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ABSTRACT
The chemical reactions observed in this experiment were used to distinguish the different characteristic of
each hydrocarbons samples. Five drops of the four given compounds are used to be tested with the
Bayers, Bromination with light and dark, and Tollens Test. Hexane and Unknown Hydrocarbon 1 are
positive only in Brominations test in light indicating that it belongs to the alkane group. While in Eugenol,
it reacted negative only in Tollens test. On the other hand, Acetylene positively reacted to all the chemical
test which signifies the characteristic of a compound belongs to alkyne group. Lastly, the Unknown
Hydrocarbon 2 obtained a negative result in Tollens test same as the sequence presented in the
Eugenol. Sample 1 was identified as Alkane and Sample 2 was Alkene. The result of the experiment were
concluded as accurate with the original result presented by the laboratory instructor and have been useful
in determining the different types of reaction of each hydrocarbon groups.
INTRODUCTION
Organic compounds are of compounds
that are produced by living organisms. Some of
these organic compounds in their raw states are
useless and toxic unless they converted into
suitable forms and some of these are carried out
by cracking that is in petroleum, and also
synthesis as in polymerization. Hence it is the
duty of chemical engineers to know the
characteristics, classes and type of reaction under
which these compounds undergo in order to convert them
into useful products. Compounded through
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Sulphur
and halogens they are divided into classes and
each of them are characterized by a functional group. A
functional group is a chemically bond atoms that
shows characteristics set of properties. Among
organic
compounds,
the
simplest
are
hydrocarbons, contained only of elements
carbon and hydrogen, are classified according to
their structure. So, hydrocarbons are divided into
METHODOLOGY
The various classes of hydrocarbons can be
distinguished from each other by the types of
reactions they undergo. In other words, alkanes
react differently than aromatics, alkenes, and
alkynes under the same conditions. The various
hydrocarbons also have different physical
properties. Their capacity to react with the
solvent or to change of color. For this
experiment, four compounds are subjected each
to the chemical test which concerned the
Bayers test, Bromination test (light and dark),
and Tollens test with their different reactive. And
the compounds were hexane, eugenol acetylene
and two unknowns hydrocarbons 1 and 2). For
beginning their experiment, the students have
introduced 5 drops of each sample into the four
dry test tubes. Then, one by one, they are tested
to 5 drops of each reactive. The mixture are
shacked and observed (visible + result). For
Bayers test, the reagent was potassium
permanganate (KMnO4), 5 drops per each
sample. For the Bromination test light, bromine
(Br2) was used 5 drops per each sample, and for
Bromination test dark the test tubes were
wrapped with paper and added 5 drops of
bromine then placed in the dark immediately. All
tests were subjected to five minutes of
observation. For the Tollens test, 5 drops, per
each sample, of Tollens reagent was used
(shake and observe). As another step, acetylene
generation set-up (Figure 1) was prepared and
with which preparatory funnel contained some
water and distilling flask calcium carbide (CaC2),
in which also was added a small increment of
water. This mixture was to initiate the formation
of acetylene (C2H2) which one was collected into
the each test tubes through inserting the end of
the rubber tubing after opening the pinchcock.
And some minutes for observing the reaction, it
were the process of results and identification of
the sample nature.
Visible +
result
Hexane
Eugenol
Acetylene
Unknown 1
Unknown 2
Brown
precipitate
+
++
++
(in light)
Discoloration
or formation of
gas
+
++
++
+
++
(in dark)
Discoloration
or formation of
gas
++
+
+
Silver mirror
++
-
Br
Br2
Bromination
Bromination
Tollens Test
UV light
HBr
Br-Br
Br
Br
UV light
1. Bayers Oxidation:
(a) Alkene:
CH2
OH
HO
Br
HO
OH
OH
2KMnO4
H2
C
MnO2
2H2O
HO
CH3
OH
HO
OH
OH
CH
CH3
Br2
CH3
UV light
Brown ppt
(b) Alkyne:
H
KMnO4
NaOH
HO
OH
3. Bromination (dark)
(a) Alkane
+
2. Bromination (light)
Br
UV light
HBr
4. Tollens Test
O
NO REACTION
(a) Alkane:
Br2
Br2
AgO2
NH3H2O
OH
Ag
HBr
C. Follow-up
Application:
Questions
and
Reference/s: