30/05/2016

AreaMoments

MDME:MANUFACTURING,DESIGN,MECHANICALENGINEERING
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2ndMOMENTofAREA
TheSecondMomentofAreaIisneededforcalculatingbendingstress.Itisthespecial"area"usedincalculatingstressinabeam
crosssectionduringBENDING.Alsocalled"MomentofInertia".
LectureNotes: AreaMoment.pdf

AreaMoment.one

Image

VideoLessonDescriptionandLink

Duration

Date

Download

AreaMoments(part1)Simpleshapes

9:27min

20140821

AreaMoments(part2)Combinedshapes

21:21min

20140825

Part1:SimpleShapes
2ndMomentofArea(Part1)

Area Moments

Definition
Thesecondmomentofareaisalsoknownasthemomentofinertiaofashape.Thesecondmomentofareaisameasureofthe
'efficiency'ofacrosssectionalshapetoresistbendingcausedbyloading.
SymbolisI.Unitsaremm4

Bothbeamshavethesameareaandeventhesameshape.
Beam1isstrongerthanBeam2becauseithasahighersecondmomentof
area(I).
Orientationcanchangethesecondmomentofarea(I).
Forarectangle,

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AreaMoments

Wherebisbreadth(horizontal)andhisheight(vertical)iftheloadis
verticale.g.gravityload.
(Image:TimLovett2014)

SecondMomentofAreaofacrosssectionisfoundbytakingeachmm2andmultiplyingbythesquareofthedistancefromanaxis.
Thenaddthemallup.
SecondMomentofArea(Definition)
I= (A*d2)
Unitsaremm4

(Image:TimLovett2007)
SothebestwaytogetahighSecondMomentofAreaistogetasmuchareaaspossiblethelongestdistancefromthecentreaxis
(Calledthecentroidalaxisorneutralplane).

AnIbeamhasahigh2ndMomentofArea.
Mostoftheareaisconcentratedasfarawayaspossibleawayfromthecentroid(middleofarea).
However,theupperandlowerflangesmustbeheldtogethertopreventslipping.(shear)
Theupperandlowerflangestakemostoftheload(tension/compression),andtheverticalwebsimplyholdsthe
twoflangestogether(shear).

Exampleofaloaderarmoptimisedforbending.
Thecrosssectionofthebeamisincreasedwherethe
amountofbendingishighest.
Thisdiagramshowsacomputeranalysiswherecolours
representdifferentstresses.Anidealdesignwillhave
stressesasunifromaspossible.
Note:Thisoptimiseddesignisquitedifferenttothearmin
thephoto,andwouldneedtobemanufactureddifferently.
(E.g.Castingratherthancutfromplate)

ForstandardformulastofindIforsimpleshapes(seeIvanoffp372).Alsobelow...

SecondMomentofAreaforStandardShapes

Shape

Ic

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Centroid

Area
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(Images:Wikipedia2012)

AreaMoments

(Centroidal2ndMomentofArea)

(CentreofArea)

Atcentre

A=b*h

Atcentre

A=*r2

Rectangle

Bendingaboutcentroid(centre).

b=breadth,h=height

Circle

Bendingaboutcentroid(centre).

r=radius

Triangle

Bendingaboutcentroid.

Xc=h/3
Yc=b/3

A=0.5*b*h

b=breadth,h=height
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moment_of_areas

RectangleCalculator(Javascript)
Breadthb:

Heighth:

Area

Ic Reset

Note:ThiscalculatorusesJavascript.Ifitremains
blank,youmayneedtoticksomethinglike
"enableactivewebpages"inyourbrowser.

Total:

Part2:CombinedShapes
2ndMomentofArea(Part2)

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Area Moments 2

Centroid
Thecentroidofamultiplecrosssectioncanbefoundusingtheformula:
CoordinatesoftheCentroid
Yc=(Ay)/(A)
Yc=ycoordinateofcentroid
(Ay)=Sumof(eacharetimesitscentroidycoord)
(A)=SumofAreas
Xc=(Ax)/(A)
Xc=xcoordinateofcentroid
(Ax)=Sumof(eacharetimesitscentroidxcoord)
(A)=SumofAreas

yc=(Ay)/(A)xc=(Ax)/(A)
y1=412/2=206mm
y2=(615412)/2+412=513.5mm
A1=335*412=138020mm2
A2=130*(615412)=26390mm2
A1y1=138020*206=28432120
A2y2=26390*513.5=13551265
(Ay)=28432120+13551265=41983385
(A)=138020+26390=164410
yc=(Ay)/(A)=41983385/164410
=255.3579mm

(Image:TimLovett2007)
Tableformat:ThepreferredwaytoshowworkingforCentroid(Wellsuitedtousingspreadsheet:e.g.Excel)
Element

A*y

A*x

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AreaMoments

mm

mm2

1 138020 206

2 26390

mm

mm3

28432120 167.5 23118350

513.5 13551265 270

Total 164410

Centroid

mm3

7125300

41983385

30243650

255.35786

183.9526

SothecentroidislocatedatXc=183.9526,andYc=255.35786mmfromthebottomleftcorner.

