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com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – BAND GAP OF SEMICONDUCTOR

Mr. A.CHARIS ISRAEL. M.Sc., B.Ed., (Ph.D.)

Asst. Professor of PHYSICS
Department of Humanities & Science
Mobile: +91-9269680853, +91-9571054586, +91-9866934653

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
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2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – BAND GAP OF SEMICONDUCTOR

Exp. No. 2 CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO VOLTMETER

Date:
Aim: To convert a given Galvanometer into Voltmeter of range 1.5V and to Calibrate it.

Apparatus: Galvanometer (30-0-30), Voltmeter (0-3V), High Resistance box (1-10,000 Ω ), Low
resistance box (1-1000 Ω ), Rheostat, Plug Key, Battery Eliminator (2-12V), connecting wires.

Formulae:

1). The maximum current for full deflection that can flow through the galvanometer is
E N
ig = amp
( RH + Rg ) n
where ‘E’ is the voltage applied,
‘RH’ is the Resistance in the High Resistance box when the key K2 is open.
‘Rg’ is the internal resistance of the galvanometer.
‘N’ is the Total number of divisions in the galvanometer to one end of Zero.
‘n’ is the deflection in the galvanometer when RH is introduced with the key K2 open.
2). The high resistance to be connected in series with the Galvanometer while converting it
into voltmeter is V 
RS =   − Rg Ω
i 
 g
where ‘V’ is the maximum amount of Voltage to be measured as per the aim of the
experiment, here V = 1.5 Volt.
‘ig’ is the maximum current for full deflection that can flow through the galvanometer.
‘Rg’ is the internal resistance of the galvanometer.
3). Voltage measured by the converted Galvanometer,
V 
V ' =   n Volt
N
where ‘V’ is the maximum amount of Voltage to be measured as per the aim of the
experiment, here V = 1.5 Volt.
‘N’ is the Total number of divisions in the galvanometer to one end of Zero.
‘n’ is the deflection in the galvanometer during calibration.
4). Error (V '− V '') volt.
where V ' is the voltage measured in the converted galvanometer in Volt.
and V '' is the voltage in the voltmeter in Volt.

Model Graph: A graph is drawn between Voltage in voltmeter V '' taking on X-axis and correction
values (V '− V '') on Y-axis. A zig-zag curve is obtained as shown in the fig. below.
(V '− V '')

0 V ''

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2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – BAND GAP OF SEMICONDUCTOR

Procedure:
(A) To determine the Internal Resistance ‘Rg’ of the given Galvanometer and Current ‘ ig’ for
full scale deflection.

1) Connect the components as shown in the circuit-I with keys K1 and K2 open.
2) Adjust the e.m.f. of the source to 2V and note the total number of divisions to one side of zero in
galvanometer ‘N’.
3) Now adjust the resistance RH to a larger value (approximately 5000) and close key K1.
4) Adjust the resistance RH so that the needle in galvanometer points 30th division (nth) and note RH
value.
5) Close the key K2 and adjust the resistance RL for half-deflection in galvanometer and note RL
value in tabular column-I.
6) Repeat step (4) by reducing two divisions (i.e., (n-2), (n-4), (n-6),…) each time and
corresponding half-deflection resistance RL is noted.
7) Now calculate the mean of RL which will be the internal resistance Rg of galvanometer.
8) By substituting the value of RH, Rg, E, N, n we can determine current ig for full deflection in
galvanometer.

(B) To determine the Series Resistance ‘RS’ and Conversion of the Galvanometer into
Voltmeter :
1) Calculate the series resistance value by substituting the values of ‘ ig’ and Rg in
V 
RS =   − R g Ω
 ig 
 
2) Adjust the high resistance box with the value of RS obtained above and connect RS in series with
the galvanometer. Then galvanometer along with the high resistance RS works as voltmeter.

(C) Calibration of Converted Voltmeter :

1) Connect the components along with the converted voltmeter as shown in the Circuit-II with key
K open.
2) Close the key K and adjust the rheostat for the full deflection ‘ n’ in galvanometer and calculate
the voltage in the galvanometer using
V 
V ' =   n Volt
N
3) Mean while note the voltage measured by voltmeter V '' and calculate the error (V '− V '') .
4) Repeat steps (2) & (3) for deflections (n-2), (n-4), (n-6),… in galvanometer.
5) Plot a graph with error (V '− V '') on Y-axis and Voltmeter reading V '' on X-axis. This graph is
called as Calibration graph.

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
 www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – BAND GAP OF SEMICONDUCTOR

(A). To determine the Internal Resistance ‘Rg’ of the given Galvanometer and Current ‘ig’ for full
scale deflection.
B K1
CIRCUIT – I :-

RH K2

Observations: RL = Rg
1) E.m.f of the source, E = ________V.
2) Total number of divisions in the Galvanometer (only on one side of zero ‘0’), N = _______.

High Deflection in Resistance for E N

S.No. Resistance Galvanometer half- Mean ig = amp Mean
( RH + Rg ) n
‘RH’ Ω ‘n’ division deflection Rg Ω ‘ ig’ amp
‘RL=Rg’ Ω

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

(B). To determine the series resistance ‘RS’:

The high resistance to be connected in series with the Galvanometer while converting it into
voltmeter is V 
RS =   − Rg Ω
i 
V = _______ V.  g

ig = _______ amp, Rg = ______ Ω .

RS = _________ Ω .

Rough Work:

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
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2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – BAND GAP OF SEMICONDUCTOR

(C). Conversion of the Galvanometer into voltmeter and Calibration:

CIRCUIT – II :-

B K

5Ω

Rh
G RS

Voltage measured by Voltage

S.No. Deflection in converted Galvanometer measured in Error
Galvanometer
‘n’
V '= V
N( )
n Volt Voltmeter
V ''
( '− V '')
V

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Rough Work:

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
 www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – BAND GAP OF SEMICONDUCTOR

Precautions:

1) The needle of the Galvanometer should read ZERO, otherwise the error must be corrected.

2) At any moment the resistance in the High resistance box should not be ZERO (should be
around 5000 Ω ), otherwise high current will flow through galvanometer and it will get
damaged.

3) The Voltmeter used for calibration must be of the same range, as set for the conversion.

4) All the readings should be taken without any parallax error.

Result:

1) The resistance of the given galvanometer, Rg = _______ Ω .

2) The high resistance to be connected in series with the galvanometer, RS = ________ Ω .

3) The given galvanometer is converted into Voltmeter and has been calibrated.

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U