BI GING TUN 9 :

PHP BIN I TUYN TNH

PHM XUN NG

T VN :
Trong gii tch, ta lm quen mi quan h i s v hm s (u vo u ra). Trong STT liu c s
tng t no nh vy khng?
u vo

xR
v = (v1,,vn)R

u ra

quy tc
n

quan h
y = f(x)

yR
m

tn

: 2 s

Hm s

w = T(v) : 2 vc t (b s)

w = (w1,,wm)R

Php bin i (nh x)

Trng hp n gin nht.

u vo

nhn vi s a

xR
v = (v1,,vn)R

9.1

u ra

quy tc
n

tnh cht

y = ax R

nhn vi ma trn Amn

w = Av R

a(x + t) = ax + at ,
m

a(cx) = cax

vi x,t R , cR

A(v+u) = Av + Au , A(cv) = cAv vi v,u Rn , cR

KHI NIM PHP BIN I TUYN TNH

I. NH NGHA:
Mt php bin i T t khng gian vect V vo khng gian vect W c gi l mt php bin i
tuyn tnh nu vi mi v, u V , mi c R tha mn cc tnh cht sau:
(a) T(v + u) = T(v) + T(u)
(b) T(cv)= cT(v).
V : gi l khng gian ngun, W gi l khng gian ch. K hiu T : V W
v : u vo thuc khng gian ngun V ,
T(v) : u ra thuc khng gian ch W .
Ch 1: Nu T l php bin i tuyn tnh, th:
(1) T(0) = 0
(v T(0) = T(0.v) = 0.T(v) = 0).
(2) T(v) = T(v) , v
V.
(3) T(cv + du) = cT(v) + dT(u) vi v, u V v c, d R. (Kt hp 2 tnh cht (a) v (b) lm 1)
ngha: u ra ca mt vc t l t hp tuyn tnh u ra ca 1 nhm vc t (thng chn l cc vc t c s)

II. CC V D V PHP BIN I

T : Rn Rm

V d 1: Cho T l php quay mt vc t gc 900 theo chiu ngc kim ng h trong mt phng ta . Hi T c phi
l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii: Php quay mt gc 900 bin v = ( x, y ) T (v) = ( y, x)
Cch 1: Gi u = ( x1 , y1 ) , c, d R . Ta c:
T (cv + du ) = T (cx + dx1 , cy + dy1 ) = ( (cy + dy1 ), cx + dx1 )
= (cy , cx) + ( dy1 , dx1 ) = cT (v ) + dT (u )

0 1 x
Cch 2: T (v) = T ( x, y ) = ( y , x ) =
= Av nn T l php bin i tuyn tnh
1 0 y
V d 3: Hi php bin i T ( x, y , z ) = ( z + y , x 2 z ) c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?

Gii: Gi v = ( x, y , z ) , u = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , c, d R . Ta c:
T (cv + du ) = T (cx + dx1 , cy + dy1 , cz + dz1 ) = ((cz + dz1 ) + (cy + dy1 ), (cx + dx1 ) 2(cz + dz1 ))
= c( z + y, x 2 z ) + d ( z1 + y1 , x1 2 z1 ) = cT (v) + dT (u )

V d 4: Hi php bin i sau c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?

(a)

T(v) = ||v||

(b) T ( x, y ) = ( y, x 2 )

(c) T ( x, y ) = ( x, 1)

Gii: (a) Ta c || v + u |||| v || + || u || v || cv ||=| c | . || v || nn khng tha mn 2 iu kin ca php bin i tuyn tnh.
(b) T (cv) = T (cx, cy ) = (cy, (c x) 2 ) = c ( y, cx 2 ) cT (v) c 1 nn T khng phi l php bin i tuyn tnh.
(c) T (0) = (0,1) (0,0) nn T khng phi l php bin i tuyn tnh.

1
2
1
0

V d 5: Cho T l php bin i tuyn tnh T (v1 ) = 1 , T (v 2 ) = 1 vi v1 = , v 2 = .

0
1
0
3
Tnh T(v) vi bt k v = (x1, x2)R2
Gii: Ta c v = x1 v1 + x 2 v 2 nn
1
2 1 2
1 2
x1

T (v) = x1T (v1 ) + x 2 T (v 2 ) = x1 1 + x 2 1 = 1 1 = Av A = 1 1

x
0
3 0 3 2
0 3
Ch 2:
(4) Du hiu nhn bit mt php bin i khng phi l tuyn tnh nu u ra ca n cha ly tha (m 1), hoc
tch, hoc di, hoc hng s 0.

(5) Nu bit T (v1 ), T (v 2 ),..., T (v n ) vi T l php bin i tuyn tnh v v1 ,..., v n l mt c s, th c th xc nh

T (v ) vi v l vc t bt k. (V v = x1 v1 + ... + x n v n T (v) = x1T (v1 ) + ... + x n T (v n ) = Av )
l l do php nhn ma trn (l t hp tuyn tnh cc ct) c tnh tuyn tnh ging T.

