ELEMENTE DE STATISTICA I. Obiectul statisticii Sa urmarim urmatoarea problema practica: La evaluarea simestriala efectuata la obiectul matematica elevii unei clase au obtinut urmatoarele note. 6,7, 5, 8, 4, 6, 10, 8, 5, 7, 3, 7, 8,9, 5,8, 6, 7, 4, 8,8,5,6,9, 5. Profesorul trebuie sa prezinte directorului scolii o analiza a acestor rezultate. . Intrebare: In ce mod poate face aceasta analiza? Tata cateva variante: ¢ O varianta este prezentarea sirului de note de mai sus. Observam insa ca, vazand sau auzind lista notelor, cu greu se poate trage o concluzie. * Oallta varianta poate fi facand o grupare a datelor care sa dea posibilitatea evaluarii de asamblu a rezultatelor: “Din cei 25 de elevi, 22 au note de promovare, iar 3 elevi au note sub 5.” Informatia astfel prezentata permite formularea unei pareri privind nivelul de pregatire a elevilor, insa nu e atat de precisa stiind ca 22 de elevi au Iuat note e promovare. lar 3 elevi au note sub 5. © Oa treia varianta de prezentare poate fi urmatoarea : “Un elev are nota3, 2 elevi au nota 4, 5 au nota 5, 4 au nota 6, 4 au nota 7, 6 au nota 8, 2 au nota 9 si unu are nota 10.” De aceasta data, informatia poate fi urmarita mai usor, iar concluzia privind nivelul clasei este mai bine documentata. © Mai sugestiv chiar, gruparea datelor de mai sus poate fi organizata in urmatoarele tabele, respectiv in graficele ce urmeaza: Nota INT. Elev | Nota 13|4]5]6|7|8]9| 10] Nr. de elevi | 1} 2Noe [3-4 | 5-6 | 78 | 9-10 Wrdeelevi| 3 | 9 | 10 | 3 “Procentaj_| 12% | 36% | 40% 12% Statistica se ocupa cu culegerea, inregistrarea, gruparea, analiza si interpretarea datelor referitoare la un anumit fenomen precum sicu formularea unor previziuni privind producerea viitoare a fenomenului. ‘Activitatea de culegere si inregistrare a datelor legate de un fenomen face obiectul statiscticii descriptive sau statisticii formale. u. Elemente de limbaj in statistica Populatie statistiea Definitii a) Multimea pe care se realizeaza un studiu statistic se numeste populatie statistica. 'b) Elementele componente ale unei populatii statistice se numese unitati statistice sau indivizi. c) Numarul total al ‘unitatilor statistice ale unei populatii statice se numeste efectivul total al populatiei. 4) O parte a unei populatiistatice, aleasa in mod special pentru a se cerceta, se numeste esantion. > Exemple 1. Se presupunem ca ne intereseaza un studiu privind mediile generale cbtinote de elevii clasei a X-a la sfarsitul anului scolar. In acest studiu avem: _ = populatia statistica: multimea elevilor elasei a Xa; + unitatea statistica: fiecare elev Gfectivul total al populatiei: numarul tuturor elevilor clasei a X-a 2.0 asociatie profesionala numara 40 de membri, Se doreste intocmirea unui raport siatistic privind salariul lunar al fiecarai membru si starea civila a membrilor asociatiei, In acest stadiu ee 40 de membri reprezinta populatia statistica, fiecare membru reprezinta o unitate statistica, jar 40 reprezinta efectivul total al populatielProprietatea sau indicatorul in functie de care de cerceteaza unitatile statistice ale unei populatii se numeste caracteristica sau variabila statistica. » Exempie ; 1. In exemplele 1 si 2 formulate anterior au aparut diferite caracteristici: media generala, salariul, starea civil . In domeniul tehnic caracteristicile pot fi: rezistenta la rupere a umiii material, continutul in procente al unei substante intr-un aliaj, productia pe sortimente intr-o anumita perioada de timp, timpul de functionare al unui parat etc. Definitii © O caracteristica se numeste calitativa daca nu poate fi masurata (valoarea ei nu se exprima numeric). » Exemple starea civila, culoarea parului, calificativul. * Ocaracteristica se numeste cantitativa daca poate fi exprimata numeric. > Exemple Nota la teza, media generala, salariul lunar, inaltimea ete, “ Definiti ¢ Ocaracteristica cantitativa se numeste dicontinua sau discreta daca ea nu poate lua decat valori izolate. © Ocaracteristica cantitativa care poate lua valorile dintr-un interval se umeste caracteristica cantitativa continua, © Intervalele in care caracteristica ia valori se numese grupe sau clase de valori ale caracteristicii. > Bxemple Nota la teza este 0 caracteristica cantitatica disereta. © Inaltimea unei persoane este o caracteristica cantitativa continua, In studiul static al unui fenomen pot interveni una sau mai multe caracteristici. Definitii e Valorile pe care le ia o caracteristica sau variabila statistica se numesc date statistice. 7 © Oactivitate planificata ale carei rezultate formeaza multimea de date statistice se numeste experiment.Til. Tabele de date Un studiu de statistic comporta efectuarea urmatoarelor etape: © Culegerea si inregistrarea datelor statistice; © Gruparea sau clasificarea datelor statistice; © Analiza si interpretarea datelor; + Formularea nor previsiuni (exploatarea rezultatelor studiului). Primele doua etape se realizeaza folosind diferite tabele de dispunere a datelor statistice furnizate de un experiment, numit tabele de date. “Repartitia unui grup de sportivi dupa inaltime, exprimata in centimetri” Rezultatele obtinute in urma efectuarii experimentului sunt inregistrate in ordinea in care s-a facut masuratoarea. Se obtine urmatorul table de date: Tabeulu 1 165 [168 [177 _[195_[i73__[i98 [196 [190 [201 [168 172 [168 __[168__[196 [173 [199 [182 [195 [196 | 196 185, 205 184 192 178 165, 178 182 177 172 196 [192 |188_| 195/175 [192 |175__|184_|192 | 170 | 184 205 | 190 200 188 176 184 174 188 170, 170 180 | 184 199, 192 184 170 175 184 188 Sa asezam aceste date in ordinea crescatoare a inaltimii sportivilor, consemnand numarul de indivizi cu aceeasi caracteristica. Se obtine astfel un nou tabel de date: Tabelul 2 i i Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. ‘Nr. Gcuaia resco fcyHenceuuer eter Cm | sportivi | & | sportivi | “™ | sportivi 165 2 174 i 180. 1 190 2 199 2 168 4 [175] 3 2 i192) 5 [200] 1 | 170 | 4 | 176 | “7119531 2011 1 2] 3 | 177] 2 1 | 196; 5 | 205) 2 “Bt 1 [iwt 2 4 [198] 7 esTabelul 3 Clase de valori in Nr. sporti 2 165-170 6 170-175 g 75-180 & 120-185. 