Guia de Aplicaciones Caesar Ii 7.0 PDF

CAESAR II
Applications Guide
Version 2014 (7.0)
April 2014
DICAS-PE-200101E
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Contents
Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Bends .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Bend Definition ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends......................................................................... 12
180 Return Fitting-to-Fitting 90 Bends ............................................................................................... 14
Mitered Bends ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Closely-Spaced Mitered Bend ........................................................................................................ 15
Widely-Spaced Mitered Bend ......................................................................................................... 16
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness ........................................................................................................ 19
Bend Flexibility Factor ........................................................................................................................... 20
Restraints ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Anchors ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Anchors with Displacements .......................................................................................................... 23
Flexible Anchors ............................................................................................................................. 24
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements .......................................................................... 25
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 ...................................................................................................... 26
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements ............................................................................ 28
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model................................................................................. 29
Double-Acting Restraints ...................................................................................................................... 32
Single-Directional Restraints ................................................................................................................. 33
Guides ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Limit Stops ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Windows ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps ......................................................................................... 39
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement ................................................................. 40
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and Predefined Displacement ................................. 41
Restraint Settlement ............................................................................................................................. 42
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap ........................................................................................... 43
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint..................................................................................................... 44
Restraint between Two Pipes Using CNodes ....................................................................................... 45
Restraint between Vessel and Pipe Models ......................................................................................... 46
Restraints on a Bend at 45 .................................................................................................................. 46
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 ..................................................................................................... 48
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends ............................................................................................................. 49
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle .............................................................................................................. 52
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends ......................................................................................................... 52
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model ...................................................................................................... 53
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports ................................................................................................. 55
Bi-Linear Restraints .............................................................................................................................. 56
Static Snubbers ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Plastic Hinges ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Sway Brace Assemblies ....................................................................................................................... 60
Contents
Hangers ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
General Information .............................................................................................................................. 64
Simple Hanger Design .......................................................................................................................... 65
Single Can Design ................................................................................................................................ 66
Constant Effort Support Design ............................................................................................................ 67
Constant Effort Supports - No Design .................................................................................................. 68
Existing Springs - No Design ................................................................................................................ 69
Multiple Can Design .............................................................................................................................. 70
Old Spring Redesign ............................................................................................................................. 71
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel ............................................................................................ 72
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement ................................................................................. 73
Hanger Between Two Pipes ................................................................................................................. 73
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity .......................................................................................... 74
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load ............................................................................ 76
Simple Bottomed Out Spring ................................................................................................................ 77
Lift Off Spring Can ................................................................................................................................ 78
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction ...................................................................................................... 79
Expansion Joints ....................................................................................................................................... 81
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Model .......................................................................................... 81
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model ...................................................................................... 87
Universal Joint with Lateral Controls Stops - Comprehensive Tie Rod Model ..................................... 88
Hinged Joint .......................................................................................................................................... 90
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model ....................................................................................................... 92
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model ........................................................................................ 93
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model ............................................................................................ 94
Slip Joint ................................................................................................................................................ 95
Gimbal Joints ........................................................................................................................................ 96
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model ................................................................................... 97
Dual Gimbal .......................................................................................................................................... 99
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust.................................................................................................. 101
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows ................................................................................................. 104
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod .......................................................................................... 105
Miscellaneous Models............................................................................................................................. 107
Reducers ............................................................................................................................................. 107
Ball Joints ............................................................................................................................................ 108
Jacketed Pipe...................................................................................................................................... 110
Cold Spring ......................................................................................................................................... 112
Connecting Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 112
Vertical Vessels ............................................................................................................................ 112
Horizontal Vessels ........................................................................................................................ 118
Tutorial A .................................................................................................................................................. 123
System Overview ................................................................................................................................ 123
Preparing the Drawing .................................................................................................................. 124
Generating CAESAR II Input ........................................................................................................ 126
Input Review ................................................................................................................................. 140
Ending the Input Session ............................................................................................................. 143
Performing the Static Analysis ..................................................................................................... 143
Contents
Reviewing Static Results .................................................................................................................... 146
Static Analysis Output Listing ....................................................................................................... 151
Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 159
Examples .................................................................................................................................................. 161
Harmonic Analysis (TABLE) ............................................................................................................... 161
Harmonic Analysis of this System ................................................................................................ 164
Relief Valve Loads (RELIEF) .............................................................................................................. 166
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup .......................................................................................... 167
Relief Valve Loading Output ......................................................................................................... 171
Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads (HAMMER) .................................................................... 175
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads .................................................................................. 183
Water Hammer Loading Output ................................................................................................... 185
Solution Summary ........................................................................................................................ 187
Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support Earthquake Excitation (CRYNOS) .................................. 188
Results .......................................................................................................................................... 200
Structural Analysis (FRAME) .............................................................................................................. 201
Dynamic Analysis (NUREG9) ............................................................................................................. 208
NRC Example NUREG 9 .............................................................................................................. 209
NRC Example Problem 2A ........................................................................................................... 209
NRC Example Problem 2B ........................................................................................................... 212
NRC Example Problem 2C ........................................................................................................... 213
Omega Loop Modelling (OMEGA) ...................................................................................................... 214
Jacketed Piping (JACKET) ................................................................................................................. 219
Modeling Plan ............................................................................................................................... 220
Node Layout ................................................................................................................................. 221
Core Piping Input .......................................................................................................................... 222
Jacket Input (1st Half)................................................................................................................... 223
Jacket Input (2nd Half) ................................................................................................................. 226
WRC 107............................................................................................................................................. 228
Convert Forces/Moments from CAESAR II Global Coordinates to WRC 107 Local
Axes .............................................................................................................................................. 229
NEMA SM23 ....................................................................................................................................... 237
Nozzle Results for PT69M ............................................................................................................ 240
Nozzle Load Summation Report .................................................................................................. 241
Tutorial B .................................................................................................................................................. 243
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads ..................................................................................................... 243
Creating Accurate Models ................................................................................................................... 254
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at the End of Error Checking ....................................................... 257
Checking Nozzle Loads ...................................................................................................................... 263
System Redesign ................................................................................................................................ 265
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 275
Index ......................................................................................................................................................... 277
Contents
SECTION 1
Overview
The CAESAR II Application Guide shows the application of CAESAR II. Refer to this manual for
examples of specific piping components, as well as examples of complete systems.
The following sections illustrate the techniques and methods used to model individual piping
components, restraints, and attached equipment.
Bends (on page 11)
Restraints (on page 21)
Expansion Joints (on page 81)
Miscellaneous Models (on page 107)
Refer to these sections when you are modeling seldom-used components or unusual
geometries. The component modeling examples are especially useful for modeling techniques
and gaining a general understanding of the software.
Examples (on page 161) contains examples that illustrate the application of CAESAR II to
various piping problems. These examples show modeling, problem solving, and software
operation. This section provides engineering guidelines and indicates where assumptions must
be made in attempting to solve real-world problems.
Tutorial A (on page 123) and Tutorial B (on page 243) contain tutorials that walk through the
modeling and analysis of a complete system. Work through these sections if you have not
previously attempted a particular analysis.
Overview
10
SECTION 2
Bends
This section provides guidelines and recommended best practices for the modeling various
bend geometries in CAESAR II.
For detailed information about using the software to define bend geometry, see
"Component Information" in the CAESAR II User's Guide.
Bend Definition
A bend is defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving the bend. The bend
curvature is always physically at the To end of the element entering the bend.
The input for the element leaving the bend must follow the element entering the bend. The bend
angle is defined by these two elements. The default bend radius is 1-1/2 times the pipe nominal
diameter (long radius), but it can be changed to any other value. When you specify a bend, two
additional intermediate nodes are automatically generated--one at the 0 location and one at the
bend midpoint (M).
For stress and displacement output, the To node of the element entering the bend is located
geometrically at the far-point on the bend. The far-point is at the weld line of the bend, adjacent
to the straight element leaving the bend. The 0 point on the bend is at the weld line of the
bend, adjacent to the straight element entering the bend.
The From point on the element is located at the 0 point of the bend (and no 0 node point is
generated) if the total length of the element as specified by DX, DY, and DZ is equal to:
R tan (b / 2)
Where b is the bend angle, and R is the bend radius of curvature to the bend centerline.
Nodes defined by the Angle and Node properties are placed at the given angle on the bend
curvature. The angle starts with zero degrees at the near-point on the bend and goes to b
degrees at the far-point of the bend. Angles are always entered in degrees. Entering the letter M
as the angle designates the bend midpoint.
Nodes on the bend curvature cannot be placed closer together than the angle distance specified
by Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend in the Geometry category of the Tools >
Configure/Setup command. This includes the spacing between the nodes on the bend
curvature and the near- and far-points of the bend.
11
Bends
The minimum and maximum total bend angle is specified by the Minimum Allowable Bend
Angle and Maximum Allowable Bend Angle properties, also in the Geometry category of the
Tools > Configure Setup command.
Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends

Single- and double-flanged bend specifications affect only the stress intensification and flexibility
of the bend. There is no automatic rigid element (or change in weight) generated for the end of
the bend. Single- and double-flanged bends are indicated by typing a 1 or 2 to define the Type
in the bend auxiliary input. Rigid elements defined before or after the bend do not alter the
stiffness of the bend or its stress intensification factors.
When specifying single-flanged bends, it does not matter on which end of the bend you place
the flange.
If you want to include the weight of the rigid flange at the bend ends, then put rigid elements
(whose total length is the length of a flange pair) at the bend ends where the flange pairs exist.
As a guideline, British Standard 806 recommends stiffening the bends whenever a component
that significantly stiffens the pipe cross section is found within two diameters of either bend end.
12
Bends
The flanges in the figures below are modeled only to the extent that they affect the stiff\-ness
and the stress intensification for the bends.
Flanges and Bends:
13
Bends
180 Return Fitting-to-Fitting 90 Bends