III. CC V D V PHP BIN I T: V W

a b
a d
V d 6: Gi M = A =
| a, b, c, d R . Cho T : M R 2 vi T ( A) =

c d
b + c

Hi T c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?

a + a1
Gii: T ( A + A1 ) = T
c + c1
T (kA) = ... = kT ( A) .

b + b1 (a + a1 ) (d + d 1 ) a d a1 d 1
=
+
= T ( A) + T ( A1 )
=
d + d 1 (b + b1 ) + (c + c1 ) b + c b1 + c1

Kt lun: T l php bin i tuyn tnh.

1 2
V d 7: Cho B =
v php bin i T : M M vi T ( X ) = BX . Hi T c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
3 4
Gii: T (cX + dX 1 ) = B(cX + dX 1 ) = B(cX ) + B (dX 1 ) = cT ( X ) + dT ( X 1 ) nn T l php bin i tuyn tnh.

V d 8: Gi F l khng gian vect gm tt c nhng hm c o hm trn [a, b].

Gi D l php ly o hm hm s D(f ) = f ( o hm ca f ). Hi D c phi l php bin i tuyn tnh khng?
Gii: D l mt php bin i tuyn tnh v: D(cf + dg) = (cf + dg) = cf + dg = cD(f) + dD(g).

IV. NH NGHA NH V NHN.

Cho T : V W l mt php bin i tuyn tnh.
nh ca T l tp {T(v) | vV}
(tp cc u ra ng vi mi v )
Nhn ca T l tp {vV | T(v) = 0} (tp cc u vo ng vi nh l vc t khng)
Ch 3:
(5) Vi php bin i tuyn tnh T : Rn Rm vi T(v) = Av th:
nh ca T l C(A) = {Av | vRn} = {T(v) | vRn}
(cng l khng gian con ca Rm)
n
n
Nhn ca T l N(A) = {vR | Av = 0} ={vR | T(v) = 0}
(cng l khng gian con ca Rn)
V d 9: Cho T : R2 R2 xc nh bi

x
x + x2
vi v = 1 . Tm nhn v nh ca T.
T (v ) = 1

0
x2

1
x
1
Gii: Cho T (v) = 0 x1 + x 2 = 0 x 2 = x1 v = 1 = x1 . Vy nhn ca T l tp c (ng thng)
1
x1
1
1
x + x2
1
Do T (v) = 1
= ( x1 + x 2 ) nn nh ca T l tp c1 (ng thng)

0
0
0
2

 x1
x1 + x 2
V d 10: Cho T : R R xc nh bi T (v) =
vi v = x 2 . Tm nhn v nh ca T.

x1 2 x3
x 3
3

2 x3
2
x + x2 = 0
x 2 = x1
Gii: Cho T (v) = 0 1

v = 2 x 3 = x 3 2
x1 2 x 3 = 0 x1 = 2 x 3
x 3
1

Vy nhn ca T l tp c 1
1

x + x2
1
0
Do T (v) = 1
= ( x1 + x 2 ) + ( x1 2 x 3 ) lp y R2 nn nh ca T l R2.

0
1
x1 2 x 3

9.2 MA TRN CA PHP BIN I TUYN TNH

I. TA CA MT VC T
Cho khng gian vc t n chiu V c c s v1,,vn v vc t bt k v = (x1,,xn) V . Khi c mt cch
biu din duy nht di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca vc t c s l v = c1v1 ++ cnvn .
x1
c1

Ta c ni ta ca v = M trong c s t nhin v ta v = M trong c s (v1 ,..., v n )

x n
c n

5
3
1
V d 11: Tm ta ca v = trong c s S = v1 = , v 2 =
8
5
2

2
1
5
3
Gii: v = c1v1 + c 2 v 2 = c1 + c 2 c1 = 2, c 2 = 1 . Ta v =
1 S
8
5
2

II. XY DNG MA TRN CA MT PHP BIN I TUYN TNH BT K.

Cho bin i tuyn tnh T: V W, t khng gian n chiu V c c s v1,,vn vo khng gian m chiu W c c s
w1,,wm. By gi ta ch ra tn ti ma trn A c mn sao cho T (v) = Av .
Gi cc ct ca A = [c1 ... c n ]

tm ct 1 ca A ta tm nh ca T (v1 ) = a11 w1 + ... + a1m wm W

hay T (v1 ) = ( a11 ,..., a1m ) (1)

Mt khc: v1 = 1.v1 + 0.v 2 + ... + 0.v n = (1,0,..,0) nn T (v1 ) = Av = [c1

c 2 .. c n ].(1,0,...,0) = c1 (2).

T (1), (2) : c1 = (a11 ,..., a1m ) . Tng t nu nh ca vc t vj l T (v j ) = a1 j w1 + ... + a mj wm = (a1 j ,..., a mj ) = c j .

