OWO300050 WCDMA Interference Problem Analysis ISSUE 1.10P - RTWP

WCDMA Interference
Problem Analysis
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
WCDMA is self-interference system. Interference varies inv

ersely proportion to the system performance. High interfer
ence could reflect in many aspects, it could deteriorate the
access success rate, handover success rate, lower the throu
ghput of PS services, reduce user number, furthermore, cal
l drop could be caused by interference.
Interference is divided into normal interference which is ca
used by traffic, and abnormal interference including intern
al and external interference.
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page3
Learning Guide
Before learn this course, you should have:
Studied RAN Fundamental

Studied RF Optimization
References
3GPP TS 25.215
The present document contains the description and definition

of the measurements for FDD done at the UE and network in
order to support operation in idle mode and connected mode
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp the procedure of interference analysis

Master how to discover interference by optimization tools
Master how to locate the interference
Master how to solve the interference problem
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Relative Concepts regarding Interference

UL Interference Analysis
DL Interference Analysis
Case Study
RTWP (Received Total Wide band Power )
Used to indicate UL interference level

Including noise generated in the receiver, within the bandwid
th defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter
RTWP = noise figure + UL received power per 3.84MHz (with t
hermal noise)
RSSI ( Received Signal Strength Indicator )
Used to indicate DL interference level

Including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver,
within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping fil
ter
RSSI = thermal noise + noise figure + DL received power per 3
.84MHz
RSCP ( Received Signal Code Power )
the received power on one code measured on the Primary CP

ICH by UE antenna
CPICH Ec / No: The received energy per chip divided by the

power density in the band
CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP / RSSI ( without Tx diversity )

Measurement shall be performed on the Primary CPICH
The reference point for the CPICH Ec/No shall be the antenna
connector of the UE
BLER ( Block Error Rate )
BLER = TBs with error / total TBs
SIR ( Signal to Interference Ratio )
SIR = (RSCP/ISCP)SF (DPCCH)

RSCP = Received Signal Code Power, unbiased measurement
of the received power on one code
ISCP = Interference Signal Code Power, the interference on th
e received signal
Interference Division & Impact
UL interference causes
RTWP increases
output of UE increases
UL coverage &
capacity decreases , UL BLER increases
call drop when UE
reaches the maximum Tx power
DL interference causes
Thermal noise increases, BLER increases, SIR decreases

D
L coverage & capacity decreases
call drop when NodeB r
eaches the maximum Tx power
Abnormal Interference Categories
Spurious emission interference comes from other system
The frequency band of some system (GSM1800, PHS, TD-SCD

MA, etc.) is close to WCDMA frequency band, which can cause
some spurious emission
Spurious emission can cause uplink interference or downlink i
nterference. Usually uplink spurious emission is larger
Spurious emission interference of GSM1800 system to WCD

MA
Value
Spurious emission
(dBm/3.84MHz)
description
-30dBm/3MHz
-29
Allowed sensitivity
reduction of
0.1dB
interfered system
(dB)
Allowed interference
of interfered system
-121
(dBm/3.84MHz)
Inter-system isolation
92
(dB)
(protocol
requirement)
0.8dB
<3dB
<6dB
-112
-105
-100
83
76
71
<10dB
-96
-105dBm/3.84MHz
(Noise)
67
Spurious emission interference of GSM1800 system to WCD

MA
Value
Spurious emission
(dBm/3.84MHz)
description
-54dBm/3MHz
-53
(in fact)
Allowed
sensitivity
reduction of
interfered system
(dB)
<0.1d
B
<0.8dB
<3dB
<6dB
<10dB
Allowed
interference of
interfered system
(dBm/3.84MHz)
-121
-112
-105
-100
-96
68
59
52
47
43
Inter-system
isolation (dB)
-105dBm/3.84MHz
(Noise)
Intermodulation
Intermodulation indicates the impact of multiple signals on a non-lin

ear system so that generating a new signal
Intermodulation could be caused by mixture of tx and rx signal or m
ultiple external signals. illustrated with two cases below
Blocking
The filter of receiver can not filter all the out-band signal, that in-band signal c
ould not be demodulated normally when the signal strength of the out-band s
ignal is very heavy, the out-band signal may block the receiver
Other interference
Microwave transmitter, lightening, etc. maybe cause some int

erference in WCDMA frequency band
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Relative concepts regarding interference

