha ban hnh nh mc)

(Km theo Quyt nh s 77/2009/Q-UBND ngy 20/10/2009 ca UBND tnh ng Nai)
Bng 2G 3: V d v chi ph phn tch S TNMT ng Nai
STT
M hiu
Thng s
Phng php th nghim
n gi
(VN)
I. n gi hot ng thu v phn tch mu khng kh xung quanh

1.1
KK1a
Bi kim loi (Ni, Cu,

Cd, Pb, Cr tng)
TCVN 6152 - 1996 (l Graphite)
137.197
1.2
KK1b
Bi kim loi (Ni, Cu,

Cd, Pb, Cr tng)
TCVN 6152 - 1996 (ngn la)
135.608
KK2
CO2
TCN 353 - 89
133.971
KK3
H2S
Thng quy k thut YHL&VSMT B Y

t 1993
258.067
4.1
KK4a
NH3
Thng quy KTYHL&VSMT (thuc th

Nessler)
149.289
4.2
KK4b
NH3
Thng quy KTYHL&VSMT (thuc th

Indophenol)
176.629
KK5
HCl
Thng quy KTYHL&VSMT
148.481
KK6
H2SO4
Thng quy KTYHL&VSMT
165.073
KK7
HCN
Thng quy KTYHL&VSMT
201.491
II. n gi hot ng thu v phn tch mu kh thi

1
KT1
Nhit l t
Thit b hng ngoi
282.677
KT2
Bi
TCVN 5508 - 1991
199.924
3.1
KT3a
Bi kim loi (Cu, Cd,

Pb, Cr tng, Ni)
TCVN 6152 - 1996 (l Graphite)
275.219
3.2
KT3b
Bi kim loi (Ni, Mn,

Cu, Cd, Pb, Al, Zn, Cr
tng)
TCVN 6152 - 1996 ngn la
260.923
KT4
Kh NH3, HF, Cl2, THC,

H2S, Ozon, VOC
TCVN 5508 - 1991 TCVN 5067 - 1995
353.495
KT5
o ng khi: Vn tc, Thit b chuyn dng TESTO 350

nhit , p sut, %O2,
%CO2, CO, SO2, NOx
112
2.126.895
STT
M hiu
Thng s
Phng php th nghim
n gi
(VN)
NT1
Nhit
APHA 2550.B
14.847
NT2
APHA 2130.B
84.167
NT3
Mu
APHA 2120.D
101.611
NT4
kim ( kim phenol)
APHA 2310.B
57.462
NT5
Cn khng tan (TSS)
APHA 3540.D
84.341
NT6
dn in (EC)
APHA 2510.B
86.746
NT7
Cn ha tan (TDS)
APHA 2540.C
86.746
NT8
Cn ton phn sy 110oC
APHA 2540.B
105.652
NT9
Cht rn sa lng c
APHA 2540.F
65.866
10
NT10
Tng cht rn bay hi

103oC - 105oC
APHA 2540.B
70.503
III. n gi hot ng thu v phn tch mu nc thi
11
NT11
pH
USEPA 150.1
40.180
12
NT12
Clo d
HACH 8021
106.113
13
NT13
COD
APHA 5220
124.819
14.1
NT14a
Hm lng oxy ha tan
APHA 4500-O.G
89.042
14.2
NT14b
Hm lng oxy ha tan
TCVN 5499-1995
90.199
15
NT15
BOD
APHA 5210.B
122.596
16
NT16
Clorua (Cl-)
APHA 4500-Cl
89.005
17
NT17
Nitrit (N-NO2-)
APHA 4500-NO2
96.417
18.1
NT18a
Nitrat (N-NO3-)
USEPA 352.1
104.612
18.2
NT18b
Nitrat (N-NO3-)
APHA 4500-NO3
120.831
19.1
NT19a
Amonia (N-NH3)
USEPA 350.3
110.984
19.2
NT19b
Amonia (N-NH3)
TCVN 5899-1995
109.636
19.3
NT19c
Amonia (N-NH3)
APHA 4500-NH3
109.636
20
NT20
Sunphat (SO42-)
APHA 4500-SO4
92.196
21.1
NT21a
P tng
APHA 4500-P.E
112.387
21.2
NT21b
P tng
APHA 4500-P.D
112.573
22
NT22
Tng s Phospho hu c
APHA 4500-P.B&P.E
114.546
23.1
NT23a
Hm lng Nit kendan
APHA 4500-N.org.B
171.195
23.2
NT23b
Hm lng Nit
APHA 4500-N.org.D
201.463
24
NT24
Xyanua (CN-)
APHA 4500-CN.C
205.724
25
NT25
Phenol
TCVN 6216-1996
534.941
26
NT26
Du v m
APHA 5520.C
368.284
113
M hiu
27
NT27
Du m ng thc vt
APHA 5520.F
307.972
28.1
NT28a
Hm lng du khong
Sc k
390.967
28.2
NT28b
Hm lng du khong
HDCV 34-TN-05
367.445
29
NT29
Hm lng Cr (VI)
TCVN 6658-2000
163.796
30
NT30
Hm lng Cr (III)
APHA 3500.Cr.B
207.532
31
NT31
Hm lng Cr tng
APHA 3500.Cr.B
199.662
32
NT32
Florua
APHA 4500-F.D
151.282
33
NT33
Sunfua ha tan
APHA 4500 S2-.D
133.858
34
NT34
Sunfua tng
APHA 4500 S2-.D
115.522
35
NT35
H2S
APHA 4500 S2-.H
115.522
36.1
NT36a
Kim loi Fe
APHA 3500-Fe
115.140
36.2
NT36b
Kim loi Fe
HACH 8008
109.352
37.1
NT37a
Cc kim loi (Mn, Ni,...)
APHA 3113.B
129.704
37.2
NT37b
Cc kim loi (Mn, Ni,...) nc APHA 3113.B

nhim mn
177.358
37.3
NT37c
Cc kim loi (Mn, Ni,...)
APHA 3111.B
130.126
38
NT38
Kim loi Na
APHA 3500-Na
112.205
39
NT39
Kim loi K
APHA 3500-K
112.354
40.1
NT40a
Kim loi Hg
APHA 3112-B
140.861
40.2
NT40b
Kim loi Hg (mu c hm

lng cht hu c cao)
APHA 3112-B
147.637
41
NT41
Kim loi As
APHA 3114.B
130.637
42
NT42
Kim loi Se
HDCV 35-TN-06
146.093
43
NT43
E.coli
BS 5763-94
108.535
44
NT44
Coliform
BS 5763-91
109.454
114
Thng s
Phng php th nghim
n gi
(VN)
STT
BNG BO GI
(PHN TCH CC CH TIU MU NC & NC THI)
(Source: Private laboratory, Analyses Costs valid from 1/4/2008 to 31/12/2008)
TABLE 2G 4: Example of analyses costs from a private laboratory
STT
CH TIU
N GI (ng)
PHNG PHP
mu
60.000
TCVN 6185:1996 APHA 2120 B
Nhit
15.000
Thit b chuyn dng
cng Tng
60.000
APHA 2340 C TCVN 2672-78
cng Ca
60.000
cng Mg
60.000
Mi, v xc nh bng
cm quan
20.000
APHA 2150 B
dn in (EC) 200C
30.000
ORION 115 APHA 2510
pH
30.000
TCVN 6492:2000
60.000
TCVN 6196-3:2000
10
Na
60.000
11
mn/Cl-
50.000
TCVN 6194:1996
12
Nitrate
60.000
APHA 4500-NO3- TCVN 6178-96
13
Nitrite
60.000
APHA 4500-NO2 TCVN 6180-96
14
NH3
60.000
TCVN 5988:1995 APHA 4500
15
DO
40.000/60.000*
TCVN 5499: 1995
16
BOD
80.000
APHA 5210 B TCVN 6001-95
17
COD
80.000
APHA 5220 C TCVN 6491-99
18
P tng, PO43-
60.000
APHA 4500 P TCVN 6202-96
19
P ha tan
60.000
115
CH TIU
N GI (ng)
PHNG PHP
20
N tng
60.000
TCVN 6638:2000
21
Tng Du m
300.000
APHA 5220
22
Chlorine
60.000
APHA 4500
STT
23
Rn tng s (TS)
60.000
APHA 2540 B TCVN 4560:1998
24
Rn l lng (TSS)
50.000
APHA 2540 D TCVN 4560:1998
25
Rn ha tan (TDS)
50.000
APHA 2540 C TCVN 4560:1998
26
Rn bay hi (TVS)
60.000
TCVN 4560:1998
27
SO42.
60.000
TCVN 6200-1996
28
Al tng (Al2O3)
60.000
29
Al
50.000
30
Fe tng (Fe2O3)
60.000
31
Fe2+
50.000
32
Fe3+
90.000
33
F-
80.000
APHA 413-C-1985
34
Ch s oxy ha
80.000
TCVN 6186-96
35
H2S
70.000
APHA 4500, TCVN 5370-91
36
Chlorophyll
50.000
APHA 1002-G-1985
37
Kim loi nng:

+ Tr As,Hg (Cd,Co. Cr, Cu, Pb,
Zn, Mn, Ni, Sb, Sn)
+ As tng
+ Hg tng
+ Se tng
ISO 12020-1997
3+
TCVN 6177-1996
60.000
80.000
80.000
80.000
APHA 3500
38
40.000
TCVN 6184:1996
39
Phenol
300.000
APHA 5530C
40
CO2 t do
50.000
APHA 4500D
116
CH TIU
N GI (ng)
PHNG PHP
APHA 4500, TCVN 6181:1996
41
Xianua (CN- )
100.000
42
kim tng
50.000
43
kim phenol
50.000
44
kim metyl orange
50.000
45
Hm lng bicarbonate (HCO3-)
50.000
APHA 2320B, TCVN 6636-1-2000
STT
APHA 2320B
46
Hm lng carbonate (CO3-)
50.000
47
Cr6+
60.000
APHA 3500C
48
3+
Cr
60.000
49
As (III)
100.000
APHA 3500B
50
As (V)
160.000
51
E.coli
110.000
TCVN 6846:2001
52
Coliform
80.000
TCVN 4882:2001
53
Sallmonella
150.000
TCVN 4829:2001
54
Tng vi khun hiu kh
100.000
TCVN 6847:2001
55
VK sinh kh H2S (Suffur Bacteria)
300.000
SMEWW 918.D- 1985
56
Nm Blasmodiaphora
150.000
Ly trch
57
Vi khun Fe (Iron Bacteria)
300.000
SMEWW 918.A- 1985
58
Pseudomonas
200.000
SMEWW 914C.D- 1985
117
Chng III: o lu lng
CHNG 3. O LU LNG
3.1. GII THIU

Quyn sch Quan trc nc thi cng nghip ny ch a ra mt s thit b v h thng
t ng o lu lng dng thi trong knh h, l loi h thng thot nc thi thng gp
nht Vit Nam.
Dng chy trong knh h l dng chy trn cc ng dn c b mt cht lng khng c p,
v d: cc rnh, knh dn khng che ph b mt (S tay o lu lng dng chy trn knh h
ISCO, Douglas M. Grant & Brian D. Dawson, 5th Ed., ISCO Inc.). Mt s ng ng kn v cng
ngm cng c th c xp vo loi knh h khi dng chy khng c p lc v ng ng
khng chon y cht lng.
C mt s phng php xc nh lu lng dng chy trong knh h m n gin
nht l o vn tc v tit din dng chy c gii thiu tm tt trong phn ny. Lu lng
dng chy c tnh ton bng cch c lng gn ng tc dng chy trn b mt V
(m/s) v tit din ca dng chy A (m2). Lu lng Q (m3/s) c tnh bng tch ca A v V. y
l phng php hu hiu nh gi nhanh lu lng dng thi. Da vo kt qu s b ny
c th a ra cc la chn ban u v cc p chn thng phm thch hp v cc thit b s
cp cho tng trng hp gp phi. Cc phng php nh gi nhanh khc s c gii thiu
tm tt cui chng ny.
Thc t hay gp nht l vic lp t cc cu trc thy lc cn gi l thit b s cp vo
trong cng thi, lm thay i chiu cao mc nc ca dng chy. Lu lng dng chy Q
c xc nh thng qua chiu cao mc nc (H, ct nc) o ti mt v tr c trng pha u
dng chy. Q c th c c trc tip trn thit b o hoc c tnh ton qua chiu cao
mc nc H. Trong trng hp s dng cc thit b t ng (thit b th cp), cc d liu Q v
H c chuyn i trc tip v ghi vo b nh.
Cc hng sn xut thng a ra danh mc y cc thit b s cp thng phm c
sn trn th trng. Mc ch gii thiu ca cun sch ny ch a ra mt vi dng dng c
o chn lc dng p chn v cc thit b s cp thng dng cng nh cc ch s dng
c th. Cc thit b trnh by trong chng ny bao gm:
(i) Cc dng c thng phm dng p chn ca a gic Thel-Mar,
119
(ii) Cc dng c o dng p chn t to,

(iii) Cc dng c o dng mng o Palmer-Bowlus,
(iv) Cc dng c o dng mng o Parshall.
Chng III: o lu lng
Bng 3.1 tm tt u im v nhc im ca cc thit b s cp khc nhau. Trong giai

on chun b, vic la chn cc thit b s cp da trn kt qu ca t kho st s b thc
a ti c s cng nghip nh: lu lng gn ng ca dng thi v chi tit v tnh trng cng
thi (loi cng thi, kch thc, dc, kh khn trong tip cn v cc tr ngi khc,...). Phn 3.2
gii thiu mt cng c tin li gip chn cc thit b s cp v phn tip theo s trnh by
chi tit tng loi thit b nu trn. T c s la chn chc chn v chun b cc vt liu
phc v cho vic lp t thit b vo h thng knh h trong nhng trng hp c th. Bn
cnh , cun sch ny cng gii thiu thm mt s dng c th cp t ng v cc chi tit
k thut nhm to iu kin thun li trong vic o lu lng dng thi. Chng c ch to
da trn cc nguyn l vt l nh: dng vt ni, s thay i ca mch in, truyn xung m,
thay i p sut thu tnh.
Cc trng hp nghin cu in hnh trong cc hot ng quan trc ca d n VCEP s l
cc v d minh ha v s c nu chi tit trong cc Ph lc. Phn tm tt c trnh by
cui chng ny.
3.2. BIN PHP AN TON V THIT B BO H TI HIN TRNG
Khi lm vic ti hin trng thng gp nhiu nguy c phi nhim bi cc yu t c
hi v cc ri ro i vi sc khe ca quan trc vin (xem phn 9.1, Chng 9). Phn ln cc
nguy c ri ro ny c th c ngn nga bng cc bin php k thut bo h lao ng (xem
phn 9.2). Tuy nhin, m bo an ton khi lm vic ti hin trng, cn thit phi s dng
cc trang thit b an ton v phng tin bo h c nhn ph hp vi tng trng hp c
th. Trong trng hp c bit khi lp t thit b s cp (mng v p) v thit b th cp
nh my o lu lng, nhn vin lm vic ti hin trng phi p dng cc bin php an
ton c bit khi xm nhp v lm vic khu vc khng gian khp kn nh trong h ga nc
thi nguy hi.
Tt c cc nhn vin cn chia s trch nhim thc hin cc bin php an ton. D bt c
v tr no, mi nhn vin u c trch nhim m bo an ton ti ni lm vic, c ngha v t
chc cng vic m bo mi trng lm vic an ton. thng qua vic kim sot mi trng
xung quanh khu vc quan trc c th ngn nga c thng tch v bnh tt.
Tm tt cc mi nguy hi lin quan n quan trc mi trng
Quan trc nc thi hin din nhiu mi nguy him c th ngn chn. Cc mi nguy him
lin quan n cng vic quan trc nc thi cc c s cng nghip bao gm:
120
KHNG GIAN KHP KN