Ch 5:
(6) Ct j ca A l ta ca nh T(vj) trong khng gian W.
2 x1 x3
V d 12: Cho php bin i tuyn tnh T : R3 R2 c xc nh: T (v) =
vi v = ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) .
x1 x 2 + 3x 3
Tm ma trn ca T trong c s t nhin.

Gii: Ta tnh:

2
T (e1 ) = T ((1,0,0)) = ,
1

2 0 1
ma trn ca T l A =
.
1 1 3

0
1
T (e 2 ) = T ((0,1,0)) = , T (e3 ) = T ((0,0,1)) =

1

3
x1
2 0 1 2 x1 x 3
Kim tra kt qu: Av =

x2 =
1 1 3 x x1 x 2 + 3 x 3
3

2 x1 x3
V d 13: Cho php bin i tuyn tnh T : R3 R2 c xc nh: T (v) =
vi v = ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) .
x1 x 2 + 3x 3
0
2
1
2
5

Tm ma trn ca T trong cp c s v1 = 1 , v 2 = 1 , v 3 = 1 R 3 v w1 = , w2 = R 2
1
3
2
1
0
3

1
4
T (v 2 ) = T ((0,1,1)) = , T (v3 ) = T ((2,1,0)) =
3
4
2
Tm ta ca nh trong c s S = {w1, w2 } R .
c = 40
40
0
2
5
hay ta trong c s w1, w2 l T (v1 ) =
Gi s T (v1 ) = c1 w1 + c 2 w2 = c1 + c 2 1

16 S
8
1
3
c 2 = 16
Gii: Ta tnh:

0
T (v1 ) = T ((1,1,2)) = ,
8

3
23
40 23 3
Tng t: T (v 2 ) = , T (v1 ) = nn ma trn ca T l B =

9 S
2 S
16 9 2
V d 14: Tm ma trn ca T trong v d 7 vi tp c s ca khng gian M l:

1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
S = M 1 =
,M2 =
,M3 =
,M4 =

0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1

1 2 1 0 1 0
Gii: T ( M 1 ) = BM 1 =

=
= (1,0,3,0) S , T ( M 2 ) = (0,1,0,3) S , T ( M 3 ) = (2,0,4,0) S T ( M 4 ) = (0,2,0,4) S
3 4 0 0 3 0
1 0 2 0
0 1 0 2

Vy ma trn ca T l: A =
3 0 4 0

0 3 0 4
V d 15: Php bin i D: P2 P1 , ly o hm cc a thc bc khng qu 2 trong khng gian P2 thnh cc a thc
bc khng qu 1 trong khng gian P1 . Cho c s ca P2 l 1, x, x2 v c s ca P1 l 1, x. Tm ma trn ca D
0 1 0
Gii: Ta c: D (1) = 0 = 0.1 + 0.x , D( x ) = 1 = 0.1 + 1.x , D ( x 2 ) = 2 x = 0.1 + 2.x nn ma trn ca D l A =

0 0 2
Kim tra li: vi bt k v = a + bx + cx 2 P2 D(v) = (a + bx + cx 2 ) = b + 2cx P1
a
a
b 0 1 0
D b = =
Nu vit v , D(v) di dng ta th:
b D(v) = Av
c 2c 0 0 2 c


V d 16: Php ly tch phn T trn min [0, x], t a thc bc khng qu 1 thnh a thc bc khng qu 2 l php tnh
ngc ca php ly o hm, cng l php bin i tuyn tnh. Cho c s ca P1 l 1, x v c s ca P2 l 1, x, x2 . Tm
ma trn ca T.

Gii: Ta c T (1) = x = 0.1 + 1.x + 0.x 2 , T ( x ) = (1 / 2) x 2 = 0.1 + 0.x + (1 / 2).x 2

0 0
0 0 0
B
B

nn ma trn ca T l B = 1 0 hay T = B = 1 0 T ( w) = Bw
C C / 2 0 1 / 2 C
0 1 / 2

0 0 0
Ta thy AB = I nhng BA = 0 1 0 . (Tc l: tch phn trc, o hm sau th khng i, ngc li s thay i)
0 0 1
Ch 6:
(7) Vi php bin i tuyn tnh T: Rn Rm vi T(v) = Av th ma trn ca T trong cp c s t nhin cng l
A , cn trong cp c s khc s c ma trn B thng khc A. (Xem li v d 5, 12, 13)
(8) Vi khng gian vc t ni chung (a thc, ma trn, ), khi cc vc t biu din qua tp c s th ta ca
n l vc t n-chiu. iu ny gip cho mi php bin i tuyn tnh u a c v dng T(v) = Av tng ng
vi cp c s ca 2 khng gian ngun v ch.
(9) Tm lai: tm cc ct ma trn A, th tm nh ca tng vc t c s trong khng gian ngun, sau xc nh
ta ca nh trong khng gian ch. (Xem li v d 13, 14,15, 16)

CC CHNH BI GING TUN 9

1. Khi nim php bin i tuyn tnh.
2. nh v nhn ca mt php bin i tuyn tnh.
3. Ma trn ca mt php bin i tuyn tnh.
4