Separate two 90 bends by twice the bend radius. The far-point of the first bend is the same as
the near-point of the second, or following, bend. Intergraph CAS recommends that you place
nodes at the midpoint of each bend that comprise the 180 return.
180 Bend:
DX = 2R
14
Bends
Mitered Bends
Evenly spaced mitered bends, whether closely or widely spaced, are defined by two parameters:
The number of cuts (changes in direction)
The equivalent radius or miter spacing
For closely spaced miters, the equivalent radius is equal to the code defined as R1 for B31.3
and R for B31.1. The equation for the equivalent radius to the spacing for evenly spaced miters
is:
Req = S / [ 2 tan() ]
Where:
Req
equivalent miter bend radius
spacing of the miter cuts along the centerline
code-defined half-angle between adjacent miter cuts: / 2N
total bend angle
number of cuts
Where:
When using B31.1, an additional parameter, B (length of miter segment at crotch), is examined
for closely spaced miters. The following equation is used to compute B for evenly spaced miters:
B
S [ 1 - ro / Req ]
outside radius of pipe cross-section
Where:
ro
Closely-Spaced Mitered Bend

Miter bends are closely spaced if:
S < r [1 + tan ()]
Where:
S = miter spacing
r = average pipe cross section radius: (r i+ro)/2
q = one-half the angle between adjacent miter cuts
B31.1 has additional requirements:
B > 6 tn
22.5 deg.
B = length of the miter segment at the crotch.
tn = nominal wall thickness of pipe.
15
Bends
Closely spaced miters, regardless of the number of miter cuts, can be defined as a single bend.
CAESAR II always calculates the spacing from the bend radius. If you have the miter spacing
but not the bend radius, the radius must be calculated as shown in the following example. The
mitered bend shown below has four cuts through 90 and a spacing of 15.913 inches.
Req
S / [ 2 tan ()]
/ 2N
= 90 / [2(4)]
= 11.25
Req
= 15.913 / [2 tan (11.25)]

= 40
Closely Spaced Miter Bend:
Widely-Spaced Mitered Bend

Mitered bends are widely spaced if:
S r * [1 + tan ()]
Where:
16
spacing between miter points along the miter segment

centerline
average cross section radius (ri+r)/2
one-half angle between adjacent miter cuts
Bends
B31.1 has the following additional requirement:
22.5
In CAESAR II, you must enter widely spaced miters as individual, single-cut miters, each having
a bend radius equal to:
R = r [1 + cot ()] / 2
Where:
R = reduced bend radius for widely spaced miters.
During error checking, CAESAR II produces a warning message for each mitered component
that does not pass the test for a closely spaced miter.
The following components should be re-entered as a group of single cut joints.
Widely Spaced Miter:
Pipe O.D. = 10.375 in.
Pipe Thickness = 0.500
in.
Bend Angle = 90
Cuts = 2
Req = 45 inches
Assuming closely spaced:
Calculate the coordinates to get from the tangent intersection point of the single cut miter bend
at node 10 to the single cut miter bend at node 15.
The straight pipe section coming into and going out of the bend must be Reqsin ().
17
Bends
Enter widely spaced miters as individual straight pipe elements, with bends specified,
having one miter cut.
Figure 2: Between the First and Second Cuts

Figure 1: Coming Up to the First Cut
Figure 3: Coming Out of the Second Cut
18
Bends
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness

When you define the fitting thickness for the bend, CAESAR II changes the thickness only of the
curved portion of the bend element. The thickness of any preceding or following straight pipe is
unaffected.
The specified fitting thickness applies only for the current elbow and is not persisted to any
subsequent elbows in the job.
Stresses at the elbow are calculated based on the section modulus of the matching pipe as
specified in the B31 codes. However, stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for the
bend are based on the elbow wall thickness.
Thick Elbow:
The elbow at node 10 has a thickness larger than the matching pipe
wall. The matching pipe has a thickness of 0.5.
19
Bends
Bend Flexibility Factor

Usually, bend flexibility factors are calculated according to code requirements. However, you
can override the code calculation by typing a value for the K-factor. For example, if you type
1.500, then the bend is 1.5 times as flexible as a straight pipe of the same length.
20
SECTION 3
Restraints
This chapter provides guidelines and recommended best practices for modeling various types of
restraints in CAESAR II.
In This Section
Anchors .......................................................................................... 22
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 ............................................... 26
Double-Acting Restraints ............................................................... 32
Single-Directional Restraints ......................................................... 33
Guides ............................................................................................ 34
Limit Stops ..................................................................................... 36
Windows ........................................................................................ 37
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps .................................. 38
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement .......... 40
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and
Predefined Displacement............................................................... 40
Restraint Settlement ...................................................................... 41
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap .................................... 42
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint ............................................. 44
Restraint between Two Pipes Using CNodes ................................ 45
Restraint between Vessel and Pipe Models .................................. 45
Restraints on a Bend at 45 ........................................................... 46
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 ............................................. 47
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends ...................................................... 48
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle ...................................................... 52
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends .................................................. 52
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model ............................................... 53
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports .......................................... 54
Bi-Linear Restraints ....................................................................... 56
Static Snubbers ............................................................................. 58
Plastic Hinges ................................................................................ 58
Sway Brace Assemblies ................................................................ 59
21
Restraints
Anchors
Use the following guidelines when modeling anchors in CAESAR II:
The anchor default stiffness for translational and rotational degrees-of-freedom is defined in
the CAESAR II configuration file.
You can use connecting nodes with anchors to rigidly fix one point in the piping system to
any other point in the piping system.
The value that you define for the Stif property applies to all six anchor degrees-of-freedom.
Do not specify displacements at an anchor. If you know the displacements of a particular
point, specify them without any additional restraints or anchors.
Accurate definition of piping boundary conditions (restraints) is considered the single most
important part of system modeling. It requires experience with piping fabrication and erection
and with CAESAR II.
The example below shows a nozzle connection modeled as an anchor, along with the
corresponding rigid anchor input on the Restraints Auxiliary Data tab in the Classic Piping
Input dialog box.
Rigid Anchor at Node 5
22
Restraints
Anchors with Displacements

Follow these guidelines to model anchors with displacements in CAESAR II:
Enter only displacements for the node.
Do not specify restraints or anchors at the node to be displaced.
For anchors with displacements, ensure that all six degrees-of-freedom at the node are
defined.
Degrees-of-freedom not defined (left blank) in any displacement vector are presumed to
be free in all load cases.
You can define up to nine different displacement vectors.
Non-zero displacements are usually part of the thermal expansion effects. They should be
added into any analysis case containing the corresponding thermal, such as W+P1+T1+D1. We
recommend load cases that do this automatically.
The translations and/or rotations for any nodal degree of freedom that has displacements
specified in any displacement vector are zero for the following load cases:
Those that do not contain a vector as part of the load case identification
Those where the specified non-zero value for load cases containing the vector is part of the
load case identification
For example, defined displacements are used if the load case is W+P1+T1+D1 (OPE), and
those displacements are held to zero if the load case is W+P1 (SUS).
After a degree-of-freedom is fixed in one displacement vector, it cannot be free in another
displacement vector at the same node.
The default value for a blank displacement box is zero.
The figure below shows an anchor with predefined displacements.
Anchors with Predefined Displacements
23
Restraints
Flexible Anchors
Use the following guidelines to model flexible anchors in CAESAR II:
Use six flexible restraints.
Put four restraints on one element and the last two restraints on the next element in the
restraints auxiliary data area (Classic Piping Input dialog box).
Refer to the following flexible nozzle examples to improve modeling methods for
intersections of this type.
Flexible Restraints for Nozzle and Shell
For more information about defining restraints, see "Restraints" in the CAESAR II User's
Guide.
24
Restraints
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements

To model flexible anchors with predefined displacements, use the following guidelines:
Use six flexible restraints.
Put four restraints on one element and the last two restraints on the next element.
Define a unique connecting node (CNode) at each of the six restraints. All six restraints
should have the same connecting node.
Specify the displacements at the connecting node.
Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements
The CNode in the example below is 1005. CNode numbers must be unique.
25
Restraints
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297

When modeling flexible nozzles, adhere to the following requirements:
Frame only one pipe element into the nozzle node.
Do not place restraints at the nozzle node.
Do not place anchors at the nozzle node.
Do not specify displacements for the nozzle node. Refer to the displacements at flexible
nozzles below.
CAESAR II automatically performs the following functions:
Calculates nozzle flexibilities for user-defined nozzle/vessel data.
Calculates and inserts restraints to simulate nozzle flexibilities.
Calculates flexibilities for the axial translations, circumferential, and longitudinal bending.
You must complete the error check process to view these calculated values.
CAESAR II uses the following criteria for its calculations:
Shear and torsional stiffnesses are assumed rigid.
Nozzle configurations outside of the WRC 297 curve limits are considered rigid. It is not
unusual for one stiffness value to be rigid because of curve limits and for the others to be
suitably flexible.
You can use Vessel Temperature and Material in the WRC 297 auxiliary data area to
optionally compute a reduced modulus of elasticity for the local stiffness calculations.
Schematic of Nozzle and Vessel to be Modeled Using WRC 297
26
Restraints
WRC 297 Input Example
Example WRC 297 output is shown below.

WRC 297 Nozzle Calculations
27
Restraints
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements

To model flexible nozzles with predefined displacements (WRC-297), use the following
guidelines:
Define a unique vessel node in the nozzle auxiliary data area (Classic Piping Input dialog
box).
Apply the predefined displacements to the vessel node.
These displacements can be specified on any element. The displacement node does not
need to be on an element that defines it.
The CAESAR II-generated nozzle/vessel flexibilities are inserted in restraints that act between
the nozzle node and the vessel node.
Flexible Nozzle With Predefined Displacements on Vessel Node
28
Restraints
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model

To model a flexible nozzle that includes a complete vessel, use the following guidelines:
Define a unique vessel node on the nozzle auxiliary data area.
The nozzle auxiliary data area displays when you select Nozzle Flex on the Classic
Piping Input dialog box. For more information, see "Nozzle Flex" in the CAESAR II User's
Guide.
Run a rigid element between the vessel node defined in the nozzle auxiliary data area and
the centerline of the vessel. The outside diameter of the rigid element should be
approximately equal to the outside diameter of the vessel. The weight of the rigid element
should be zero.
Model the actual vessel length using pipe elements. Model the vessel diameter and wall
thicknesses as accurately as possible
Use an anchor to model the vessel anchorage point.
The CAESAR II-generated nozzle/vessel flexibilities are inserted between the nozzle node and
the vessel node.
The graphics below show a full WRC 297 model schematic.
Full WRC 297 Model Schematic
29
Restraints
Full WRC 297 and Vessel Model
Figure 4: Pipe Entering Nozzle
Figure 5: WRC 297 Auxiliary Input
Figure 7: Rigid Weight is Blank (0,0)
Figure 6: Vessel Radius Element
30
Restraints
Figure 8: Vessel Element
Figure 9: Vessel Skirt Element At Ambient Temperature
Nozzle Calculations
An example of the WRC 297 results found at the end of error checking is shown below.
31
Restraints
Double-Acting Restraints
Double-acting restraints are those that act in both directions along the line of action. The most
commonly used restraints are double-acting.
A CNode is the connecting node. If you do not enter a value in the CNode box, the restrained
node is connected using the restraint stiffness to a rigid point in space. If you do enter a value
for CNode, the restrained node is connected using the restraint stiffness to the connecting node.
If you specify a gap, it is the amount of free movement along the positive or negative line of
action of the restraint before resistance to movement occurs. A gap is a length, so it is always
positive.
Transitional Restraints
Restraint acts along both the positive and negative directions. Friction at double-acting restraints
acts orthogonally to the line of action of the restraint.
Double-Acting Restraint at Node 55 in the Z-Direction
Rotational Restraints
The behavior of rotation restraints is similar to double-acting translational restraints. Friction is
not defined for rotational restraints.
Hinged-End rod Free to Rotate About the Z-Axis
Restrain all except Rz
32
Restraints
Four restraints on one element

containing node 105 and
remaining restraint on the next
element.
Single-Directional Restraints
The following are some important facts pertaining to single-directional restraints:
The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the single-directional restraint gives the direction of free
movement. For example, a positive Y restraint (+Y) can move freely in the positive
Y-direction and is restrained against movement in the negative Y-direction.
Single-directional restraints can define restraint along positive, negative, or skewed axes.
Any number of single-directional restraints can act along the same line of action. If more
than one single-directional restraint acts along the same line of action, then there are usually
two in opposite directions and are used to model unequal leg gaps.
A CNode is the connecting node. If you do not define a value for CNode, then the
restrained node is connected using the restraint stiffness to a rigid point in space. If you
enter a value for CNode, then the restrained node is connected using the restraint stiffness
to the connecting node.
You can specify friction and gaps with single-directional restraints. The gap is in the
opposite direction of the free travel.
33
Restraints
Rigid Single - Directional Restraint in Y at Node 20
The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the
restraint gives the direction of free
movement. Because the stiffness is
omitted, the restraint is rigid.
Guides
Use the following guidelines when modeling guides in CAESAR II:
Guides are double-acting restraints with or without a specified gap.
You can use connecting nodes (CNodes) with guides.
You can define guides using the global system coordinates or using the applicable options
in the restraints auxiliary data area.
The restraints auxiliary data area displays when you select Restraints on the Classic
Piping Input dialog box.
A guided pipe in the horizontal or skewed direction has a single restraint, acting in the horizontal
plane, orthogonal to the axis of the pipe.
A guided vertical pipe has X- and Z-direction supports.
CAESAR II computes direction cosines for guides. The software ignores user-defined guide
direction cosines.
Guide on Horizontal Pipe with Single Directional Restraint
34
Restraints
Node 25 is guided in Z with a gap of 2.5
inches. A single-directional restraint in
the Y-direction also exists. Both
restraints are rigid.
In this example, replacing the
guide restraint with a Z restraint is
equivalent.
Guided Pipe in Both Horizontal and Vertical Directions
35
Restraints
Limit Stops
Use the following guidelines when working with limit stops in CAESAR II:
Limit stops are single- or double-acting restraints whose line of action is along the axis of the
pipe.
The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the single-directional restraint gives the direction of unlimited
free movement.
A limit stop and a single-directional restraint can have gaps. The gap is the distance of
permitted free movement along the restraining line of action.
A gap is a length and is always positive. The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the restraint
determines the orientation of the gap along the line of action. The gap direction is opposite
to the direction of free travel.
You can use connecting nodes (CNode) with any limit stop model.
A limit stop can be defined using the restraint type LIM.
Limit stops provide double- or single-acting support parallel to the pipe axis. Limit stops can
have gaps and friction. The positive line of action of the limit stop is defined by the From and
To node on the element.
CAESAR II computes direction cosines for orthogonal or skewed limit stops. The software
ignores user-defined limit stop direction cosines.
Directional Limit Stop with a Gap
36
Restraints
Two Limit Stops Acting in Opposite Directions
The stop at node 45 permits unlimited free movement in the positive
X-direction and 1.0 inches of free movement in the negative X-direction
before the limit stop becomes active.
The stop at node 195 permits unlimited free movement in the negative
X-direction and 1.0 inches of free movement in the positive X-direction.
37
Restraints
Windows
Use the following guidelines when modeling windows in CAESAR II.
Equal leg windows are modeled using two double-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to
the pipe axis.
Unequal leg windows are modeled using four single-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to
the pipe axis, as shown in the example below.
The gap is always positive. The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the restraint determines the
direction of movement before the gap closes. If there is no plus or minus sign (+/-) on the
restraint, then the restraint is double-acting, and the gap exists on both sides of the line of
action of the restraint. If there is a plus or minus sign (+/-) on the restraint, then the gap
exists on the restrained line of action of the restraint. For example, a positive Y (+Y) restraint
is restrained against movement in the negative Y-direction. Any gap associated with a
positive Y restraint is the free movement in the negative Y-direction before the restraint
begins acting.
Window Modeled with Four Single-Directional Restraints with Gaps
38
Restraints
Rotational Directional Restraints with Gaps

Rotation directional restraints with gaps are considered specialty items. Usually, they used only
in sophisticated expansion joint or hinge models.
Rotational Directional Restraints
The figure on the left shows a

bi-directional rotational restraint with
gap. Allowable rotation of 5 in
either direction about the Z-axis
before resistance to rotation is
encountered.
The figure on the left shows a hinge

assembly with directional rotational
restraint. Hinge assembly at node
50 can rotate relative to assembly
at node 55 only in the positive
direction about the Z-axis.
39
Restraints
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined

Displacement
Define the one-directional restraint as usual, and enter a unique node number in the CNode
box. Specify the predefined displacements for the CNode.
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined Displacement
Piping at node 55 rests on top of the restraint that is displaced in the

Y-direction, simulated by node 1055.
40
Restraints
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with Gap and

Predefined Displacement
Define the single-directional restraint and guide as usual. Enter a unique node number in the
CNode boxes for the single-directional restraint and the guide. Use the same node number for
both. Specify the predefined displacements for the CNode.
Guide Plus Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined
Displacement:
Guided piping at node 70 rests on a

structural member node 1070. The
structure undergoes a predefined
displacement.
In the example above, ignoring other loads that may be acting on the pipe, the 0.250-inch
gap will be closed in the negative X-direction, and the pipe will have a displacement of
0.50-inches in the positive X-direction.
41
Restraints
Restraint Settlement
Use the following guidelines when modeling restraint settlement in CAESAR II:
Model restraint settlement using a single-directional restraint with predefined displacements.
The magnitude of the predefined displacement is the amount of anticipated settlement in the
negative Y-direction.
The operating load case is used to include the effect of settlement.
The settlement displacements are prescribed for the connecting node at the single
directional restraint. For more information, see Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined
Displacement (on page 40).
Settlement is considered to be an EXP load with a half-cycle.
Restraint Settlement
The weight of this pipe
at node 95 exerts a
sufficient load on the
foundation node 1095
to cause a calculated
0.325-inch settlement.
42
Restraints
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap

Use the following guidelines when modeling skewed restraints in CAESAR II:
You can use direction vectors or direction cosines to define the line of action of the restraint.
If direction vectors are used, CAESAR II converts them to direction cosines.
Direction cosines can be quickly checked in the graphics processor.
Any translational axis can be used in the restraint description. The redefinition of the axis
does not affect any other restraint description for the element.
Use caution when entering skewed direction input data. A common mistake is to specify an
axial instead of transverse restraint when modeling a skewed guide. Plotted section views of
the restrained nodes are a useful check of the skewed direction specification.
The sense of the direction or cosine unit vector is unimportant. In the definition of
double-acting restraints, the direction vector and cosines are used only to define the restraint
line of action and are not concerned with a direction along that line.
You can use a simple rule for finding perpendicular, skewed, or direction vectors. The
restraint is to be perpendicular to the pipe. If the pipe has skewed delta dimensions DX and
DZ, the perpendicular restraint directions vector are (DX, 0, -DZ).
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint with Gap
Figure 10: Double Acting Restraint Y,

Guided @ 45 Deg.
43
Restraints
Figure 11: Input Using Unit Direction

Vectors
Figure 12: Input Using Direction Cosines
Figure 13: Input Using Perpendicular

Vector
Figure 14: Input Using Guide Restraint Type
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint

Use the following when modeling skewed single-directional restraints in CAESAR II:
Skewed restraints can be nonlinear.
Direction vectors or direction cosines can be used to define the line of action of the restraint.
If direction vectors are used, CAESAR II converts them to direction cosines.
The direction of the cosines or the direction vector is along the positive line of action of the
positive (+) restraint. Refer to the example below
Direction cosines can be quickly checked in the graphics processor.
You can use connecting nodes (CNode) with any skewed single-directional restraint.
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint
44
Restraints
Restraint between Two Pipes Using CNodes