Cc mi nguy lin quan ti vic trong khng gian
khp kn l ngt th do thiu xy, ng c (v d do
kh hydrogen sulphide, kh methane hay a-m-ni-c).
Nguy c chy n do vic hnh thnh v pht thi cc kh
chy trong qu trnh x l (v d kh methane, hydrogen)
TRONG NH XNG
Trt v ng trn sn trn do nc, cc dung dch cha
nc hay dung mi.
Bng, do hi nc hay hi nng, nc nng bn ra t
nhng b m nng, dung mi hay cc cht lng khc
bn ra khi tip xc vi b mt nng.
Nhng phn ng ha hc d di do khng kim sot
c vic ha trn ha cht (v d nu ha nc vo
axit sulphuric m c) trong lc chun b cc cht
phn ng x l nc thi.
Ng c cp tnh do cc ha cht trong cht thi, s
dng lm cht phn ng (v d hi clo), hay b pht thi
trong qu trnh x l; c bit l s pht tn ca cc kh
c v d nh xianua (trong qu trnh m hay x l
nhit cc cht thi trong qu trnh axit ha), kh sulfur
hydro, v.v.
Ng c kh phosgene hnh thnh khi cng nhn ht
thuc trong mi trng c hi dung mi clo ha, hoc
khi c la hn, ngn la khc hay h quang.
Bng ha cht do cc cht lng n mn.
Bng mt do bn cc cht gy kch thch hay cht lng
n mn.
Va chm, kp do my mc chuyn ng hay xe c
B thng (c bit l mt) do cc bi bay, nht l t
bn chi quay lm sch hay thao tc my mi
Git in do tip xc vi thit b in b hng, cp
in, v.v.
BN NGOI NH XNG
Ng xung ao, h, b lng, thng cha hay nhng l h
tng khng nhn thy (thng l nhng khu vc bo
dng km) gy b thng hoc cht ui
B ct hay m bi nhng vt kim loi sc nhn t kt cu
ang b tho d gn im x nc thi cng nghip.
Ng c cp do ung nhm phi nc b nhim trong
ma nng.
Cc bin php bo v
An ton v sc khe ngh nghip

lin quan n khu vc ming cng:
a) y kh nguy hi ra
b) Ngn chn cc loi vt hoang d
c) Thng gi v to iu kin lm
vic an ton
d) Cc tnh hung khn cp

lin quan n cc khu vc nh
xng, c bit l nh my ha
cht:
a) Qun o bo h v cc thit b
bo h c nhn lin quan n
cc kh c v mi (khu trang
hay mt n phng c, knh, m,
ng v qun o)
b) Phn nh khu vc nguy him
(ro chn, thanh ngn ng v
bng hiu) c tim nng gy cc
thng tch
c) Qun o v trang b bo h lao
ng lin quan n chng git
in v phng chy

khu vc cng nghip, c bit l
im x nc thi:
a) Qun o v trang b bo h lin
quan n kh c v mi (khu
trang, knh, m, giy v qun o)
b) Qun o v trang b bo h lin
quan n nguy c thng tch
c) Cc bin php phng thi tit
kh khn (nng v nhit ): m
chng ma, nng, nc ung v
ra tay
121
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Cc mi nguy him ti a im quan trc
Tm tt cc mi nguy him lin quan n khng gian khp kn (h ga)

Cc bin php thn trng sau y cn c lu trc khi xm nhp h ga:
Dng ro chn, thanh chn v bin bo bo v cng nhn, thit b v giao thng. Thp
n sng vo bui ti.
S dng cng c hp l nhc np h ga.
Lu l c th c gin, nhn, rn, thn ln, chut, kin v cc cn trng c hi bn trong

v bn ngoi cng v h ga. Hy mang thit b bo h c nhn ng v ch xm nhp khi
cc yu cu v xm nhp khng gian khp kn c p ng. Trnh cc loi vt c hi
bng my phun khi hay thit b thng mi khc (my pht siu m xch tay, v.v.).
Thng gi tt khu vc v kim tra mc -xy, kim tra kh c v kh chy t trn xung
di. Kim tra nhit v m mc an ton. Tin hnh thng gi (vi my thng gi
hay qut xch tay) t nht 20 pht trc khi xm nhp.
Kim tra s c mt ca kh c nh H2S v NH3, hay CO, CH4 v cc kh chy khc c th

gy n.
S dng thit b th hp l tr khi khu vc c kim tra l an ton.
S dng thit b th dng kh (SCBA) khi khng c m bo s an ton.
S dng thang gp trnh bc phi cc bc thang lung lay, g, hay gy. S dng thit
b h xung t t nhng h ga su khi cn xung u c kim sot t mt v tr trn cao.
Cn c chc ba (bao gm rng rc v ti). (Xem hnh).
Xung tng ngi mt bng dy eo an ton cn tt, vi t nht hai ngi thao tc
dy ti.
Chng III: o lu lng
Cn ln k hoch c t 3 ngi lm vic cho mi vng khng gian khp kn trong lc quan
trc. Thit b v dng c an ton c m t di y.
Hnh 3.1: Thit b v dng c an ton
122
Cc bin php an ton c bn bao gm:
Cn trnh tip xc vi loi vt hoang di bng cch phun khi nhn to cng vi thng
gi bng qut xch tay v my to khi. Dng my pht siu m cng hiu qu v tin li.
Khng c s dng gic quan ca mnh xc nh xem khng kh trong khu vc khp
kn c an ton hay khng. Ngi ta khng th nhn, hay ngi thy nhiu loi kh c v
hi chy, cng khng th xc nh hm lng -xy. Cc my o kh xch tay (H2S, CH4 v
kh chy, CO-CO2 v O2) cn phi c khi xm nhp khng gian khp kn.
Vic la chn cc thit b s cp o lu lng cn c tin hnh mt cch cn thn

trc khi tin hnh cc hot ng quan trc. Vit Nam h thng thot nc ti mi khu
cng nghip cng nh ca cc c s cng nghip rt khc nhau. Do , c th cn nhiu thi
gian chun b nhng vt liu cn thit cho vic lp t thit b nh trang b linh kin d
phng, tnh ton thu lc dng chy v hiu chun thit b.
o lu lng dng thi cn ch ti hai yu t quan trng sau y trc khi tin hnh
cc nhim v chun b:
(i) c tnh lu lng dng thi v kh nng dao ng ca chng trong khong thi
gian quan trc ti hin trng (gi tr trung bnh v gi tr cao nht),
(ii) Cn xem xt m t chi tit h thng thot nc.
Vi nhng d liu ny, chng ta c th s dng c hiu qu cng c sau y thit
lp kiu loi ca cc thit b s cp cn thit cho chng trnh quan trc. Phng thc n
gin la chn b phn s cp c gii thiu trong Ph lc 3A. Chi tit xem thm trong
file trong CD MONIT-PRIMARY-SELECTION.XLS. Sau khi la chn c cc thit b s cp p
ng y cc yu cu v di o lu lng dng thi (p chn t to, p chn Thel-Mar
thng phm, mng o xch tay), cn xem xt ti nhng hn ch v kch thc ca cc cng
thi s quan trc. Ph lc 3A cung cp mt s gi la chn dng c o lu lng. Cn xem
xt li cc tnh ton c th ring v s liu trong cc phn tip sau y s la chn c
chun xc.
123
Chng III: o lu lng
3.3. LA CHN CC THIT B S CP
124
MIN
10
20
30
40
50
57,19
76,64
77,82
3,0
100
103,8
57,1
58,36
410 mm (16")
7,3
19,6
MIN
10
20
6,585
0,305 (12")
29,15
17,30
0,457 (18")
0,914 (36")
0,610 (24")
11,96
9,013
0,229 (9")
17,93
0,305 (12")
5,385
1,895
0,0508 (2")
0,152 (6")
0,948
2,800
0,0254 (1")
0,0762 (3")
Mng Parshall (ng knh hng, m)
22,75
0,533 (21")
29,18
0,610 (24")
16,57
5,696
0,254 (10")
12,01
0,457 (18")
2,671
0,203 (8")
12,11
1,432
0,152 (6")
0,381(15")
1,027
0,102 (4")
Mng Palmer-Bowlus (ng knh, m)
Mng
c ng
La chn cc kiu mng o c ng

Knh h hnh ch nht
380 mm (15")
250 mm (10")
360 mm (14")
200 mm (8")
300 mm (12")
150 mm (6")
p kiu Thel-Mar (ng knh)
3,0
30
42,04
50,69
50
57,1
60
70
61,17
68,29
80
90
100
LU LNG (m /hr)
97,8
97,8
115,4
125,3
173,3
110,7
194,6
40
48,63
2,0
37,0
38,9
145,9
29,19
1,5
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
p ch nht khng thu nh ng sau (Chiu rng khe h, L(m))
97,26
96,1
90
193,4
47,46
80
2,0
37,74
70
200
200
291,9
236,8
290,6
213,1
275,5
300
300
388,5
315,9
372,3
374,8
400
400
470,1
413,6
500
500
MIN
0,060
5 011
3 293
2 443
1 605
882
957,2
714,1
MAX
36 490
13 240
6 448
2 340
1 340
652,5
32 830
11 910
5 803
2 106
1 205
587,2
0,060
0,060
1 386
2 400
MAX
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
0,600
1,500
1,000
0,750
0,500
0,400
0,300
0,250
0,200
0,150
1,500
1,000
0,750
0,500
0,400
0,300
0,250
0,200
0,150
0,020
0,020
0,105
0,075
0,425
0,380
0,320
0,275
0,215
0,180
0,150
0,045
0,045
0,045
0,030
0,030
0,030
0,030
0,030
0,030
MIN
0,750
0,750
0,750
0,750
0,600
0,450
0,350
0,250
0,200
MAX
HMAX (m)
0,060
0,055
0,050
0,045
0,035
0,035
0,025
MAX
HMAX (m)
MIN
MIN
MAX
1,85
1,85
0,20
0,20
4,55
0,20
0,50
0,65
4,55
3,05
2,30
1,55
1,25
0,95
0,80
0,4
0,3
0,38
21,20
14,20
10,70
7,20
5,80
4,40
3,70
Rng (m)
0,12 - 0,21
Rng (m)
Xem c tnh
k thut
thng mi
c th
0,22 - 0,31
0,17 - 0,26
> 0,36
> 0,50
> 0,70
> 0,67
> 0,73
> 0,88
Xem c tnh
k thut
thng mi
c th
> 0,32
> 0,30
Xem c tnh
k thut
thng mi
c th
> 0,28
> 0,28
Trong trng hp mt s knh thng mi

c th (xem trang sau)
Su (m)
Xem c tnh
k thut
thng mi
c th
0,22 - 0,26
0,17 - 0,21
0,12 - 0,16
Trong trng hp mt s knh thng mi

c th (xem trang sau)
Su (m)
0,41
0,36
0,36
0,38
0,30
0,25
0,15
0,41
2,30
3,00
Rng (m)
3,0
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,20
0,30
4,55
3,64
3,12
2,91
Rng (m)
3,24
2,24
1,74
1,24
1,04
0,84
0,74
0,64
0,54
0,20
0,25
MAX
2,73
2,65
Rng (m)
0,52
0,40
0,33
0,31
0,28
0,27
MIN
Rng (m)
0,15
Su (m)
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
Su (m)
3,05
2,30
1,55
1,25
0,95
0,80
0,65
0,50
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
Su (m)
1,85
1,85
1,85
1,85
0,20
0,20
0,20
0,20
Kch thc Knh cn c
0,186
0,186
0,148
0,148
0,13
0,102
0,072
HMAX (m)
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
HMAX (m)
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
0,060
HMAX (m)
0,060
0,060
0,060
Su (m)
Kch thc Knh cn c

HMAX (m)
799,8
573,6
MAX
LA CHN THIT B S CP (P V MNG)
144,7
28,01
60
LU LNG (m /hr)
1,5
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
p ch nht thu nh ng sau (Chiu rng khe h, L(m))
4,382
2,529
60
7,589
1,814
45
90
1,185
30
120
0,8711
22,5
Gc khe ch (0)
Chn cc dng p chn khc nhau

Knh h c hnh ch nht
Bng 3.1: La chn cc thit b s cp (p v mng)
> 2 Hmax
CHIU RNG
P CH V
900
NC THI
CHIU RNG KHE H
CHIU SU
chiu rng khe h
> 2 Hmax
CHIU SU
Chng III: o lu lng
> 2 Hmax
Hmax
> 2 Hmax
Hmax
> 2 Hmax
Hmax
Bng 3.2: So snh cc dng c o lu lng xch tay

TN THIT B
S CP
NHC IM
Gi thnh thp v d lp t.
Dng c o chnh xc m c bit rt ph hp o
cc dng thi c lu lng thp. p chn c s
dng ti u cho dng thi c lu lng nh hn 28
l/s nhng cng c th s dng cho dng thi c lu
lng ln ti 280 l/s.
Tn tht ct nc cao.
Phi lm sch nh k - khng
thch hp vi cc dng thi
cha nhiu cht rn.
chnh xc b nh hng
nu vn tc dng vo ln.
p chn
ca ch
nht c thu
dng t to
C kh nng o lu lng dng chy ln hn nhiu
so vi p chn c khe hnh ch V. Cng thc tnh
ton phc tp hn cc loi p chn khc. c s
dng rng ri o lu lng dng chy ln trong
cc knh thi ph hp vi thit b.
Nh trn
p chn
ca ch
nht khng
thu dng
t to
C th o c di lu lng tng t vi loi p
chn c thu dng, nhng d lp t v c cng thc
tnh n gin hn. Tuy nhin, b rng ca nh p
chn phi tng thch vi b rng ca knh thi, do
c hn ch khi s dng. Trn b mt dng chy
c th c bt kh to thnh.
Nh trn
p chn
Thel-Mar
Kt hp c hai hay nhiu kiu p chn trn vi cc
kch thc khc nhau vo cng mt dng c nn c
th o c di lu lng rng. Khng xc nh c
lu lng vng chuyn tip gia hai loi p chn.
Nh trn
Mng o
PalmerBowlus
Kh nng t lm sch ti mt mc no .
Tn tht ct nc tng i thp.
chnh xc t b nh hng bi vn tc ca dng vo
hn so vi dng c o dng p chn.
Mng o c thit k d dng lp t vo cng
thi. Mng o c th thuc loi xch tay hay lp t
c nh vo cng thi, khng yu cu cng thi c
phn trng xung. c s dng rng ri o lu
lng trong h ga cng thi.
Gi thnh cao
Kh lp t
Mng o
Parshall
Kh nng t lm sch ti mt mc no .
Tn tht ct nc tng i thp.
chnh xc t b nh hng bi vn tc ca dng
vo hn so vi dng c o dng p chn.
p dng thch hp vi nhiu trng hp nht v
thng c lp t c nh vo dng thi. B rng
phn tht dng nm trong di t 2,54 cm n 15,2m,
thch hp cho mi dng thi.
Gi thnh cao
Kh lp t v yu cu knh
dn c phn trng xung.
p chn
c khe hnh
ch V t
to
Ngun: ISCO Open Channel Flow Measurement Handbook,

Douglas M. Grant & Brian D. Dawson, 5th Ed., ISCO Inc.
3
Chng III: o lu lng
U IM
125
3.4. S DNG CC THIT B O DNG P CHN CA A GIC THEL-MAR
Chng III: o lu lng
Cc thit b o lu lng Thel-Mar thng phm l cc dng c o lu lng xch tay, c

bit s dng o lu lng ti h ga cng thi v cui cc ng ng thi. Loi dng c
ny v c bn c thit k c mt khe hnh ch V pha y, pha trn hnh ch nht c thu
vo u cui nh trn Hnh 3.1 (xem chi tit trong ph lc tham kho phn MONIT-THELMAR1.XLS). Phn khe hnh ch V phc v cho vic o trong khong lu lng di 0,582 m3/h,
phn hnh ch nht c kh nng o 35% ca dng nc ti a trong ng (Bng 3.4.). Cc gi
tr lu lng Q (gallon/ngy hay m3/h) c in ln b mt ca lp nha polycarbonat vi nc
tng l 2mm, cho php c trc tip trn thit b m khng cn phi s dng bng tra cu
hay cc cng thc tnh ton chuyn i.
Thit b ny c sn xut km theo cc ph kin thun tin lp t vo cc ng
ng c kch thc t 150 n 410 mm. i vi loi ng ng c kch thc ln hn th s
c cc b ni chuyn tip c bit i km (t 18 n 48 inch hay t 457 n 1200 mm) khi s
dng loi p o 380 mm (15 in.). Trong trng hp ng ng thot nc hnh ch nht
th c th lp t cc b ni chuyn tip t to bng cc vt liu ti ch (cc mnh g, t st
). Trong thi gian cc hot ng quan trc ca d n VCEP, p chn Thel-Mar v cc thit
b s cp khc l khe dng hnh ch V v p chn hnh ch nht thng c s dng. Trong
nhng trng hp ny, vt liu h tr v cc cng c hu ch khc l cn thit thit lp ti
ch nhng gi , cc hng mc ny cn c th hin trong danh mc kim tra cc thit b
hin trng.
Bng 3.3 : Kh nng ti a ca cc thit b o lu lng dng p chn Thel-Mar
ng knh
ng
Lu lng ln nht,
QMAX
Mc nc ti a, HMAX
Inches
mm
Meter
L/sec
L/min
M3/hr
6
8
10
12
14
15
16
150
200
250
300
360
380
410
0,072
0,102
0,130
0,148
0,148
0,186
0,186
2,02
5,44
10,3
15,9
15,9
27,2
27,2
121
326
618
954
954
1 632
1 632
7,26
19,6
37,1
57,2
57,1
97,9
97,9
T nh ca rnh h ch nht n y ca khe

hnh ch V
126
Theo nh cung cp, vic hiu chun thit b c tin hnh trong phng th nghim
thy lc. Khi lp t cn m bo khng c nhng sai s do nhng nguyn nhn gy ra nh:
do gim khng lp nc trn qua p hoc do cc on thu dng, do vn tc chy qua
on thu dng, do ngp nc hoc mc nc b h thp. chnh xc ca php o nm trong
khong + 5% so vi gi tr lu lng thc.
c trc tip theo nc 2mm

Giong neoprene bt kn pha trong ng cng
Bnh xe iu chnh
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Bt nc thng bng
Vng lp ng
Hng dn lp t:
1. Chun b:
Trc khi lp t, mt pha trong ca ng chy n
phi c lau sch khi bn v cc vt l m
bo kht vi giong.
2. Lp t:
Xoay bnh xe iu chnh ht c v pha bn phi.
t tay qua ch m ca p chn v dng ngn ci
v ngn tr bp l xo li. a p vo trong ng
cng chy n mt khong 2,5cm, iu chnh
p nm ngang, bp l xo v th lc nn l xo. Vn
cht bng cch xoay bnh xe iu chnh sang tri
v dng ngn tay sit.
p ch nht c thu nh pha sau o
dng chy ti 35% c ng
Khe ch V 90 o lu lng nh
p c 380mm (15)
v cc ph kin
Ph kin g lp:
B B: b g t 525 ln 750mm
B C: b g 525 ln 1200mm
127
P THEL-MAR
Lp t p Thel-Mar trong h ga
(Bnh Dng, thng 6 v thng 11/2003, D n
quan trc khu Cng nghip Vit Hng)
Chng III: o lu lng
Lp t p Thel-Mar cui ng ng cng

(Hi Phng, 6/2002, D n trnh din
CP HAPACO)
Lp t p
Thel-Mar trong knh
h hnh ch nht vi
cc g lp th cng
(t st Nh my
giy Bc Ninh, 1/2003
hot ng tp hun
ca VCEP)
128
3.5. O LU LNG BNG P CHN T TO

Khi trn th trng khng c sn loi p Thel-Mar hoc l n khng ph hp vi iu
kin thc t ca dng chy (tc l lu lng dng chy cao hn so vi mc lu lng ln nht
m dng c Thel-Mar o c), gii php thng thng nht l t ch to ra dng c o dng
p chn thch hp vi iu kin . Dng c t to ny ch yu l mt loi p c lm
theo cc kch thc khuyn ngh, v t ngang knh h nc chy trn qua, hay qua khe
ch V.
C ba loi dng c t to thng c s dng trn thc t (Hnh 3.1.).
(i) p chn ca ch nht khng thu dng (chiu ngang t cui nh p chn n
thnh knh),
(ii) p chn ca ch nht c thu dng,
(iii) p chn c khe hnh ch V.
p chn c khe hnh ch V c th c thit k o chnh xc dng thi trong
trng hp lu lng thp. Khi lu lng dng chy ln, s dng p chn ca ch nht
thch hp hn.
P CHN CA CH NHT
KHNG THU DNG
KNH H
HNH CH NHT
P CHN CA CH NHT
C THU DNG
P CHN C KHE
HNH CH V
Hnh 3.3: Ba loi p chn t to thng s dng
3.5.1. p chn ca ch nht khng thu dng

Loi p ny thch hp cho vic o lu lng trn cc knh h hnh ch nht c lu lng dao
ng trong khong ln. Loi ny c khuyn ngh s dng i vi cc qu trnh sn xut thi ra
nhiu nc v dng thi thng c th t mc cao nht (qu trnh x trn) trong cng thi.
129
Chng III: o lu lng
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3.2. minh ha mt ct ngang ca dng chy trn qua p o. nh ca p l mp

hoc b mt m nc chy trn qua . Thng thng th mp trn ca p chn mng hoc
l vt v pha trc ca dng chy nc khng tip xc vi thnh pha sau ca p chn.
Mc nc pha trn nh ti im o chiu cao mc nc hin th cc ch s ca dng thi.
tnh ton lu lng c chnh xc cn phi o mc nc H ti v tr cch p ti thiu l t 3
n 4 ln Hmax trnh cc nh hng ca dng chy dc. Chiu cao ca p chn phi ln
hn 2Hmax. Phi c mt thong pha di dng chy trn qua p m bo dng chy
trng thi t do hay dng chy ti hn. HMAX phi khng ln hn 1/2 chiu rng ca khe v
Hmin phi khng nh hn 0,06 m ngn chn khng cho lp nc trn qua p b gi li
nh. c th p dng ng cc cng thc ton hc tnh lu lng th nh p chn v
kch thc cc chiu cao phi tun theo quy chun. Yu cu cui cng l chiu su ca knh
thot nc phi ln hn 3Hmax thch ng vi chiu cao ti a ca mc nc v chiu cao
ca p chn. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc dng c o dng p chn phi c kch thc
v phi c lp t ng k thut t c thong bn di ca dng chy trn v
cc iu kin dng chy khng p (ti hn) (Hnh 3.2. v xem thm trong CD km theo, file MONITWEIR-0.XLS).
Thc chia
Mc nc
ln nht
im
o mc
nc
hA
Khong 3mm
Khong 3mm
on dc
NH
P CHN
450
HEAD MAX, Hmax
Dng nc
Khong trng
>2 Hmax
>3-4 Hmax
p
chn
Y KNH
Hnh 3.4: Mt ct ca dng chy qua p chn c nh vt cnh
Lu lng dng chy khng p ca p chn ca ch nht khng thu dng c tnh
theo cng thc:
Q = K . L . H 1,5
Trong : Q = Lu lng
K = Hng s ph thuc vo h n v o
L = Chiu rng ca khe (chiu di g chn) ca p chn
H = Chiu cao mc nc pha trn p chn
130
Cng thc tnh theo h n v o SI (h mt):

Q = 1 838 . L . H 1,5
lt/giy (l/s)
Q = 110 280 . L . H 1,5
lt/pht (l/min)
Q = 6 618 . L . H 1,5
m3/gi (m3/h)
Trong : L : Chiu rng ca khe (m).
Bng 3.4: Bng tnh lu lng cho p hnh ch nht khng thu nh dng chy
P HNH CH NHT KHNG THU DNG
Bng tnh lu lng theo ct nc (m)
L, Chiu rng khe h:
0,3m
L, Chiu rng khe h:

0,4m
L, Chiu rng khe h:

0,5m
L/sec = 551,5 H1,5
L/sec = 735,4 H1,5
L/sec = 919,2 H1,5
L/min = 33 090 H1,5
L/min = 44 124 H1,5
L/min = 55 152 H1,5
m3/hr = 1986 H1,5
m3/hr = 2 647 H1,5

3
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
0,060
0,065
0,070
0,075
0,080
0,085
0,090
0,095
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,115
0,120
0,125
0,130
0,135
0,140
0,145
0,150
8,105
9,139
10,21
11,33
12,48
13,67
14,89
16,15
17,44
18,76
20,12
21,51
22,93
24,37
25,85
27,36
28,89
30,45
32,04
486
548
613
680
749
820
893
969
1 046
1 126
1 207
1 290
1 376
1 462
1 551
1 641
1 733
1 827
1 922
29,19
32,91
36,78
40,79
44,94
49,22
53,62
58,15
62,80
67,57
72,45
77,45
82,56
87,77
93,09
98,51
104,0
109,7
115,4
m3/hr = 3 309 H1,5

3
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m3/hr
0,060
0,065
0,070
0,075
0,080
0,085
0,090
0,095
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,115
0,120
0,125
0,130
0,135
0,140
0,145
0,150
0,155
0,160
0,165
0,170
0,175
0,180
0,185
0,190
0,195
0,200
10,808
12,187
13,62
15,10
16,64
18,22
19,86
21,63
23,26
25,02
26,83
28,68
30,57
32,50
34,47
36,48
38,52
40,60
42,72
44,88
47,07
49,29
51,55
53,84
56,16
58,52
60,91
63,33
65,78
648
731
817
906
998
1 093
1 191
1 292
1 395
1 501
1 610
1 721
1 834
1 950
2 068
2 189
2 311
2 436
2 563
2 693
2 824
2 957
3 093
3 230
3 370
3 511
3 654
3 800
3 947
38,90
43,87
49,02
54,37
59,89
65,60
71,47
77,51
83,71
90,06
96,57
103,2
110,0
117,0
124,1
131,3
138,7
146,2
153,8
161,5
169,4
177,4
185,5
193,8
202,1
210,6
219,2
227,9
236,8
0,060
0,065
0,070
0,075
0,080
0,082
0,090
0,095
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,115
0,120
0,125
0,130
0,135
0,140
0,145
0,150
0,155
0,160
0,165
0,170
0,175
0,180
0,185
0,190
0,195
0,200
0,205
0,210
0,215
0,220
0,225
0,230
0,235
0,240
0,245
0,250
13,51
15,23
17,02
18,88
20,80
22,78
24,82
26,92
29,07
31,27
33,54
35,85
38,21
40,62
43,08
45,59
48,15
50,75
53,40
56,09
58,83
61,61
64,43
67,29
70,20
73,14
76,13
79,15
82,22
85,32
88,46
91,64
94,85
98,10
101,39
104,72
108,08
111,47
114,90
811
914
1 021
1 133
1 248
1 367
1 489
1 615
1 744
1 876
2 012
2 151
2 293
2 437
2 585
2 736
2 889
3 045
3 204
3 366
3 530
3 696
3 866
4 038
4 212
4 389
4 568
4 749
4 933
5 119
5 308
5 498
5 691
5 886
6 083
6 283
6 485
6 688
6 894
48,63
54,86
61,28
67,97
74,87
82,00
89,34
96,89
104,6
112,6
120,7
129,0
137,6
146,2
155,1
164,1
173,3
182,7
192,2
201,9
211,8
221,8
231,9
242,2
252,7
263,3
274,0
284,9
296,0
307,1
318,4
329,9
341,5
353,2
365,0
377,0
389,1
401,3
413,6
131
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Bng 3.4 th hin cc tnh ton dng chy cho p hnh ch nht khng thu nh dng.
Trong Ph lc 3B, ngi s dng c th tm thy cc ha hu ch v th lu lng so vi
ct nc o c cho cc gi tr lin tc.
Hnh trong file MONIT-WEIR-2.XLS trong CD km theo c a ra cc s liu tng hp v

cc kch thc gii hn v hin th cc gi tr tnh ton Q t chiu cao H o c cho mt s
chiu rng khe hay gp.
3.5.2. Thit b o dng p chn ca hnh ch nht c thu dng
Chng III: o lu lng
Khi yu cu ca vic o lu lng i hi chnh xc hn, th s dng dng c o dng p

chn ca ch nht c thu dng l thch hp. Thu v pha cui dng l thu hp chiu rng dng
chy v tng tc dng chy khi nc chy trn qua p chn v to ra thong cn thit
di dng chy trn. Vic thu hp dng lm cho dng nc lu lng thp (Q) chy qua g
chn (H) cao hn nn gi tr o c chnh xc hn.
Khong cch trc dng o chiu cao mc nc v cc gii thiu khc lin quan n
cc ch chy khng p cng tng t nh trng hp ca p chn ca ch nht khng
thu dng (xem phn pha trn).
Cng thc tnh lu lng dng thi khng p ca p chn ca ch nht c thu dng:
Q = K (L 0,2 . H) H 1,5
Trong :
Q = Lu lng
L = Chiu rng khe h ca p chn
H = Chiu cao mc nc trn g
K = Hng s ph thuc vo n v
L/sec: Q = 1 838 ( L - 0,2 H) H 1,5

L/min: Q = 110 280 (L - 0,2 H) H 1,5
m3/hr: Q = 6 618 (L - 0,2 H) H 1,5
Trong L: chiu rng khe h ca p chn tnh bng mt.
Bng 3-5 a ra cc tnh ton lu lng cho p hnh ch nht c thu nh. Trong Ph lc
3B, ngi dng c th tm thy cc ha hu ch v th tnh ton lu lng theo ct nc
o c i vi cc gi tr lin tc.
Hnh trong file MONIT-WEIR-2.XLS a ra cc s liu tng hp v cc kch thc gii hn
v hin th cc gi tr tnh ton Q t chiu cao H i vi mt s chiu rng khe h chn.
132
Bng 3.5: Bng tnh ton lu lng cho p ch nht c thu nh dng
P HNH CH NHT C THU NH
Bng tnh lu lng theo ct nc (m)
L/sec = 1383 (0,3 - 0,2H) H1,5

1,5
L/min = 110 280 (0,3 - 0,2H) H

3
m /hr = 6 618 (0,3 - 0,2H) H
1,5
L, Chiu rng khe h:

0,5m
L/sec = 1383 (0,4 - 0,2H) H1,5

1,5
L/min = 110 280 (0,4 - 0,2H) H

3
1,5
m /hr = 6 618 (0,4 - 0,2H) H
L/sec = 1383 (0,5 - 0,2H) H1,5

L/min = 110 280 (0,5 - 0,2H) H1,5
m3/hr = 6 618 (0,5 - 0,2H) H1,5
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m3/hr
0,060
0,065
0,070
0,075
0,080
0,085
0,090
0,095
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,115
0,120
0,125
0,130
0,135
0,140
0,145
0,150
7,78
8,74
9,74
10,76
11,81
12,89
13,99
15,12
16,27
17,45
18,64
19,86
21,09
22,34
23,61
24,89
26,19
27,50
28,83
467 28,01
525 31,48
584 35,05
646 38,74
709 42,53
773 46,41
840 50,39
907 54,45
976 58,60
1 047 62,82
1 118 67,12
1 191 71,49
1 265 75,93
1 340 80,43
1 416 84,99
1 493 89,62
1 571 94,29
1 650 99,03
1 730 103,81
0,060
0,065
0,070
0,075
0,080
0,085
0,090
0,095
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,115
0,120
0,125
0,130
0,135
0,140
0,145
0,150
0,155
0,160
0,165
0,170
0,175
0,180
0,185
0,190
0,195
0,200
10,48
11,79
13,14
14,53
15,97
17,45
18,96
20,50
22,09
23,70
25,35
27,02
28,73
30,46
32,22
34,01
35,82
37,65
39,51
41,39
43,29
45,21
47,15
49,11
51,09
53,09
55,10
57,14
59,18
629
707
788
872
958
1 047
1 137
1 230
1 325
1 422
1 521
1 621
1 724
1 828
1 933
2 040
2 149
2 259
2 370
2 483
2 597
2 713
2 829
2 947
3 066
3 185
3 306
3 428
3 551
37,7
42,4
47,3
52,3
57,5
62,8
68,3
73,8
79,5
85,3
91,3
97,3
103,4
109,7
116,0
122,4
129,0
135,6
142,3
149,0
155,9
162,8
169,8
176,8
184,0
191,2
198,4
205,7
213,1
0,060
0,065
0,070
0,075
0,080
0,082
0,090
0,095
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,115
0,120
0,125
0,130
0,135
0,140
0,145
0,150
0,155
0,160
0,165
0,170
0,175
0,180
0,185
0,190
0,195
0,200
0,205
0,210
0,215
0,220
0,225
0,230
0,235
0,240
0,245
0,250
13,18
14,83
16,54
18,31
20,13
22,00
23,92
25,89
27,90
29,95
32,05
34,19
36,37
38,58
40,84
43,12
45,44
47,80
50,19
52,60
55,05
57,53
60,04
62,13
65,13
67,71
70,33
72,96
75,62
78,30
81,01
83,49
86,49
89,25
92,04
94,85
97,68
100,52
103,39
791
890
993
1 099
1 208
1 320
1 435
1 553
1 674
1 797
1 923
2 051
2 182
2 315
2 450
2 587
2 727
2 868
3 011
3 156
3 303
3 452
3 602
3 754
3 908
4 063
4 220
4 378
4 537
4 698
4 861
5 024
5 189
5 355
5 523
5 691
5 861
6 031
6 203
47,5
53,4
59,6
65,9
72,5
79,2
86,1
93,2
100,5
107,9
115,4
123,1
131,0
138,9
147,0
155,3
163,6
172,1
180,7
189,4
198,2
207,1
216,2
225,3
234,5
243,8
253,2
262,7
272,3
281,9
291,7
301,5
311,4
321,4
331,4
341,5
351,7
362,0
372,3
3
Chng III: o lu lng
L, Chiu rng khe h:

0,4m
L, Chiu rng khe h:

0,3m
3.5.3. p chn c khe hnh ch V

Loi dng c o dng p chn c khe hnh ch V ny rt ph hp trong trng hp lu
lng dng thi thp, c bit l trong nhng trng hp yu cu kt qu o c chnh xc
cao. c im chnh ca dng c ny l vch ngn c ct mt gc hnh ch V gia. Hai
cnh ca khe ch V c t ngang nhau v chm ch V phi t trn ng trc ca p.
Cc gc ch V thng c s dng l 22,50, 300, 450, 600, 900 v 1200. Gc ch V hay c s
dng nht l gc 900. Trong trng hp lu lng nh th gc ch V cng nh s cho kt qu
c chnh xc cng cao.
133
Khong cch gia cc cnh bn ca p chn v b knh hnh ch nht phi khng nh
hn 2Hmax d tnh. Yu cu v khong cch t chm ch V n y ca knh dn cng phi
khng nh hn 2Hmax. Cc chi tit k thut lin quan n kch thc c tm tt trong hnh
file MONIT-WEIR-3.XLS. Km theo hnh l bng tnh ton mt s kt qu in hnh.
Cng thc tnh lu lng dng chy khng p ca p chn c khe ch V:
Q = K . H 2,5
Trong :
Chng III: o lu lng
Q = Lu lng
H = Chiu cao mc nc trn p chn
K = hng s, ph thuc vo gc ch V v h n v o.
Vi n v o l h mt, cc cng thc tnh dng thi c trnh by trong Bng 3.6.
Bng 3.6 : Cc cng thc tnh lu lng cho p chn c khe hnh ch V (H, m)
Cng thc chung:
Q = K . H 2,5
Gc ch V(0)
L/sec
L/min
m3/hr
22,5
Q = 274,4 . H2,5
Q = 14 464 . H2,5
Q = 987,8 . H2,5
30
Q = 373,2 . H2,5
Q = 22 392 . H2,5
Q = 1 344 . H2,5
45
Q = 571,4 . H2,5
Q = 34 284 . H2,5
Q = 2 057 . H2,5
60
Q = 796,7 . H2,5
Q = 47 802 . H2,5
Q = 2 868 . H2,5
90
Q = 1 380 . H2,5
Q = 82 800 . H2,5
Q = 4 969 . H2,5
120
Q = 2 391 . H2,5
Q = 143 460 . H2,5
Q = 8 606 . H2,5
Vi cc xut tng t nh cho dng chy t do, chiu cao mc nc o c s

nm trong khong 0,06 n 0,60 m m bo chnh xc ca dng c o vi t l H/Q
thch hp.
Bng 3.7 a ra cc tnh ton lu lng cho p hnh ch V. Trong Ph lc 3B, ngi dng
c th tm thy cc ha hu ch v th tnh ton lu lng theo ct nc o c i
vi cc gi tr lin tc.
134
Bng 3.7: Tnh lu lng cho p hnh ch V

Lu lng tnh theo ct nc (m)
Q (L/sec) = 373,2 . H
Gc ch V = 60O
2,5
Q (L/min) = 22 392 . H
3
Q (m /hr) = 1 344 . H
Q (L/sec) = 796,7 . H
2,5
2,5
2,5
Q (L/min) = 47 802 . H
3
Q (m /hr) = 2 868 . H
3
Gc ch V = 90O
Q (L/sec) = 1 380 . H
2,5
2,5
3
2,5
Q (L/min) = 82 800 . H
3
Q (m /hr) = 4 969 . H
2,5
2,5
3
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
H (m)
L/sec
L/min
m /hr
0,060
0,33
19,7
1,19
0,060
0,70
42,2
2,5
0,060
1,22
1 217
73,0
0,065
0,40
24,1
1,45
0,065
0,86
51,5
3,1
0,065
1,49
1 372
82,3
0,070
0,48
29,0
1,74
0,070
1,03
62,0
3,7
0,070
1,79
1 533
92,0
0,075
0,57
34,5
2,07
0,075
1,23
73,6
4,4
0,075
2,13
1 701
102,1
0,080
0,68
40,5
2,43
0,080
1,44
86,5
5,2
0,080
2,50
1 874
112,4
0,085
0,79
47,2
2,83
0,085
1,68
100,7
6,0
0,085
2,91
2 052
123,1
0,090
0,91
54,4
3,27
0,090
1,94
116,2
7,0
0,090
3,35
2 236
134,2
0,095
1,04
62,3
3,74
0,095
2,22
133,0
8,0
0,095
3,84
2 424
145,5
0,100
1,18
70,8
4,25
0,100
2,52
151,2
9,1
0,100
4,36
2 618
157,1
0,105
1,33
80,0
4,80
0,105
2,85
170,8
10,2
0,105
4,93
2 817
169,1
0,110
1,50
89,9
5,39
0,110
3,20
191,8
11,5
0,110
5,54
3 021
181,3
0,115
1,67
100,4
6,03
0,115
3,57
214,4
12,9
0,115
6,19
3 229
193,8
0,120
1,86
111,7
6,70
0,120
3,97
238,5
14,3
0,120
6,88
3 442
206,6
0,125
2,06
123,7
7,42
0,125
4,40
264,1
15,8
0,125
7,62
3 659
219,6
0,130
2,27
136,4
8,19
0,130
4,85
291,3
17,5
0,130
8,41
3 881
232,9
0,135
2,50
149,9
9,00
0,135
5,33
320,1
19,2
0,135
9,24
4 107
246,5
0,140
2,74
164,2
9,86
0,140
5,84
350,6
21,0
0,140
10,12
4 337
260,3
0,145
2,99
179,3
10,76
0,145
6,38
382,7
23,0
0,145
11,05
4 572
274,4
0,150
3,25
195,1
11,71
0,150
6,94
416,6
25,0
0,150
12,03
4 810
288,7
0,155
3,53
211,8
12,71
0,155
7,54
452,1
27,1
0,155
13,05
5 053
303,2
0,160
3,82
229,3
13,76
0,160
8,16
489,5
29,4
0,160
14,13
5 299
318,0
0,165
4,13
247,6
14,86
0,165
8,81
528,6
31,7
0,165
15,26
5 550
333,0
0,170
4,45
266,8
16,01
0,170
9,49
569,6
34,2
0,170
16,44
5 804
348,3
0,175
4,78
286,9
17,22
0,175
10,21
612,4
36,7
0,175
17,68
6 062
363,8
0,180
5,13
307,8
18,47
0,180
10,95
657,1
39,4
0,180
18,97
6 323
379,5
0,185
5,49
329,6
19,78
0,185
11,73
703,7
42,2
0,185
20,31
6 589
395,4
0,190
5,87
352,4
21,15
0,190
12,54
752,2
45,1
0,190
21,72
6 857
411,5
0,195
6,27
376,0
22,57
0,195
13,38
802,7
48,2
0,195
23,17
7 130
427,9
0,200
6,68
400,6
24,04
0,200
14,25
855,1
51,3
0,200
24,69
7 406
444,4
0,205
7,10
426,1
25,57
0,205
15,16
909,6
54,6
0,205
26,26
7 685
461,2
0,210
7,54
452,5
27,16
0,210
16,10
966,0
58,0
0,210
27,89
7 968
478,2
0,215
8,00
479,9
28,81
0,215
17,08
1 025
61,5
0,215
29,58
8 254
495,4
0,220
8,47
508,3
30,51
0,220
18,09
1 085
65,1
0,220
31,33
8 544
512,7
0,225
8,96
537,7
32,27
0,225
19,13
1 148
68,9
0,225
33,14
8 837
530,3
0,230
9,47
568,1
34,10
0,230
20,21
1 213
72,8
0,230
35,01
9 133
548,1
0,235
9,99
599,5
35,98
0,235
21,33
1 280
76,8
0,235
36,94
9 433
566,1
0,240
10,53
631,9
37,93
0,240
22,48
1 349
80,9
0,240
38,94
9 735
584,2
0,245
11,09
665,3
39,93
0,245
23,67
1 420
85,2
0,245
41,00
10 041
602,6
0,250
11,66
699,8
42,00
0,250
24,90
1 494
89,6
0,250
43,13
10 350
621,1
0,255
12,25
735,3
44,13
0,255
26,16
1 570
94,2
0,260
12,86
771,8
46,33
0,260
27,46
1 648
98,9
0,265
13,49
809,5
48,59
0,265
28,80
1 728
103,7
0,270
14,14
848,2
50,91
0,270
30,18
1 811
108,6
0,275
14,80
888,0
53,30
0,275
31,60
1 896
113,7
0,280
15,48
928,9
55,76
0,280
33,05
1 983
119,0
135
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Gc ch V = 30O
3.5.4. Lp t p chn
Chng III: o lu lng
o lu lng mt cch kinh t phi c thit k v thc hin ph hp vi cc dng thi

ca cc doanh nghip va v nh, cho php tin hnh o lu lng vi cc p chn t to
v ly mu t ng (ci t theo lu lng) bn c nh. on cui cng ca h thng thot
nc nn c thit k hnh ch nht n nh dng chy vo thi gian cao im v c
lp t cc ph kin ph tr c nh cc p chn t to cng nh cc tm ngn chng
chy ri. V d v cu trc chi tit khi lp t dng c o c trnh by trong file MONIT-WEIR4.XLS. Thit k kinh t ny c th cho php o c lu lng trong khong rng. Loi thit
b xch tay c th c lp t nhanh, tho nhanh lm sch v bo qun an ton.
Cc dng c th cp t ng (o bng sng siu m, dng u d ngp trong nc, bng
kh,) c kh nng o c v lu tr d liu rt sn c trn th trng c th s dng km
theo trong nhng trng hp ny. Cc dng c ny c th kt ni d dng vi cc thit b ly
mu t ng m chng c th ci t chng trnh ly mu theo lu lng hay theo thi gian.
Vn ny s cp trong chng tip theo.
i vi nh my hay khu cng nghip c lu lng thi t dao ng th nn lp t c
nh dng c o vo h thng ng thot to iu kin thun li hn cho hot ng
quan trc. Hnh v trong file MONIT-WEIR-5.XLS tm tt li mt s im quan trng cn quan
tm: (i) V tr t u o, (ii) thong bn di ca lp nc chy trn qua g, (iii) Ging tnh cho
cc dng c o lu lng t ng (sng siu m, bng kh, u d,). Bn cnh cn phi xem
xt n chiu rng khe h v chiu cao xem dng c o c p ng c lu lng ln
nht ca dng thi hay khng trc khi tin hnh xy dng.
3.6. O LU LNG BNG MNG PALMER-BOWLUS
3.6.1. Cc yu t thy lc
Cc thit b o dng knh dn thng c chn lm thit b s cp o lu lng do
chnh xc ca chng cao hn so vi cc dng c o t to dng p chn. Mt dng c o
lu lng dng knh dn bao gm on knh h c thit k c bit thu hp tit din
knh v thay i dc ca dng chy t ng thi vo dng c o, kt qu l lm tng tc
dng chy v lm thay i chiu cao mc nc chy qua on thu dng ca thit b (Hnh
3.3). Lu lng c tnh ton thng qua thng s chiu cao mc nc H(m) ti im o chnh
xc v cc gi tr tnh ton mi lin h ca lu lng dng chy (xc nh thng qua s liu thc
nghim ca phng th nghim thy lc hay s liu thc nghim).
136
NG
CH
HNH CHIU THNG
D.NG KNH
DNG CHY
CHUYN TIP
THNG NGUN
CH THT
MT NC
DNG CHY
CHUYN TIP
H NGUN
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh chiu phi cnh
MNG PALMER-BOWLUS CHY T DO
Mt nc phi nh cao
ti khu vc ny
SU
THNG NGUN
SU
H NGUN
D/2
D = NG KNH KNH
im nn o
mc nc
HNH CHIU THEO CAO
Hnh 3.5: Mt ct thy lc dng chy qua phn tht dng ca mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus
Thit b o Palmer-Bowlus l loi knh dn dng Venturi c trng bi on thu hp dng

chy trong knh dn v c chiu di gn bng vi ng knh ng hay cng thi ti ni lp
t. Dng chy i vo knh dn gi l dng gn ti hn. Vn tc dng chy ti hn C ti im
c mc nc h c tnh theo cng thc:
C = (gh)1/2,
Trong :
g = gia tc trng trng

h = chiu cao mc nc
dc ca knh dn phi nh hn 2%. Nhng knh dn m c dc ln hn hoc l c

dng chy xo trn mnh th cn s dng mt s phng php iu ha dng chy c th
thu c gi tr o c ngha. Khi dng nc chy qua ch tht dng ca thit b, vn tc ca
n tng ln n gi tr dng chy ti hn. Bc nhy nh trn mt nc xut hin ngay sau
hng tht l bng chng cho thy dng ti hn xut hin trong mng. Bc nhy trn b
mt ny khng c xy ra trong on tht dng. i vi ng ng hoc cng thi, yu cu
c c dng ti hn ca dng c l khi su mc nc pha sau dng c o khng ln
hn 85% su mc nc u dng. gim mc nc nh pha sau thit b o m bo
cho dng chy t tc ti hn.
3.6.2. Cc chi tit ca mng o c ng
Cc mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus c thit k o lu lng trong ng ng
khng p, thng l cc ming cng, cc knh h c y trn hoc ch nht. Mng o lu
lng c ch to dng thu vo nhm to ra dng chy ti hn, kch thc ca chng c
chun ha theo kch thc ca cc ng ng v knh dn ni cn lp t cc dng c o
137
lu lng. V d nh mng dn Palmer-Bowlus c kch thc 10 inch (0,254 m) (loi t vo

trong cng thi) c thit k t vo bn trong ng ng c kch thc 10 inch. Cc
mng o Palmer-Bowlus c ch to sn c kch thc ph hp vi ng ng t 4 n
42 in. (0,102 n 1,07 m). Vt liu ch to mng o thng l si thy tinh, plastic, hoc thp
khng g. Hnh 3.4 trnh by mt s loi mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus c kch thc
khc nhau lm t si thy tinh c sn xut bi PLASTI-FAB v Hnh 3.5 trnh by hai mng
o loi xch tay c thit k t c nh vo cng thi v loi t tm thi vo trong
cng thi.
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3.6: Cc mng o lu lng Plamer-Bowlus bng si thy tinh

(Ngun: Plasti-Fab Product Bulletin)
Loi dng c o lp c nh (pha bn tri ca Hnh 3.5) c thit k lp c nh vo

ng ng thot nc v c ng knh trong bng vi ng knh ca ng ng ni. Loi
dng c o t vo trong ng ng (pha bn phi Hnh 3.5) c th c s dng o tm
thi hoc l lp t c nh vo trong ng ng hoc knh dn c sn. Loi ny c kch
thc ngoi bng vi kch thc bn trong ca ng ng thot hay knh thot. xc nh
kch thc ca mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus i vi mi v tr cn phi xc nh trc
kch thc ng ng thot, knh thot nc v lu lng ca dng chy ti v tr cn o lu
lng. Bng sau s a ra cc kch thc chi tit h mt ca cc dng c o lu lng PalmerBowlus (John Meunier Inc.). Cn lu l trn thc t dng c o do cc hng sn xut khc
nhau, c kch c rt khc bit. Cc v d v cc kch c ca cc thit b Palmer-Bowlus thng
gp nht trong cc hot ng quan trc ca VCEP c tm tt trong hnh v trong file
PALMERBOWLUS-468PO.DWG ti CD km theo.
138
Mng o Palmer - Bowlus
Ging tnh
1,7 D
Hnh chiu
D
im o
Dng chy
Hnh chiu ng
D/2
z
D/2
Mc 0
Mc 0
D/2
R
Tit din knh
Loi lp c nh
2D
L
Chng III: o lu lng
im o
Loi xch tay
Hnh 3.7 Cc loi mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus (lp c nh v c ng)
Bng 3.8 : V d kch thc gn ng bng h mt ca mng Palmer-Bowlus