ParallelAxisTheroem
Whenacrosssectionofabeamisunderbendingfromabove,everythingabovethecentroidisincompression,andeverythingbelow
thecentroidisintension.
Whenshapesarecombinedtogether,thecombinedcentroidalplane(neutralplane)nowdefinestheoverallcompressionabove/tension
below.Thismeansthateachelementisbeingforcedtobendaroundanothercentroidalaxisnotitsown.
Whenthishappens,theSecondMomentofAreamustbeadjustedusingtheParallelAxisTheorem:
ParallelAxisTheorem
ThecontributionofIforeachelementis
I=Ic+Ad2
I=ThesecondmomentofareaofthatelementaboutthecombinedcentroidalNeutralplane(xx)
Ic=Thesecondmomentofareaofthatelementaboutitsowncentroid
A=Areaofthatelement
d=DistancefromcombinedNeutralplane(xx)tothecentroidofthatelement

Continuingtheaboveexample:
Nowthatwehavefoundthecentroid,wenowtakeallourmeasurementsfromtheNeutralplanexx(ingreen)

ContinuedTableformat:
ThegreysectionwecompletedpreviouslytofindtheCentroid(weonlyneedtheYctofindIxx)
ThenwecanextandthetabletocalculatethetotalIxxforthecombinedsection,tosolveI=Ic+Ad2foreachelement.
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AreaMoments

Element

A*y

mm2

mm

mm3

1 138020 206

Ic

Ad2

Ixx

mm4

mm

mm4

E6mm4

28432120 1952338907 49.35786 336244095 2288.583

2 26390 513.5 13551265 90625459.17 258.14214 1.759E+09 1849.185

Total 164410

Centroid

41983385

4137.768

255.35786

NoticethatthesmallerElement2hasanIxxof1849E6mm4whichisalmostashighasElement1at2288E6mm4.Thisshowsusthat
theAd2termisverylargewhenanelementisfarawayfromthecombinedNeutralplane(xx)

Ifloadingfromabove,thisbeamwillbeincompression
throughoutthewholecrosssection,becauseitisbeingforced
tobendabouttheNeutralPlaneNN.

Example

(Thiswouldoccurifthecrosssectionwascombinedwith
otherbeams,seebelow)
Ic=bh3/12(Thisisthenaturalbendingaboutit'sown
centroidh/2)
=18*4.9^3/12=176.4735mm4
I=Ic+Ad2
=176.4735+(18*4.9)*(6.2^2)
=3566.9mm4(ThisistheforcedbendingabouttheNN
axis)
NotethattheAd2termincreasesIdramatically.Thisisagood
waytoincreaseSecondMomentofArea.

ExampleofaIjoistorFlangeBeam(H20woodbeam)
Thewebkeepstheupperandlowerflangesapart,butmust
alsokeepthemtogetherwithoutslipping.Thisiswhythereis
afingerjointedconnectiontoallowalargesurfaceareafor
effectiveadhesion.
Theflangestakemostofthetensionandcompressionso
thesemustbecontinuousforthelengthofthebeam.

Specificationforthisbeam:
Mmax=5kNm,Qmax=11kN
WhereM=BendingMoment,Q=ShearForce.

Laminationsthatdonotslip(Glulam)
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Thebeamisstronginbendingbecauseitisdeep.
Eachpieceofwoodmustbethoroughlygluedtoensurethey
donotslip(shear)againsteachother.
Smallersizesareeasiertodry(season)andanylocalized
imperfections(knots,splitsetc)canbecarriedbyadjacent
sections.Aglulambeamislesslikelytobendandwarp
becausetheindividualpiecesarelaidupinopposite
directions,cancellingouttheirwarpingtendencies.
Glulambeamscanalsobeformedincurves,andverylong
lengthscanbeachieved.

Laminationsthatslip.
Inaleafspring,thelaminationsformabeam,buteach
lamination(leaf)isdesignedtoslipagainsteachother.
Thismeansthesecondmomentofareadoesnotequalthetotal
depthofthebeam.
Aleafspringwith4leavesis4timesasstiffasasingleleaf.
Butifeachleafwasweldedtogethersomehow,then4leaves
wouldbe43=64timesstifferthanasingleleaf.Accordingto
equation..

Asingleleaf.
Acomposite(fibreglass)leafspring.
Fibreglassnotasstiffassteel,yetthiscompositebeamhas
lessdepththanamultileafsteelspringofthesamestiffness.
Thisisbecausethecompositebeamisonepiece,sothefull
depthofthebeam(h)goesintothesecondmomentofarea

Weightsavingwillbesignificant.

Whiteboard

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Questions:
Assignment:Doallquestions29:129:3(CentroidsandAreaMoments)
RelevantpagesinMDME

SimpleStress
Elasticity
BoltedJoints
WeldedJoints
PressureVessels
WebLinks

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