For the following two examples, make sure Connect Geometry Through CNodes is not
selected to avoid plotting and geometry errors. For more information, see "Geometry Definitions"
in the CAESAR II User's Guide.
Nonlinear or linear restraints can act between two different pipe nodes. The CNode property
effectively represents to what the other end of the restraint is attached.
Nonlinear Restraint Between Two Pipes
Rigid Rod Hanger Between Two Pipes
45
Restraints
Restraint between Vessel and Pipe Models

Use the following guidelines when modeling restraints that between vessel and pipe in CAESAR
II:
Use a restraint with a connecting node to link the pipe to the rigid element that extends from
the vessel shell.
You can specify any number of restraints between the restrained node and the connecting
node.
Restraints can be linear or nonlinear with gaps and/or friction.
Restraint Between Vessel and Piping
Restraints on a Bend at 45
Linear and/or non-linear restraints can act at any point on the bend curvature. Points on the
bend curvature are like any other point in the piping system.
The figure below shows a bend supported vertically by a rigid rod. The rod is allowed to take
tensile loads only, so it is modeled as a single-directional restraint that can move freely in the
positive Y-direction.
If the positions of nodes 19 and 20 are unclear, see Bends (on page 11).
The line of action of the rod is shifted away from node 19. A downward force at node 15
produces a positive Z-moment about node 20 in the system as modeled, but a negative
Z-moment about node 20 in real-time.
The magnitude of this moment is a function of the load and the moment arm (the amount of the
shift). If this is considered significant, then a rigid element with zero weight can be placed
between node 19 and the actual point of rod attachment. The restraint is then placed at the
actual point of rod attachment.
46
Restraints
90 Bend Restrained at Midpoint
47
Restraints
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60

You can define up to three nodes at any angle on the bend curvature, presuming the points are
more than 5 apart. Restraints can be modeled on any of these nodes. If necessary, one of the
points can be at the 0 point on the bend, which is the bend near point.
The To node of the bend is placed at the tangent intersection point for geometric construction,
but it is placed at the bend far point for analysis purposes. Consequently, specifying a node at
the bend far-weld point generates an error.
Nodes and angles on the bend curvature can be specified in any order.
Restraints on Intermediate Points Along a Bend
48
Restraints
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends

You can model dummy legs on bends in several ways. The three most common methods used
to model dummy legs are outlined below.
Near/Far Point Method
Easy input
Dummy leg acts along centerline of vertical run
Dummy leg does not act at the proper place on the bend curvature
On Curvature Method
Easy input
Dummy leg acts at the proper place on the bend curvature
Dummy leg does not act along the centerline of the vertical run
Offset Element Method
Difficult input
Dummy leg acts at the proper place on the bend curvature
Dummy leg acts along centerline of vertical run
The element immediately after the bend must define the downstream side of the bend.
Do not define dummy legs on the element immediately following a bend.
Dummy legs and/or any other elements attached to the bend curvature should be coded to the
bend tangent intersection point. The length of the dummy leg is taken directly from the DX, DY,
and DZ properties defined for the dummy leg of the pipe. There is no automatic alteration of the
dummy leg length due to the difference between the bend tan\-gent intersection point and the
actual point on the bend curvature where the dummy leg acts. Enter the true length of the
dummy leg in the DX, DY, and DZ boxes in the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
Input and output plots of the dummy leg always show it going to the bend tangent intersection
point.
During error checking, the software generates a warning message for each dummy leg/bend
model. Verify that the warning message description of the bend is accurate.
49
Restraints
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bend
The bend shown on the left enters
from the top left corner of the
control station nodes 80 to 85 and
exits horizontally to the right (nodes
85 to 90). The dummy leg is
attached near the 45 point on the
bend. The centerline of the dummy
leg should line up with the
centerline of the vertical run of pipe.
Coding the bend is the same

for all three methods except alpha
is not required for the Near/Far
Point Method.
50
Restraints
Figure 15: Near Point Method
Dummy leg length is equal to the

distance from its base to the bend
tangent intersection point plus the bend
radius.
Figure 16: On Curvature Method
Calculate from the relation shown

on the following page.
Enter on the bend specification
instead of the midpoint.
Calculate the offset distance y =
R(1-sin).
Add the distance y to the dummy
leg length.
Figure 17: Offset Element

Method
Calculate and the offset distance

x and y from the figure on the
following page.
Add x and y to the dummy leg
length.
Activate the offsets to subtract them
from the dummy leg.
51
Restraints
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle

Dummy Leg Attachment Angle Calculation
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends

The element leaving the bend must define the downstream side of the bend. Do not define
dummy legs on the element immediately following a bend.
Enter the true length of the dummy leg in the DX, DY, and DZ boxes in the Classic Piping
Input dialog box.
Input and output plots of the dummy leg always show the dummy leg going to the bend tangent
intersection point.
During error checking, the software generates a warning message for each dummy leg/bend
model. Verify that the warning message description is accurate.
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Midpoint of Bend
The dummy leg is defined as a zero
weight rigid supported on one end
by a spring can.
52
Restraints
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model

Large rotation rods are used to model relatively short rods where large orthogonal movement of
the pipe causes shortening of the restraint along the original line of action.
Large rotation rods can be entered in any direction. Use the Type list on the Classic Piping
Input dialog box, to select the rotation rod: XROD, YROD, or ZROD. After the rotation rod is
selected, the restraint options change as follows:
Gap changes to Len, which is the length of large rotation swing.
Mu changes to Fi, which is the initial load on the restraint if used to model variable support
spring hanger. (Imagine the large rotation rod as providing a bowl in which the pipe node is
free to move.)
Enter large rotation rods only where they are needed. Repeatedly using large rotation rods when
they are not necessary can cause the system to become unstable during the nonlinear iteration.
First, analyze the system without the large rotation rods, and then add large rotation rods where
horizontal movement at support points is greatest. Usually, you should add only one rod in an
area at a time.
The rod angle tolerance is currently set at 1.
Large rotation is generally considered to become significant when the angle of swing becomes
greater than 5 degrees.
As for any other support, connecting nodes can be used for large rotation rods. Graphically, the
connecting nodes and the restraint node do not have to be at the same point in space. There is
no plot connectivity forced between large rotation rod nodes and connecting nodes.
53
Restraints
The plus or minus signs (+/-) on the large rotation rod determine the orientation of the swing
axis. A positive YROD (+YROD) is equivalent to an YROD and indicates that the concave side
of the curvature is in the positive Y-direction.
In the example below, the rod pivots about the structural steel support. There is a very short
swing arm, so even a small amount of horizontal movement produces a relatively large swing.
The output report for this restraint shows X- and Y-direction loads.
Large Rotation Rods:
54
Restraints
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports

In the model below, imagine that you want the large rotation to swing only in the plane of the
chain support (the Y-Z plane). The two pipes should move freely relative to each other in the
axial direction (the X-Y plane). To do this, use three restraints with connecting nodes. The first
restraint is the large rotation rod with its connecting nodes. In turn, the first restraint is connected
to the second and third linear restraints, allowing only Y-Z interaction between the large rotation
rod connecting node and the top pipe node.
Chain Supports
55
Restraints
Bi-Linear Restraints
Bi-linear restraints are used most often to model soil support where some soil ultimate load
bearing capacity can be calculated. Bi-linear restraints are designated by typing a 2 immediately
after the direction in the restraint Type box.
After a bi-linear spring is entered, the restraint options change as follows:

Stif changes to K1, which is the initial stiffness.
Gap changes to K2, which is the yield stiffness.
Mu changes to Fy, which is the yield load.
Both the yield stiffness (K2) and the yield load (Fy) are required. If necessary, the yield stiffness
can be defined as a negative value. The initial stiffness (K1) is optional. If it is left blank, the
software presumes a rigid initial stiffness. Some sub-sea pipeline resistance tests have shown
that load carrying capacity drops after the ultimate load is reached, and displacement continues.
For more information about the use of the spring types used to model underground piping
systems, "Buried Pipe Modeler" in the CAESAR II User Guide.
Characteristics of Bi-Linear Supports
56
Restraints
Pipe in a Trench Bi-Linear Restraint Modeling
Estimated Stiffness Models
Figure 18: Estimated Lateral

Stiffness: 60,000 lb./in.
Figure 19: Estimated Vertical Stiffness: 533,333 lb./in.
57
Restraints
Static Snubbers
Static snubbers are translational restraints designed to provide resistance to dynamic loads
such as seismic and wind. Snubbers are activated by checking the Snubbers Active? Check
box for the appropriate load case (the one that contains the occasional load) on the Load Case
Options tab in the Load Case Editor. The figure below shows that snubbers will be active in
load case L2 to restrain the pipe against the uniform load.
Figure 20: Load Case Options Tab
Static snubbers, or static analysis snubbers, have SNB following the translational direction that
displays in the restraint Type box (located on the Classic Piping Input dialog box). After you
enter a snubber, Gap and Mu are no longer available.
Static snubbers can be directional. That is, they can be preceded by a plus (+) or minus (-) sign.
To model static snubbers, follow the steps below.
1. Run the operating case without defining a snubber.
2. Note the displacements, in all six degrees of freedom, at each snubber location.
3. In the Classic Piping Input dialog box, add each snubber with a distinct CNode.
4. Place the displacements from Step 1 on all snubber CNodes.
5. Modify the load cases by including D1 everywhere that T1 displays.
6. Activate snubbers in the Load Case Editor for all load cases containing occasional loads.
58
Restraints
Plastic Hinges
The steps in setting up a plastic hinge are illustrated below. The leg from A to B is over\-heated,
causing bending of the B-D support leg. This example models the plastic deformation at
cross-section E-E. The plastic hinge is formed between nodes 10 and 15. The expansion joint is
used to provide translational and torsional rigidity at the plastic hinge junction. Two bi-linear
supports are used to model rigid resistance to bending until a breakaway force (yield force) is
exceeded, at which point bending is essentially free.
Plastic Hinge in a Support Leg1
The yield force is computed using the

following equation:
Fy = SyZ(SF)
Where
Sy is the yield stress
Z is the section modulus
SF is the safety factor
1The
plastic hinge is modeled as a zero length expansion joint with rotational

bi-linear restraints.
59
Restraints
Sway Brace Assemblies

The sway brace is commonly used to allow unrestrained thermal movements while tuning the
system dynamically to eliminate vibration. A sway brace resembles a spring in that it can be
pre-loaded in the cold (installed) position. After pipe thermal growth, it reaches the neutral
position and the load on the system in the operating condition is zero or negligible.
The sway brace is composed of a single compression spring enclosed between two movable
plates. The spring is precompressed a full inch, which provides an initial force that
instantaneously opposes vibration. Any movement from the sway brace neutral position is
opposed by a load equal to the pre-load plus travel from the neutral position multiplied by the
sway brace spring constant. After maximum allowed travel (usually 3-inches in either direction)
is reached, the sway brace locks, preventing additional movement.
Manufacturers typically recommend a specific size sway brace for a given pipe nominal
diameter.
A more specific sway brace selection is possible when the exact restraining force required to
control the piping vibration is known. The energy necessary to control the piping is proportional
to the mass, amplitude of movement, and the force causing the vibration. From this relation, the
exact restraining force required to control the piping vibration can be calculated and an
appropriate sway brace size selected.
After it is selected, the sway brace can be modeled in CAESAR II using a combination of a
bi-linear restraint and a translational restraint:
In the event that the sway brace is to be installed in the operating condition (or the neutral
position is to be adjusted in the operating position), the modeling in CAESAR II is a little more
complex. In this case, before modeling the sway brace, you must analyze the piping system
without the sway brace to obtain displacements from the cold to neutral operating position:
Run an analysis on the system without the sway brace to obtain the displacements from cold to
operating condition. In the example illustrated below, the assumed CAESAR II-calculated
displacement from cold to operating position is 0.5 inches
In the SUS case, the displacement D2 (vector 2) represents the pre-load in cold position. Under
shutdown conditions, the pipe returns to its cold position and the brace exerts a force as
previously described.
Sustained case restraint loads on sway brace = Pre-Load + Hot Deflection * Spring Rate
60
Restraints
In OPE, the displacement allows thermal expansion, and the sway assumes neutral position
exerting zero or negligible load on the pipe.
Operating case restraint loads on sway brace =~ 0.0 (does not restrain thermal expansion)
Sway Brace Installed in Operating Condition
Sway brace opposing compression force (movement occurs after pre-load is

overcome).
Spring Rate: 150 lb./in.

Initial Loading: 150 lb.
Allowed Movement: 3 in.
Calculated Displacement: .5 in.
Be sure to include D2 in the sustained

and operating cases.
61
SECTION 4
Hangers
This chapter illustrates methods for incorporating spring hanger design into CAESAR II models.
For detailed information about using the software to define hangers, see "Component
Information" in the CAESAR II User's Guide.
In This Section
General Information ....................................................................... 64
Simple Hanger Design ................................................................... 65
Single Can Design ......................................................................... 66
Constant Effort Support Design ..................................................... 66
Constant Effort Supports - No Design ........................................... 67
Existing Springs - No Design ......................................................... 68
Multiple Can Design ....................................................................... 70
Old Spring Redesign ...................................................................... 70
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel ..................................... 72
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement.......................... 72
Hanger Between Two Pipes .......................................................... 73
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity ................................... 74
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load ..................... 76
Simple Bottomed Out Spring ......................................................... 77
Lift Off Spring Can ......................................................................... 78
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction ............................................... 79
63
Hangers
General Information
Select Model > Hanger Design Control Data from the Classic Piping Input dialog box to
enter parameters that affect hanger design throughout the model. The hanger control options,
with default values, are shown below. Complete descriptions of each item can be found in the
CAESAR II User's Guide.
Whenever CAESAR II designs a zero-load constant-effort support, the software recommends a

spring location to hold down the pipe. That hanger location is removed from the analysis, and
the restrained weight case is rerun to redistribute the weight loads.
There are instances where the stiffness of the adjacent piping and the hanger location restraints
in the restrained weight case interact unfavorably. This can produce an unwanted distribution of
loads. Often, reducing the stiffness used to compute the hanger loads in the restrained weight
run eliminates these load distribution problems. The default for this stiffness is 1.0E12. Values
on the order of 50,000 or 75,000 have been used successfully to somewhat relax the system
and redistribute these piping loads. This default stiffness is controlled by Hanger Default
Restraint Stiffness in the Computational Control category of Tools > Configure/Setup.
The operating case for hanger travel (free thermal case) can be analyzed either with no spring
stiffness at the hanger locations, or with the stiffness of the selected springs inserted at those
locations. In the latter case, the springs are selected through an iterative process. This is
controlled by Include Spring Hanger Stiffness in Hanger OPE Travel Cases in the
Computational Control category of the Tools > Configure/Setup command. Inserting the
actual hanger stiffness into the Operating Case for Hanger Travel may give a more accurate
result, but may also introduce convergence problems. In the latter case, it is very important that
you adjust the hanger load in the cold case (in the physical system) to match the reported
hanger cold load.
64
Hangers
Simple Hanger Design

Double-click the Hanger check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box to enter the spring
hanger data for a particular node.
For a simple hanger, no additional input is required. A number of the parameters from the
Hanger Design Control Data dialog box also display on the individual hanger auxiliary data
fields. You can set these parameters globally on the Hanger Design Control Data dialog box.
You can override them locally on the auxiliary data area for each hanger.
Simple Hanger Design
65
Hangers
Single Can Design

To indicate that the pipe is supported from below, type a negative number in the Available
Space box on the Hangers auxiliary data tab. This value represents the distance between the
pipe support and the concrete foundation, or baseplate. See the CAESAR II User's Guide for
each of the manufacturer's definitions of available space. If the available space is not a criteria in
the hanger design, type a large negative value (such as -1000).
CAESAR II input plots use a different symbol for these base supports.
Design of Single Can at One Node
66
Hangers
Constant Effort Support Design

To design a constant effort support, type a very small value (such as 0.001) in the Max.
Allowed Travel Limit box.
Design of Constant Effort Support Design
67
Hangers
Constant Effort Supports - No Design

Entering Constant Effort Support Data:
1. Enter the constant effort support load (per hanger) in the Predefined Hanger Data box.
2. Enter the number of constant support hangers at the location.
Do not enter the spring rate or theoretical cold load.
The hanger design algorithm does not design hangers that are completely predefined.
Multiple Predefined Constant Effort Supports
The two constant effort supports at node
377 should carry 10484 pounds each.
Any other data entered on this Hanger dialog box is ignored.
68
Hangers
Existing Springs - No Design

Entering Existing Spring Data:
1. Enter the Spring Rate and the Theoretical Cold Load (installation load, on a per hanger
basis) values.
2. Enter the number of Variable Support Hangers at the location.
The hanger design algorithm does not design hangers that are completely predefined. Other
data can exist for the spring location, but this data is not used. Entered spring rates and
theoretical cold loads are multiplied by the number of hangers at this location. CAESAR II
requires the Theoretical Cold (Installation) Load to pre-define the spring.
Theoretical Cold Load = Hot Load + Travel x Spring Rate
where upward travel is positive.
Predefined Spring Hanger
Hot Load = 2000 pounds
Cold Load = 2000 pounds +
abs(1.375*590) = 2811 pounds
69
Hangers
Multiple Can Design

Enter the number of hangers or cans as a positive number in the No. of Hangers at Location
box.
Placing a negative number in that field allows CAESAR II to design up to that number of
hangers at the location.
All other hanger design parameters are still active.
Trapeze Hanger Assembly
Power Piping Springs
The software designs up to three cans at the
support if the load is too high for a single or double
Allowable Load Variation:15%
Rigid Support Displacement Criteria: 0.05 can configuration.
inches
70
Hangers
Old Spring Redesign

Use this option to determine if the old spring can still be used. If the old spring can be used, then
the new preset (initial cold load) is determined. If the old spring cannot be used, then a new
spring design is recommended. The old spring is always left in the problem for subsequent load
case analysis. The old hanger information needed for the redesign is:
The hanger table
The number of springs at the location
The old spring rate
The old spring rate is typed in the Spring Rate box under Predefined Hanger Data. The
Theoretical Cold (Installation) Load must not be specified.
Old Spring Design
Three springs at node 97. Each have
a spring rate of 1105 pounds/inch.
71
Hangers
Pipe and Hanger Supported From Vessel

Connecting nodes associated with hangers and cans function in the same way as connecting
nodes with restraints. Connecting node displacements are incorporated in the hanger design
algorithm.
Pipe Supported by Hanger From Vessel
You must first disable Connect Geometry Through CNodes in the Geometry
Directives category of Tools > Configure/Setup. For more information, see "Configuration and
Environment" in the CAESAR II User's Guide.
72
Hangers
Hanger Design with Support Thermal Movement

Type unique connecting node numbers that do not exist on any pipe element on the Hanger
Auxiliary Data tab in the Hanger Connecting Node box. The hanger is designed to act with
one end at the hanger node and with one end at the hanger-connecting node.
Thermal growth of the hanger-connecting node can be specified on any pipe element.
In the following example, the hanger at node 9 is supported from a structural steel extension
(node 1009) from a large vertical vessel. The vessel at the point where the hanger is attached
grows thermally in the plus Y direction by 3.5 inches.
Hanger with Support Thermal Movement
Hanger Between Two Pipes

A pipe crossing overhead supports part of the weight of the lower pipe. The node on the pipe
passing overhead is typed into the Hanger Auxiliary Data tab as the CNode.
When using hangers with connecting nodes to design springs, be particularly careful that
CAESAR IIs design hot load is accurate. To find the hot load, CAESAR II puts a rigid element
between the pipe node and the support node (which may be another pipe node as in the
example below), and runs a weight case. If both nodes are expected to deflect in the weight run,
then the hanger weight loads are distributed to other parts of the piping system and not to the
hanger. In this case, you may have to estimate the loads on the hanger in an independent run,
73
Hangers
and then manually type the operating load on the particular spring hanger with the connecting
node.
If zero-load constant-effort supports are designed for a spring location with a connecting node,
switch the hanger node and the connecting node. In this situation, the pipe node tends to deflect
downward in the weight run less than the connecting node. To CAESAR II, this looks like the
connecting node is pushing down on the hanger node, thus holding the pipe down. Switching
the hanger node and the hanger-connecting node eliminates this problem.
You must first disable the Connect Geometry Through CNodes configuration option to
avoid plot and geometry errors. For more information, see "Configuration and Environment" in
the CAESAR II User's Guide.
Hanger Between Two Pipes
The pipe at 65 is supported by a spring

hanger by the pipe at 470.
Hanger Design with Anchors in the Vicinity

Hangers are designed to support a given weight load through a specified travel with a minimum
of load variation. Most often, the weight load is that of the pipe between an anchor and the
hanger.
The travel is the displacement of the hanger node as it thermally expands away from the anchor.
When weight sensitive anchors (such as equipment nozzles) are relatively close to the hangers
(that is, less than four or five pipe diameters in the horizontal plane), the anchors should
probably be freed during the hanger restrained weight run. When the anchors are freed, the
weight of the pipe between the anchor and the hanger should fall almost in its entirety on the
hanger.
Anchor nodes to be released are typed on the specific Hanger Auxiliary Data tab. The anchor
degrees of freedom are released according to the specified Free Code value. Anchor degrees
of freedom are released for the hanger design restrained weight run only. If the Free Code
value is not specified for an anchor or restraint to be freed, all degrees of freedom associated
with the anchor or restraint are released for the restrained weight solution.
74
Hangers
Only linear restraints and anchors can be freed to cause additional weight to be carried by the
hanger. See the following example for more information.
Hanger Design in the Vicinity at Equipment or Vessel Nozzle
The anchor at 5 is freed in the Y-direction; the anchor at 105 is freed in all directions.
75
Hangers
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load

In certain situations around equipment nozzles, usually where the piping leaving the nozzle is
very complex or very rigid, the hanger design algorithm selects operating loads that are too
small. In these cases you can override CAESAR IIs calculated operating (hot) loads. The
design algorithm proceeds normally, except that the user-entered hot load is substituted for
CAESAR IIs calculated value for both the hanger design and all post hanger design analysis
load cases.
Hanger Design with User-Specified Operating Load
In this configuration, freeing the anchors
at 5 and 60 did not help the thermal case
nozzle loads. It was postulated that, due
to the stiffness of the overhead branches,
the hanger calculated hot load was not
sufficient. The calculated hot load was
2376 pounds. A new hot load of 4500
pounds is tried here.
76
Hangers
Simple Bottomed Out Spring

Spring supports that may bottom out have SPR following a translation direction in the restraint
Type box (such as, YSPR for a vertical bottomed-out spring).
When a bottom out spring is entered, the restraint auxiliary screen changes as follows: The Gap
value changes to "x" (the permitted travel), and the Mu value changes to F (the initial spring
load). The direction of permitted travel is assumed to be opposite to the initial load on the pipe.
These definitions are setup to handle vertical springs. Because of this, the "x" and F inputs are
always typed as positive as shown in the following example.
Input for Bottom Out Spring Can Model
Simple bottomed-out spring restraints are used most often to conveniently enter predefined
springs into the piping system model. These spring restraints provide a bottoming out capability
that occurs when the spring has exceeded its maximum travel limit.
Always enter the stiffness Stif, the allowed travel "x", and the initial load on the spring F, to use
the bottomed out spring model. If the travel "x" is not entered, it defaults to zero. If the initial
load is not entered it also defaults to zero, and its sign is positive. No hanger should be entered
at the same position as a bottomed out spring.
Known information:
Theoretical Installed Load = 1023 lb.
Spring Rate = 260 lb./in.
Largest Load in Hanger Table = 1690 lb.
77
Hangers
Lift Off Spring Can

Known information:
Theoretical Installed Load = 1023 pounds.
Spring Rate = 260 pounds/inch.
Smallest Load in Hanger Table = 910 pounds.
To get from the installed condition to the initiate lift-off condition the can must displace in the
positive Y direction.
Input for Lift Off Spring Can Model
K1 = Spring Rate
FY = 1023 pounds - 910 pounds = 113
pounds
FY = Theoretical Installed Load
78
Hangers
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction

In many systems, portions of the pipe are supported by spring cans. These spring cans perform
the same function as spring hangers, except that they are below the pipe, pushing up. In some
models, these spring cans are allowed to slide on their foundation, subjecting the system to
friction forces.
Each support of this type needs the following:
A rigid element from the pipe center to the top of the can. Length equals pipe radius +
insulation thickness + cladding thickness + shoe height + any trunnion height.
A CNode to connect to the spring. Except for the vertical spring stiffness, all other displays
of freedoms are rigidly connected.
A rigid element representing the height of the spring can.
These points are illustrated in the example below.
Model of Spring Can with Friction
Alternatively, element 15-20 can be omitted with the +Y restraint (with friction) placed directly on
node 15.
This modeling technique can also be used in situations where the shoe or trunnion slides
on top of a bolted spring can.
79
Hangers
80
SECTION 5
Expansion Joints
This section provides guidelines and recommended best practices for modeling expansion joints
in CAESAR II.
In This Section
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Model .................................. 81
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model ............................... 87
Universal Joint with Lateral Controls Stops - Comprehensive Tie Rod
Model ............................................................................................. 88
Hinged Joint ................................................................................... 90
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model ............................................... 91
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model ................................. 92
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model .................................... 94
Slip Joint ........................................................................................ 95
Gimbal Joints ................................................................................. 96
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model............................ 97
Dual Gimbal ................................................................................... 99
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust ............................................ 101
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows ........................................... 104
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod ..................................... 105
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Model

The tied universal bellows is designed to absorb movement by lateral deflection only. There is
no axial deflection or relative bending rotations at the joint ends, assuming three or more tie rods
exist.
Instead of lateral spring rates, enter bending spring rates from the manufacturers catalog. For
more information about bellows stiffnesses, see Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust (on page
101).
Manufacturers publish a wide variety of data for universal expansion joints. In most cases, the
published spring rates are for the universal joint as an assembly. When the lateral stiffness is
given for the whole assembly, the simple or complex models of single bellows can be used. In
this case, the manufacturer must also provide a cumulative assembly displacement limit so that
the piping designer can verify that neither of the bellows are over-extended.
Many universal expansion joint assemblies have stops along the tie bars that are connected to
the center spool-piece. These stops are designed to prevent over-extension of the bellows and
can be modeled in the complex universal joint model. For the simple universal joint models, you
must check the results to verify that the stops are not engaged. Stops should typically be
considered a safety feature and should not be included as a working part of the design unless
particular attention is paid to the design surrounding the stop components.
81
Expansion Joints
Check the displacement limits for each of the expansion joints after the protected equipment
loads are within the allowables. You can use the Analysis > Expansion Joint Rating command
to calculate relative bellows movements for evaluating the strength of the convolution. The
Expansion Joint Rating analysis module works only on single bellows, which requires that you
first model and then check each bellows in the universal assembly.
Some manufacturers believe that friction at the tie bar ends, plus other effects, serve to limit the
overall lateral flexibility of this joint. A 10% increase in overall lateral stiffness is sometimes used
to compensate for these frictional effects.
The complex models are built by running pipe elements, whose diameters are equal to the
diameter of the tie bars and whose wall thicknesses are equal to half of the tie bar diameter,
between rigid elements that extend normal to the pipe axis and from the centerline and to their
intersection with the tie bar centerline.
The weights of the bellows and associated hardware are added to the flange weights on either
side of the bellows. This is particularly true if the expansion joint is between a hanger to be sized
and an anchor.
Field situations, such as loose nuts on tie bars, can be modeled using the complex expansion
joint model.
Descriptions of various universal models are shown below. Each model also includes example
inputs. Only use simple models when you know that both ends of the tie bars are fixed to the
flanges, that is, when there are nuts on both sides of the flange.
The top drawing shows nuts on only one side of the flange at the left end. Model this
configuration with a complex joint model unless you are certain that all tie bars will remain in
tension.
82
Expansion Joints
The top model is used when you are given global assembly data for the universal, such as the
assembly lateral stiffness. The second model is used when you are given angular spring rates
for each of the two bellows used in the model.
83
Expansion Joints
When provided equivalent single bellows lateral stiffness for the whole assembly:
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models
The model below does not show the addition

of any extra hardware or bellows weights, which
could affect load distribution and spring hanger
design in the area.
84
Expansion Joints
When provided individual bellows angular stiffness:
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models Individual Bellows
Tie rods and center spool pieces

should normally be modeled at ambient
temperature.
Pressure thrust is contained by

double-nutted tie rods. Effective ID and
axial restraints can be eliminated.
85
Expansion Joints
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple Models Individual Bellows
This model does not show the

addition of any extra hardware or bellows
weights, which could affect weight load
distribution and spring hanger design in
the area.
86
Expansion Joints
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple Model

Calculate the lateral stiffness for the bellows. The flexible length, or convolution length, of the
bellows is not listed in most expansion joint catalogs. The listed lengths include the rigid end
pieces, such as flanges or pipe ends. Because the transverse stiffness is based on the flexible
length, the flexible length must be known. A very simple way of pulling this value from the
catalog is to examine the incremental increase in overall length of the joint as additional
convolutions are added. With all convolutions the same length, this incremental length can be
used to calculate the total flexible length.
In the following example, the total length of a four-convolution joint is 8-inches, and the total
length of an 8-convolution joint is 12-inches. This means that the extra four convolutions add
4-inches, making the length of all twelve convolutions 12-inches. This also indicates that the
rigid end pieces on this joint of four, eight, or twelve convolutions are 4-inches.
Deff = (4Aeff/)1/2 = 10.0 in.
KTR = (3/2) (KAX) (Deff/L)2
L = Flexible Convolution Length = 12 in.
KTR = (3/2) (850) (10.0/12.0)2
= 885.4 lb/in.
Tied Bellows - Simple Model
Zero-weight rigid element (tie rod)

Build the CAESAR II model of the flexible portion of the expansion joint. The rotational restraints
between nodes 29 and 30 keep the two flanges parallel, which assumes three or more tie rods.
In the field, the tie bars at four points around the expansion joint keep the flanges parallel.
The flanges and the tie bars form a parallelogram upon lateral deflection.
87
Expansion Joints
Tied Bellows - Simple Model, continued
Universal Joint with Lateral Controls Stops Comprehensive Tie Rod Model
Double-acting restraints with connecting nodes and gaps are used to model stop gaps along the
tie bars. Stops along the tie bars are installed to restrict lateral motion at each end of the
universal joint.
88
Expansion Joints
The following groups illustrate the method used to construct the universal joint with lateral stops
shown above. Only the right-side tie rod elements are shown below.
Standard pipe elements
34-36
/
36-38
Rigid flange elements
30-32
/
40-42
Bellows elements
32-34
/
38-40
Rigid elements from the pipe to the tie bar centerline
(Normal to the pipe axis)
30-1030 / 36-1036 / 42-1042
Tie bar elements
1003-1002
/
1002-1001
Restraints with connecting nodes
RESTR NODE=1001 CNODE = 1042 TYPE = +Y , X , Z
RESTR NODE=1002 CNODE = 1036 TYPE = Y w/gap=1.5 , X , Z
89
Expansion Joints
Hinged Joint
The hinged joint is defined using a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse, and
torsional stiffnesses. The bending stiffness is set equal to the bending stiffness of the hinge.
Hinge directions are defined using restraints and connecting nodes. The restraint line of action is
always normal to the hinge axis.
Hinged joints are designed to take pressure thrust. Verify that the joint manufacturer is aware of
the design loads in the hinges.
Some expansion joint manufacturers believe that the hinge friction can provide considerable
additional resistance to bending. As the axial load that the hinge carries becomes large, the
hinge friction effect increases. You can make approximations to this increase in bending
stiffness by increasing the stiffness of the bellows proportionally to the axial load on the hinge.
The expansion joint manufacturer can provide assistance in determining this.
Typical geometries for hinged expansion joints are shown in the figures below:
In the next example, the hinged joint is zero length and is defined between nodes 45 and 46. X
is the "hinge axis", meaning that all relative rotations are permitted between nodes 45 and 46
about the X-axis. Nodes 45 and 46 are fixed rotationally relative to each other in the Y-axis.
90
Expansion Joints
The table below shows the input data used for the hinged joint is shown above.
Hinged Joint Model
91
Expansion Joints
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model

The hinged joint is modeled using a zero length expansion joint and rigid elements with zero
weight to define the interaction of the hinge geometry. Hinge directions are defined using
restraints with connecting nodes. The restraint line of action is always normal to the hinge axis.
Slotted Hinged Joint - Simple Model
Elements from nodes 10 to 15 and from nodes 16 to 20 are weightless, 9-inch

long rigids.
In the example model shown above, the software presumes the relative rotation at the
hinge about the Y-axis to be zero. The slots on either side provide some limit to this Y rotation.
In most applications of this type, the relative Y rotation is zero because the problem is kept
planar using guides. A good first pass can be made using the model shown. If the analysis
shows that the RY restraint between nodes 15 and 16 is sup\-porting load, a further refinement
to the model can be made.
92
Expansion Joints
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive Model

The next model is somewhat different from the previous model because of the need to provide
for the non-hinge axis rotation due to the slots on either side of the joint. The schematic below
illustrates the extra input required to incorporate this effect.
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive
Zero weight rigid elements that define the hinge assembly are listed below:
10
15
Normal to pipe axis to centerline of hinge assy.
10
35
"
55
30
"
55
50
"
15
20
Parallel to pipe axis to centerline of hinge axis.
35
40
"
50
45
"
30
25
"
The finite length bellows must be defined accurately between nodes 10 and 55. Typically, this
means entering the correct flexible length and using the manufacturers axial and lateral spring
rates.
The manufacturers published angular spring rates may not be appropriate for use in
finite length expansion joint models.
93
Expansion Joints
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex Model

Although there are no strict rules that dictate when to use a simple model or when to use a
complex model, there are some basic guidelines that you can follow.
Complex Model Guidelines
Use a complex model when any the following
conditions exist:
Simple Model Guidelines

Use a simple model when any of the following
conditions exist:
You are investigating a failure.
The pipe diameter and number of

convolutions become large.
The nuts are only on the outside of the
flange, allowing the tie bars to only carry

tension.
You have good values for the load
distribution in the tie bars. Simple models
give no indication of the load distribution. In
cases where the tie bars combine to resist
relative bending of the joint ends, one pair
of tie bars can be in compression while the
other pair is in tension. This effective
redistribution of load in the tie bars is never
observed in a simple model. When this
does occur, and if the tie bars are very
long, buckling of the rods in the complex
model should be investigated (evaluate
whether the rods can withstand the
compressive forces reported in the output
report).
The tie bars are either guaranteed to be

carrying tension or have nuts on either
side of the flange and can carry
compression, if needed.
There is no relative rotation of the ends.
The single tied bellows is designed to

absorb movement by lateral deflection
only. There is no axial deflection or relative
bending rotations at the joint ends.
For bellows with only two tie rods, there
can only be rotation in one direction.
Because of the uncertainty of the application, enter the lateral instead of the bending spring rate
from the manufacturers catalog.
Add the weights of the bellow and associated hardware to the flange weights on either side of
the bellow. This is particularly true if the expansion joint is between a hanger to be sized and an
anchor.
When using expansion joints, verify that the displacement limits for the expansion joint after the
protected equipment loads are within the allowables. In CAESAR II, you can use the Analysis >
Expansion Joint Rating command to help compute relative bellow movements for evaluating
the bellow distortion.
You can build simple models of single tied bellows by entering a large axial stiffness. This axial
stiffness simulates the tie bars, preventing relative axial movement of the bellows. You can
model tie rods with a single rigid element along the centerline of the bellow. With zero weight
94
Expansion Joints
and rotational restraints, this prevents the ends of the joint from rotating relative to one another.
In reality, the tie bars being offset from the centerline prevent this rotation.
You can build complex models of tied bellows by running pipe elements whose diameters are
equal to the diameter of the tie bars, and whose wall thicknesses are equal to half of the tie bar
diameter, between rigid elements that extend normal to the pipe axis and from the centerline
and to their intersection with the tie bar centerline. For more information on building complex
models, see the Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model (on page 97).
Some manufacturers believe that friction at the tie bar ends, plus other effects, serve to limit the
overall lateral flexibility of this joint. A 30% increase in lateral stiffness is sometimes used to
compensate for these frictional effects. Field situations, such as loose nuts on tie bars, can be
modeled using the complex expansion joint model.
Slip Joint
Large slip joints are usually difficult to install and difficult to accurately model.
Smaller diameter slip joints are telescoping, axial displacement devices that permit considerable
axial displacement of the slip joint ends and moderately rigid resistance to pipe bending. They
are usually categorized as having two annular packing glands that are separated axially along
the joint by a dead air space or by a small bellows sleeve.
The following figure shows the cross-section of a typical large slip joint. The stiffnesses between
nodes 15 and 25 are a function of the packing stiffness for transverse and rotational relative
deformation and of packing stiffness and tightening for axial relative deformation.
Slip Joint
95
Expansion Joints
Typical delta dimensions are:

5 - 10. The distance from the closest guide or support to the end of the joint. The same
values are also used for 25 - 30.
10 - 15. The effective length of the joint, if known, or the travel expected plus 4-inches,
or a 12-inch estimate, if nothing else is known.
K1 is the spring stiffness for forces below the yield force, FY.
K2 is the spring stiffness (for joint compression) for forces greater than FY. The best
estimate for this resistance is cumulative friction effects of guides and supports given by the
vendor.
K2 =((100)N/(a) (Approximation)
Where (N) is the nominal pipe diameter in inches, and (a) is the thermal expansion at
the operating temperature in inches per 100feet.
FY is the joint friction thrust from the vendor catalog. Typical values are given as 400
pounds multiplied by the nominal pipe size.
Gimbal Joints
Gimbaled joints are designed to resist pressure thrust. CAESAR II recommends that you verify
that the joint manufacturer is aware of the design loads on the gimbals. External loads are not
always given. If axial loads are given, the bellows designer must know whether it includes or
excludes pressure thrust.
You can model the angular-only gimbal as a zero length expansion joint with rigid axial,
transverse, and torsional stiffnesses. The bending stiffness is set equal to the rotational stiffness
specified in the manufacturer's catalog.
96
Expansion Joints
CAESAR II recommends that you thoroughly model angular and offset gimbals, as shown in the
following figures. Angular and offset gimbaled joints are usually installed in large diameter lines
where lumped-property assumptions for the bellows may not be within reasonable engineering
accuracy.
Angular-Only Gimbaled Joint
Rigid elements between nodes 105 and 110 and nodes 111 and 115 each contain
half the weight of the hinge mechanism.
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex Model