(Ngun: John Meunier Inc., Montral, Canada). Kch thc chnh xc ph thuc vo loi
(c ng hay c nh) v b dy ca tng
ng
JMPB
knh
(1)
D (cm)
im
o
HMAX
(D/2)
Ct
nc
HMAX
(cm)
QMAX
(m3/d)
R
(cm)
Chiu
cao, H
(cm)
Z
(cm)
L
(cm)
N
(cm)
B
dy
(mm)
10,2
5,10
7,4
280
1,70
15,2
43,2
25,4
3,2
15,2
7,60
11,9
890
2,54
20,3
63,5
35,5
3,2
20,3
10,15
16,0
1 860
3,38
25,4
83,8
45,7
3,2
10
25,4
12,70
20,0
3 250
4,24
30,5
104,1
55,9
4,1
12
30,5
15,25
23,9
5 100
5,08
35,5
124,5
66,0
4,1
15
38,1
19,05
30,0
8 990
6,35
43,2
154,9
81,3
4,4
18
45,7
22,85
36,0
14 190
7,62
50,8
185,4
96,5
4,4
21
53,3
26,65
41,9
20 730
8,89
58,4
215,9
111,8
6,4
24
60,9
30,45
47,7
28 810
10,20
66,0
146,4
127,0
6,4
27
68,6
34,30
53,3
38 800
11,40
73,7
276,9
142,2
6,4
30
76,2
38,10
59,9
50 770
12,70
81,3
307,3
157,5
6,4
36
91,4
45,70
72,1
80 300
15,20
96,5
368,3
188,0
6,4
42
106,7
53,35
83,8
117 500
17,80
111,8
429,3
218,4
6,4
48
121,9
60,95
88,9
142 500
20,30
127,0
490,2
248,0
6,4
(1): John Meunier Palmer-Bowlus models
139
Bng 3.9 a cch tnh ton lu lng cho mng o Palmer-Bowlus Flumes. Trong Ph lc
3B, ngi dng c th tm thy cc ha hu ch v th tnh ton lu lng theo ct nc
o c i vi cc gi tr lin tc.
Bng 3.9: Bng tnh lu lng cho mng Palmer-Bowlus
Mng Palmer-Bowlus
6 in. (0,152 m)
m /hr
2,091
0,7419
2,671
2,856
1,007
3,626
1,0350
3,728
1,306
0,040
1,3060
4,700
1,637
0,045
1,6080
5,788
0,050
1,9430
6,994
0,055
2,3110
0,060
2,7190
0,065
10 in. (0,254 m)
3
12 in. (0,254 m)
3
L/sec
m /hr
L/sec
m /hr
4,703
1,582
5,696
1,829
6,585
5,893
1,973
7,103
2,286
8,229
2,003
7,209
2,400
8,641
2,787
10,03
2,402
8,649
2,862
10,30
3,330
11,99
8,319
2,836
10,21
3,358
12,09
3,912
14,08
9,787
3,309
11,91
3,892
14,02
4,538
16,34
3,1650
11,390
3,819
13,75
4,466
16,08
5,203
18,73
0,070
3,6500
13,140
4,368
15,73
5,077
18,28
5,908
21,27
0,075
4,1790
15,050
4,963
17,87
5,733
20,64
5,658
23,97
0,080
4,7480
17,090
5,599
20,15
6,432
23,15
7,449
26,82
0,085
5,3560
19,280
6,280
22,61
7,177
25,84
8,284
29,82
0,090
6,0010
21,600
7,009
25,23
7,972
28,70
9,166
33,00
0,095
6,6770
24,040
7,783
28,02
8,816
31,74
10,09
36,33
0,100
7,3800
26,570
8,606
30,98
9,713
34,97
11,07
39,85
0,105
8,1060
29,180
L/sec
m /hr
0,020
0,3978
1,432
0,025
0,5808
0,030
0,7933
0,035
Chng III: o lu lng
8 in. (0,203 m)
L/sec
H (meters)
140
(Data from Plasti-Fab Inc.)

(Manufactured by Plasti-Fab Inc.)
9,476
34,11
10,66
38,39
12,09
43,54
0,110
10,39
37,40
11,67
42,01
13,17
47,41
0,115
11,35
40,85
12,73
45,83
14,30
51,48
0,120
12,35
44,45
13,85
49,85
15,48
55,74
0,125
13,38
48,17
15,01
54,05
16,72
60,20
0,130
14,45
52,02
16,24
58,46
18,02
64,87
0,135
15,55
55,98
17,51
63,05
19,37
69,75
0,140
16,67
60,01
18,84
67,82
20,78
74,83
0,145
17,81
64,12
20,21
72,75
22,26
80,12
0,150
18,97
68,29
21,62
77,84
23,78
85,62
0,155
23,07
83,06
25,37
91,33
0,160
24,56
88,41
27,01
97,25
0,165
26,07
93,87
28,71
103,4
0,170
27,62
99,42
30,46
109,7
0,175
29,18
105,0
32,26
116,2
0,180
30,76
110,7
34,11
122,8
0,185
36,01
129,6
0,190
37,95
136,6
0,195
39,93
143,7
0,200
41,94
151,0
0,205
43,98
158,3
0,210
46,05
165,8
0,215
48,14
173,3
3.6.3. Lp t ti hin trng

Khi lp t mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus, cn ch cc im sau:
y ca u mng o phi c lp t st hoc l bng vi y ca ng ng hoc

knh dn. Mng o phi c t cn bng.
Mng o khng b di chuyn khi v tr lp t do p lc dng chy st k tng.
Mng o khng c bin dng do p lc ca dng chy st k tng.
Knh thng ngun

1. dc pha u dng chy phi nh hn 2% m bo dng chy gn ti hn i
vo mng o ( dc ln nht: 2,2% cho loi mng o 4 inch v 6 in., 2,0% cho 8 in., 1,8%
i vi 10 in., 1,6% i vi 12 in., v.v).
2. Dng chy phn b dc theo knh dn, khng hnh thnh qu trnh chy ri hay sng.
3. Trn on ng ng dn pha trc mng o vi chiu di khong 25 ln ng
knh (D) ng khng c on cong, h trng, v khng giao vi dng chy khc.
Knh h ngun
1. dc ca ng ng ra cui dng chy ln hn hoc bng so vi dc ng
ng u dng chy.
2. su ca dng chy phi khng ln hn 85% su pha u dng chy.
3. ng ng ra cui dng khng c vt cn nhm trnh cn tr dng chy.
im o Hmax
Chiu su ca mc nc trn mng o ti im tht dng (khng phi tnh t y ca
ng ng hay knh) l ch s dng thi. V tr l tng o mc nc l cch mt on bng
mt na ng knh ng hay b rng ca knh dn tnh t ming vo ca mng dn. Tuy
nhin v tr ny khng phi l duy nht, c th o mc nc ti v tr pha trc ca vng
chuyn tip trn mt khong cch bng ng knh ng, chiu su mc nc thay i
khng ng k khi i qua mng o.
iu kin quan trng duy tr dng chy ti hn
dc knh dn ti thiu (i vi pha cui dng chy) l yu t rt cn thit duy tr
dng chy ti hn khi i qua im tht dng ca mng o v ngn khng cho mng o b
chm. Dng chy ti hn c xc nh l xut hin, khi chiu su mc nc pha cui dng
chy khi i qua knh dn nh hn 85% chiu su mc nc pha u dng chy, ngha l t
l ngp trong nc nh hn 85%. y l gii hn ngp nc cn trn cho php m bo
mng o hat ng bnh thng. Mt bc nhy nh hoc l mc nc dng cao hn ngay
sau khi i qua im tht dng l bng chng cho thy dng chy ti hn xut hin trong
mng o.
dc ln nht cho php pha u dng chy cng l yu t quan trng m bo
dng chy t ti gi tr gn ti hn (vn tc thp hn so vi ti v tr tht dng ca mng o) v
khng b chy ri. Tuy nhin, ti v tr o tc ca dng chy phi ln c th thu c
gi tr o c ngha. Cng nh vy, dng chy qua mng o v im o trc ch tht dng
phi thng v ch chy dng. c gi tr o chnh xc cn c bin php hiu chnh sao
141
Chng III: o lu lng
cho dng chy khng c s o trn hay sao cho dng chy u mng o phi iu ha cng
nh vn tc ca dng chy phn b u trn mng o. Gii hn trn dc ca knh thot
pha u dng chy duy tr dng chy gn ti hn thng l 2% i vi mng o kch thc
nh v dc nh hn i vi mng o c kch thc ln hn.
Kh khn trong vic lp t thit b o
Chng III: o lu lng
Tt c cc thit b o cn phi c nh gi trc trong qu trnh kho st s b xem c

thch hp vi v tr o v loi nc thi cng nghip cn quan trc hay khng. Hnh 3.6 a
ra mt s trng hp kh khn khi trin khai lp t mng o (mng c kch thc 100 mm,
150 mm v 200 mm) vo knh thot nc thi do kch thc ca mng o v ca knh thot
nc thi.
Lin kt thit b o lu lng vi thit b ly mu nc t ng
Chiu cao mc nc Hmax c th c trc tip trn thc o ca dng c. Tuy nhin ta
c th s dng mt thit b o lu lng s dng sng siu m hay mt loi thit b o t
ng khc. Gi tr o c s c x l v hin th trn mn hnh, d liu c tng hp
tnh tng lng thi trong khong thi gian nht nh. Cc kt qu o c c th dng lm
tn hiu u vo cho thit b ly mu t ng. Trong trng hp ny vic lp t mt thit b
ly mu nc t ng l thc s hu ch nu ly lng mu theo t l lu lng dng thi.
Hnh 3.7. minh ha mt mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus c lp t trn mt knh dn
nc thi h Vit Nam (Hi Dng). Dng c ny c kt ni vi thit b o lu lng bng
sng siu m v mt thit b ly mu nc t ng kiu Manning.
Hnh 3.8: Lp t mng o vo knh thot nc km theo chi tit cc kch thc ca mng o Palmer-Bowlus
(4, 6 v 8 inch) v kch thc ca knh thot nc thi
142
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3.9: Kt ni thit b o lu lng v thit b ly mu nc t ng (hot ng chc nng lu lng)

(Tp hun ti hin trng Hi Dng Bc Ninh, 07/2003)
3.6.4. Bng tra cu

Bng tra cu gia lu lng dng thi v gi tr c ca u o c nh sn xut cung
cp i km. Do c rt nhiu loi dng c do lu lng Palmer-Bowlus cho nn mt iu rt
quan trng l phi s dng ng bng tra v ng cong t l i vi mi loi mng o. Cc
thng s k thut t hai nh cung cp khc nhau cng c th khc nhau. Hnh v trong file
MONIT-PALMERBOWLUS-1.XLS cung cp cc c trng ca dng thi (chiu cao mc nc
v lu lng) v cc bng tra cu ca mng o Palmer-Bowlus c kch thc 150, 200, 250 v
300 mm do Plasti-Fab sn xut.
3.7. O LU LNG BNG MNG PARSHALL
Mt loi dng c o lu lng khc cng s dng c cu thy lc thng thng l dng
c o lu lng Parshall. Dng c ny c TS. Ralph L. Parshall thuc U.S. Soil Conservation
Service thay i v chnh sa. Ging vi mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus, loi dng c ny
kt hp gia on knh o lu lng h c hnh dng c bit, vi on tht dng v on
dc y xung to ra mi quan h thy lc gia lu lng dng thi v chiu cao mc
nc o c trong mng. Hnh 3.8 gii thiu tm tt cc c tnh thy lc dng ca dng c
Parshall c in vi cc v tr tip nhn ty chn. Nh hnh dng c bit ny m dng c o
Parshall c kh nng gi thng bng vi ngp nc tng i cao (ti khc r nhnh cui
dng) m khng nh hng ti tc dng chy.
3.7.1. Cc yu t thy lc
S gim rng mng o v st thp y hng tht to ra dng chy vt ti hn. Tuy
nhin mng o Parshall ch tin ch khi o c v tnh ton lu lng dng thi trong 2 iu
kin: (i) xut hin dng chy t do qua ch tht dng v (ii) t l ngp trong nc cui dng ca
dng c o thp. Trong iu kin dng chy t do s xy ra hin tng nhy thy lc ngay sau
khi dng chy chy qua ch tht dng ca dng c o (Hnh 3.9.). S hnh thnh di sng nc
ny l chng t trnh trng chy t do ca dng chy. Chiu cao mc nc ti v tr trn khp
143
ni l gi tr cn thit xc nh lu lng dng thi t bng tiu chun km theo dng c

o (gi tr hA gii thiu phn sau).
Chng III: o lu lng
Chiu cao mc nc phn sau mng o cng l mt yu t lm gim tc ca dng

thi. trn gi tr ti hn, s cn tr pha cui dng c th lm gim tc dng chy, tng
su mc nc v gy ra hiu ng chy ngc dng. tnh ton lu lng dng thi yu
cu cn phi o chiu cao mc nc u dng chy hA, v chiu cao mc nc ti im tht
dng hB. T l hB/hA (%) lin quan n t l ngp trong nc. Lu lng ca dng thi c th
c tnh ton chnh xc qua chiu cao mc nc u dng, hA, khi t l hB/hA khng vt
qua cc gi tr gii hn c a ra trong Bng 3.5.
Bng 3.10: Cc t l ngp gii hn i vi dng c o lu lng Parshall
Mng o Parshall
T l ngp gii hn trong nc, %
Loi mng 1, 2 v 3-in.

(0,0254 0,0762 m)
50%
Loi mng 6 v 9-in.

(0,152 & 0,229 m)
60%
Loi mng 1 n 8 feet

(0,305 to 2,44 m)
70%
Loi mng 8 n 50 feet

(2,44 to 15,2 m)
80%
B tng ct thp
Hnh chiu bng mng o PARSHALL
Dng vo
Mt knh
Hnh chiu cnh
y knh
Hnh 3.10: Mt ct thy lc dng chy qua mng dn Parshall
144
3.7.2. Cc chi tit ca dng c o xch tay Parshall

Hnh dng v cc thut ng ca mng o Parshall c a trong Hnh 3.9. Thng thng,
cc kch thc khc c tnh ton qua thng s b rng on tht dng W. Vi gi tr W cho
trc, cc kch thc khc nhau c tnh ton v c a trong Bng 3.6. Vic tun th theo
ng thit k m bo thit b o c cc gi tr chnh xc. Cc v d v xy dng chi tit
mt dng c Parshall c nh c minh ha trn hnh v trong file MONIT-PARSHALL2369PO.DWG.
Phn u vo/u ra ca dng c o phi tng thch vi ch ni dng c o vo

ng ng. Dng vo tc cao c th c lm chm li v iu ha dng chy
bng cc khoang lm gim nng lng dng chy v iu ha lu lng dng.
i vi dng chy trn knh h c th dng cc vch ngn s gip cho dng chy
u.
S dng cc thc o dng cc tm mng c vch chia cm hoc feet gn vo thnh

dng c pha u dng chy on thu dng ti mt v tr thch hp c th quan
st c d dng.
Cc ging (c th gn lin hay tch ri) o mc nc bng cc dng c o lu lng

th cp.
Cc ph kin gn vo mng o ca cc u o bng sng siu m, bng bng kh,

bng u o p sut thy tnh.
Hp ng mng.
im o mc nc
2/3A
hA
hB
DNG CHY
Mng PARSHALL (HNH CHIU BNG)
D
W
H
R
Mng PARSHALL (HNH CHIU CNH)
Mt nc
DNG CHY B NGP
DNG CHY T DO
MC CHUN ZERO
cho hA v hB
Dc I/4
y nm ngang
N
Y
im o mc nc
Hnh 3.11 : Hnh dng v cc kch thc thit k i vi mng o Parshall
(Ch : Dng c ny c thit k bao gm on u ng ni ty chn)

Hnh v trong file MONIT-PARSHALL-ADAPTORS.DWG trong CD km theo gii thiu mt
s chi tit cc thit b ty chn cho mng o Parshall.
145
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Vt liu ch to dng c o xch tay (ch to sn) c th c lm t g, tm kim loi m,

si thy tinh, hoc l cc loi vt liu khc. Chng thng c sn vi mt s chi tit ty chn:
146
7'
8'
10'
21,300
24,400
30,500
2'
0,6100
6'
1'6"
0,4570
18,300
1'
0,3050
5'
9"
0,2290
15,200
6"
0,1520
4'
3"
0,0762
12,200
2"
0,0508
3'
1"
0,0254
0,9140
B rng,
W (m)
2,440
2,290
2,130
1,980
1,830
1,680
1,520
1,450
1,370
0,879
0,621
0,467
0,414
0,363
4,270
2,390
2,240
2,090
1,940
1,790
1,640
1,500
1,420
1,340
0,864
0,610
0,457
0,406
0,356
3,660
2,740
2,440
2,130
1,830
1,520
1,220
0,914
0,762
0,610
0,381
0,394
0,178
0,135
0,0929
4,760
3,400
3,030
2,670
2,300
1,940
1,570
1,210
1,030
0,845
1,220
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,762
0,610
0,397
0,575
0,305-0,457
0,152-0,254
0,152-0,229
0,259
0,214
0,167
0,914
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,305
0,305
0,152
0,114
0,0762
1,830
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,914
0,457
0,610
0,305
0,254
0,203
0,309
0,257
0,206
0,1520
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0254
0,0222
0,0191
0,457
0,457
0,457
0,457
0,457
0,381
0,381
0,381
0,381
0,305
0,305
0,3430
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,2290
0,1140
0,1140
0,0572
0,0429
0,0286
Kch thc (m) mng o Parshall i vi cc b rng tht dng khc nhau, W
4,170
3,810
3,440
3,080
2,710
2,220
1,850
1,680
1,490
1,080
0,902
Bng 3.11: Kch thc mng o Parshall i vi cc b rng tht dng khc nhau, W
Chng III: o lu lng
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,610
0,508
0,508
0,508
0,508
0,406
0,406
0,3050
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0508
0,0254
0,0159
0,0079
0,2290
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0762
0,0381
0,0254
0,0127
3.7.3. Lp t ti hin trng

Mng o lu lng Parshall cn phi c lp t ng gi tr lu lng o c chnh
xc v ng tin cy. Ton b c cu mng xch tay t chc chn, va vn v cn i vo b
ngang v dc theo chiu di ng ng vo v tr cn o. Hai bn sn ca mng o khng
b cong hay vnh ln di sc mnh ca dng chy.
Cc ch i vi dng chy u ngun
Cc ch i vi dng thi cui ngun

Mt ch rt quan trng i vi dng chy ra khi dng c o l trnh t l ngp trong
nc cao (hB/hA). S dng sn thot nc ra thp v khoang nc chy ra rng s gip duy
tr t l ngp v tc dng nm trong gii hn cho php. Lp t cc u ni ty chn c
th bng hoc thp hn u ra ca dng c o lm gim t l ngp nc. dc ca ng
cui dng nn ln hn hoc bng vi dc u dng chy.
3.7.4. Cng thc tnh ton v bng tra cu dng thi
Lu lng dng chy t do qua mng o Parshall c th c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q=K.Hn
Trong : Q = Lu lng dng thi
H = Chiu cao mc nc hA
K = hng s, ph thuc vo b rng ca hng thu v h n v o
n = hng s nng lng, ph thuc vo b rng hng thu
Nu s dng h n v mt, cc cng thc tnh ton lu lng dng thi ca cc dng t
do qua cc mng o Parshall c a trong Bng 3.12., chiu cao mc nc H(m) c o
ti im hA, v gi nh t l ngp trong nc nm trong gii hn cho php. Bn cnh , cc
bng s liu thc nghim v cc ng cong bin i c th c thit lp tham kho
nhanh khi tin hnh quan trc ti hin trng (Hnh v trong file MONIT-PARSHALLCALCULATIONS.XLS).
147
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Thng thng khng nn chn mt v tr ca knh h m ti tc dng chy cao

lm im t dng c o. Tuy nhin, lp t thm mt vi b phn vo knh thot nc c
th lm gim cng chy ca dng. Dng chy t cng thi i vo on thu dng, ri phn
b u theo b ngang dng c o. ng i ca dng chy phi song song vi ng tm
ca dng c o. C th s dng mt thit b lm gim nng lng ca dng chy loi b
hoc gim bt s chy ri ca dng chy, mt s khp ni u vo thch hp c th lm n
nh dng chy rt hiu qu trong trng hp ny. Mt vi ph kin khc cho vic lp t
dng c o vo cng thi bao gm mt ci sn dc gip cho dng chy m khi i vo khu
vc thu dng. Dng chy c th cao bng hoc l thp hn ca vo ca dng c o ch khng
th cao hn. Sn c cc u ng ni thch hp ni gia dng c o vo cng thi c hnh
dng khc nhau, chng c thit k m bo to ra vng tnh cn thit m bo gi tr
o c chnh xc (xem file MONIT-PARSHALL-ADAPTORS.DWG).
Bng 3.12 : Cng thc tnh ton lu lng i vi dng chy qua mng o Parshall
B rng on tht dng
W(m)
Chng III: o lu lng
W (in.)
L/sec
m3/hr
0,0254
1"
Q = 60,36 H 1,550
Q = 217,3 H 1,550
0,0508
2"
Q = 120,7 H 1,550
Q = 434,6 H 1,550
0,0762
3"
Q = 176,5 H 1,547
Q = 635,5 H 1,547
0,1520
6"
Q = 381,2 H 1,580
Q = 1 372 H 1,580
0,2290
9"
Q = 535,4 H 1,530
Q = 1 927 H 1,530
0,3050
1'
Q = 690,9 H 1,522
Q = 2 487 H 1,522
0,4570
1'6"
Q = 1 056 H 1,538
Q = 3 803 H 1,538
0,6100
2'
Q = 1 429 H 1,550
Q = 5 143 H 1,550
0,9140
3'
Q = 2 184 H 1,566
Q = 7 863 H 1,566
12,200
4'
Q = 2 954 H 1,578
Q = 10 630 H 1,578
15,200
5'
Q = 3 732 H 1,587
Q = 13 440 H 1,587
18,300
6'
Q = 4 521 H 1,595
Q = 16 280 H 1,595
24,400
8'
Q = 6 115 H 1,607
Q = 22 010 H 1,607
3,050 - 15,200
10' 50'
Q = (2 293 W + 473,8) H 1,601
Q = (8 255 W + 1 706) H 1,601
Bng 3-13 trnh by tnh ton cho mng Parshall. Trong Ph lc 3B, ngi dng c th tm
thy cc ha hu ch v th tnh ton lu lng theo ct nc o c i vi cc gi tr
lin tc.
Lu lng nh nht v ln nht c xc nh da trn thc nghim. Bn ngoi khong
ny, chnh xc ca gi tr o gim v khi cc gi tr o c nh chiu cao mc nc
cng nh cc gi tr lu lng tnh ton c khng th s dng m ch c gi tr tham kho.
Hnh 3.12 Minh ha cch lp t mng Parshall in hnh.
148
Bng 3.13: Bng tnh lu lng cho mng Parshall

Kch thng on tht
dng 0,152m (6)
Kch thng on tht

dng 0,152m (6)
Q = 176,5 . H1,547 L/sec
Q = 381,2 . H1,580 L/sec
Q = 690,9 . H1,522 L/sec
Q = 635,5 . H1,547 m3/hr
Q = 1372 . H1,580 m3/hr
Q = 2487 . H1,522 m3/hr
H (m)
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,09
0,11
0,13
0,15
0,17
0,19
0,21
0,23
0,25
0,27
0,29
0,31
0,33
0,35
L/ sec
0,778
1,714
2,885
4,256
5,805
7,516
9,379
11,383
13,520
15,784
18,169
20,671
23,284
26,006
28,832
31,760
34,787
MAX
m3/hr
2,800
6,172
10,39
15,32
20,90
27,06
33,77
40,98
48,68
56,83
65,42
74,43
83,84
93,64
103,8
114,4
125,3
MINs
H (m)
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,09
0,11
0,13
0,15
0,17
0,19
0,21
0,23
0,25
0,27
0,29
0,31
0,33
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,41
0,43
0,45
L/ sec
1,496
3,354
5,707
8,489
11,656
15,177
19,027
23,188
27,643
32,379
37,384
42,648
48,162
53,919
59,911
66,131
72,574
79,234
86,106
93,186
100,469
107,951
MAX
m3/hr
5,385
12,07
20,54
30,55
41,95
54,62
68,48
83,46
99,49
116,5
134,6
153,5
173,3
194,1
215,6
238,0
261,2
285,2
309,9
335,4
361,6
388,5
MINs
H (m)
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,09
0,11
0,13
0,15
0,17
0,19
0,21
0,23
0,25
0,27
0,29
0,31
0,33
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,41
0,43
0,45
0,47
0,49
0,51
0,53
0,55
00,57
0,59
0,61
0,63
0,65
0,67
0,69
0,71
0,73
0,75
L/ sec
3,323
7,232
12,069
17,692
24,01
30,96
33,50
46,58
55,17
64,24
73,78
83,77
94,18
105,00
116,22
127,82
139,79
152,13
164,82
177,86
191,23
204,93
218,95
233,29
247,93
262,88
278,1
293,7
309,5
325,6
342,0
358,6
375,6
392,8
410,2
427,9
445,9
MAX
m3/hr
11,96
26,03
43,44
63,68
86,43
111,5
138,6
167,7
198,6
231,3
265,6
301,5
339,0
378,0
418,3
460,1
503,2
547,6
593,3
640,2
688,4
737,7
788,1
839,8
892,5
946,3
1001
1057
1114
1172
1231
1291
1352
1414
1477
1540
1065
149
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Kch thng on tht

dng 0,076m (3)
150
24
15,625
24
MNG
PARSHALL 6 INCH
4,5
12
8,40G25
MNG PARSHALL
2 INCH
1,6875
16
16
24
10
4,5 10
27
9,875
5,3125
24
10,1875
2,25
12
25
KCH THC THEO

INCH
(1 Inch = 2,54cm)
(22,625 = 22 5/8)
(23,125 = 23 1/8)
MNG
PARSHALL 9 INCH
18
MNG
PARSHALL 3 INCH
30
22,625
23,125
34
4,50
12
HNH CHIU CNH
18
HNH CHIU T TRN
34,625
Dng chy
0,25
2/3 of A
IM O
Right/Left
(Shown left)
G SIU M
KHNG KM THEO
VCEP
Industrial Pollution Management
NGUYEXN VAN KIET
Hnh v khng theo t l

Khng dng ch to, ch cho mc ch tp hun
MNG PARSHALL
Khng c ph kin la chn
Hnh 3.12: iu kin lp t mng Parshall
Chng III: o lu lng
15
3.8. DNG C O TH CP (THIT B O MC NC)

Lu lng dng thi chy qua p chn o lu lng hoc mng o c mi quan h ton
hc vi su mc nc H i vi dng c o bc mt. Dng c o th cp l thit b o lu
lng t ng trn knh h c ni vi dng c o s cp nhm mc ch l:
(i) o chiu cao mc nc trn dng c o s cp ti v tr thit k.
(ii) Chuyn i t gi tr mc nc (m) sang lu lng (m3/h) theo t l mc nc lu
lng bit ca thit b o s cp.
Cc nguyn l vt l ca cc loi dng c o c trnh by trong Bng 3.8. (cng c th

tham kho cc hnh trong file MONIT-AUTO-SYSTEMS-1.XLS).
Bng 3.14 : Cc nguyn tc vt l c bn ca cc thit b o lu lng
Nguyn tc vt l
c bn
Tm tt
Sng siu m
u d gn vo pha bn trn ca dng chy pht ra sng m v thu tn hiu

phn x li t b mt dng chy. Khong thi gian gia thi im pht sng v
nhn tn hiu phn x tr li s gip xc nh c cao ca mc nc ca
dng chy.
o p sut
thy tnh
Thit b o p sut c t trong dng chy, v o p sut thy tnh ca lp

cht lng pha trn, gi tr ny t l vi chiu cao mc nc ca dng chy.
Bng kh
Cc bt kh c thot ra t u t c nh ti y ca dng chy theo tc

nht nh v mt thit b o p sut ca dng chy (t l vi chiu cao mc nc)
cn thit duy tr tc bt kh. Thit b o p sut t bt kh t bn trong
thit b o dng, ng sc kh hnh m neo t trong dng chy.
Thay i
tn hiu in
Loi ny s dng vic thay i c tnh mch in gy ra do vic thay i chiu

cao mc nc ca dng chy. Phn ln cc thit b loi ny u s dng gi tr
in dung hay dn.
Phao
Mt ci phao gn vi hoc l mt ci dy v mt ci rng rc hoc l mt chic

ct thng ng o chiu cao mc cht lng.
Hiu ng Doppler u d tc dng chy Doppler truyn chui sng m tn s cao vo trong
dng chy. Sng m ny c phn x li bi cc cht l lng v bng kh c
trong dng chy. u d thu nhn tn s sng m phn x lin quan n vn
tc dng chy ti im xut hin phn x.
Mt thit b chuyn i p sut tch phn s o chiu su mc nc tnh ra
tit din t ca dng chy da trn hnh dng v kch thc ca knh thot
c ci t. Sau thit b tnh ton ra lu lng ca dng chy (qua cng thc
: Q = A x V) khi bit A v V (vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy).
Hiu ng Doppler da trn hin tng tn s m thanh thay i khi ngun pht
m thanh chuyn ng v bin thin v tr tng i i vi ngi nghe.
151
3
Chng III: o lu lng
(iii) Thit b ny c th cho tng lng thi (m3), hoc chuyn i sang b ghi khc, hoc
s dng cho thit b ly mu t ng (hot ng ch lu lng).
Cc thit b o lu lng sn c trn th trng c sn xut da trn cc nguyn tc vt

l tng t nhng im khc bit ch l c tnh k thut v cc ty chn. Bng 3.9 minh ha
c tnh k thut ca thit b o lu lng chuyn dng s bng sng siu m. Bng ny c
th c s dng nh danh mc kim tra trc khi la chn u t thit b. Phn gii thiu
v s dng my o lu lng siu m GREYLINE c tm tt trong Ph lc 3A.
Bng 3.15 : Tm tt cc chi tit k thut ca dng c o lu lng th cp
(Ngun: Ti liu k thut ca dng c o lu lng bng sng siu m GREYLINE & ISCO)
Chng III: o lu lng
3
Chi tit k thut
c im chnh
c im chnh
Quan trc v tnh tng lng dng chy ca knh h qua dng c o dng
mng o hay dng p. c trng: hiu chun n gin, t ng tnh tng
lng thi v c r le kim sot dng thi thch hp
Kh nng kt hp vi D hiu chun i vi cc dng c o dng mng o v dng p chn

cc dng c o chnh thng thng (Parshall, Palmer-Bowlus v Leopold-Lagco, p chn c khe
hnh ch V, p chn ca ch nht c v khng thu dng).
Kt ni vi cc thit b C th lp ghp vi (i) o lng ma 674 ; (ii) o pH 201; (iii) o cht lng
quan trc khc
nc nhiu ch tiu YSI 600; (iv) o DO 270; (v) thit b nhp d liu 581 RTD. 3
rle c lp trnh ph hp vi vic kim sot dng chy (cho cc dng c ly
mu t ng)
u ra: (mt hoc mt vi) tn hiu ra vi phn bit 4-20 mA, c th
chuyn sang dng ghi biu , sn sng cho vic ni vi my tnh hoc PLC's.
B nh trong
C th ghi 50 000 im d liu
Cc tnh nng khc

theo yu cu ca
khch hng
Phn mm hiu chun min ph cho khch hng: xc nh cng thc hiu
chun cho cc loi dng c o dng mng o hay loi p chn, sau nhp
gi tr vo phn mm hiu chun SLT32.
Cc kh nng lin lc
Modem in thoi ty chn, cung cp cc chc nng: ly d liu t xa, nhn

m, v t gi tn hiu bo ng.
Trong cc thit b o c cng nhn hiu, th cc thit b o khc nhau dng sensor hoc
dng u d c th ph hp hoc khng ph hp i vi dng thi cn quan trc. Vic la
chn c thit b o thch hp cn da trn nhng kt qu kho st m c bit l c
tnh nc thi cng nghip.
i vi trng hp dng thi cha bit c tnh:
Do u cm ng ca thit b khng phi tip xc vi nc thi, nn thit b o lu lng
bng sng siu m ISCO 4210 c th hot ng c lp trong thi gian di khng cn bo
dng. Thit b ISCO 4210 khng b nh hng bi cc cht ha hc n mn, cht rn l lng,
du m v rc trong dng chy (xem hnh trong file MONIT-AUTO-SYSTEMS-2.XLS), (Ngun: Cc
ti liu k thut ca ISCO).
152
i vi trng hp dng chy ri, c khc quanh, c vt ni v c bt nc trn b mt:

S dng thit b o ISCO 4220 dng u d t ngp trong dng chy chuyn i p
sut ring phn thnh chiu su mc cht lng. u o cm ng p sut rt chnh xc thm
ch ngay c khi n b bao ph bi rc v ct, h thng thng kh t ng b tr chnh lch khi
thay i p sut kh quyn. Cng ngh ny cho php o chnh xc ti cc v tr c s thay i
ca dng chy nh chy ri, bt kh, s dao ng ca nhit .
i vi dng thi c tnh cht n mn v b mt ca y knh h khng bng phng:

Cc dng c o lu lng kiu bng kh ISCO 4230 s dng my nn kh thi kh qua
ming u d t chm trong dng chy rt thch hp cho cc trng hp ny. Bng vic o
p lc kh qua u d c th o c chnh xc c su ca dng chy.
chnh xc ca dng c o 4230 khng b nh hng bi gi, hi nc trn b mt, bt
kh, chy ri, cht rn l lng v s thay i t ngt chiu su mc nc. Do ch c u thi
kh t vo dng chy cho nn s dng thit b ny rt thch hp i vi cc dng thi mang
tnh cht n mn. Bn cnh , loi 4230 cng c th chng chi vi nh sng, cc loi rc
nh v ct gy ra v n cng rt thch hp vi cc dng chy nc ma.
Trng hp khng c sn cc dng c o lu lng chnh:
u d ca thit b ISCO 4250 s dng cng ngh Doppler o trc tip tc trung
bnh ca dng chy. Dng mt thit b o p sut thy tnh v chuyn i thnh gi tr chiu
su mc nc xc nh tit din t ca dng chy. Sau thit b ISCO 4250 tnh ton
lu lng dng chy bng cch nhn tit din t v tc trung bnh ca dng chy.
Trn c s thit b ISCO 4250 cho chnh xc hn khi m vic lp cc dng c o
dng mng o hoc p chn khng thch hp, hoc b ngp, hoc dng chy chon y trong
ng v c th b chy ngc. Vi tch ca thit din v vn tc dng chy th khng cn phi
tnh ton dc v nhm ca knh dn. Thit b o ISCO Doppler loi 500kHz c kh nng
xuyn su hn loi 1MHz, loi c bc sng ngn hn c th cho gi tr lu tc cn th khi p
dng vi cc loi nc thi in hnh. H thng Doppler lin tc o mt ct ca dng chy, do
khng cn hiu chnh theo mt ct v hiu chun bng cc h thng in t trng.
Ti liu k thut y lin quan n cc dng c ISCO v cc loi thit b khc c gii
thiu trong phn ph lc. Bng hng dn la chn cc lu lng k c gii thiu file
MONIT-AUTO-SYSTEMS-3.XLS (trong CD km theo).
s dng hiu qu cc thit b o lu lng t ng, c th cn thm mt vi ph kin
khc i km m c bit trong trng hp o lu lng trong cc knh h hnh ch nht v
cc cng vm.
Ging tnh v c bn l mt khoang c gn vi thit b o s cp ti v tr gn vi im
o chiu cao mc nc (cch ming vo ca thit b 3-4 Hmax v pha u ngun cho cc p
chn o lu lng t to; cch im giao pha trn ng knh ng dn cho loi dng c o
dng mng o Palmer-Bowlus; v cch 2/3 khong cch gia ming vo v im tht dng cho
153
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Cc u d nhng chm ISCO c phn loi UL cho Cp I, Phn loi 1, Nhm A, B, C v D

cho cc a im nguy hi v khi lp t c s dng vch ngn an ton v hp tho d nhanh.
Vic ny lm cho vic lp t u d an ton nhng ni c th c kh gy chy.
loi mng o Parshall). Ging o ny c t tch bit so vi dng chy chnh (xem Hnh 3.10.).
B mt cht lng trong ging l yn tnh, khng b nh hng bi cc iu kin bn ngoi. Tuy
nhin, chiu cao mc nc s thay i theo s dao ng u n ca dng chy trong knh.
Chng III: o lu lng
Ging tnh c th s dng kt hp vi cc thit b o lu lng nh o bng sng siu

m, o p sut thy tnh, o bng bng kh hay o bng phao. Loi ging ny rt hiu qu khi
dng c o lu lng lp t c nh vo dng chy v s dng lu tc k t ng o lin
tc. Bn cnh thc o chia cng c th c gn vo v tr gn im t ging nhm
thun li cho vic hiu chun thit b.
C th khng cn mt ging tnh, trong trng hp s dng u d o trc tip vn
tc v thit din dng chy, chng khng c lp trong ging tnh m c lp t trc tip
vo trong dng chy. Trong trng hp lu lng thp, n s hot ng chnh xc cng nh
khng xy ra cc h hi vt l i vi u d. Ngoi ra, c th dng vt liu bng thp khng
g ch to cc vng gn cc u d. Cc u d ny s dng rt thch hp i vi cc trng
hp cng vm hoc l cc ng ng ngm.
GING TNH
KNH H HNH CH NHT
O DNG CHY MNH
- P CHN HNH CH NHT KHNG THU DNG
- TM CHN CHNG DNG XOY
- THC O MC NC
Hnh 3.13: Thc hin lp t ging tnh v thc o dng tm mng (c vch chia)
gn im o mc nc thch hp
Cc u d trc ht c lp t vo vng trn, v dng dy buc buc cht cc dy

dn ca u d vo mp ca vng trn pha cui dng chy. Sau , vng trn c lp t
vo trong ng, pha u ca dng chy ra. C 2 loi vng: vng m v vng kha. Vng m
c s dng trong trng hp ng nh c kch thc trong khong t 150 n 380 mm. Vi
loi ng ln hn (ln hn 500 mm) th thng s dng vng kha. Vng kha l cc h thng
gi : phn chn , phn kha, v phn ko di ra hai bn ph hp vi kch thc ca
ng ng cn lp. Chi tit cc loi ph kin lin quan n vic o lu lng trong nhng
154
trng hp kh khn nh lp t vo ng ng kh v iu kin lm vic khc nghit (c

kh gy chy n,) c gii thiu trn hnh v trong file MONIT-AUTO-SYSTEMS-4.XLS.
3.9. TM TT CC NGHIN CU TNH HUNG
Bng 3.16: Danh sch s b cc trng hp nghin cu in hnh v o lu lng.

Trng hp
Vn
Gii php v xut
Hi PhngHAPACO
im x thi cui cng: mt l

khng c hnh chun trn tng
nghing
p dng mt ng PVC ly dng v s

dng p chn Thel-Mar thch hp
Hi PhngHAPACO
Trn ln gia nc thi v nc

lm ngui trong mt h ga hp
Chia tch nc thi, p dng vch ngn

chng dng chy ri v p hnh ch
nht. V d tnh ton
Long AnFORMOSA
Dng chy quan trng v c sng Tnh ton cho vic p dng kh thi p
trong knh x hnh ch nht
hnh ch nht khng thu hp dng chy
pha sau
Long AnDt nhum
Knh x lun b ngp
xut p dng thit b thy lc o tc

dng chy
Long AnNh my ng
Knh x hnh ch nht lu lng

thp hn cng sut
o nhanh lu lng (din tch-tc ) v

tnh ton thit k mng Parshall
H Ni
Nh my cao su
H ga hp v vng. C pht thi

kh v hi nc
S dng my o tc Doppler nhn vi

thit din hay thit b o nhn chm trong
nc, v cc ph kin g lp
Bnh DngKhu CN (1)
Lu lng quan trng ti im x p dng p hnh ch nht ti im

(cng trn nghing)
tng ng Kh nng dng cng thc
Manning
Bnh Dng Khu CN (2)
Lu lng quan trng ti im x p dng tt hn p hnh ch nht, thc

o mc nc, v vch cn dng chy ri.
Bnh Dng Nh my ng
ng x PVC c dc ng lu Dng thit b s cp bao gm vch cn

dng chy ri v p chn ph hp.
Bc Ninh Nh my dt
Knh x vi dc ng lu
Dng thit b s cp bao gm vch chng

Bc Ninh Nh my bia
Knh x vi dc ng lu
Dng thit b s cp bao gm vch chng

Long AnNh my c quy
X nc thi bng h thng bm Phng php trng lc cn chnh bm

ni tip
v p dng ng h o tiu th in.
155
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Trong thc t cc hot ng quan trc cng nghip ca VCEP, c gp cc tnh hung
phc tp v t xut cc gii php thc t. Cc bi hc hu ch c rt kinh nghim t
cc hot ng thc t c trnh by tng hp li. Mt s file trong CD km theo trnh by
chi tit cc vn gp phi v gii php xut cho nhng trng hp . Bng 3.16 gii
thiu ngn gn cc nghin cu tnh hung .
Kh c th lng ht cc kh nng gp phi trong cc hot ng quan trc. Cn c ti

liu chuyn dng h tr tnh ton, nhng hc thng qua thc t kt hp vi kh nng nh
gi k thut tt lun l cch tt nht duy tr s tin b.
3.10. TM TT NHNG LI HAY GP TRONG LP T THIT B O LU LNG KNH H
Theo cc tc gi c kinh nghim, c hai loi li:
1) Nhng li c th trnh c, do s cu th v c th loi b nh gim st chuyn
nghip v nghim chnh lu n cc chi tit, v
Chng III: o lu lng
2) Nhng li khng th trnh c, l nhng li mc chnh xc, v mc d nhng

li ny khng th loi b hon ton, chng c th c gim n mc c th m
bo c kt qu chung nh s thn trng v hiu bit bn cht v mc ca nhng
li .
T ch to khng chun cc thit b s cp
a s cc li t ch to l: li sai chiu rng khe ca p chn thu nh, li o gc ca p
hnh ch V, sai lnh so vi kch thc chun ca mng Parshall v.v.
o sai ct nc hay v tr o ct nc sai
Li s xy ra nu thit b o ct nc khng c t ti v tr thch hp trn thit b s
cp. Li in hnh nht kiu ny xy ra cc p m v tr o nm ch mc nc b tt trn
nh p, v d, t my o trn thn p thay v t ch c xut l ba n bn ln ct
nc ti a trn thng ngun t p. Li cng c th xy ra trong mng khi thit b o ct
nc khng t ng v tr nu (xem hnh).
Hnh 3.14: Lp t ging tnh v thc o mc nc gn im o ct nc thch hp

trong trng hp mng Parshall
156
Hiu chun zero khng ng

Thng mi ngi khng bit im tham kho gi tr mc nc zero (0) trong thit b s
cp. Trong trng hp ca mng Palmer-Bowlus, mc nc zero (0) l y ca c tht ca
mng, khng phi l ch vng xung ca ng nh c ngi ngh th (xem v d minh ha ti
ph lc).
o ct nc khng ng
S dng thit b o s cp ngoi di o hp l

Tt c cc kiu v kch thc thit b o s cp c mt di lu lng xut, ngoi di
s c sai s khi o lu lng dng chy. Cn lun tham kho bng la chn thit b s cp
nhm tm ng di lu lng c th s dng i vi thit b o s cp.
Lp t hay bo dng p khng ng
C nhiu kh nng lp t hay bo dng p khng ng lm gp phn tng sai lch
trong o c lu lng. Chng bao gm t thanh chn nghing chiu ngang, thanh chn
nghing v thng ngun hay h ngun, mt thanh chn v pha thng ngun b nham
nh, cnh ca nh thanh chn b mn, khong khng pha ng sau dng nc chy qua
p khng , p b ngp, hay tc dng chy n qu cao.
Dng chy ri hay sng dng knh dn n
Dng chy ri hay sng dng c th xy ra knh dn n thit b s cp, v tc dng
chy ln, cc cng, van, bm, hay s thay i t ngt hng dng chy. Cc bin php iu
chnh lm dng chy n ha s cho kt qu tt nht, mc d c lc khng phi l vic
d dng.
157
3
Chng III: o lu lng
Li ny c th xy ra do t v tr u o khng ng, khng cn thn trong vic c s

liu ct nc, hay dng c o ct nc b hng, khng c lp t ng, hay khng c
bo dng.
Thng s k thut ca my o lu lng siu m

Greyline OCF-IV
PH LC 3A
Thng s k thut ca my o lu lng siu m Greyline OCF-IV

OCF 4.0 My quan trc lu lng knh h
Chng III: o lu lng
My o lin tc, hin s, tnh tng v ghi nht k s liu lu lng qua bt k mng hay
p no. My OCF 4.0 bao gm u o siu m khng tip xc c lp t ch 8" (203,2 mm)
pha trn dng nc chy. My hot ng chnh xc (0.25%) v tin cy. My khng lm cn
tr dng chy. S dng bn phm/h thng menu chn loi mng hoc p t Menu v
chn n v o (gallons, lt, v.v.).
My o Greyline OCF 4.0 bao gm 50.000 im ghi s liu v h thng bo co lu lng.
Phn mm "Greyline Logger" min ph i cng my OCF-4.0 cho php c s liu ghi li. Cm
cp USB hay RS232 trc tip vo cng serial ca my tnh bn hay xch tay, hay thng qua
modem quay s. t cu hnh u ra t 0-5V gim tiu th nng lng.
My s dng dy cch ly mang dng in 4-20mA chuyn lu lng n my ghi
th t ng hay mn hnh, v c 3 r-le kim sot c th lp trnh bo ng v mc nc/lu
lng, v cc xung t l vi lu lng ( ly mu, trch clo hay ni my tnh tng t xa). C th
mua thm thit b ty chn an ton Intrinsic Safety Barrier bo v u d v cp ti nhng
v tr nguy hi. Mn hnh v h thng in t tch ri, chng thm nc c t v tr thun
tin trong vng 150m cch u o.
Lu khi s dng my OCF-IV ca hng Greyline

lp t my Greyline OCF-IV (My o lu lng knh h), cc cn b ngoi hin trng
phi thc hin hai vic chun b:
158
Tm ra v tr chnh xc trong knh h t mng hay p (thit b s cp), v lp t

u o siu m (thit b th cp). Lp t ng hng dn.
Hiu chun my o lu lng: Ni phn iu khin u o siu m - ni in chn

n v o chn kiu mng hay p vo s liu khong cch t u o siu m n
cc mc nc.
1. V tr u o siu m
u o siu m c th hot ng tt khi o lu lng knh h. C ba loi mng v p
thng c s dng, v trong mi trng hp v tr xut cho vic lp u o nh sau:
Trong trng hp p t lm:
t u o khong cch 3 x ct nc ti a, pha thng ngun ca tm chn. Chiu

cao ca u o phi bng 20,3 cm hoc hn so vi mc nc cao nht.
V TR T
U O
Chng III: o lu lng
3X MAX CT NC
DNG CHY
P
CHN
Trong trng hp mng Palmer Bowlus:
t u o khong cch ng knh ca mng v pha thng ngun t ch tht ca

mng. Chiu cao ca u o phi bng 20,3 cm hoc hn so vi mc nc cao nht.
D
2
NG KNH x 2
V TR U O
DNG CHY
MNG PALMER BOWLUS
Trong trng hp mng Parshall:
t u o khong cch 2/3 on tip cn nh m t trong hnh v di y. Chiu cao

ca u o phi bng 20,3 cm (8 inch) hoc hn so vi mc nc cao nht.
V TR U O
HNG THT
DNG CHY
2/3 ON
TIP CN
ON
TIP CN
MNG PARSHALL
159
2. Chi tit lp u o siu m

Mi u o c trang b mt ct ni cch in 3/4 inch v cn phi s dng trong lp
t. u v thn ng c ren iu chnh u o v tr cn thit. u o cn c vn cht
bng tay v ch nm vo thn u o. Khng dng c-l hay vn qu cht. Khng c dng
kp vo u o hay ct cch in.
NG CP
KIM LOI N
MY OCF
NN S DNG
NG CP MM
Chng III: o lu lng
HP U NI
CP T U O
(TY CHN)
IU CHNH CAO
T U O 203mm
TRN MC NC
TI A
NG NI CP IN
C 3/4
KHNG C
KP TRONG
KHU VC NY
CT NI PVC
CCH IN (I KM)
CN PHI S DNG
U O
KHONG CCH
TI THIU 203mm
H ti thiu,
Lu lng Q = Max
MC NC MAX
Nc thi
DNG CHY
3. Chnh v tr Zero (0) cho u o

