EMTH210: Formula sheet 2015

TRIGONOMETRIC (CIRCULAR) FUNCTIONS

Sums of angles:
sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos(A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
Double angles:
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1 = 1 2 sin2 A
Products to sums:
2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A B)
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A B)
2 sin A sin B = cos(A B) cos(A + B)
Complex exponent form:
cos x =

sin x =

eix + eix
2

eix = cos x + i sin x

eix eix
2i

Other formulas:
cosh x =

eix = cos x i sin x

ex + ex
2

sinh x =

ex ex
2

VECTOR CALCULUS
Directional derivative:
Dv f = f v

where v is a unit vector

Divergence:

a
a b c
+
+
b =
x y z
c

Curl:


 i
a

b =  x
 a
c

where

1
i = 0 ,
0

0
j = 1 ,
0
1


k 

z 
c 

and

0
k = 0 .
1

INTEGRATION
Indefinite integrals:
function
tan(x)
cosec(x)
sec(x)
cot(x)
1
2
a + x2
1

2
a + x2
1

2
a x2
1

x2 a2

integral
ln | sec(x)|
ln |cosec(x) cot(x)|
ln | sec(x) + tan(x)|
ln | sin(x)|
1
x
tan1
a
a

x
sinh1 = ln |x + x2 + a2 |
a
x
sin1
a

x
cosh1 = ln |x + x2 a2 |
a
ax
e
(a sin(bx) b cos(bx))
2
a + b2
eax
(a cos(bx) + b sin(bx))
a 2 + b2

eax sin(bx)
eax cos(bx)

Element of area in polar coordinates:

x = r cos()

y = r sin()

dA = dx dy = r dr d
Element of volume in cylindrical coordinates:
x = r cos()

y = r sin()

z=z

dV = dx dy dz = r dr d dz
Element of volume in spherical polar coordinates:
x = r sin() cos()

y = r sin() sin()

z = r cos()

dV = dx dy dz = r2 sin() dr d d
Element of arc length:
For a smooth curve given by x = x(t), y = y(t), the element of arc length is given by
( )
( )2
2
dy
dx
ds =
+
dt
dt
dt
where the sign is chosen so that ds > 0.

FOURIER SERIES
Fourier series expansion for an arbitrary period p:
)
)]
(
(
[

1
2nx
2nx
f (x) = a0 +
an cos
+ bn sin
2
p
p
n=1
where

2
an =
p

2
a0 =
p

f (x) dx
x=A

A+p

f (x) cos
x=A

A+p

2nx
p

where A is arbitrary

2
bn =
p

dx

A+p

f (x) sin
x=A

2nx
p

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Definition:

F (s) =

f (t)est dt = L[f (t)]

TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

f (t) = L1 [F (s)]

F (s) = L[f (t)]

1
tn
eat
cos(kt)
sin(kt)
cosh(at)
sinh(at)
at
e cos(kt)
eat sin(kt)

1/s
n!/sn+1
1/(s a)
s/(s2 + k 2 )
k/(s2 + k 2 )
s/(s2 a2 )
a/(s2 a2 )
(s a)/((s a)2 + k 2 )
k/((s a)2 + k 2 )

TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM RULES

1. Linearity
2. Derivatives

3. First shift
4. Second shift

L[f (t) + g(t)] = F (s) + G(s)

L[f (t)] = sF (s) f (0)
L[f (t)] = s2 F (s) sf (0) f (0)
L[f (t)] = s3 F (s) s2 f (0) sf (0) f (0)
L[eat f (t)] = F (s a)
L[f (t a)H(t a)] = eas F (s), a > 0

Note: H(t) is the Heaviside step function

3

)
dx