I CNG V KIM LOI

A. TNH CHT CA KIM LOI DY IN HA CA KIM LOI

I. Tnh cht vt l
Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi: Tnh do Tnh dn in Tnh dn nhit nh kim.
Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi gy nn bi s c mt ca cc electron t do trong mng tinh
th kim loi.
II. Tnh cht ha hc
Tnh cht ha hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh (b oxi ha): M Mn+ + ne.
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
to
V d: 2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3.

4Al + 3O2

to

2Al2O3.

t
Fe + S
FeS

Hg + S HgS.
2. Tc dng vi dung dch axit
a. Vi dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long: (tr cc kim loi Cu, Ag, Hg, Au khng c phn ng) sn
phm l mui v kh H2.
V d: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2.
b. Vi dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c: (tr Pt, Au khng phn ng) sn phm l mui + sn phm
kh + nc.
V d: 3Cu + 8HNO3 (long) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Fe + 4HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
Cu + 2H2SO4 (c) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Ch : HNO3, H2SO4 c ngui khng phn ng vi cc kim loi Al, Fe, Cr.
3. Tc dng vi nc: cc kim loi Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na phn ng c vi nc nhit thng
to baz v kh H2.
V d: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2.
4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: kim loi mnh hn kh ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch
mui thnh kim loi t do.
V d: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
III. Dy in ha ca kim loi
K+
Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+
Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Au3+.

Na

Mg

Al

Tnh oxi ha ca ion kim loi tng dn

Zn
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu

Fe2+

Ag

Au

Tnh kh ca kim loi gim dn

ngha ca dy in ha: d on chiu phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ha kh. Cht oxi ha mnh hn
s oxi ha cht kh mnh hn sinh ra cht oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
V d: phn ng gia 2 cp Fe2+/Fe v Cu2+/Cu l
Cu2+ + Fe Fe2+ + Cu.
B. S N MN KIM LOI
I. Khi nim
S n mn kim loi l s ph hy kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi
trng xung quanh.
II. Cc dng n mn kim loi
1. n mn ha hc: l qu trnh oxi ha kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn trc
tip n cc cht trong mi trng.
2. n mn in ha hc:
n mn in ha l qu trnh oxi ha kh, trong kim loi b n mn do tc dng ca
dung dch cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m n cc dng.

C ch: cc m, kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn b oxi ha. cc dng, kim loi c tnh
kh yu hn.
III. Chng n mn kim loi
a. Phng php bo v b mt: ph lp sn chng tip xc vi tc nhn gy n mn.
b. Phng php in ha: Ni kim loi cn bo v vi mt kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn.
V d: bo v v tu bin lm bng thp ngi ta gn vo nhng mt ngoi ca v tu (phn
chm di nc) nhng l km (Zn).
C. IU CH KIM LOI
I. Nguyn tc iu ch
Kh ion kim loi thnh nguyn t: Mn+ + ne M.
II. Phng php
1. Phng php nhit luyn: dng iu ch nhng kim loi nh Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg
Dng cc cht kh mnh nh: C, CO, H2 hoc Al kh cc ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao.
to
V d: CuO + H2
Cu + H2O.

t
Fe2O3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO2.

2. Phng php thy luyn: dng iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu Cu, Ag, Hg Dng
kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi trong dung dch mui.
V d: Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4.
3. Phng php in phn
a. in phn nng chy: iu ch nhng kim loi K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al. in phn nng chy cc hp
cht (mui, oxit, baz) ca chng.
V d: 2Al2O3 pnc 4Al + 3O2.
b. in phn dung dch: iu ch kim loi ng sau Al.
V d: 4AgNO3 + 2H2O pdd 4Ag + O2 + 4HNO3.
E. BI TP P DNG
1. Kim loi no sau y c tnh dn in tt nht trong tt cc kim loi?
A. Vng.
B. Bc.
C. ng.
D. Nhm.
2. Kim loi no sau y c cng ln nht trong tt c cc kim loi?
A. W
B. Cr
C. Fe
D. Cu
3. Kim loi no sau y mm nht trong s bn kim loi gm Li, Na, K, Cs?
A. Li
B. Cs
C. Na
D. K
4. Kim loi no sau y c nhit nng chy cao nht trong tt c cc kim loi?
A. W
B. Fe
C. Cu
D. Zn
5. Mt nguyn t c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 40. Nguyn t thuc nguyn t
A. Ca
B. Ba
C. Al
D. Fe
6. C cc kim loi Cu, Ag, Fe, Al, Au. dn in ca chng gim dn theo th t l
A. Ag, Cu, Au, Al, Fe
B. Ag, Cu, Fe, Al, Au
C. Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Al
D. Al, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au
7. Kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l chung no sau y?
A. tnh do, tnh dn in, nhit nng chy cao.
B. tnh do, tnh dn in v nhit, c nh kim.
C. tnh dn in v nhit, c khi lng ring ln, c nh kim.
D. tnh do, c nh kim, cng cao.
8. Kim loi no sau y khng tc dng vi nc iu kin thng?
A. Na
B. Ba
C. Ca
D. Al
9. Kim loi no sau y c th tan trong dung dch HCl?
A. Sn
B. Cu
C. Ag
D. Hg
10. Kim loi no sau y c th y Fe ra khi dung dch mui Fe(NO3)2?
A. Ni
B. Sn
C. Zn
D. Cu
11. Kim loi M tc dng c vi cc dung dch: HCl, Cu(NO3)2, HNO3 c ngui. Kim loi M l

A. Al
B. Ag
C. Zn
D. Fe
12. tch ring tng kim loi ra khi dung dch cha ng thi mui AgNO 3 v Pb(NO3)2, ngi
ta dng ln lt cc kim loi
A. Cu, Fe
B. Pb, Fe
C. Ag, Pb
D. Zn, Cu
13. Mt cation kim loi c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2s 22p6. Cu hnh electron
phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t kim loi khng th l
A. 3s1
B. 3s23p1
C. 3s23p3
D.
3s2
14. Dy cc kim loi c xp theo th t tnh kh tng dn t tri sang phi l
A. Al, Mg, Fe
B. Fe, Al, MgC. Fe, Mg, AlD. Mg, Fe, Al
15. bo v v tu bin lm bng thp ngi ta thng gn vo v tu (phn chm di nc)
nhng tm lm bng kim loi
A. Pb
B. Sn
C. Zn
D. Cu
16. Cho phn ng: aFe + bHNO3 cFe(NO3)3 + dNO + eH2O. Cc h s a, b, c, d, e l nhng s
nguyn, n gin nht. Tng (a + b) bng
A. 3
B. 5
C. 4
D. 6
17. in phn NaCl nng chy vi in cc tr, catot thu c
A. Na
B. Na2CO3
C. NaOH
D. NaCl
18. Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi l tnh kh v
A. nguyn t kim loi thng c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
B. nguyn t kim loi c nng lng ion ha nh.
C. kim loi c xu hng nhn thm electron t cu trc bn.
D. kim loi c m in ln.
19. ng (Cu) tc dng c vi dung dch:
A. FeCl3.
B. H2SO4 long
C. NaOH.
D. FeSO4.
20. Kim loi khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng l
A. Fe
B. Na
C. K
D. Ba
21. Cho 4 dung dch mui: Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2. Kim loi tc dng c vi c 4
dung dch trn l
A. Zn
B. Fe
C. Cu
D. Pb
22. Oxit d b H2 kh nhit cao to thnh kim loi l
A. Na2O
B. CaO
C. K2O
D. CuO
23. nhit cao, CuO khng phn ng c vi
A. Ag
B. H2
C. Al
D. CO.
24. S ph hy kim loi hay hp kim do kim loi tc dng trc tip vi cc cht oxi ha trong mi
trng c gi l
A. s mi mn c hc
B. s iu ch kim loi.
C. s n mn ha hc
D. s n mn in ha
25. Kim loi Ni phn ng c vi tt c mui trong dung dch dy no sau y?
A. NaCl, AlCl3, ZnCl2.
B. MgSO4, CuSO4, AgNO3.
C. Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3, NaCl.
D. AgNO3, CuSO4, Pb(NO3)2.
26. Cho ba kim loi l Al, Fe, Cu v bn dung dch ring bit l ZnSO 4, AgNO3, CuCl2, MgSO4.
Kim loi no trong ba kim loi tc dng c vi tt c dung dch cho?
A. Al
B. Fe
C. Cu
D. c 3 u khng phi.
27. Cho Cu d tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 thu c dung dch X. Cho Fe d tc dng vi dung
dch X thu c dung dch Y c cha
A. Fe(NO3)3.
B. Fe(NO3)2.
C. Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2.
D. Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2.
28. Cho kh CO d i qua hn hp gm CuO, Al 2O3 v MgO (nung nng). Khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c cht rn gm c
A. Cu, Al, Mg
B. Cu, Al, MgO
C. Cu, Al2O3, Mg D. Cu, Al2O3, MgO
29. Dy no sau y gm cc nguyn t v ion c cu hnh electron 1s2s2p6?

A. K+, Cl, Ar.B. Li+, Br, Ne.

C. Na+, Cl, Ar.
D. Na+, F, Ne.
30. Cation R+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Nguyn t R l
A. F
B. Na
C. K
D. Cl
31. Thy ngn d bay hi v rt c. Nu chng may nhit k thy ngn b v th dng cht no sau
y kh c thy ngn l tt nht?
A. bt st
B. bt lu hunh
C. bt than
D. nc
32. Cho cc ht Cu vo dung dch AgNO3 thy xut hin
A. dung dch mu xanh v c kh mu nu bay ln
B. di y ng nghim c kt ta Ag
C. trn cc ht Cu c mt lp Ag mu sng, dung dch khng mu
D. dung dch mu xanh, trn cc ht Cu c mt lp Ag mu sng.
33. Theo phn ng ha hc: Fe + CuSO 4 FeSO4 + Cu, c sn phm l 0,1 mol Cu th khi
lng Fe tham gia phn ng l
A. 2,8 g
B. 5,6 g
C. 11,2 g
D. 56 g
34. Ngm mt inh st trong 100 ml dung dch CuCl 2 1M, gi thit ng to ra bm ht vo inh
st. Sau khi phn ng xong ly inh st ra, sy kh, khi lng inh Fe tng
A. 15,5 g
B. 0,8 g
C. 2,7 g
D. 2,4 g
35. Cho 3,2 gam Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c, d th th tch kh NO2 (ktc) thu c l
A. 1,12 lit
B. 2,24 lit
C. 3,36 lit
D. 4,48 lit
36. Cho 10 gam hn hp gm Fe v Cu tc dng vi dung dch H 2SO4 long (d). Sau phn ng thu
c 2,24 lit kh H2 (ktc), dung dch X v m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,4 gam
B. 4,4 gam
C. 5,6 gam
D. 3,4 gam
37. Ngm 9 gam hp kim Cu Zn trong dung dch axit HCl d thu c 896 ml kh H 2 (ktc). Khi
lng ca Cu l
A. 6,4 gam
B. 3,2 gam
C. 2,6 gam
D. 1,3 gam
38. Cho 2,06 g hn hp gm Fe, Al v Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 long d thu c 0,896 lit
NO duy nht (ktc). Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l
A. 9,5 g
B. 7,44 g
C. 7,02 g
D. 4,54 g
39. Nhng thanh Fe vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO 4 0,1 M . Sau khi mu xanh ca dung dch mt, ly
thanh Fe ra (gi s ton b Cu sinh ra bm ht vo thanh Fe) thy khi lng thanh Fe
A. tng 1,28 g.
B. tng 1,60 g.
C. tng 0,16 g.
D. gim 1,12 g.
40. Nung nng 16,8 g bt Fe v 6,4 g bt S (khng c khng kh) thu c sn phm X. Cho X tc
dng vi dung dch HCl d th c V lit kh thot ra (ktc). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr
ca V l
A. 2,24 lit
B. 4,48 lit
C. 6,72 lit
D. 3,36 lit
41. Cho 6,72 lit kh H2 (ktc) i qua ng ng 32 g CuO nung nng thu c cht rn A. Th tch
dung dch HCl 1M tc dng ht vi A l
A. 0,2 lit
B. 0,1 lit
C. 0,3 lit
D. 0,01 lit
42. Cho 2,52 gam mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H 2SO4 long to ra 6,84 gam mui sunfat.
Kim loi l
A. Mg
B. Fe
C. Al
D. Zn
43. Cho 4,8 gam mt kim loi R ha tr II tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO 3 long thu c 1,12
lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Kim loi R l
A. Zn
B. Mg
C. Fe
D. Cu
44. t chy ht 3,6 g mt kim loi ha tr II trong kh clo thu c 14,25 g mui khan ca kim loi
. Kim loi mang t l
A. Zn
B. Cu
C. Mg
D. Ni
45. Ha tan hon ton 0,5 g hn hp gm Fe v mt kim loi M ha tr II trong dung dch HCl thu
c 1,12 lit H2 (ktc). Kim loi M l
A. Mg
B. Ca
C. Zn
D. Be

46. in phn bng in cc tr dung dch mui sunfat ca kim loi ha tr II vi dng in c
cng 6A. Sau 29 pht in phn thy khi lng catot tng 3,45 g. Kim loi l
A. Zn
B. Cu
C. Ni
D. Sn
47. in phn 400 ml dung dch CuSO 4 0,2M vi cng dng in 10A trong mt thi gian thu
c 0,224 lit kh (ktc) anot. Bit in cc dng l in cc tr v hiu sut in phn l
100%. Khi lng catot tng
A. 1,28 g
B. 0,32 g
C. 0,64 g
D. 3,2 g
48. kh hon ton 30 g hn hp gm: CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Fe, MgO cn dng 5,6 lit kh CO
(ktc). Khi lng cht rn thu c sau phn ng l
A. 28 g
B. 26 g
C. 24 g
D. 22 g
49. Ha tan 20 gam hn hp Fe v Mg trong dung dch HCl thu c 1 gam H 2. Khi c cn dung
dch thu c khi lng mui khan l
A. 54,5 g
B. 55,5 g
C. 56,5 g
D. 57,5 g
50. kh hon ton 23,2 g mt oxit kim loi, cn dng 8,96 lit H2 (ktc). Kim loi trong oxit l
A. Mg
B. Cu
C. Fe
D. Cr
KIM LOI KIM, KIM LOI KIM TH, NHM
KIM LOI KIM V HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM
A. Kim loi kim
I. V tr trong bng tun hon, cu hnh electron
Kim loi kim gm: Liti (Li), Natri (Na), Kali (K), Rubii (Rb), Xesi (Cs), Franxi (Fr).
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng: ns1.
II. Tnh cht ha hc
C tnh kh mnh: M M+ + e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
V d: 4Na + O2 2Na2O
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
2. Tc dng vi axit (HCl, H2SO4 long): to mui v H2
V d: 2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2
3. Tc dng vi nc: to dung dch kim v H2.
V d: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
III. iu ch khi lng kim
1. Nguyn tc: kh ion kim loi kim thnh nguyn t.
2. Phng php: in phn nng chy mui halogen hoc hidroxit ca chng.
V d: 4NaOH pnc 4Na + 2H2O + O2.
B. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim
I. Natri hidroxit NaOH
+ Tc dng vi axit: to mui v nc
V d: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
+ Tc dng vi oxit axit: to mui v nc
V d: 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
+ Tc dng vi dung dch mui
V d: 2NaOH + CuSO4 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2.
II. Natri hidrocacbonat NaHCO3
1. phn ng phn hy
to
V d: 2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

2. Tnh lng tnh: tc dng vi axit v bazo

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
III. Natri cacbonat Na2CO3
Tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh hn axit cacbonic

V d: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim trong nc cho mi trng kim
IV. Cc mui nitrat: KNO3; NaNO3.
Mui nitrat ca kim loi kim c phn ng nhit phn to ra mui nitrit.
KIM LOI KIM TH V MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG
A. Kim loi kim th
I. V tr cu hnh electron
Thuc nhm IIA gm cc nguyn t sau: beri (Be), magie (Mg), canxi (Ca), stronti (Sr), bari (Ba).
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng: ns.
II. Tnh cht ha hc
C tnh kh mnh (nhng yu hn kim loi kim): M M2+ + 2e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
V d: 2Mg + O2 2MgO.
2. Tc dng vi dung dch axit
a. Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long: to mui v gii phng H2.
V d: Mg + H2SO4 (long) MgSO4 + H2.
b. Vi axit HNO3, H2SO4 c: to mui + sn phm kh + H2O
V d: 4Mg + 10HNO3 (long) 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O.
4Mg + 5H2SO4 (c) 4MgSO4 + H2S + 4H2O.
3. Tc dng vi nc
nhit thng: Ca, Sr, Ba phn ng to baz v H2.
V d: Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2.
B. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi
I. CANXI HIDROXIT
+ Tc dng vi axit: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
+ Tc dng vi oxit axit: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (nhn bit kh CO2)
+ Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH
II. CANXI CACBONAT
to
+ Phn ng phn hy: CaCO3
CaO + CO2.

+ Phn ng vi axit mnh: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O.

+ Phn ng vi nc c CO2: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2.
III. CANXI SUNFAT
Thch cao sng: CaSO4.2H2O
Thch cao nung: CaSO4.H2O
Thch cao khan: CaSO4.
C. Nc cng
1. Khi nim: nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c gi l nc cng.
a. Tnh cng tm thi: gy nn bi cc mui Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2.
b. Tnh cng vnh cu: gy nn bi cc mui CaSO4, MgSO4, CaCl2, MgCl2.
c. Tnh cng ton phn: gm c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu.
2. Cch lm mm nc cng:
Nguyn tc: l lm gim nng cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ trong nc cng.
a. phng php kt ta:
* i vi nc c tnh cng tm thi:
+ un si, lc b kt ta.
to
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

+ Dng Ca(OH)2, lc b kt ta:

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
+ Dng Na2CO3 ( hoc Na3PO4):
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3.

* i vi nc c tnh cng vnh cu v ton phn: dng Na2CO3 (hoc Na3PO4)

CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4.
b. Phng php trao i ion: s dng tm lc nano.
NHM V HP CHT CA NHM
A. Nhm
I. V tr cu hnh electron
Nhm IIIA, chu k 3, th 13. Cu hnh electron: Al (Z=13): 1s 2s2p63s3p1 hay [Ne]3s3p1. Ion
Al3+: 1s 2s2p6.
II. Tnh cht ha hc:
C tnh kh mnh (yu hn kim loi kim, kim th): Al Al3+ + 3e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
V d: 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3.
2. Tc dng vi axit
a. Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long
V d: 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2.
2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2.
b. Vi axit HNO3 v H2SO4 c
V d: Al + 4HNO3 (l) Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O. (sn phm ty vo nng ca HNO3)
to
2Al + 6H2SO4 ()
Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O.

Ch : Al khng tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui

3. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi
to
V d: 2Al + Fe2O3
Al2O3 + 2Fe (phn ng nhit nhm)

4. Tc dng vi nc
Nhm khng tc dng vi nc d nhit cao v trn b mt ca Al ph kin mt lp
Al2O3 rt mng, bn v mn khng cho nc v kh thm qua.
5. Tc dng vi dung dch kim
Dung dch kim ha tan c lp bo v ca nhm v nhm kh c nc khi cn c mt kim.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
IV. Sn xut nhm
1. Nguyn liu: qung boxit (Al2O3.2H2O)
2. Phng php: in phn nhm oxit nng chy
V d: 2Al2O3 pnc 4Al + 3O2
B. Mt s hp cht ca nhm
I. NHM OXIT
Al2O3 l oxit lng tnh
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
II. NHM HIDROXIT
Al(OH)3 l hidroxit lng tnh.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O.
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O.
iu ch: AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
III. NHM SUNFAT
Quan trng l phn chua, cng thc: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O hay KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
BI TP P DNG
1. c im no sau y khng l c im chung cho cc kim loi nhm IA?
A. s electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t
B. s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht
C. cu to mng tinh th ca n cht
D. bn knh nguyn t

2. Cation M+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 2s2p6. Nguyn t M l

A. Al
B. Cu
C. Na
D. K
3. bo qun cc kim loi kim cn phi lm g?
A. ngm chng vo nc
B. gi chng trong l c y np kn
C. ngm chng trong ru nguyn cht D. ngm chng trong du ha
4. Hin tng xy ra khi cho Na kim loi vo dung dch CuSO4 l
A. si bt kh khng mu v c kt ta xanh
B. b mt kim loi c mu , dung dch nht mu
C. si bt kh khng mu v c kt ta mu
D. b mt kim loi c mu v c kt ta mu xanh
5. Dung dch no di y khng lm i mu qu tm?
A. NaOH
B. NaHCO3
C. Na2CO3
D. NH4Cl
6. Cho cc cht: Ca, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaO. Da vo mi quan h gia cc hp cht v c, hy
chn dy bin i no sau y c th thc hin c?
A. Ca CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 CaO
B. Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 CaCO3.
C. CaCO3 Ca CaO Ca(OH)2
D. CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 Ca CaO
7. C th dng cht no sau y lm mm nc c tnh cng tm thi?
A. NaCl
B. H2SO4
C. Na2CO3
D. KNO3.
8. Cho dung dch Ca(OH)2 vo dung dch Ca(HCO3)2 s:
A. c kt ta trng
B. c bt kh thot ra
C. c kt ta trng v bt kh thot ra
D. khng c hin tng
9. Mui khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c mi trng kim. Mui l
A. NaCl
B. Na2CO3
C. KHSO4
D. MgCl2.
10. Cp cht khng xy ra phn ng l
A. dung dch NaOH v Al2O3
B. dung dch NaNO3 v MgCl2.
C. K2O v H2O
D. dung dch AgNO3 v KCl.
11. Cht khng c tnh lng tnh l
A. Al2O3
B. Al(OH)3.
C. AlCl3.
D. NaHCO3.
12. Nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut nhm l
A. qung manhetit B. qung boxit
C. qung olomit D. qung pirit.
13. Phn ng thuc loi phn ng oxi ha kh l
A. CaO + CO2 CaCO3.
B. MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
C. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
D. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu.
14. Cho 0,1 mol hn hp Na2CO3 v KHCO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl. Dn kh thot ra vo
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 8,0 g
B. 9,0 g
C. 10 g
D. 11 g
15. Nung nng hn hp gm 10,8 g bt Al vi 16 g bt Fe 2O3 khng c khng kh, nu hiu sut
phn ng l 80% th khi lng Al2O3 thu c l
A. 8,16 g
B. 10,20 g
C. 20,40 g
D. 16,32 g
16. Cho 4,005 g AlCl3 vo 1000 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng xong thu c bao
nhiu gam kt ta?
A. 1,56 g
B. 2,34 g
C. 2,60 g
D. 1,65 g
17. Cho 21,6 g mt kim loi cha bit ha tr tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 long thu c 6,72
lit N2O duy nht (ktc). Kim loi l
A. Na
B. Zn
C. Mg
D. Al
18. Sc 11,2 lit kh SO2 (ktc) vo dung dch NaOH d, dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi BaCl 2
d th khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 107,5 g
B. 108,5 g
C. 106,5 g
D. 105,5 g

19. Sc V lit kh SO2 (ktc) vo dung dch brom d thu c dung dch X. Cho BaCl 2 d vo dung
dch X thu c 23,3 g kt ta. V c gi tr l
A. 1,12
B. 2,24
C. 3,36
D. 6,72
20. Cn bao nhiu gam bt nhm c th iu ch c 78 gam crom t Cr 2O3 bng phng php
nhit nhm?
A. 27,0 g
B. 54,0 g
C. 67,5 g
D. 40,5 g
ST V MT S KIM LOI QUAN TRNG
A. ST
I. V tr cu hnh electron:
St th 26, nhm VIIIB, chu k 4. Cu hnh electron: Fe (Z=26): 1s2s2p63s3p63d64s.
Fe2+: [Ar]3d6; Fe3+: [Ar]3d5.
II. Tnh cht ha hc:
C tnh kh trung bnh
Fe Fe+2 + 2e
Fe Fe+3 + 3e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
to
V d: Fe + S
FeS

t
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3.

2. Tc dng vi axit:
a. Vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long: to mui Fe (II) v H2
V d: Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
b. Vi dung dch HNO3 v H2SO4 c nng: to mui Fe (III)
V d: Fe + 4 HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
to
2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c)
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Ch : Fe khng tc dng vi axit HNO3 c ngui v H2SO4 c ngui

3. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Fe kh c ion ca cc kim loi ng sau n.
V d: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
4. Tc dng vi nc:
nhit thng st khng kh nc
nhit cao:
o
o
V d: 3Fe + 4H2O t 570
Fe3O4 + 4H2
o

Fe + H2O t 570
FeO + H2
B. HP CHT CA ST
I. Hp cht st (II)
Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca hp cht st (II) l tnh kh (d b oxi ha)
1. St (II) oxit: FeO
V d: 3FeO + 10HNO3 () 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
to
FeO + CO
Fe + CO2

2. St (II) hidroxit: Fe(OH)2.

V d: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
3. Mui st (II):
V d: 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3.
Ch : FeO, Fe(OH)2 khi tc dng vi HCl hay H2SO4 long to mui st (II)
V d: FeO + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2.
Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl FeCl2 + 2H2O.
II. Hp cht st (III)
1. St (III) oxit: Fe2O3
L oxit baz: tc dng vi axit to mui st (III) v nc.

V d: Fe2O3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2O

Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O.
B CO, H2, Al kh thnh Fe nhit cao
to
V d: Fe2O3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO2

iu ch: phn hy Fe(OH)3 nhit cao.

to
V d: 2Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3 + 3H2O

2. St (III) hidroxit: Fe(OH)3

Tc dng vi axit: to mui v nc
Fe(OH)3 + 3HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
3. Mui st (III):
V d: Fe + 2FeCl3 3FeCl2.
Cu + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + CuCl2.
C. CROM V HP CHT CA CROM
I. V tr cu hnh electron:
th 24, thuc nhm VIB, chu k 4
Cu hnh electron: Cr (Z=24): 1s2s2p63s3p63d54s1.
II. Tnh cht ha hc:
Crom c tnh kh mnh hn st, cc s oxi ha thng gp ca crom l: +2, +3, +6.
1. Tc dng vi phi kim: to hp cht crom (III)
to
V d: 2Cr + 3Cl2
2CrCl3.

t
2Cr + 3S
Cr2S3.

2. Tc dng vi nc:
Crom (Cr) khng tc dng vi nc bt k nhit no
3. Tc dng vi axit:
V d: Cr + H2SO4 (l) CrSO4 + H2.
Ch : Cr khng tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui.
III. Hp cht ca crom
1. Hp cht crom (III)
a. Crom (III) oxit: Cr2O3 l oxit lng tnh, c mu xanh thm.
b. Crom (III) hidroxit: Cr(OH)3 l mt hidroxit lng tnh, c mu xanh nht.
V d: Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O.
Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl CrCl3 + 3H2O.
Ch : mui crom (III) va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh.
V d: 2CrCl3 + Zn 2CrCl2 + ZnCl2.
2NaCrO2 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 4H2O.
2. Hp cht crom (VI)
a. Crom (VI) oxit: CrO3.
L oxit axit. C tnh oxi ha mnh: S, P, C, C2H5OH bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3.
b. Mui crom (VI)
C tnh oxi ha mnh
V d: K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
Mui hoc acid cromat c mu vng trong mi trng bazo v chuyn thnh mui icromat hoc
acid icromat mu da cam trong mi trng acid.
3. Crom (II) oxit: CrO
CrO c mu en, v ch c tnh bazo. CrO trong khng kh dex b oxi ha thnh Cr2O3.
CrO + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2O.
NG V HP CHT CA NG
I. V tr cu hnh electron:
th 29, thuc nhm IB, chu k 4. Cu hnh electron: Cu (Z = 29) 1s 2s2p63s3p63d104s1.
II. Tnh cht ha hc:

L kim loi km hot ng, c tnh kh yu.

1. Tc dng vi phi kim:
to
V d: 2Cu + O2
2CuO

2. Tc dng vi axit:
a. Vi axit HCl v H2SO4 long: Cu khng phn ng.
b. Vi axit HNO3, H2SO4 c:
V d: Cu + 2H2SO4 (c) CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Cu + 4HNO3 (c) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O.
3Cu + 8HNO3 (long) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
III. Hp cht ca ng
1. ng (II) oxit:
L oxit baz: tc dung vi axit v oxit axit.
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
C tnh oxi ha: d b H2, CO, C kh thnh Cu kim loi.
to
V d: CuO + H2
Cu + H2O.

2. ng (II) hidroxit:
L mt baz: tc dng vi axit to mui v nc.
V d: Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CuCl2 + 2H2O.
to
D b nhit phn: Cu(OH)2
CuO + H2O

PHN BIT MT S CHT V C

I. Nhn bit mt s cation trong dung dch:
1. Nhn bit cation Na+: t mui natri th ngn la c mu vng.
2. Nhn bit cation NH4+: Dng dung dch kim, un nh: to kh NH3 c mi khai.
3. Nhn bit cation Ba2+: Dng dung dch H2SO4 hoc mui sunfat: to kt ta BaSO4 trng.
4. Nhn bit cation Al3+: Dng dung dch kim: to kt ta keo trng tan trong kim d.
5. Nhn bit cation Fe3+: Dng dung dch kim hoc NH3: to kt ta Fe(OH)3 mu nu .
6. Nhn bit cation Fe2+: Dng dung dch kim hoc NH3: to kt ta Fe(OH)2 c mu trng xanh.
7. Nhn bit cation Cu2+: Dng dung dch kim hoc NH3: to kt ta xanh tan nu NH3 d.
II. Nhn bit mt s anion trong dung dch
1. Nhn bit anion NO3: Dng kim loi Cu trong dung dch acid long: to dung dch mu xanh,
kh NO khng mu ha nu trong khng kh.
2. Nhn bit anion SO42: Dng dung dch Ba2+: to kt ta BaSO4 khng tan.
3. Nhn bit anion Cl: Dng dung dch AgNO3: to kt ta AgCl mu trng.
4. Nhn bit anion CO32: Dng dung dch axit: to ra kh khng mu, lm c nc vi trong.
NHN BIT MT S CHT KH
1. Nhn bit kh CO2: Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hay Ba(OH)2: to kt ta trng.
2. Nhn bit kh SO2: Dng nc Brom: lm nht mu dung dch brom.
Ch : SO2 cng to kt ta trng vi Ca(OH)2 v Ba(OH)2.
3. Nhn bit kh H2S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 hay Cu(NO3)2: to kt ta en.
4. Nhn bit kh NH3: Dng giy qu tm m: qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh.
BI TP P DNG
1. Cc kim loi dy no sau y u phn ng vi dung dch CuCl2?
A. Na, Mg, Ag.
B. Fe, Na, Mg.
C. Ba, Mg, Hg.
D. Na, Ba, Ag.
3+
2. Cu hnh electron ca ion Cr l:
A. [Ar]3d5
B. [Ar]3d4
C. [Ar]3d3
D. [Ar]3d2.
2+
3. Cu hnh electron ca ion Cu l:
A. [Ar]3d7
B. [Ar]3d8
C. [Ar]3d9
D. [Ar]3d10.
4. Dy no sau y sp xp cc kim loi ng theo th t tnh kh tng dn?
A. Pb, Ni, Sn, Zn B. Pb, Sn, Ni, Zn C. Ni, Sn, Zn. Pb D. Ni, Zn, Pb, Sn
5. St ty l st c ph ln b mt bi kim loi no sau y?

A. Zn
B. Ni
C. Sn
D. Cr
6. Hp cht no sau y khng c tnh lng tnh?
A. ZnO.
B. Zn(OH)2.
C. ZnSO4.
D. Zn(HCO3)2.
7. Fe c th tan trong dung dch cht no sau y?
A. AlCl3.
B. FeCl3.
C. FeCl2.
D. MgCl2.
8. Nhn nh no sau y sai?
A. st tan c trong dung dch CuSO4 B. st tan c trong dung dch FeCl3
C. st tan c trong dung dch FeCl2
D. ng tan c trong dung dch FeCl3.
9. Hp cht no sau y ca st va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh?
A. FeO.
B. Fe2O3.
C. Fe(OH)3.
D. Fe(NO3)3.
10. lm sch mt loi thy ngn (Hg) c ln tp cht l Zn, Sn v Pb cn khuy loi thy ngn
ny trong
A. dd Zn(NO3)2
B. dd Sn(NO3)2
C. dd Pb(NO3)2
D. dd Hg(NO3)2.
11. phn bit dung dch H2SO4 c ngui v dung dch HNO3 c ngui c th dng kim loi no
sau y?
A. Cr
B. Al
C. Fe
D. Cu
12. Cho dy cc cht: NaHCO3, Na2CO3, Ca(HCO3)2, FeCl3, AlCl3. S cht trong dy phn ng c
vi dung dch NaOH l
A. 4
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
13. Pht biu no sau y ng?
A. st b oxi ha bi clo to thnh hp cht st (II)
B. st tc dng vi axit H2SO4 long, HCl u to thnh hp cht st (III)
C. hp cht st (II) b oxi ha thnh hp cht st (III)
D. hp cht st (III) b oxi ha thnh st
14. Cho dy cc cht: Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3. S cht trong dy khi tc dng vi dung
dch HNO3 long sinh ra sn phm kh (cha nit) l
A. 5
B. 2
C. 4
D. 3
15. Cho Fe ln lt vo cc lng d dung dch FeCl3, AlCl3, CuCl2, Pb(NO3)2, HCl, H2SO4 c,
nng. S trng hp phn ng sinh ra mui st (II) l
A. 5
B. 4
C. 3
D. 6
2+
3+
2+
3+
16. Cho dy cc ion Ca , Al , Fe , Fe . Ion trong dy c s electron c thn ln nht l
A. Al3+
B. Ca2+
C. Fe2+
D. Fe3+.
17. Ngm mt l kim loi c khi lng 50 gam trong dung dch HCl. Sau khi thu c 336 ml kh
H2 (ktc) th khi lng l kim loi gim 1,68%. Kim loi l
A. Zn
B. Fe
C. Al
D. Ni
18. Kh hon ton 16 gam Fe2O3 bng kh CO nhit cao. Kh i ra sau phn ng c dn vo
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 15 g
B. 20 g
C. 25 g
D. 30 g
19. Nhng thanh st vo dung dch CuSO 4, sau mt thi gian ly thanh Fe ra ra sch, sy kh thy
khi lng tng 1,2 gam. Khi lng Cu bm vo thanh Fe l
A. 9,3 g
B. 9,4 g
C. 9,5 g
D. 9,6 g
20. Cho 19,2 gam kim loi M tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 long d thu c 4,48 lit kh duy nht
NO (ktc). Kim loi M l
A. Mg
B. Cu
C. Fe
D. Zn
21. Cho 7,68 gam Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 long thy c kh NO thot ra. Khi lng
mui nitrat sinh ra trong dung dch l
A. 21,56 g
B. 21,65 g
C. 22,56 g
D. 22,65 g
22. Cho 3,08 g Fe vo 150 ml dung dch AgNO 3 1M, lc k cho phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c
m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 11,88 g
B. 16,20 g
C. 18,20 g
D. 17,96 g