10 185-190 5 130-195 195-200 200-205 4 “+ — Observatii: Tabelul de date da posibilitatea obtinerii su usurinta a informatiilor privind fenomenul studiat; Clasele de valori ale variabilei statistice sunt de aceeasi lungime (amplitudine); In acest table, extremitatea dreapta a fiecarei clase nu face parte din aceasta clasa cu exceptia ultimei clase. “Distributia cadrelor didactice dintr-un judet dupa gradele didactice si dupa ciclul de invatamant unde activeaza.” Gruparea datelor culese din diferite surse de informare este realizata in urmatorul tabel: Tabelul 4 : BEECH Hee Gradul | Ciclul de | prescolar | Primar | Gimnazial Profesional didactic | invatamant L Definitiv, 30 55 120 90 0 ~~ Gradul iT [95 210 | 2500 | 780 26 Gradult | 106 | 250 | 2850 | 850 65 © Observatii: * Fenomenul studiat cuprinde doua caracteristici, amandoua fiind caracteristici calitative. * Tabelul de date asociat acestui studiu este un tabel de date cu doua intrari corespunzator numarului de caracteristici + Gruparea datelor in tabelul de date cu doua intrari permite gasirea si corelarea cu usurinta a unor informatii privind fenomenul studiat.IV. Frecvente Freeventa absoluta : Sa consideram o populatie statistica cu efectivul total N, X caracteristica unitatii statice care ia valorile x1, X25. py iar M1, Moy Ny, «Np Mumarul de unitatii corespunzatoare valorilor caracteristicii. Definitii © Multimea tuturor perechilor (x, n,), 1 Exemp! 1.Repartitia statica a elevilor in clasa a XI-a dintr-un liceu dupa ‘rezultatele la teza de matematica este prezentata astfel: Tabelul 5 Freeventa 57 18 . Repartitia statistica a elevilor clasei a XJ-a dintr-un liceu dupa media obtinuta la sfarsitul anului scolar este:Tabelul 6 | Media generata | {6,7) | [7.8) _ | Freeventa___ ae % Definitii ¢ Frecventa absoluta cumulata crescatoare a valorii x; a variabilei este suma tuturor frecventelor absolute ale valorilor variabilei care apar pana la x;, inclusiv. Se noteaza: Nj, =n) +nzt+n3+...+ nj, 1 Sp * Frecventa absoluta cumulata descrescatoare a valorii x; a variabilei este suma tuturor frecventelor absolute ale valorilor variabilei care apar de la x;, inclusiv. Se noteaza: N\=nj+nin+..+np,1 Exemple ‘Sa ne referim la seria statistica din tabelul 5 ¢ Frecventa relativa a valorii x3 = 6 este f; = ny/N = 5/50 = 10/100 = 10%. Interpretare: 10% din efectivul de 50 de elevi au obtinut nota 6 la teza.© Frecventa relativa a valorii x7 = 10 este f; = ny/N = 6/50 = 12/100 = 12%. Interpretare: 12% din efectivul de 50 de elevi au obtinut nota maxima. Definitii « Frecventa relativ cumulata crescatoare a unei valori x; a variabilei statistice este suma freeventelor relative ale valorilor care apa pana la x;, inclusiv, Senoteaza: F,=f\+h+..+f,1 eee per. x,-n, xi-m, | logx; | n, logs, |___(mil lei) ae a 80-82 | 4 324 0.05 26244 7.64 82-84 8 664 [0.10 | 55112 15.36 34-86 a [765 |0.10_| 65025 | 1.93 17.37 86-88 19 1653 | 0.22 | 143811 | 1.94 | 36.86, —_ 88-90) 3 712 | 0.09 | 63368_| 1.95 15.60) 90 - 92 4 __ 364 0.04 33124 1.96 7.84 [92-94 3 219 0.03__| 25947 [197 | 5.91 _| 94-96 3 475_| 0.05 | 45125 | 198 9.96 TOTAL 66. 5236 | 0.688 | 487756 | 15.26 | 116.48 1, Media aritmetica Media aritmetica simpla 3s 04 oe x. 88 Media aritmetiea ponderata : Exim, > - 5236 = = 87,27 60 2. Media armonica Media armonica simpla a 8 any = 87,72 B14 1200" $l” 0.09 x,Media armonica ponderata 3. Media geometrica Media geometrica simpla oes «67 91-93-95 = 67,88 Media geometrica ponderata (229%) cumoasterea gradului de influenfi a factorilor dupa care s-a facut gruparea unititilor ~ observate. Indicatorii simpli ai variatiei. Indicatorii simpli ai variatiei servese Ja caracterizarea gradului de imprastiere a marimilor seriei statistice, Se pot exprima atat in marimi absolute cét si in marimi relative. Din aceasta grupa fac parte : - amplitudinea variafiei (absoluta si relativa);~ abaterile individuale (absolute si relative), Amplitudinea absolut se calculeaza ca diferenfa dintre valoarea maxim gi valoarea minima al caracteristicii : Aa XmaxXmin Amplitudinea relativa se exprima de regula in procente gi se calculeaz4 ca un raport intre amplitudinea absoluta si media aritmetica : Ae 4.100 7 Abaterile individuale absolute (d)) se calculeaza ca diferenta intre fiecare valoare si media aritmetica Abaterile individuale relative (d,) se calculeaza ca raportul dintre abaterile individuale absolute si media aritmetic& (se exprima in procente) Gradul de variafie al unei caracteristici depinde de toate abaterile variantelor inregistrate gi de freeventa lor de aparitie si prin urmare indicatorii simpli ai variafiei nu pot exprima intreaga variajie 4 unei populafii statistice. De aceea a fost necesart introducerea indicatorilor sintetici ai variajiei. Indicate ai variatiei. Indicatorii sintetici ai variafiei, la fel ca si indicatorii tendintei centrale trebuie si se bazeze pe toate observafiile, sa fie usor de calculat, usor de inteles si s fie cat mai pufin afectafi de Aluctuatiile de selectie. Indicatorii sintetici ai variatici sunt : ~ abaterea medie liniara ; - abaterea medie patratica, + dispersia; ~ coeficientul de variatie, Abaterea medie liniarf se calculeazi ca o me valoare absolut : Pentru o serie simpl& aritmetica simpli sau ponderati, [uate in Abaterea medie liniar& prezint& dezavantajul ci nu fine seama de faptul c& abaterile mai mari in valoare absolut influenteaza in mai mare masura gradul de variatie a unei caracteristici, in comparatic cu abaterile mici. fn plus, nu este indicat s& se renunfe in modarbitrar la semnul valorilor din care se calculeaza o valoare edie. Din aceste considerente se foloseste ca principal indicator sintetic al variatiei abaterea medie patraticd. Abaterea medie patraticd sau abaterea standard (a) se caleuleazi ca o medie patratica din abaierile tuturor elementelor seriei de la media lor aritmetica: o Acest indicator este mai concludent deat abaterea medie liniard. Prin ridicarea la pitrat se di o importanfé mai mare abaterilor mari in valoare absolut, acestea influenténd {ntr-o misura mai mare gradul de variatie al variabilelor analizate, {in literatura de specialitate se apreciaz ca pentru o serie de distribufie normala abaterea medic liniard este egala cu 4/5 din valoarea abaterii medii patratice. ‘Abaterea medie patraticd este un indicator de baz, care se foloseste la analiza variafiei, Ia estimarea erorilor de selecfie in calculul de corelafic. La fel ca abaterea medic liniar8, abaterea medic patraticd se exprima in unitatea de masurd @ Variabilei a carei variafie o caracterizeaza. Prin urmare cei doi indicatori nu se pot folosi pentru compararea gradului de variatie si in aceasta situatie se recurge la un alt indicator de vatiafie : cocficientul de variagie. Coeficientul de variatie (v) se calculeaza ca un raport intre abaterea medie patratic& si media aritmetic’. De obicei se exprima sub forma de procente Z.100 x Semnificatie, Cu cat valoarea Tui v este mai aproape de zero cu atat variafia este mai slabi, colectivitatea este mai omogend, media avand un grad ridicat de reprezentativitate. Cu cét valoarea lui » este mai mare cu atit variafia este mai intensa, colectivitatea este mai eterogend, iar media are un nivel de semnificatie scazut. Se apreciazi c& la un coeficient de peste 35-40%, media nu mai este reprezentativa gi datele trebuie separate in seri de componente, pe grupe, in funotie de variafia unei alte caracteristici de grupare. Se poate afirma c& acest indicator poate fi folosit ca un test in aplicarea metodei grupirii, Dack media aritmetica este aproape de zero, coeficientul de variagie nu are semnificatie. y Dispersia (c’ ) este media patratelor abaterilor de la media aritmetica : 07-25, -3. Masura dispersiei se referi la « imprastierea » valorilor dintr-un set de date. Media nu are semnificatie daca se aplica pe un set de date foarte dispersate. De exemplu daci Iném valoarea medie a oraselor mari (peste 200,000 locuitori) va da o valoare de peste 400.000 datorita ‘Bucurestiului care are 2.000.000. ins& rezultatul nu are nici © semnificatic (nici un ora nu* area aceastii valoare). Misurile dispersiei, exprimate sub forma unititilor de masuré ale fenomenului cercetat, nu sunt intotdeauna utile atunci cénd se compara dispersiile a doud sau mai multe serii. Compararea dispersiilor a dou sau mai multe serii da rezultate in urmatoarele 2 situatii: a) sirurile care se compara pot fi exprimate in aceleasi unitifi, iar mediile pot fi aceleasi sau au dimensiuni aproape egale. b) sirurile care se compara pot fi exprimate in aceleasi unitéi, ins mediile difera.Daca seriile se exprima in unititi diferite, dispersiile mu pot fi comparate direct, De aceea de mute ori se foloseste abaterea medie pitratica in loc de dispersie. In unele lucrari aceastA marime se numeste varianté (din 1. engl. variance). Varianta este 0 masur’ importanta in special cfnd se studiaz§ variatia a dou& sau mai multe esantioane. O tehnica statistic’ foarte putemica este cunoscuti sub numele de anatica de varianta utilizeaz’ dispersia pentru a decide daca un numir de egantioane difera semnificativ unul de altul.¢ ap airgun op ayemm cxomnu usd gunadxo 9318 aageynuee gas FS ¢ apydamxs ay opruevard oorsusjoeies s<-xy ‘og © muqtiour aiesory nxyuod sqepes8 aqnqune yymnzer 16 apeteo Nes ‘orm enzaT 18 anyey “Hae ayupoerde yy jod aq Up Lojoquawajs aporstmysere croprfuapnys [@ eq ernpoe ape og UIs Tyo) cued e[ 9p jumumnet *yoieto; vajepoedeo ‘opened’ spy ‘ayeTapisuos aprons sper ednp ‘og ap ounjtnus o eye oppo 98 a) 2010 UT “OT TOTNTED og, 2389 20] 07) UIP AOLLJNOpRyS afruiyeaE :¢-xy an) urn GHP sop wowaya v roystsoyvere) jeuta fe ayeusTyso nes ByerNITED ‘opomegar sopiorea parquiesue ‘og ayjefadod youu 3g “-soyeaxes “Hoo ‘apuiouarSe “oratyrfod wy 2p af ug eztatp oqeod os 101th cuepnys af ‘Sraauy suas UT “so 9yBiqays04 of) urjsede ‘aes [HD “Uys ef ‘are ‘teem app up ayred o9Ry roprfuapmys an :z-xy Yorur rear @) esoua? oyeod atyoodsar ‘oxeur rem ef) un-nut yerodioout 1 aywed a7) 29139 “xojgluapays qusraarmn pzesutioy zoodns yurwpizaug op erfngnisur o-Huy yzerpays dre> Jopuouree eoyenTeyoy 2 TK ‘unto Ba02 ne area oquoWe[9 op aur|tnut o a7 sreaiim Summ ag sq pauorquess 1S og erfeinded ‘ap pstoacua :yuIs 1 ape sped “thy gpeydaouog “soptiurjnur vopeioyeur 9yS9 wONSHES “TT ‘PHOUISUT 1 woHsHeIS “TLry oyeod (@ — 1 -b a" e exo) grebyfou py1> wang Bil" v fo2p9 eydeoxp Bf oVeTFe oo1y19 9320} 0192 TD wos! a" ys yuureasuy ouyi> u of aytune tun vomfunjoy spfezeuBur ape no oprqpyedisoo jaar soyyamdsaz09 21 yuan 'yoswONOUISUy no 9p § ayearpiepu ‘pura as wrysaoe asoreOIp suas are onsale ap 8 SL] 9199 & 2g xe “oytunyt ayaanoadsax uy ruypns Tdurp yop peered rpnyuamns eoyeysuoqY yoep rey BIeduo> ym 20 P WOLF f OOT atm yeLE atepns ap yuaino um soyd wy eauaunase un sonpord steod nut ngs RywoMedsyse yopury YY STL “COT 9p yD uA fsofoF oJeod NU sOpNs UN zx pap mu ginpus nuqued eat gmpew eennide ~ a cone aaaemacane ARR tHe eR at 4ae Amada 8 9 aqnzyo ayeo} UE aroUISuy uy amtesoreqU syemysee puyse avout no pmzgur youn warez}aQeN) — reugooz mo azawune nEp ayerjusuodxa Gyeorper ‘qhoesy ulArE}UT aie UY apnapE — Hugs oferjusso apene) “sarjewrxorde exourme yer gn as ‘nu nes ‘yoa ‘sole asa" UE “ALTTTRaL JopLMINNyS 18 sopqusuodiios “sopaperiajeur e aneyiodaos ap aponsts9yoeIe9 ayéouryap oxy wad agqroumu aynoqto aySeso[oy BAOUISUT “z"T refo 9p o1Sojouqo3 rSea208 pnp aqenysoye soy wie gOpuriy ‘opqurea qeHo ‘rojmysared e szeuriqo ap eworduiaur wSojouyey ¢ syeweresd wis 1 [OPE Uy 7 neon] op wROToUy? yINZaT 18 squstdioor ynop dpe mp apejarq ep Mysord Senxe ag juordyor 31e uy g quardise ‘unayuy und 2s oF no ¢ ayfe 18°Y wont no opaie -oodsor no ayofor ¢ soypFard 9g “a1guINT OF &L £ ef ap aieansds 01 9199 ‘yeesjorsume 23: 459 UNG Teur apsojouTes © ‘opadox veur ¥>eye 9] q tpoysur no ayoanudo ¢ oypI9199 19 epoyeur no ayeansdo.¢ 999 qayidsy v 20 ydnp aysosortd 95 [RO vendo ‘muvrsea wyye UY “OuNg ten Ty Joa q Ppoyeu ho OFeIEN ayeanide ¢ opoo ‘omuan vo “if y epoyaut no purzony yfuotsed 3x0 pSnfgo muoyesedg “g epojaur ezzoavjap nes ezsoayy aye0d ‘ypojour vouowese G “g epoyour no sqaanida ¢ $ epoyeur no ayoansde ¢ sjoutad youre 9g pe 1Sepa0e' UD soansds o1 wevonstoid os ‘doos ysove Uy ‘salyesSopeew Iojaqoud vounedosd nnuad gq 1S y epoyeu ynop yoivaou! as :grxg w -ouyer vozeioqeyo 18 ouvosiod 09 -onuets op mueiford eo ydoqasus aysar “yezTeex op UES Tefurtojead woseanqyrur 18 ejoo109 preuoruede ‘ejunajerd orfuoye no as-npupmyyyur ‘aseoyeidunyur oued ~expxo wad zeaztpear os ydey ysoe ‘oyoeIg “Se YY ap 2 ~qeqoad reeseow oqre ys og [e BqUIOU a>120 3louE Jose oF O AIpuH) quoUTe un ‘sz woRMe youu og aye urd pursdxe os 18 aargeqtqeo ronstaaiaerea qUIS wejasnumzy ‘Tawa; ‘qnIgd ‘ropyoo karo "yunsyur6 (s) blows = ojo ryqvzar 1S ¢efefor pnop 9f2o yueduiy og guis-4.7 =2 w oerae pina oft xa 9g -eor uyfgo as 18 pueper uy g aNADD & 2 vps 0 (OWA PoIROID dZOUIN|SD 2s YS BS 919 og “{ windy) now yemsyUL opaque ‘tl Sty = 2 vpreco (Suny Ore 4D MUN Te ome [Name OT Ke azdury nes jusnpord und’ ores ayéasydap ne 113039 od un nayued — woo 32 aaneax JoyIox & 2ynI op ye ea Sy UE ay vasworg ye youn uy oyenpeas me w ae ‘ojoype 8 “~ aorqna “soryened toyasmposd 193 rerfeper no eunidsa as 1$ ° yy PA (80) yp fe ROIEOTZA, “yn UM] woreoI 9459 17 opun oyfouny © yagyean © mm age pfeurxoade uo yyenzess 9959 ty Qn) = a vjouay o yo uaundnsoid eg ‘wrenjusooid vareor 2-901 = ¢ a oreo ay = n/n ~ 0) => yanfosqe waze019 %n — A a sug oxfumox urd osmporur oorg “es 2 yareunvorde ‘vareorea % mo 1S ayumms UN e+ pyDeXS voIeopEA m ng yre} ~ou ag “oreo! 0 yuepras onpoxqUE sgEINA mun vostlamyoy (¢) xedun a3s0 HER cee red 9389 4 18 T/T 1eB ¢ SOF oer 00S < 8. o9osez — zecuez ylaop ayo ‘ayefuna x WIOJUOD “CELE #8 o8'9y. Szgccez sterommE aio Ev] osafumpor 98 - gry “280 woop [e redumy 9389 yoep ef ‘ze> ound yoyde os yred 2350 B yep puny gonde as De — : Sumomz ep yreum ‘PULY YORI 9s nue we" v eID ze ys0Ie LCSTF “elutsojoy osds sop varequozard 1S voreardiayyy. ‘vareongad no “yMago:d gyumte o nntod ayeAaTA? TO(eIEP varetior}sajos na RdNI0 98 LISTE “FT voypdsvoxd of10y no ‘yndeouy ef ap Tomores viox os ys ydoqafuy oysq vaatsooans opnajeo ur TheamED © mu a1v0is © yeINoONE es eAspun wd gyeysuos as Puls — ce snojeo qnsmazed od ttyoriaa ap odeye vaponaid 10. as — seqe ad (anary) visio ad ap 9p ateod as fo damper jon as — SHny Suu e nated oxfuaye no astios ayy ys ajanio — qdpound spreoyyum axerpisueo uy eny 30a 9g “m8 cz suns ezzz1 tpyeda2 wp atiuareau ap ysdiy ‘ez 3p 001 UE ze [MET ap uapsisaut ‘g mmwed g ‘mud 1 mes "6 nesg 9p Sof Uy {0} ote wares ys ssfpanzes wy epiooe ed 98 ayfuaye deur — fades aymur void us yeworfoos ary ne 9s ynqmope> soysrmorepnotea ap3}se) ad my ad opeyFe xopozep eaissaNy — iariosuen nes 119¢doo 11 SreMUIUOD UE wIBIONY axe> no ay ef sew [aeEAzLU: ep ap r0pssep voiordos — roy -n[ay ep yeivrado oun [acme wy rua.ans yod nozeo ep yosaz9, “prvour om 29 9[29 GE urepayaxa o ame ad wens “~ wfueoUs — Fqualy]Sou [naps op sosypode coum — oyfemor souemit panyo TE 035e) op yt AMINA UN RE gpaILOERILI — yorped ap eyniao wizjoord soeysryes By pad ddtour 2¢ ‘mews veususe Uy fg © cuar08} yyseaou ouyqord sysun — favfeunase ap sojjasaud ind eoneuezeur opepuuoy uy QUE ato youEed — yesopistica [RyUOWION WP d1eySeouns op opoPoat xy wayeyTear nyosop Yo [nsu>s Uy ‘aEATBapr UIs soTywUID IEW afayMULOY — foie ep sojayeede v ateoyyundsarosou warm — ame apereoyguuin usp ora vaxyde yod sorgeeaeyeur sojapnoqeo sina Uy “¢°T 2) pare yun ain9ye9 ap a: ons or canetinues ap ayeyum! 0 yZo9p yor Jer ays yoyaea sezex [nyus]e9 BI vareora po 9499 eFenqouoy (o) ws euFH00'0 5 [0] aurigo as 18 (er) eiiefas uy spioqea aze0p asomnoopay ag (1) TSZLOL°O = GS09 ‘ ¢¢690L'D = gras urjgo as 6 vynopea aed as gsoo x6 guys 1oap 4Yg) gnosouns ayse 9 qarysuy, (1) so0'o = |2e| co0'o = }20} ¥ 20a ox 18 ypHoo eI ajs019 ya 1o9p zy, “ME CoO’ Y ea RAeRHIMED un sp In{apeasyUF [ms0 199p tw yO'9 a38a NajoUMNsD UA ~,nEeUIyUID TeIdosde eu foo" 2 480} 2” TT TOWLE RH wayEIENA BopUE’ m COO'D Hoop oR your Uys fjMase 1S TapseoD ape vp 1 Jo ayuoIy [9s09-9 — guts} Tol [esate = Pelee raise poze ‘sojefuarapp “zopoumns of cn > Lel vex BIO! “sop1aI{xydeuy 1S sojasnpoid jo19 Bj Syehuttta Lop—re{o109 WLOsUOD, 809-9 — gts 20-8802 +$°0 — 30-C°0 Inpnoiea 9221 yRInopeo BY voIoI sUT|Go as 18 (01) ier gnop saa wp ge TyBa ep vozeom guruMTs 9G ay 80-9809 2 + 40-guIs 2 = 29 80% + 49-97 = 0 {2) souprbeqar wosos{uasonp wad ayeurunavep “29 18 29 apfuox9 2 2 pujasod presjnoqe> 2s 4 wees septajey vs axes to Eistteaye (1) = wi regogty a S821 0-2 _ en 8 7609011 = sauriqo #8 8 (2) 2 9p ayfepor emnad up 4 exer umoe yevoqnoqen ag (6) HURIPEL PROCE'Z = g 2 mpuUsun vamopea auyiq0 96 18 ¢*9 no pe 9490 o/o xyzodey,“ole “1Z1a3pty st yeuoREse mes og O UIP yo wa youraney poyour ydnp sz v oyeyrpeuou ap ymso eiuzaid ag -¢7 Joa 9s “Hew afuazap ef ‘iS areas ey -30499 JOUR ae [2 TIO wIEdwWOD 104 9s aTeUTZ apP}EyAzT — Emu nes OYA Munysrtxo zou az—rOyeP os YS aqeod SUIS oyTeOR quowoa3e un ¥$ afiqeuorssoy> JUIS [eur oypsOTA9p TMD ee — : ‘Sy sb op voyegna’ pze1o0se ynyeaSered [neu reqazaid yy 10a. 29 ,ayeyTTBMLIOU" ap ays9y BiSTSa ‘suDs yseae UT -yqoad sa WAUTUEXS oMgeI} “IOy wayepoleur oop yfmw Teur yeeIAap wu ad Jor}sII9y eID foun wareAISGo PUD — ‘prepueys wsod 2 yoop “1S ofa anny exedwoo ayep nd vrvdimos 200 2s Joa 98 [9 ‘oreand ayep seqedar reurt a3 18 ojosime oyvoyKquepe osu 2s yoep “1S sojo.ep sod yreaqsoi99 28 — Ise yzvezTueI0 as ropaueoN ess aye cxeasqo2d op ee nguod oopSHEIS sopIEP wore -anp21go doas oqIUHO 95 1$ aoorqns injndoss soxgaundsoxo ‘osozu80ad 93. apansund: “conpord e ap ueun roar 3} 0 azaqtOUNY, mTMprarpur sovyd ‘e489 e12NIOUOD O Ypenop ¥ HuyUEd ayToA TuMstUIO De as — ar sopeBn, HOY vy W20FIP spundser yeyeqoue praypul an — neo ajareoy as ps dui epeoe UE HS (Q on 98 BS AMEN og Up og voreaKe og BOI we adiod oxyuy ayufuntie aatyenyes apiiepax urjax es mepumsoeg ‘peur anya qeserd jondes un-nuy ween yea (og Torgwa) yon (sq pun seumrid ap rmpp e. ‘voyuyeMp 99 no YIHWPE I LA MU yINJINIyS yROU LISEADy “EE =poes wo9 ednp ‘yinjonijs wyye 0 azeayeos a5 ys oxngany, -9 erepjuere? os mw popu § apeyoyem “a aysa yinpaoozd eouounse ¥> quopras 1 ap opyanada vargaud v nay eM|ONNS yy} eR oe 2d exany YD, — EI aIPOU UF {WO/ByM Cg WUE 2) OY US JopLingesua efuittTzar yo azayuered 38 ys 3139 os 18 Bieptis emponus 0 yzeoqqear as yo uroundnsoad ys TT Bs Trqysod ay = ryUNnse wraroaad tuowo39 47E ND oxeUE reUT 93S) a 4] No * wars wztD0z0 Lep “* ayf0x9' Empuoy 16 anoqeo di AWE ND "A Yop on Teer 9yE9 a eo vention hear asepiqeis 95 we 1S jy aur yo tore op waynzayy ‘feu FOUL 9359 16 2 aquoundie epareoyguuin ad purl cuds 2s guiodwoo soysooe wounijeyt "yzerpnys 98 90 oct UID 95 ~EHV9 sg a[ouro|AULS U9 UPTON YoU JopLnzeD eayeyLOleE Uy oslemams oysorun a8 a> ydey “ogy pun & [mye 2 (pratput) quowo rgjooa0 osadns ~8yper29 vereaiosqo Lopnwexep x dL uniqo os azeumrid sonsaeys gorest , , 688'2T-Z 165‘0 Pag and. ety (oo) c eas'tt = 5 688°S = 6/08 = .X = 8) axqnaesue 2s ezwoysidep ag ‘aezijeue of ys apeur ~zoue suvopiuess sapoid ne 29 apsioanuds vo queyrodur oy wr -ayeunou quis appzep 2120 20 yurd wredaz 2s eapaoorg “sseurer opouEoH Fuega ad paysaa nou urp yorde as ‘aqeuuoue sojayep zazempe(uy gdng, “sz sopsueonuel> ei “swe UES (17) Brig “91 Ga ix op plep x reunion eaiyeqe yzeatnsiea 9s (61) wifeIe2 wp y ad purosouN. ep 98 7 18qe Uy] 2010 iy ey -opsepone 2 (61) rauyiqo as 18 (st) isordxo yaeaqno[es 98 ayRp.ays09e NDa us pr tS g syeuvorueds fo7 = sy “x De jus auteur 18 awjoya spouwonUEs (oc) He oz 61 8 iron ster eter et El Gilesssecezzt auvoruede op (zz =u) zed zyuinu no wartop Tes 07 61 61 ororessseezzt fur spumu no Tun s yo waundnsoad ps =e] “xa x up suet un’ no ent : uefa ap reduat “arwoyeIsamnsap nes areoygIsa1> oryuess yo tmdez wrourjar yS quaasoup rer [20 sede area inuorqueS> yrodossap as 16 ape ouioumnu ada prop uy areqep ayredum o1eo jnuorjuese poyTwep! ag ‘oUEUIME 1S Sue SWOLND OTLIOTEA no opoueoress sxfoutouy “sstoryanootep nbs oreoygooie up afpyep puwopre -eansodsor ayaueoryuets yeaapord og Prfeinded tiduse omSeut o wu ou EST im fequeatzaq “a[ayep aye0} aurfuos e ap sues ynop 10780 oIpeur eoreoTes mo aRoEE UOT) ea 9s ‘ueduit 2380. s0jeueorquee rep mars ayzeduuy 99 es wysuoo ngs pULA® ‘sof wr2UF}qo eoUIpIO UF a[ayeP SAPONUT ne-s o1v9 T Tmjeqer 9}59 njduns teu Jo) soy & axesonjosd op [npeIs no ‘goetsea o> auoy uF yyuTzoid as (2xeoyzansyun “yUaUILIeGXe ‘2s1q10 OF BLIP Up asayND aouysHeIS aaVeG TZ EIS s0I>}ep woreswapuon 1S vosRyUDZDEE “Zz -yzeourm 20 apoqnoqeo uy vétyryn od as ope to9p 18 apeuuIOU UIs “ ‘oyea vaxeurun> gdp ssearey "rIoqeA 6 999 Yo yalasQo ag SLE'IT 7 £09'9 feel rse't + 698'a “ F82'7 — 68's 259 aTeyyfeMIOU ap [ApeARyE 16s" f zy = EO fe) weir = = pap. 38 (z-imjaqea) cet} wareoea oxe “§ =o nuyuad xy tRsnporg.8 11 sep S69 ~ v9 Zz weep Cte 1 esep S'6r quss ase TY 30199 91" asuoo uy “Zonuy amu un eT ffanjos 330} av 1opjuEpnas ajaleyound yo ans ag “asejD FL = we fvzoe 1 ayound ¢ 1D yess sOpseyD vawifyy Faye os — (6) i (se) eo = 61 — 90 = sy “ur ~ sy “XeUT = ay ) ay inrearoiur weeaqaoteo es — ajedeye uy afmsop rmnoyges easertteoy "vNygiRauT ey riuapnys 9p ocz afe epenue ajofueanzopied yeougipoo ayejuacaid quxs ¢ nfoqe. Uf 2 bL XA pewouuin 9352 aaysTUIs s0[az2p voresuapIO) *gsepp eayjoadsar uy ayeye ojauvonuese niqtied yaryeyuacordos oxeoyea ae surjgo as 8 29 qnyduoss uy yrensm (ie) By Le “iq [NsonUEse yo dprwWpe as 21 0" Uy rojsuworuEsa vateZDée naqwed rep ppptutieo apotnopeo yzeaansn a9 yep aye} aguod ier ay BS fe — | + fo topsep reurigt — © :ppquaraprsttos ednp yeearogeys 9s opesey> ye we [aryune puratid vA, (9s) ar a Tet yrayune yurunosep o12> “(¢6) sopese> seunigy v SoH Bung, ap spuidap aluaacory ad somisiqeis sopsyep varsupuory (se) 1=WfS=ae 9 lela 2959 9asyUqo2 soqafuodvoqy emns yo qUapIAD ars : ® tna oo ad n> aorysrye3s sopiep Te « remume 9 Of soptuoscery warm ak one “qo “WY no apeyout ‘saryep—T afofusazoy no 1S yreaiony og — “Uf v0 yawojou as 1S tase whuaasoay apéoumn 2s / vsvjo uy vayur 29 aonysiye3S JopsyEp [aguMyy — (ce) @-it+f unUnIa}p tsoTeA nop aps ue 2°] = L) 1+ fo fo ope 8p axeoory ouzyuuny “osejo’ me uy opreduay 3s a7 yapeariey — (zs) 8a sy eur = ay app 2720) UGE 25 wo UE ay TnpeAwUT uy a0ey a8 wampaooig nyi9sap a5 99 9jodv; as, ansEEIS 10f9 € Tepqea or yevazry tesa) feereiop) 90 2p lomojas osnpuieord ‘njqureste ap Speuaayey Ome 2g “APRS WI Uye as a1ed “og rarjetnded ev auSeu o. eat Wanted preseoou os9 soqstyeis sojewp womstapusy ee is) nape aro “2 iverworea are (06 Inuonueég 21 18 } a8 woop Te &y “peso tid ss sz tauoruMso ysIxa (gz) 46 £ 9p rede) sjuon094 rows apo BI 2959 aro fog "ge 38 [2301 edu 9109 ‘7 # ynop 9f9FOS BL op eHhende oamesBoyener 22 “Sea T J “HEX BL ap vuresBoysny pRUovaNd os z eINdG uy Of aqefuaacaxy no ayefe aprumjqguy na rh sopSeS ; eo iid tee | “unjdoap arid if topajuDacoay 203 -rqusordoi 9j$9 varesosny | ‘syeaqnin sop-reus “2fopout ajared sputid 9989p soa 9s yeeoRLIN 99 9[99 Up; eunoy_aye quo —s— vyuszed syeod xeures aonsues sop ep eaTestlspue jade) uy yeyuozaid jusaaayy fe nopge) yusats 12} UR [PSE FaUiN}Go v-S “A ene apafuassaxy uxjgo 2s sojafejsund We urigo as 16 seq axtoa 29 ajateiound yrgumu as foymjuoo puyeio ‘osep> pnop oxuip gine -uii 0 ad ave as ys ajeod nu | found un rane ‘pap yooe ayee Hy sa m1 9p 1 sve, sees. ore srg ! NX ee | iB B | if & | [vlc + urjqo as. 9 § Tmpeqes uy gyre of 18 9 norqes un eifndoy “yBuys eureNXa uy pyecase eseqo ey ap purured Fatsooons Jo] vorwunpe utsd ejausna rod asf i$ ff oya}uonzong ~-sssneg—j-FHedof>-g00p_agino. ane. aids puny oo oureafoyspy. “anturytioa troy nad teyequezaad-quyy Sveinsiy-UP. TeuOE e] ap yege 95 aze9 ‘auTEsBONSKY 1S GRAS UE-q0r-pyEplozaud_oyse-.pqma_ayseaoy vqmna" nes *,sone9 any Te, yodo[>" ap “ganrquoo. gqano 9 aids apun Barezgoastiy ofS as_usqmupouos 8 (opanecNpA_hurmuine 53239) soqery “PHS ojevep goutfdie 3s gore Insts UE awérhepuy. wepadse—‘aoy-* [erEyHOfREENuy ne ‘oafuq>y aprxpyeo%—9 9p arep spomrErforsmy ip (re ie Fb xa er 9 santas sorafuoaze:y muofiqedqeyzre.ojca_¢ eanSty uy AE x9 [230 opp yeuopi0 1 oPseI Tala Har e1sovorfyur no apes fe opastosqe ne 29 ajaraund yadeoup ap siuemifos no putun ourigo’a daqyejar sojefuasooxy nuoSyog© @ «© Fig. 5: Tipurile de Mstograme care nu Gnd spre ifcbayin normal a etal elnd ocacacen nS cate olsnumits Vaoares (0) cal ind eae, SPAT ee asi aa io are. {6 paisa de mcrae: Co aang i nah Fiat tea; i cant malta (Uinekar eee a) cind se Gries na te pope ioe pepsi ia cheng 2 emniy uy ayemuin aan, fy uy ypenere 93s ayetmtn -2yor ropajuancayy tauodrtod 1$ g emi aojefuaasay emesFoysTy FL Sy [ee uy ff aypynuno sayeler EL Fig, 6: Histogsama frecvenfetor cumulate de ta ri sojsiuoaoazy tnuoSijod 18 2// ayeinuuno zoqafuasoazy euseaBoysteT 7Lhimimaneg va lewlee amcnanale on ajntorut, Pane 7 olecehg aig © Reruletele experumenilale tut akette imevitaly? 4 E°8 mei emule dau rmsi ulin, Annyaetlaa te « Aceote Eras H¢ atoreaRa wunct caute Ubi a: five naw obiechive , Cann aN fie Prtane An Auficentls a apana tuber ae padre , crferta greats a valeuiler dmdicate de afehat,rra— piakiltaten paswde a pararne tw lar’ Lraa- it chiar im tamponl eatin’, ex tragerca anus iwaieen megemm prea tiv pr AmTnease Pre 2, Se. ‘Fate evident ci fitter wermevee Maetiok a datelon expermenlale , fm ca2ul dm Care acertee nuat afectate ce Crow yotba _ prate comdyce G conctuei’ ghetite. “lafffek, Charvmarca acer veld, ovine Sneceritale La oiutre pmetodele cele pruat piped e tn ated dene o Ayonegin ho Chama ennct Fercnse pend pwety ofeg 3 Fie tum eanostiery CC eenfine MW Che - "mente . Im cackrul exj00r inet tule de ole — forming conracterropica ML A Precara the mont, ln final cle fermyntin Ay -ae ML Va brn ale canacteriotei. Se pune probleana elminanir vault anneale’ so a deter - mer wall prechi a caractervatren i2 Prenton intreaye lathe, cn tam anced dat de imeredere. Te hea} rnjarelal XO faa reolere ve toniderd ce OS #. Fe costes h Bteaee aS ¢ ei £° e caleuhara valrarea avedte Ot ew hay Laamtionul ale: = ee i & 2° Cealeuhare ee Patrare tn aha - ferilr diecare! marine Ly [ai & medic : = \2 S* >( Xxyp- ) 3” Se calen legna mnoclule! ae precizic : AF 4° Dim tabele, He delten mina Parametnul he far Junctie h ran. Ge 2e2. experiomen tale T° Se calultara,datenvole Ae tmcnedere al za ar ved. Ceerinaney - aS a e “gh BE ee, Ax &* Se caleuleata antervatu/ cle lmcnectere al val utr experinnentate : Xrvew ts K+X . Moms XK 2" Se teafeats frecane valrate indivedua xy E€ [Xam , X max f. Valorie cane we Amcadneata far oceat jn teneal A Conaidez Vvalorr meraual(e .Ck cane mm Ae imlen neada 0% 6 Romein’® , Ch valonile mamace oe eve caleubl de & Pumetul 1° Gelul Ae fectueada pand aud mu pe mar Chmimna pei Valvare, ,. D Dupa elim inanee Valse auorvale PL calenleava abaterea Atamdand > meds : S = (i-X)* gees A - ma.de elemenk ramnase alu clin iaane 4 - coef. de coreche ce ve determina olin tab. in fumche he be 10° Se caleultars Yara mienvalaby oe in racdore 4 medrer : Xs zt: oe 2 unde P cok porametrul diabribakes Stedtoo# ce at deteronima dim Fabel’ in junche ae mivelul cle imeneclene alea 01 tema. th de - ferommans aq° TIntervaluA ae Amcnectere al medier penty