UL interference analysis
DL interference analysis
Case Study
Contents
2. UL Interference Analysis
2.1 Interference Processing Procedure
2.2 How to Find Interference
2.3 Checking Traffic Interference
2.4 Checking abnormal interference
Interference Processing Procedure
Contents
Finding Interferences
95
90
There are 3 main methods to check the RTWP
OMC statistic ( KPI )
RNC or NodeB real-time monitoring
iManager Nastar
Finding Interferences by OMC
RTWP Example from M2000 statistic
RNCI
d
CellI
d
CellName
Time(As
hour)
VS.MaxRT
WP
VS.MeanRT
WP
VS.MinRT
WP
4066
1
NpCetr_ADE
2006-2-17
52.5
104.36
105.3
4860
2
TaiHongBldg_
CD
2006-2-17
57.5
94.89
96.4
5814
3
KwongYu_CD
2006-2-15
60.3
82.79
88.8
Other Counters related with RTWP
VS.MeanRTWP
VS.MinRTWP
VS.RRC.FailConnEstab.NoReply
VS.RRC.Rej.ULPower.Cong
PS Service Drop Ratio
CS Service Drop Ratio
VS.CellDCHUEs ( Number of UEs in CELL_DCH State for Cell )
VS.HSUPA.MeanChThroughput
Finding Interferences by RNC LMT
RTWP Example from RNC real-time monitoring
Finding Interferences by NodeB LMT
RTWP Example from NodeB real-time monitoring
Finding Interferences by iManager Nasta

r
Nastar can be used to collect and analyze UMTS uplink interferen

ce.
Nastar can collect RTWP reported by NodeB and process it. It ca
n illustrate the average, minimum and maximum RTWP in mai
n & diversity antenna, the average difference and standard de
viation of difference between main & diversity antennas RTWP.
The average and minimum RTWP indicates whether uplink interfer

ence exists
The average difference and standard deviation of difference can
help to analyze the source of uplink interference. Normally these two
values should be around zero
Finding Interferences by iManager Nastar
RTWP Example from Nastar
Average RTWP,
average of
difference and
deviation difference
We can sort cells based
on these items.
Different
cells
The result of
analysis
Finding Interferences by Alarms
Alarms related with RTWP
ALM-26522 RF Unit RX Channel RTWP/RSSI Unbalanced
ALM-26521 RF Unit RX Channel RTWP/RSSI Too Low
This alarm is reported when the difference between the RTWP/RS

SI of the main RX channel and the RTWP/RSSI of the diversity RX c
hannel exceeds 6 dB.
This alarm is reported when the RTWP/RSSI on the RX channel of
the RF unit is lower than -114 dBm.
ALM-26532 RF Unit Hardware Fault
This alarm is reported when the RF unit hardware is faulty.
Finding Interferences by Alarms
Alarms related with RTWP
ALM-26752 ALD Hardware Fault
ALM-26757 RET Antenna Running Data and Configuration Mismatch
This alarm is reported when the hardware of the antenna device (RET ante
nna or TMA) is faulty.
This alarm is reported when the base station detects that the running data
of the RET antenna is inconsistent with the configuration..
ALM-26529 RF Unit VSWR Threshold Crossed
This alarm is reported when the VSWR at the antenna port of the TX chann
el of an RF unit is higher than the preset threshold.
Contents
Checking Traffic Interference
M2000 statistic example: RTWP increased by traffic
M2000 statistic example: RTWP NOT increased by traffic

Cell 3
RTWP is
much
higher than
the traffic
interference
If the interference is caused by high traffic, we should

take the solutions to distribute the traffic to other cell
s:
Optimize the intra-frequency handover parameter to fasten t

he handover out from current cell to neighbors who have low
er traffic
Activate some Intelligent access control algorithm, the most e
ffective one is load-based intra/inter-RAT handover
Capacity expansion if all the carriers have high traffic
RTWP Optimization Measure 1
CQI feedback period optimization
Principle
CQI is an essential uplink element of HSDPA scheduling