K thut chnh v tr zero cho u o c minh ha nh sau:
IU CHNH
N KHI
NGANG BNG
KHONG CCH TI A
KP
THC
LI V
THC
H max khi
lu lng
Q=0
G
MN
DNG
CHY
H ti thiu,
Lu lng Q = max
CT NC = 0 (CAO KHI DNG CHY NGNG)
160
4. Chun b hiu chun (calibration)

Instruments Inc.
T.DUCER
RELAY 1
RELAY 2
RELAY 3
4\20
RX PU GND TX
USB
RS 232
100-130VAC (50/60 Hz)

TY CHN:
200-260VAC (50/60 Hz)
AC
CC NI T
QUAN TRNG:
NI V NHM CA CP
(4-20mA, RS232)
CH CHO U NY
QUAN TRNG:
PHI NI T TT
(<1 Ohm) BNG
DY DN 12AWG
Ngun in:
My chun yu cu in AC u vo 100-130VAC 50/60Hz (nn s dng cu ch 2- amper).
Nu in p trong khong ny th khng cn iu chnh g. B ngun 230 VAC (cho Vit Nam)
cn in u vo trong khong 200-260VAC 50/60Hz.
u ni u o:
Ni u o vo cc tip im ca T.DUCER nh trong hnh v trn, sau bt in. Nu
ni ng s c cc con s xut hin trn mn LCD. Ch mt vi giy my OCF 4.0 chn mc
tiu trc khi hin ra khong cch. By gi my OCF 4.0 s hin ra khong cch tnh bng ft
hoc cm (hiu chun ti nh my).
H thng bn phm:
My OCF 4.0 c bn phm hiu chun n gin gm 3 nt. Cc ch vn hnh v hiu
chun c th hin trn mn hnh 16 ch hoc s. Bn phm c dng ln xung menu
v hiu chun my OCF 4.0, v xem ch vn hnh v cc chc nng. Mi khi bm phm
s c ting ku "beep". Nu bn phm khng c dng trong 2 pht, my OCF 4.0 s t ng
chuyn sang ch RUN (mn hnh trt). S dng bn phm tm hiu Menu v tr nn
quen thuc vi cc c tnh ca n.
Chn n v lm vic:
Bm n UNITS/MODE, sau . Bm chuyn ng con tr di n v o cn c:
ft feet, in inches, m meters, cm centimeters, % - percent
Bm n RANGE LEVEL > VOL HRT FLOW. S dng chn ch hot ng cho
my OCF 4.0.
DATA LOGGING
FLUME SELECTION
UNITS / MODE
ft
Range
in
cm
Level
%
Vol Hrt Flow
ft3 USG IG m3 L
ft3 USG USMG
Mx Vol xxxx.x ft3
IG
s
Store?
IMG
min
m3
hr
Yes
161
Chng III: o lu lng
N.O C N.C N.O C N.C N.O C N.C
THN MY BNG NHM
T.DUCER
Lu : RANGE MODE th hin khong cch t u o n mc tiu hay mt cht lng

ging nh chc nng mt thc dy. RANGE MODE c ch khi o khong cch chnh xc t
u o n mc zero trong lc hiu chun.
LEVEL MODE c th c s dng o mc nc theo n v tuyn tnh, hay "ct nc"
trong knh h so snh vi bng lu lng do nh sn xut cung cp.
Lu : FLOW MODE l o lu lng trong knh h qua mng hay p.
T FLOW bm la chn. Ch FLOW s cho tip la chn n v o th tch:
Chng III: o lu lng
ft3 feet khi, USG - US gallon, USMG - US triu gallon

IG - Imperial gallon, IMG triu Imperial gallon
m3 mt khi
L Lt
Bm n t con tr di la chn ca bn (chn m3 hay Liters) v bm chn.
Ch FLOW s cho tip la chn cc n v thi gian:
s giy, min pht, hr hours, d ngy
Bm STORE (LU) v YES. Sau bm hay lu tt c cc la chn n v
(unit) v ch (mode).
La chn p hay mng
Menu FLUME SELECTION s ch hin ra trong ch FLOW. S dng phm v la
chn loi mng (Flume) hoc p (Weir). S dng phm v ln na chn kch thc
(Size) sau bm Store (lu)? v Yes. Bm hoc lu la chn mng v tin
sang ch CALIBRATION (hiu chun).
MNG t t lm (CUSTOM): S liu thc nghim hay kinh nghim cho bt k mng hay
p no cng c th gin lc cn cng thc theo dng Q = K Hn trong :
Q = Lu lng theo th tch
K = h s t l ph thuc vo kch c mng v n v o
H = m t tnh phi tuyn tnh ca mng
n = l cp ang c o
162
S dng chng trnh tin ch ca my Greyline c tn l FIND K&n.exe (i km vi mi

my OCF 4.0) xc nh h s K v n t s liu u vo. Chn CUSTOM cho cc loi mng v
p khng lit k trong Menu. Ni c du nhc K: g vo gi tr h s 'K'. Ni c du nhc n:
g vo gi tr h s 'n'.
Xc nh lu lng bng khng (Zero) v lu lng ti a (Maximum)
CAL IBRATION
RELAY PARAMETERS
MinRg
1.333 ft
MaxRg
32.00 ft
4mA @
0.00%
20mA @
100.00%
Damping
20%
RejTime
08s
Store?
Yes
3
Chng III: o lu lng
FLUME SELECTION
Trc khi hiu chun hy xc nh (xem hnh v minh ha):

a) MAX RANGE = ____________________
(Maximum range = khong cch t u o n im mc nc bng khng (Zero). s l
lu lng Zero)
b) MAX LEVEL = ____________________
(Mc nc cao nht khi chy qua mng hay p, phi ti thiu l 203 mm. tng ng vi
lu lng ti a)
c) MIN RANGE = __________________
(Minimum range = MAX RANGE - MAX LEVEL. Khong cch t u o n mc nc ti a
(Max Level))
Kim tra khong cch ti a khi u o lp bng cch:

S dng n c ch UNITS/MODE sau bm hin ra Range, sau bm
Store? Yes (LU : lu lng phi mc zero)
Hoc
o cn thn khong cch t u o n mc nc zero bng thc dy.
My OCF 4.0 s khng pht hin ra mc tiu nm sau khong cch MAXRG do ngi dng
nhp s liu vo.
163
Chng III: o lu lng
164
Chng III: o lu lng
165
Hnh 3B.1: Lu lng (m3/h) so vi ct nc o c (m) i vi p ch V 30-, 60- & 900
Chng III: o lu lng
th tra lu lng theo ct nc c tnh lu lng
166
PH LC 3A
167
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3B.2: Lu lng (L/pht) so vi ct nc o c (m) i vi p ch V 30-, 60- & 900
Hnh 3B.3: Lu lng (m3/h) so vi ct nc o c (m) cho p c chiu rng khe h 0,3-, 0,4- & 0,5m c thu nh dng
Chng III: o lu lng
168
169
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3B.4: Lu lng (L/pht) so vi ct nc o c (m) cho p c chiu rng khe h 0,3-, 0,4- & 0,5m c thu nh dng
Hnh 3B.5: Lu lng (m3/h) so vi ct nc o c (m) i vi chiu rng khe h 0,3-, 0,4- & 0,5m cho p khng thu dng
Chng III: o lu lng
170
171
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3B.6: Lu lng (L/pht) so vi ct nc o c (m) i vi chiu rng khe h 0,3-, 0,4- & 0,5m cho p khng thu dng
Hnh 3B.7: Lu lng (m3/h) so vi ct nc o c (m) cho c hng 4-, 6-, 8- v 10-inch ca mng Palmer-Bowlus
Chng III: o lu lng
172
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
1 800
0,00
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
173
Chng III: o lu lng
Hnh 3B.8: Lu lng (m3/h) so vi ct nc o c (m) cho mng Parshall c hng rng 1-, 3-, 6- v 9-inch
0,10
Lu lng so vi ct nc
0,80
Ct nc (m)
PARSHALL - 1
PARSHALL - 6
PARSHALL - 3
PARSHALL - 9
Lu lng (m3/hr)
CHNG 4. LY MU V PHN TCH TI HIN TRNG
4.1. GII THIU

Ty theo mc ch quan trc, ngi ta c th s dng mt s phng php ly mu nc
thi khc nhau. i vi cng tc qun l nhim trong cng nghip, cch thch hp nht l
s dng cc thit b ly mu t ng chuyn dng. Trong thc t, cc dng thi cng nghip
thng dao ng c v lu lng ln hm lng cc cht nhim nn cn phi ly mu t
ng trong mt khong thi gian di mi c c mt s lng mu ln v i din cho
dng thi nhm phc v cho vic phn tch v tnh ton thi lng. Phn ny gii thiu mt
s thit b thng phm p ng c yu cu trn.
Trong tng trng hp c th, s chun b mu t hp phn tch cn tun theo mt s
tiu ch d thc hin v d thu c nhng thng tin nh mong mun. Tiu ch ny da
trn nhng kt qu o nhanh ti hin trng nh pH, dn, c, mui v nhit
bng cc thit b hin trng. Vic quan st k cc c im ti hin trng khi quan trc cng
c th lm sng t cc kt qu phn tch trong phng th nghim.
Cui cng, vic vn chuyn mu ti phng th nghim v lu gi mu cng cn tun th
cc quy trnh bo qun mu. i vi quan trc mi trng, vic ly mu v o c lu lng
dng thi cng nghip cn tun theo cc quy trnh m bo cht lng v kim sot cht
lng (QA/QC) ni b.
4.2. M BO AN TON TI HIN TRNG
Bt k mt chng trnh quan trc no cng cn ch trng n ri ro v sc khe v an
ton ca cc nhn vin v thit b, do cn thit phi tin hnh cc bin php phng nga
thch hp. Mi thnh vin phi xc nh trch nhim v phi hiu bit cc nguy c ri ro c
th xy ra (xem mc 9.2); phi nm c v thc hin cc bin php v k thut an ton thch
hp (xem mc 9.3.1); c bo co tm tt vi cc ch dn r rng trc khi bt u cng vic.
Khi thc hin nhim v ti hin trng phi c y cc trang thit b an ton v phng
tin bo v c nhn c bn: gng tay, khu trang, knh bo h, qun o bo h, m bo h,
dng c cp cu... cng nh mt s thit b an ton khc trong trng hp c bit (v d nh
mt n phng c, qut thng gi...) cng cn phi c chun b (xem mc 9.3.2).
175
Chng IV: Ly mu v phn tch ti hin trng
Mt s bin php phng nga lin quan n quan trc nc thi:
S dng giy hay ng bo h c chng trt;
S dng cc thit b bo h c nhn v qun o chu c ha cht trnh cho mt hay

da khi tip xc vi cc cht n mn hay/v cc cht c hi dng rn, lng, kh hay hi;
Kim tra cc thit b in m bo an ton trc khi s dng; m bo l cc dy in

u c cch in tt; em cc thit b in hng hay nghi ng khng an ton n
th in chuyn nghip kim tra v sa cha;
Phi eo knh bo h trong mi trng hp mt c th tip xc vi bi, c cc vt nh

ang bay hay ang phun cc cht lng c hi;
eo mt n c phin lc hay mt n phng c khi tip xc vi bi cht lng, bi, hi hay

kh c hi;
c bit cn thn khi lm vic vi cc cht c tnh n mn cao nh clo dng kh hay lng,
axit hay kim m c, hay khi cc kh c c th thot ra t nhng cht phn ng, v.v.
Tun th mi hng dn lin quan khi vo cc khu vc kn, nh kim tra hm lng xy
hay kh c hi trong khng kh, s dng qut thng gi, s dng mt n bo h nu cn
thit, c ng nghip ng cnh gii phng khi cn h tr thm, v.v
Khng ht thuc l, n ung ti cc khu vc c th b nhim cht ha hc hay sinh hc

c hi.
Chng IV: Ly mu v phn tch ti hin trng
4.3. PHNG PHP LY MU

i vi nc thi cng nghip c lu lng thi lin tc, c hai phng php ly mu
c tm tt trong cc mc di y.
4.3.1. Ly mu n
Ly mu n l cch n gin nht quan trc cc dng thi cng nghip. Mu n l
loi mu c ly ti v tr v thi im c th. Do , phng php ny ch a ra c gi tr
tc thi ca i tng quan trc ti thi im quan trcv ch thch hp mt s iu kin
nht nh khi ngun thi c thnh phn kh ng u v t thay i theo thi gian (v d cng
sut sn xut khng i). Trong trng hp ny, nn ly nhiu mu nh nhng v tr khc
nhau ti cng mt im quan trc, v d nh ly mu ti cc im dc theo ng knh ca
ming cng theo mt ct ngang ca dng chy. Nhng mu nh ny thng c ly cch
nhau nhng khong thi gian nh (mt n vi pht) v c trn ln thu c mu
gn ging nh mu t hp c tin cy cao hn so vi mu n.
Mt vi mu n ngu nhin c t hp vi nhau c th cung cp nhng thng tin quan
trng cho vic gii thch nhng s liu thng k sau ny. Cc kt qu thu c t khong 30
mu n ngu nhin c ly trong mt khong thi gian tng i di c th tun theo
hm phn b thng k thng thng m gi tr trung bnh, trung v v lch chun c th
c s dng tnh ton thi lng. Tuy nhin, nu s dao ng ca cc ng cong phn
b ph thuc vo thi gian th khng nn dng lm c s bnh lun kt qu quan trc. i
vi trng hp nghin cu trnh din sn xut sch hn m k hoc sn xut c theo di
mt cch lin tc th vic ch tin hnh ly cc mu n l khng tin cy v c th dn n
vic thng tin thu c thiu chnh xc.
176

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B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Vit Nam

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Quan trc nc thi cng nghip

Tc gi: TS.Nguyn Vn Kit

Quan trc nc thi cng nghip

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Ti liu ny l cng trnh hp tc c s ng gp ca nhiu ngi, c Vit Nam ln Canada

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

NHNG T VIT TT.........................................................................................................................................17

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

1.5.3. Thc thi quy nh php l...............................................................................................................50

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

2.2. Mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc .............................................................................................73

3.6.2. Cc chi tit ca mng o c ng ..............................................................................................137

3.7. o lu lng bng mng Parshall.................................................................................................143

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

CHNG 5: PHN TCH TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM ..................................................................209

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

5.3. Phn tch cc thng s thng thng trong QCVN...............................................................211

CHNG 7: QUAN TRC LIN TC TRC TUYN .............................................................................281

7.2.1. Phn tch COD lin tc ...................................................................................................................281

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

9.3. Cc bin php an ton ngoi hin trng.................................................................................334

Danh sch cc bng

DANH SCH CC BNG

Bng 1.1: Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip ...............................22

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Danh sch cc bng

Bng 4.6: Xc nh cc qu trnh cng nghip lin quan n lch x thi,

Danh sch cc bng

Bng 4.7: S dao ng trung bnh hm lng cc cht nhim trong 12 gi

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Hnh 1.1: Nhng cch tip cn khc nhau i vi cc cht/ngun gy nhim.......................34

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Danh sch cc hnh v

DANH SCH CC HNH V

Danh sch cc hnh v

Hnh 4.3: Ly mu t ng theo lu lng. ng ly mu c ni vi thit b th cp

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Hnh 5.18b: Kt qu xt nghim LuminoTox cho nc thi trc v sau x l ........................233

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Danh sch cc hnh v

Hnh 5.20: V d biu % truyn ti so vi bc sng ...................................................................235

Hnh 7.8: My Hach UVAS sc UV Hp th / % truyn dn xc nh h s hp th

Danh sch cc hnh v

Hnh 7.10: So snh ca SAC v COD theo thi gian i vi nh my x l nc

QUAN TRC NC THI CNG NGHIP

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Nng cao nhn thc

Canadian Executing Agency

C quan thc hin Canada

C quan Pht trin quc t Canada

Center of Research, Technology

Trung tm Nghin cu, chuyn giao

Department of Natural Resources

Environment Impact Assessment

Quan trc mi trng

Phng Qun l mi trng

Government of Viet Nam

Chnh ph Vit Nam