Amtrcaga, Poprlate oor ; More 8 x-& 8 eae e KX Deer amectia Pye ater weve gaa Am inter - Xamin , Xanax l Ch 4m minrel de ja~ credere de GSK J uncle -Secheana logic { narunipoe ys pH ESTE CUPRINS TH TATE RS £53400] ¢ , Pe f al. Hosh,Ks muondind de & 4 & 96 Lp de ava bea Mowmale. dine ich & Waloahe ELIMNATAR Fein CRTERIUL! cu Auve Net”; Xf)[8= (637 WRBIK)AZ)) Age | SS er Se [i ABATERE A STANDA _ fic L4=xo-7(k) Peer ein 12= xo +7(k)¥s/sar (| VINTERVALUL DE MerEeDe RE AL MepiEs Ctl ae DE 95% ESTE" 5 Lb 547 GLE ey anne Seem sT¢PYoney maga Dawa xp UPA pene Woke ONMeLNY BM YeMH WOME fowgfoaninoly (prema mp rod varmy b tony wel eo STIPE a leg oe ‘we wenn} fo. rama). rol repro Atel ee 7 resi inpsiy ake “wimp depo mw onoul « yore) = HY TP W Bet bean yak soe PL mdns ape 3d ery | Seria patito agian, —nreve Hae may 1a we vramip | Gam Wns =p rpeorsre! eeihpom oped — apeam®- ppt (243289) aqanemys tal pol se alepae maya gave Rama} sue bpovd apo -fap . ~ 1 8 Binsaep ipo Up yap 9m why By SIGNET awry | - _ MME graye aad no jv | & thes 242% PE Maia ” LLTYnomayz vawn BAe vitrmenjap over | =) arena sul! nday nw ‘Binta] 2 Rea pOAY Hp FP 7 (2) spanned *| Pres yhpihiy oe 2 | aypygyiny & Kem. | Sangre — sy 2 petra ermmaip 9 mw 2000; ajoy , ‘ segetye woyeley ‘yp | TE weve osniely ig anpwas nd Mnyoroy Yale pifom t= * RET Wey GAR awvelo youl | L-wetg | 92 Seainrornye caprul Bue) aay norings fe eT Ore rand (£Q) P4099 sammay -fap (Majong sprapep' Rang eying pl 7 Cs 3)" 49 vue wp ‘.tfenmefop Yrrey corey nyothy oy pees wea git Wir ep IY WP 2 prema? ory ey My bug reutdlucy "Wes Ie 0a 9 oy ae SUE rm pelle i é oh mortgagee fh geoperm BTR IIT 5 y5 Ting ap mays 97 Mopars 20 wo Cee wpsiemnelap © reermngh >») epi GF Panera Yom ye os/s brsppm elite AU Dye in ome ans Y| ernaa fox 9 pw prye ip mage To pu aA, WyUUPA?) H My ps iw ty (iy +) 1 zy tw Sy B29 yw 2°) 2 anne 3 soxparw ae reaper ap vvormy akvawe 9 yponyary ‘YUNA ZYOLYSN) 9 9 youre py ayodovdo oye ap YD Je ae 5 ‘TY, guard 7 ed is Py py een 401) nip Laapr sapol Sam Pe pr ayend velo jp) 2p pe vp» vieapearc vufenye? pmisaul Zia Tprod VEC Ty whe w yal Poms Fri 92 aay! yg tp wane vanilla rp fye apouro yonw grayovra prego qieo dup ayolaaxo— ELS yonyor p mg? od we y vipanpie/ AY om Y : sopmig Tg HTP sag? ral ~———t pie ermyer Ww apiiigiD F eaby rape aT parr vfonpysiuap gemony raed pggrmove | -yernn foo np pry yp tmege mere» xpapnaids'p Img ya Dy b Ley wins yoviytireey wioouprn} » soanpllor) jw gry _ssmaoxr ver au ol FUG UGE VYOIGP TDI VIAN Ust eouwey PPO PO YRITIUISI IV we wxageol WPM AAD “i 2D WW laapore bavowyse gol mrad me yrariby vep ndany apoyay wun mraarpyn w many! “powuy fap psa jopeap Biapiir = peepee, pubioy oy ypanep w ree ved Ign DW yo9! atrremen — 0] Foe Pep [9p ermayep ov er yinnad SYGL& vyorewel wr “BU BYR boowmnpes “Fy-¢ 18/5Font? a er 7 Ol FES Slpovlss aa L se Sat, 1 prem vans mood ay Vijay a SENT IOOT OR GGG & oh yea pr R wiry niaghiong Wer de onyn er Lap nenpoqy ago Dany” On wring Fi any ny prneapeno7 Sana erg ns yop if po uj vrmeapay | sus v94 aiginns Save Wy RAW 7 By shy “BP HR pw w rem My pray ayraaxg ypnorrerd! og -pompo! TERE Vyig9%e yp A ay Pouleyy auwirfoaye oe eo angaie WFR 3 bees ‘BaD 12 ye VOW BK ORY, pp ow pu ecanyn w! Seay Tp ree pi liy YP GPORTY 0 reappniysh Ip pry vjrante wy yp gerard slr wank: » sponapmp nay TRTyTIA Fay +f) CHO = wrapay Wp edafia ~ Sa, wuny pay w ried agg bo-y nau romeo — Wy heals GO yf sth eh saw Pape i + apne ad (22 \_ te iW zk 4 : ath ne.) =o] G21 pepe ‘pealipa penapon mp pe ~ ft avvepih mp Qamvry ayy wip — ne 7 “mana somal, ~ 87 2 Apt St Twwyy 2) 3) 8 B= Vp L Iyvenavenen, svoripsiv ap wpa Ww» rapmi/ ap pow 2 anpod yealeo y pp 2 2.3} S..8. Se V7, Spe cet ipo ome 2 eungua 9 ~rpeid/ V2 pre? 0 BAU Ww 1002 Wd ydrrap pag Ly pp rege remy aay) soap propia yy ujaboo ercomyia yf pu & ready Grin (MOY YI we Hee ee aenlisany ae! ® yee, sump irre 0 Tp Bim 9» any ~ oof reo ui’ vaniinny pagy WT Vpn. . EPROM o eorgor ww vem a) yf Voy ioe wp knies ny -pomye 9p maze vn pd FoRVOS FAT my omen as 2p aposd ay -ayaiaiiwains Yip pov w 7 ss/ehep oogt = (2570) gg Shy Sone hath qe 7155 > Figaq fttE * OW 1=9 02 Gy anlay wo sop ~ (C2019) Mg we / IP SESH = oF &. 7.439.342 = + Or FS s £9 29-2e, suo 7 ie Ww 3 . mee ag wrdlin od Dp a 91509- = SRO LY SO, 80ST op 580" IE iv wa Syag— = 208+ gph 01 S29 78 AW ro porer 1 ~~ ie oo sao/) case 1B? ve poypre! ip unp soo woven ri if yigeer! anyoued xyecrnynat Ne dygooxyund wp > wa ‘bp away a ke ge/s poy ap x3 PP pe ae i (v0-¥)vo= a2) ‘| 2 . ae sl el (ee y)ien iL TR PROT PI TAT 1 « veep p vam iy Jef or rive =I Zw Youn’ (v.8 BO .uy) Coie *3 ST yee a dA; % 2 peu aipgye PPO Tp TIA 9 agp ww 1S) oy: ian] Ip Wer pes pepe _se/sOTe ES POT K 3G = 5B = FB -E e00sy = o0gy- (527 - je = 7 ae eae wean BX v-V rh | ie |g ; Lo by of eV ‘vas ocosg =P yd € bp Sup vam pol Lpoorony ayproyned pr ov be/s erg op KG 6[ie Bima Betsy He 7” = & ( 27 f + sor + Sp rad Gre 794) (22) pie aa Oe 2? ey 4 Vie og eee hy eG = (09 -79)~ 2 4 -£.% 9.544 ts) Fe 2 4 } Spt iz (04 -$9}- a) Ap 2h$ 08+ er) = 8Z Ge 5 a = 3 = 48 bos 42% “rah “ore ¢ 4m? vsssdy OU AY 5 obxoarKasyy ‘prong epnarne ip wmpeo | PY 2p Sahu 5 90="592%, 42%) 2% 4% SBS = ae oss =%y [ay $9) A 008s = "pe 008 =} (By a \ 0008 = 7 xB ra 77 + Beem at “aye ron ay 43 d : OD deany ~Ubip 2 2 nna) ae fos? bdo sary YM up sem » repaint, 2p smydle rman beminyp a0 x o3g PSs. ap “Kgop te= w We Rw = dE Dx asp gst) =” NB see po wee “1 Thm iy VE “ fe = fy jo ee ae vane eee Of sr? . ppm iv —= 70 | pee BD FH [Fe jorure= a go Thy, f he ci 0 5[# +y Gow 1 te z i - d eto U8) 7 tf 7 go | 2958 : Da err]? wf WE), (gS) pues mf aw 5 aol FTE. wm) SL ws oF ey | we UO = 378 Bh 9= — sts Se 1 W9S-)sste+(0) ores] ae HVS (2 app | Orszy— 4Ls Scopth Iweriiriis erosreu condiiitler de aparitio a de Formatitlos 1a aedare of ovidertieres moQifictrit lor ta Tis 2. Conpinutol Iuerkets Ta Tunc¥ie de comporitie chiuict a ofelurtior, strncture uavalulai fn nena fnbinirtt sudate poate £4 diterit4 dunk sue Gere, In sauaite caruri are loe formaroa enor etructert ntabins ,spre exeuple arevenite zeriduali, care 20 poute forms dup inchesexoa prosomulei de audare. Aste) de 9) Sint Sasa yite do moditioarea volumulud metalutud yA prin on Mare do nodifiearon dineanioailor geonatrice ale predunitit oh abSrit Lot de tonatza, Deck o¢ exe fa vodern ch utzus~ ‘Yurtle sxdate co ux og eupma tretaxeaterer tormics devin o yondere foarte more cinch xoditicares inevitablik 4 dinenal- miler acostore in tinptl eodiz2t ei peut audare yeate aves uenirt nepliicute. Zooreres d> lavercter ae ofectuoast po o- pruvete prozontetS fn Tigl1.1, reulicath dix table de opel slab alist. provete