Shorter period, more effective for NodeB to schedule each HSDPA
UE
Larger period, less uplink interference
Measure
Change CQI period from 2ms to 8 ms
Effect
Average RTWP reduces 8-10 dB, no negative gain of HSDPA throug

hput
Live network effect after optimization in country A

Based on
statistic, the
average RTWP
reduce about 8
dB ( -86.97 to
-95.05 )
-100
CDF
PDF
Title
0.4
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.3
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
-90
-80
-70
-60
CQI
circle =
CQI
=2ms
CQI
circle =
CQI
=8ms
2ms
8ms
-50
Access parameter optimization
Principle
Parameters
Reduce the impact of RACH open-loop power control to RTWP

Constantvalue
PreambleRetransMax
PowerRampStep
Mmax
Note: Mainly applied for indoor system, even though, the access
could be delayed
Parameter modified for indoor system
Constantvalue = -20-> Constantvalue = -30;

PreambleRetransMax = 20 -> PreambleRetransMax = 40
PowerRampStep = 2 -> PowerRampStep = 1
Mmax = 8 ->Mmax = 3
Parameter modified for outdoor system
Mmax = 8->Mmax = 3
Live network effect after optimization in country C

Average
RTWP
reduce 3-4
dB
befor
e
afte
r
State transition ( Enhanced Fast Dormancy )
Principle
DPCCHs work as a UL reference channel bring high RTWP when UE work in

CELL_DCH state, so state transition of low throughput users from CELL_DC
H to CELL_FACH could decrease RTWP caused by DPCCHs
Risk
PS call drop rate may rise

Not applicable for all UE brands, only IPhone tested
Live network effect after optimization in country A

Network average RTWP reduces 15dB
before
-56
-58
-60
-62
-64
-66
-68
-70
-72
-74
-76
-78
-80
-82
-84
-86
-88
-90
-92
-94
-96
-98
-100
0
50
100
150
after
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
CELLFACH ON
650
700
750
800
850
900
CELLFACH OFF
950
1,000
1,050
1,100
Contents
Judging Types of Abnormal Interferences
The external interference judgment criteria
The interference to main or diversity trends similarly, and the

difference between them is within 5 dB
The external interference affects multiple cells that are geogr
aphically bordering
In terms of time feature of RTWP, the external interference is
mutational, the interference occurs at a regular point and in a
regular period, and lasts for a regular period
RTWP of external interference
RTWP analysis of one interfered cell
RTWP Distribution of external inter

ference
RTWP distribution could be displayed by Mapinfo
Judging Types of Interferences
The specific internal interference might be
Intermodulation due to participation of transmitted signals

The transmitted signals interfere receiver band due to proble
matic transmitters and the receiver encounters self-excitation
Intermodulation and unlocked phenomenon generated by tra
nsmitted signals inside the receiver
RTWP of Internal Interference
RTWP analysis
The interference in the cell is caused by a connector with loose c

onnection
Once the connector is touched, the RTWP changes sharply
Tip of Judging Interferences
The interference which is not external interference is inter

nal interference, so it follows the internal interference pr
ocessing procedures. Locating external interference takes
more effort and time than locating internal interference. Th
erefore, if the interference is not confirmed to be external i
nterference, it must be rechecked
Contents
2.2 Interference Analysis
2.3 Interference Location
2.4 Interference Elimination
Contents
2.3.1 Internal interference Location
2.3.2 External Interference Location
Initial Location
The initial location proceeds as below:
Check the configuration of diversity reception if you fail to ob

serve the diversity signals
If a DCS1800M network and a WCDMA network are combined,
you must check the frequency configuration with operators.
Meanwhile you must check whether the third order intermod
ulation (2f1-f2 and 2f2-f1) of the combined DCS1800M freque
ncy is within the RX inband If yes, negotiate with operators to
change the improper frequency configuration
Tips of Intermodulation Judgemen

t
DCS is a high risk of intermodulation to UMTS 2100MHz

GSM 900MHz rarely intermodulates with UMTS 2100MHz a
ccording to live network data
For GU 900MHz network, GSM 900MHz is also a high risk of
intermodulation to UMTS 900MHz
In one word, closer frequency band, higher risk to generate
inter-RAT intermodulation
On-site Location
Contents
2.3.1 Internal interference Location
2.3.2 External Interference Location
External Interference Location
Processing procedure
Preparation for External Interferen

ce Location
Needed Data
The RTWP data for 7 (days, at least 3 days) x 24 (hours) of cells to be l

ocated
The MapInfo map of site distribution, the relative location of sites, an
d the distance between sites
Antenna azimuth and height of cells
Photos for surveying sites
Whether the cell to be located is the host cell of a repeater
The distribution of 2G and 3G repeaters around the cell to be located
The antenna-feeder structure diagram of the cell to be located
On-site Location
Processing procedure
Finding external interference by sc

anner
Step 1: Middle location
Determine the possible location of interference according to

RTWP statistics and environment. Perform bidirectional test a
round the interference source to approach the source. This is
called the middle location
Finding external interference by sc

anner (Cont.)
Step 2: Two-point location
The precaution for this method is that you must know the ap
proximate interference direction. In the direction, measure th
e signals to compare the signal strength in two selected spots.
Locate the interference by calculating the variation of interfer
ence strength
Contents
Interference Elimination
The methods for eliminating interference include, but not li

mit to:
Improve the project quality of the antenna-feeder system by t

he operator's engineering department
Optimize the frequency configuration of DCS by the operato
r's RF department
Eliminating external inference, such as PHS interference, repe
ater interference, and interference from UE interferer, is diffic
ult for equipment vendors, so it must be under the cooperati
on of equipment vendors and the operator.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.

UL interference Analysis
DL interference Analysis
Case Study
DL Interference Analysis
Locating Downlink Interference
Downlink interference impacts on Ec/No

Bad Ec/No could be caused by intra-system interference ( suc
h as pilot pollution ) or inter-system interference
Eliminating Downlink Interference
Eliminating intra-system interference refers to the coverage p

roblem analysis
Eliminating external interference refers to the uplink interfere
nce troubleshooting
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.

UL interference Analysis
DL interference Analysis
Case Study
Case Study
Project Background
UMTS 900MHz network deployment in country R, with Huawei

Multi-mode RRU to support both GSM and UMTS
GSM900MHz had 62 frequencies before
Now No.32-56 are allocated to UMTS900HMz
Rest of the frequencies are reserved for GSM
Project Risk
Because of frequency quantity limitation, Frequency No.32-56

are also reused by GSM with a proper reuse distance
Case Study GSM Symptom
GSM cell 4175CR7 has high TCH allocation failure ratio

20% failure in busy
hour
Case Study GSM Symptom
TRX No.1 & 2 (cell 4175CR7) has reached interference band 4
Usually, interference band 1,2 are normal, above interference ba

nd 3 is abnormal
Case Study UMTS Symptom
Co-site UMTS cell 41751 has high RTWP
Case Study- Analysis
High UMTS RTWP could be caused by following reasons
High UMTS traffic

External interference caused by GSM cell with same frequency
Internal interference caused by hardware or intermodulation with G
SM
Case Study - Analysis
High RTWP caused by traffic?
All the neighbor cells have the same traffic volume with the pr
oblematic one, but the RTWPs remain normal
Even if the high RTWP is caused by traffic, it should not interfe
re GSM cell
So traffic is not the reason of this case
High RTWP caused by external interference?
Through the DT, Mapinfo shows as below
The 2 green neighbors are not interfered
High RTWP caused by external interference?
Start up the NodeB UL interference scan
UMTS frequency no. from

4481 to 4507 are clear
So there is no external interference
Intermodulation caused by hardware problem?

Disconnect the
antenna line
system, the RTWP
returns normal, so
the hardware is
clear
Intermodulation caused by GSM frequency?
Cell 4175CR has 3 carriers

BCCH takes frequency No.61
TCH takes frequency No.2 &13
0<=n<=12
No.61 880~915
= 902.2 MHzFu(n)=890+0.2n
(UL) 947.2MHz (DL)4
GSM 900
925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n1024)
975<=n<=
1023
935.4MHz
(DL)
No.2 = 890.4 MHz (UL)
UMTS frequency is from 896.2 to 901.4 MHz
Fd(n)=Fu(n)
+45
According to calculation No. 61 & 2 generate the 7th order i

ntermodulation, it interfere UMTS
seventh order intermodulation means f3 = 4f1-3f2 or 4f2-3f1
f1 = No.2 (DL) = 935.4 MHz,
f2 = No.61 (DL) = 947.2 MHz
the new frequency generated = 935.4 * 4 947.2 * 3 = 900MH

z
Its very likely that the high RTWP is caused by GSM intermod
ulation
Case Study - Confirmation

Reduce GSM output power 10 dB, RTWP returns normal
After one
minute,
recover
the GSM
power, the
RTWP
goes
abnormal
again
Case Study - Verfication

Shut down GSM frequency no. 2 & 13, reserve BCCH only, RTWP returns normal
How to solve it?
Case Study - Elimination
There are 2 solutions for this case
Renegotiate the GSM frequency
Improve the RF connections
The frequency number is limited in this case, not a suitable solutio

n
Change the jumpers, connectors, even the RRU, but the problem re
mains
What to do now?
Case Study - Elimination
Check the configuration, G/U cells are configured on the same

channel ( left picture)
Huawei recommends to configure the G/U cells on different c

hannel
(right picture)
Case Study - Verification
After reconfiguration, the RTWP returns normal eventually
Case Study - Verification
After reconfiguration, the GSM cell TCH problem also recovers
Summary
We have introduced some basic concepts related to interfe

rence, such as RWTP, Ec/No, RSCP and so on, then weve dis
cussed the interference solution for both UL and DL, we ma
inly introduce UL interference solution because it effects ne
twork performance more, we need to find interference, coll
ect data and confirm interference, judge internal or extern
al interference, locate the interference and solve them.
Thank you
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WCDMA Interference

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA is self-interference system. Interference varies inv

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page3

Before learn this course, you should have:

Studied RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page4

The present document contains the description and definition

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page5

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Grasp the procedure of interference analysis

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page6

Relative Concepts regarding Interference

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page7

Relative Concepts regarding Interference

RTWP (Received Total Wide band Power )

Used to indicate UL interference level

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page8

Relative Concepts regarding Interference

RSSI ( Received Signal Strength Indicator )

Used to indicate DL interference level

RSCP ( Received Signal Code Power )

the received power on one code measured on the Primary CP

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page9

Relative Concepts regarding Interference

CPICH Ec / No: The received energy per chip divided by the

CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP / RSSI ( without Tx diversity )

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page10

Relative Concepts regarding Interference

BLER ( Block Error Rate )

BLER = TBs with error / total TBs

SIR ( Signal to Interference Ratio )

SIR = (RSCP/ISCP)SF (DPCCH)

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page11

Interference Division & Impact

Thermal noise increases, BLER increases, SIR decreases

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page12

Abnormal Interference Categories

Spurious emission interference comes from other system

The frequency band of some system (GSM1800, PHS, TD-SCD

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page13

Abnormal Interference Categories

Spurious emission interference of GSM1800 system to WCD

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page14

Abnormal Interference Categories

Spurious emission interference of GSM1800 system to WCD

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page15

Abnormal Interference Categories

Intermodulation indicates the impact of multiple signals on a non-lin

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page16

Abnormal Interference Categories

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page17

Abnormal Interference Categories

Microwave transmitter, lightening, etc. maybe cause some int

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page18

Relative concepts regarding interference

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page19

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page20

Interference Processing Procedure

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page21

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page22

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page23

There are 3 main methods to check the RTWP