we nestonsi tn Odopertitvul prerentat wchonatieat fn fg.2.2, find ncastzaté Le an cepht.: yl 4- York La collet. Prin modizicares volummlut astelelut Sa 2o~ Ba cuokturit audats, opravets ce deformeack, Ler sgecta de Ancoveiere poste fi miauratd ov ojutorud watt comparstor. Jn Aucrare 9 va faco % comparare a evolutiel deforaatitier tn sceoagd tipedinensins, nud Linkers Grerive. igs. ~ mpruvetti ponte : 905 howe: erdmty 1 = 35044.5005 Fe So... 2804 Ar eesDh a eacbie S V7 Plaga de velovt » mexgles Uinkare ta auere co ostines: , 2K a velatinrGaya Ey atnzovesdzos eryysoorper ssozap "a9 58 oavpae FyxETGET socsdune oT | yoyiezodo waeeaes og srepas op sige JoySxsum TorrsTes mayeod osva = THT ass vexoqae0 + wriuroas op Tapox TO vouppRarTsur eadusp FrxETOMS Bex O3 39 aa ep yorkumzezep ehuappoley opserd yseesers oD. *z-T Te pureavenpsedss eTsayp TavexZtauauss og — Femnson aegoes9 yaradays TeqrOaTse 5p rerkexede vasoupetes UT 97 ACNE prmoduoo ynqnoe wpLeoypEy euyte = op vearayrsqreed paepee weak ar vemee Pee TATE WF zou © REQETTFIN OH pEgzeRd wozEy.« eT To FouNySmR ss qreanailo wey arop eso no 79 sOTPRTE Tasecso0ad 9g — fgetesyiideas og xoseormey qwense wrATd0# DAP ues eponcen of RE ot EP TeTNsOYeTNGKOD STFTV OTST SOF wae Hy y2v090u 0g oxepae op Teylozede vestapezes Pind — fopumoee xy upp yaToseqesed so scTHvoTmeT panes yatpas varesaxs aoxtrvex 9g _fotmaoere rataaseans vegeayonequy yaseT2ox an So Caxisousze tnzaeToUxe “hse wA{2A) BaneRH op rotoquzede GozoUNy4oENs JoFEIeA + — tyatnzsauaedkos Foreas © yoxor nd xequoypay thou oonpy og “yoxeauzdo vegearmouaxy 49 sar 3 womyo Uy Trdtys wow ur ySunte yu xoqedred yaya tastes ~ mpd payin (2° T°9¢z uy vo ThzOguIDdReD y2voLoySyEOE v5 — fqaaa? Ky exepos ep vyfssed nizuad yysanide exyzd avataedayy HS yaveqaow ow 36 eysoxyaoxd ezupuTsd ep Trnpas a2 xoveTaNg womeTqTUvOTE WTI eTOAeAnsde yrVETTTROE Og - sorrtiszeds aeurpz0 *¢ vanes ep RATOUTS co wexopnE BT Gator ty!o teraes oun ForNoME o aT wanes orayvote oxapne apd voxeoryouy FY CGO HyatapesaoeTe ade op erous uy provere ropa0eTs weawgne oT SCy wt + regote = a zey Sym xt FE mT 35‘ %o9 ey wexepas ¥t Soto t(me y = 8p MR/30K Tya TURE T2 REIye ep eTown «y '3¢g0 FyzOTeA oTexsoayeExn yoUTEODeT sepoeyd-pozqoete) orate OF FTRUPTYO © cezeuesa ep TozuaeEpEEs - le tofer cy exogya ~ Ta 10y 5) oFzaoeTe Tntogueano a ME) oyraceTe Tarnory vounpeaa ~ "q (THT) cyarea =mo9 te qzodos tnamowoye — w txogerndade = weansda.e ‘eaexqstouy op [ouenove = 7 iaeanade Vpaeaganoge azysad Gorearsrsodeyy wesesTieMeaS = C77 cep get (ory "near 5 ayeid = 9 tfog/t | pntareszonss # yOTST ered Breroz qne TatNTTIoqME woq¥qne=d pUETeyToUsD yaueterseque wequsn , szoptye = © sepa evroe ad ryrapro ep nequataues op xenpoxd ease g Y yanquasdams 9p UTET TEA *{(o9] ex¥ens ep Tnseveat xy yrangusodmen Byeyza ~ 47 {Log/t ) BH¥TUET woVExoa oxesoTyp ep Team@yoyse00 — Jo topen oat 9T ep papas ‘96 yanpnd 9p ropz09, * soxnupuxezed “panty op FrInKonsoo exw od Yrueresetmry ayhoo: | atp wap qooor "Hao odoceber wo yemoseaaiess.ephaezs - cn ava ey x Ut oTsoxoastay TTUDTETONTD ROIVOTSTRO jvazy Teyhowsauos © pOryETeEe yest, ° g__, Tam rexomdop"er (hy) SToarpnaRaeoE Fo (Fag) Frnazsnounes eykbesquND ~ T79TTE coqepseats & 15 es ore: pre ‘ i aso Bu UauEDe Yop TeoUTE vormoN EPI 99, “vt THE BysogTuRE 98 oTuexDAMDZ3 OTETLO¥ZGTED oysoeRTD BS! fonsot’ qdnp yoaost ¥ extn voqagypEDyE ep Tesom? wy egantage ANye etemppngtSuot eTrHovsquc *TETRMEEJep yExeONpORE THE | rRoverday yapzoasp. esngoxd Tr 200 oo zoTTUNTSUNS weTeupEIOS | ‘rep nee THAUTQKUSe Taxv9 UF roLOAuOMeTO, TrIPAINOG weTTETAES nop nxqund parnesoop ylimazodey exe oxpne Br oT yT4o0z3H09 | nexeupmzogeq 1039 ‘endep JoTNTezeu Fyen4ourqe VoTeDTZTPOR | 1) Sqptow exege SF WWTYOFT Sasa Upp uo vosooer4 UT THTETEGOR! op erhtrede eT FOCMRNTOR PeTOTSTDOE HeyNATIqUOY Tint aqueMTEEL ZOTFTIUEIOS| fomapns ot yeToTEqon 9 puroxyaned MorT=TEOCS} =oe 9b mrz UT opsoncsuoe ey ogue gauaueues vtavuzossp ‘saveuad wH09 45 god Fou aw oxpeTROUS eT sanzede eosaaete ersyieecoy ep oxpons 91 mag ‘aver UT suatsexdxos sp yo ast ao RS BapmpDeANy whos UT exopIT guy op oquoweNo qunsouN4 TRETS By watarer egpazopgo - rr4oem =y ‘omstnatots was waeor TTeyTeRrE 8p eagEs aOvaTaIedser ¥ emEaInoN ap ouatoE xed privasozep pusooaoad aursquy xotyuntoses o: e3z00z epvor exons wy wfnoqeyze ‘(zoryanteso 0909"**9GS) pangvxedmes ReTunUT © waned FyZTETHONT TFoor you eToo Ny oxepuyuy op To eptan To ateciTe cemtaoo op exxaguy yunyaues euntsouzesiy gaav0 ex "Cope you wntoa un np oxvs) sqratnocy = caren sexe "310m 900 TeqoH op vormarauns exepne soTsanaz0I08 soxayrwex eg 7040 ‘exodxuo op wapyy wnpow two ‘xoTetegem ote aotunvex © 90 pardop Ramape ewe Fox st -230 Sp TnqEaqoTz000 tyoyuxes exva9TTD op fyetuTen ar ers eorssz eTToTasTaeazerus $9 aenansdawwa oy erhoms ey woFETpOR os exmsexvO yanoYE egE; YUSE “ wedaas Sp OTFTSETITA 90 Ta0p0 avgeouTex Yeussea ‘oye: waToTO TesmnOsp UT fyATMTAe OTB soTsMeM—oaT TEs O nour *myfida uy yo ayo Gey ey apse prune pieTsan Hea Tandaye wpa genoyd © wezoryuned PIEETNOE Tayo | Y#sexoaey om exopas vt oguouemex soTETiMezoyep © : rmvoeT qeapuys! yeerd 0 od guapas op wopzos yn: | ¥6 330 pruszoamuess arg “erhou: pessendep 8 praFresesomag wrfourysos pupasad egea ~ Te-aen 1 srrotoae 9929 29 49 ognsos oyeavp eanoa no xotoana tazoqstives wy tere v8 Tie exotedda uy yemeqox on etequatusor aay taaTeTIe uesvawys yaedex ox yeqeanzé> 4 yietdano versons afeq Cy ya Bye % groteres. 25 a etys0Tea apjox on Ferypas Tedepy up ox = = oe f ReewTaHdre uxqued yyoansde ~ z-z-Spe 5 ye #r," Bdap gowrd od oumpas sepad a: muepTauD9 95. guezay, wey ‘erhwter no uageryavae a9 © qyseyou on (rz) tw dy enextr3ad e@ toytoeryp yaumecy wlan waseptoues ao toreetynazauet Tepycoia op = B= tb Se bi thet By wz) rauysge om ea shits toqse exepne ap wzogsa yo exes ‘orsnoete yutnose vosennd 0a sre fe tre Moh ered "© FER00TS Tnomb ep nenpoxauy zenpTID vommaxeaouns; Syunrh200 (re) q ET ae. rok 5 aigSoo" eT G8 YOTrenpAN w Teyana enTON FH EY ROTORS T Toxaey "ouphosdaox zotyHeserae werepne FT 83e;THae es ~STSFT SOTFySxeuw wus oTasTeS cy yaexeprewes Tr equod Ha po yates vopaouad “yuugesqs OsTOR Tou OF FysHnes Tere9 ow. Uy 3 To w/e 5 Te onporacy ef opun wo pers jouete L lesvartercods ep eeusoseare ey equeqerce oTeaTe eat upp “eyferer weawos 4yurn emdoad os oserayyoun Topioarosep qnrnoteo Naateg ‘a 3 guzoutexd gs0x no zovoqaN, B-deo eT dro Staton Wy esttaneion peeeataeg reese +G2)"sowTad We wiper Tauord ep Ber eavpne TERE “AY TW oguatioxS op FuTaxjues FrhyaToTAAt@oxe o00z0409 on OTL “Ue TSez Ey vo"YseTOT TIM Yetos op quys we 4s00n uy xAdb o> ovsoot Steriemrazeg (0r2) ayzoedzez 54 (+2) etrtietex no opspteme pawewpaoe os ory «(C7 ) wreappngysuot qo (“17 y Rieesesetess seregzaor gine eTexO? oTrTiMToseM “STOO Vibeexesep 3H 950 eTexowoS TySoaxosep ayiw sede Ay aor TAF Wop # deo eT deo veinpno ot ‘resaay ““yeroy op FEYO et reyfmarongo sere Stequa weveqetdnes on yoda sey terernyiciim syloxsosop yo rseseasuea Byfowsgzos FrBeTACTES Og — z - au Sp ansad = taorerava vdeo wr deo wesapte ef oteuaos “atasg coryyioossuos wasocrusosey drqand TaUATSTodaqy vomespymew tag Ce apg steg Brequa ur 9023 on wtequarneer aey ‘osvann eTvaxn axgued 2 Z-t6 «tT xoterma eexsenays qyedur og = seopspuy ups prod = 6/2 efianhen vile ssoqeandao9 um puyeTT TEREE WG v0 eaeansds ynop soTed ¥ exeTarHaun FoTITE pW Twauunetzodrs yauatosex EaxeoTRA FETATENOD 05 — syyeansde vnep weap wes ecnlnd yo ene yes ep exponesede puede ag erie sfeoawm ~ y tozeco = ¢ axle ~ z teraasa op eypos ~ 1 sugoansde oveynanot® 6: 84 xOTHTaoMe » erSr4yur oaTartex yerHTzo" vexaozm — 12 10 1< ororeans as aEsQo sTeanE "yaTNxONRsinos PrlvoTpLT qoeeaeN os veasanzia ¥ yaetéa0o voxpogs yang “yoySoToNon LorTsaaH vesed erpcores purertes gopne sesvuygey qeuerrreax te cnt waroquredaos & RTUTATRE UEsMOTDUT Ystegou os “C*CrSTS WT 404 uotead qeararsodeyp ej Hoanile erst proowoySy2od op : Nyseone | xy vo ‘aororava v eqzoztaoxst voxoptysd psd egnazige sores sande y exeoszezey zovrraons v eTmyiyey Fessizod © epAsyt Jeo ernor 0 2d neswoms tyil coses oy wfiveot seetas on eet [care rartomzosep" yroasonrzediy vozouyeresay esveat oat- ae sxoqexedo Towexed op yrrorpau v 7s FrADAE op TOTHZUO next » yamspuvouso voseonyer no sr4onpoxd wtdpzy ¥ op eydetoe © Whoundoxr vsamanqer ace TESEpKOD e: FoxNTe ¥ exvexens op Toot FH sur aatates torsazet0 2 9p exrxand 0 ao NoFErpee Os wage Tesognca OT sexopNE ep ThouN puygupgon To whepsozanxzo © op nowySent no Freee copies exes0s3 pussy toes 3 Topooded uo Rausoxs 9 eawpne eager “gt¢94s UT ayANy wPTee avgmzeat go eda op uedioy nea TaTqwoE 709s eaepns xoveEREYGES YostoRT Wéap x ~ x orexs “Tre2D uy ‘ayquarroo wauyuondex os ys eos oo ‘eowwor wD sue eTeTaEA, avg TART HS ogegOZeRd opaoUN eTEIMTART YrOPTOWwO ey Tee secorqexs coisa = LA} afer] forefu TERT 26 00 orprsataRes ya S09) eargooGuax xorTSuarsqa wexveyTuex Yt vaUETT vo uous Faepsoys TrOUssoes Te eT4zeuy op Tostoxos ~ ““T tepan er) tupfotex ne yetomygse og vases avy, “#z CA"; yo0p Sexopna of eyvomme eFimaxosep Fo 479 TraNgoNx" duavany sopurone xorrriwsaozop Boresnvocd — o*etItg % ee a ey Grn) Ways *i°9°Sts EP B=DqoNEqa ep ZOTEoNRTe VO wopns ydap x © x yoxu suxOT apaugTTvo exoyoosda o8 395 [°S E romorqoxs T L | | rer L —|—1__] rel oxe| wea ac [ane vaio aa a5 a le] = { val 7 2a| a2 va [oal ofocfar | o| © [else Sa ao an, By exeyonoouy op eguowmex yersomrozep vFhoTA - SoHtaas T | | Lyi 2| Ly “| 2 oy) Ee area Pe eer ezapne op aySotouen purATad oaoq ~ 2°4*a0y ~ eee vaedey 98 00 oTyTsnTouos Suz: on 79 oF we os “¢ry"ats UTP zoTBag 9209 od “4. Toriomxosop v dingy UE uThuys ap Taoyz0sd yououncy we ~ vrequmeyaedse gyeuparesey vesvotva no ysadnes oAoouT ep yauommex ofomzosep orsTTEUM ve 19 AD ty tegnas s0x040T Op eoTsqouo0? eTFoF3uT bs te 1353 spp xOTHTSuorPUE © FB Teycaea UTP zoTeaEp Bz9q Gore voxvzoot rtrwava up yreosou eo ye res avo op whos storstuy Terdszod w -y garaetex sosezeqe foorew »:v00ty sraved grvotnowte ve 4y womwotea pusavoung =(4taups" vereaney Tavs Mp Tav0a0% os TD yxRorzozay adeHs ot oo Zolerusuee Tnadoxp us etFzoainame 20z oF Feneanads vozyayr vided Set TH zty xoreTeass TyMseTdI09 ezvs620u eT99 “Pe purmpios oatpne Fryarqus yoop eqU> tewerTTve: os = *e tnfeonee of roxoqpmvdkoo urs uy yroouoySysod og «(utossqeye worse <8) Ue Brogea Bf xEMesoN oo etTHOoSDUE GT Gy Sty HNP sorefvour= tnsdozp UE Aysoao%e Taxos0xedue9 wonpe vs = 7 syotossecuzzoy © oxeznaye 9p wt8or goss" wr sonpe on 18 (54-953 3204) ¢ Tafworoe of Fornxegomaon w xognited gett TngzZa YereUoysyzed or ee» $9109 PexDas THO OY soTguaPT oTgouRt oxeTUT F7Bx0U oun TARFT Fan vzoa0dy asauod gOS uy qveyqvmoNo” eqnquoses, athe voqs00" roxopns-oxetquvsvesd ep otrateod yunquosone othe tee \griqo ee oxopea ep aound 30008 urp exngonzas pupsyyoup ‘oprS7s osemete of exbpne IEE vorweyTuex yandys0 epxortaoxd exopurad op ¢enpny 9 THEMES000 xoToRUEROTO wexvTquouNeRE Yo Mxugody wy pane =F asoz © yIuuxos yyon92" “yntngnONOTS © wanamns ep wrfeorspemoe én 9 open e200 woe rays afb gorsseayo Tee T ounphobgtegea ne Aen cure) Tee a oo oy ws # renxoy op ortorex o no ezTTwox osvod on porayreUe e WT gampORE YR ip NaumaxodsT Toe veo pr jones op Tose o BT Terene9 up + _svrawpoe 3 ~evdoos yorss 1w eavanoxd op sat vod yReTKe oxv9 UT zoTeTaMMItD TRzvy Wy TepoOds uF yItaooduor ‘6 avaraxoxop orngoxs gropny-ezeyqkvavoxd op euypxe YaTanEy 0 “20 vowySunt wy ¥0/a79 TarngnoKe Jooh up xovyanayone wesseyiwos et a3ae sont taney 2 oveeevesd op arn Treaeo te Twomectzedse Fb yovariwem wesoupezogop #ppenzeNt Yndoog “1 este S55 aT ZaFhoes puyamnaton® wpuTE® © exvpa usd ysmoztqwed vo 7 aeCERCETARI PRIVIND STAREA PLANA DE DEFORMATII REMANENTE LA SUDARE. $..dr.ing, Dors DUMBRAVA * Prof.dr.ing. Voicu SAFTA *, me. el Academiei Roméne de Stiinte Tehnice As.drd.ing. Laura BERTA * Ing, Daniel COSTACHE ** * Universitatea ,Politehnica” Timisoara, Facultatea de Mecanica * Intreprinzator privatFig.2. Dispozitiv pentru mfisurarea starii plane de deformatic vedere de sus Fig.3. Epruveté cu sudura axial eentsied tn proces de mésurare a starii plane de deformatie Fig.5. Masurarea contracjie! tran le cu deformetrul Ia 0 epruvetd eu sudurd depusd axial exeentriciGécs0 | D40-60 | fe mow Fig. 6. Starea plana de deformatie a placii cu sudura axial centrica 70-80 | me0-70 taso60 134080 (030-40 |m2020 ‘at020 100-10 a109 1-20-10) Fig, 7. Starea plana de deformatie a placii cu sudurd axial excentriohust-axial centric, in mrn-10?~ valori globale Tab.1, Deformafii remanente la placa cu sudura irectia de sudare D t ° r n a ' i i P i a a e oo x u R medi 2 | 93 Nj ‘Tab.2, Deformafii remanente la placa eu suduri dispust axial asimetric, in mm-107 valori globale h directia de sudare zwfuls {6 ta D (eee : w}s fo | 4a | f r { 7 s{6f3]fate r t m 4{ 4] a fo] a a t 2/1 ]2)2|-+ i i ° a 4 6 9 al 3] «6 | 7 | -0 P i s | 8] 9 fa a = 6 f--7 fon f eto | a3 e 8 | -10 | 12 | -10 | 4 a [a zi meiy (3 | 38 | | 3 | 4 | 7‘Tab.3, Valorile medii alg deformatiilor remanente pentru placa cy sudurd axial centrica, in mim 10" fa 4 Ay Ab Fig.S. Variatia valorilor medi ale star plane de deformatie ia eazul sudurii axin} centrice (SI) ~ curbal si al sudurii axial excentrice ($2) ~ cura 2Aud. pimets, ——we Aud. qnimels, EE ; UU ef ; ; ict A JI &e i ees) A, § ne compooucere, 2 PN F longiteclinada Y peteumipitoha Dar €. birt inyplies By blreat Aegpechy A Se a ole Lucope. >Aw re ble. Art!