In the example shown below, the flexible joint is between nodes 30 and 35. The flanged ends of
the joint are modeled as the rigid elements in nodes 20 to 30 and nodes 35 to 45. Additional
rigid elements, perpendicular to the pipe axis, extend from each flange. The tie rods are 1-inch
in diameter. The following nodal layout and corresponding data input is used to build a
comprehensive model of the tied bellows.
97
Expansion Joints
Tied Bellows Complex Model
98
Expansion Joints
Weightless rigid elements extend from the
flange centerline to the outside edge of the
flanges where the tie rods are attached. Only
two of eight element data inputs are shown in
these examples.
Tie rod is usually at ambient temperature,

but it is important to specify this correctly.
Dual Gimbal
Dual gimbal joints are two, usually angular-only, gimbaled joints in series in the pipeline. Putting
two (or three) angular-only gimbaled joints together provides the ability to absorb lateral and
possibly axial deformation.
Pipe flexibility software is unable to model the axial-only component of the possible
deformation because it requires large rotation of the expansion joint components.
Use the single angular deformation only gimbals in series with at least one other gimbaled joint.
It is only in series that the angular deformation only gimbal provides for any lateral movement.
Gimbaled joints are designed to take pressure thrust. Verify that the joint manufacturer is aware
of the design loads on the gimbal. Model each individual angular-only gimbal joint as a zero
length expansion joint with rigid axial, transverse, and torsional stiffnesses. Ensure that the
bending stiffness is equal to the manufacturer's published rotational stiffness term.
The minimum required distance, or L, between adjacent single gimbaled joints (shown as 8-7 in
the following example) is principally a function of the angular and rotational deformation to be
absorbed, the diameter, and the number of convolutions per joint. The following figure shows a
dual gimbal comprised of two angular-only gimbals. The bending stiffness for each gimbaled
joint is 490.0-inches lb./deg.
99
Expansion Joints
Dual Gimbal (Angular-Only)
Because both expansion

joints use the same stiffness values,
it is shown only once in this
example.
100
Expansion Joints
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust

The numbers used for the expansion joint examples in this topic are for illustrative
purposes only. CAESAR II recommends that you verify all values used from a qualified technical
source.
You can model bellows expansion joints using either a zero or a finite length. When finite length
bellows are used, leave either the bending or the transverse stiffness blank. CAESAR II
calculates the exact stiffness coefficient for the term left blank. If all stiffnesses are defined,
CAESAR II uses the defined data and skips the stiffness calculations. For finite length
expansion joints, leave the Bending Stif box empty and enter the lateral stiffness given by the
manufacturer into the Trans Stif box on the Expansion Joints Auxiliary Data tab in the
Classic Piping Input dialog box.
CAESAR II uses the Expansion Joint Manufacturer's Association (EJMA) equations to calculate
the bending (angular) or transverse (lateral) stiffness of metallic bellows. EJMA defines these
stiffness values as:
Ktr = (1.5Kax)(Deff/L)2
(1)
2
Kb = (Kax) (Deff) /8
(2)
Where
Kb = Bending angular stiffness of the bellows
Ktr = Transverse lateral stiffness of the bellows
Kax = Axial stiffness of the bellows
Deff = Effective diameter mean diameter of the bellows
L = Length of the bellows for all convolutions
Equation (2) above is based on modeling bellows as zero-length where the expansion
joint acts as a hinge.
Because it is possible to leave the Effective ID box blank (zero), CAESAR II uses derived
formulas for the calculation of the bending or transverse stiffness in terms of the other stiffness,
thereby eliminating the effective diameter from the equations.
Kb = (KtrL2/3)(/180)
(3)
Equation (3) has been increased by a factor of 4 from that derived from equations (1) and
(2) above.
or
Ktr = (3Kb/L2)(180/)
(4)
Equation (4) has been decreased by a factor of 4 from that derived from equations (1)
and (2) above.
Bellows were originally modeled as zero-length elements. Finite-length bellows in bending
cause a translation while zero-length bellows do not. For zero-length bellows, hold the
translation of a finite-length bellows to zero while in bending. This requires a bending stiffness of
four times that of the zero-length expansion joint, regardless of the length of the finite-length
bellows. This is similar to the guided cantilever methods.
Most expansion joint manufacturer's catalog values for bending stiffness are still based on
zero-length bellows, while the transverse stiffness is normally based on the finite-length of
bellows. For more information refer to equations (1) and (2) above. For this reason, enter the
transverse stiffness and leave the Bending Stif box blank. CAESAR II then calculates the
proper bending stiffness according to equation (3) and uses this value for the flexibility analysis.
101
Expansion Joints
If you enter a value for KTR that does not conform to equation (1), equation (3) uses the entered
value to calculate Kb.
If a catalog value of Kb is used and that value is based on zero-length values,
CAESAR II uses equation (4), which results in one-quarter of the value of KTR.
For a zero length expansion joint, CAESAR II uses either the preceding or the following
element to determine the axial direction of the bellows stiffnesses. The preceding element is
checked first.
Bellows are very fragile under torsional loading. Accurate torsional stiffnesses and allowable
torsional rotations should be obtained from the vendor.
Systems using untied bellows should either be of very low pressure or adequately anchored
and guided to withstand the possibly large thrust loads developed due to the unrestrained
bellows.
Bellows and any other miscellaneous weights should be added to flanges on either side of
the bellows, or can be added as concentrated forces. This is particularly true when the
bellow is part of a hanger sizing weight calculation.
A zero or blank Effective ID results in a zero pressure thrust. The Effective ID is the mean
diameter of the bellows and is used to find the area for pressure thrust calculations. The total
thrust load is applied at the From and To ends of the bellows and is used to open the bellows if
the pressure is positive. The magnitude of the thrust load is P Aeff, where P is the pressure in
the pipe above atmospheric, and Aeff is the area, found from
Aeff = 4 (DEff)2
Many manufacturers specify the effective area of the bellows. The Effective ID for CAESAR II
input can be calculated using the following equation:
Deff = [4Aeff /
102
Expansion Joints
In the example below, the untied bellows runs between nodes 8 and 9. The elbow at node 11 is
anchored to take the thrust load developed in the bellows. The manufacturer's specification for
the axial stiffness of the joint is 5131 lbs./in. with a transverse stiffness of 27058 lbs./in. The
bending stiffness is left blank and is calculated by CAESAR II because the bellows has a finite
length. The pump and the baseplate at node 5 must be able to withstand the large axial force
that develops due to pressure thrust in the bellows.
Bellows with Pressure Thrust
Aeff = 69 in2
P = 175 psi
Thrust = 69(175)=12075 lbs.
(automatically
applied by
CAESAR II)
* The bending stiffness (Bending Stif)

calculated by CAESAR II:
KBend = 1/3KtrL2(/180) = 984 in-lbs/degree
103
Expansion Joints
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows

Pressure-balanced tees and elbows are used primarily to absorb axial displacements at a
change in direction without any associated pressure thrust. Pressure-balanced tees can also be
used in universal type configurations to absorb axial and lateral movement.
The example below shows the coding of a pressure-balanced tee in a turbine exhaust line. The
bottom side of the tee is blanked off. The tee is a standard, unreinforced fabricated tee. The tie
bars only act in tension.
104
Expansion Joints
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie Rod

The comprehensive universal joint model involves defining all tie rods and connections between
tie rods and end plates.
The following groups illustrate the method used to construct the universal expansion joint model
shown above.
Rigid Elements (Flanges)
15-17 / 31-33
Rigid Elements normal to the pipe axis and between the pipe and tie bar
centerlines.
Used at the end where there are nuts on either side of the flange, fixing the tie bar to the flange:
33-1033 / 33-2033 / 33-3033
Rigid Elements normal to the pipe axis, and between the pipe and tie bar
centerlines.
Used at the end where there are nuts only on the backside of the flange:
15-1015 / 15-2015 / 15-3015
Intermediate lateral tee supports (Rigid)
23-1023 / 23-2023 / 23-3023
25-1025 / 25-2025 / 25-3025
Tie bars
1033-1034-1035-1036
2033-2034-2035-2036
3033-3034-3035-3036
Restraints with connecting nodes at the tension-only flange end.
RESTR NODE =
1036 CNODE =
1015 TYPE =
-X , Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
2036 CNODE =
2015 TYPE =
-X , Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
3036 CNODE =
3015 TYPE =
-X , Y , Z
Restraints with connecting nodes at the intermediate support points.
RESTR NODE =
1035 CNODE =
1023 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
2035 CNODE =
2023 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
3035 CNODE =
3023 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
1034 CNODE =
1025 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
2034 CNODE =
2025 TYPE =
Y , Z
RESTR NODE =
3034 CNODE =
3025 TYPE =
Y , Z
105
Expansion Joints
106
SECTION 6
Miscellaneous Models
This section discusses modeling techniques for the components not explicitly covered in earlier
sections.
In This Section
Reducers........................................................................................ 107
Ball Joints....................................................................................... 108
Jacketed Pipe ................................................................................ 110
Cold Spring .................................................................................... 111
Connecting Equipment .................................................................. 112
Reducers
1. Define the reducer length as you would any pipe element.
For eccentric reducers, skew the element so that the To node matches the centerline
of the following pipe elements.
2. Double-click the Reducer check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
If the elements preceding and following the reducer are already defined (such as if you
are inserting this element) then CAESAR II automatically calculates all of the reducer input
data. In that case, leave the Reducer Auxiliary Data tab fields blank.
3. Type the diameter and wall thickness of the pipe that follows the reducer.
You can type nominal diameter and wall thickness and CAESAR II will convert these to
actual diameter and wall thickness if this option is activated in the units file. (If the
Diameter and Wt/Sch boxes on the Classic Piping Input dialog box convert nominal to
actual, then the Reducer Auxiliary Data tab boxes will also make this conversion.)
Alpha is the slope of the reducer transition in degrees. If you leave this box blank, the
value will be set from an estimated slope equal to the arc tangent times 1/2 the change
in diameters times sixty percent of the entered reducer length.
IGE /TD -12 requires entry of the reducer Alpha as well as R1 and R2 (the reducer
transition radii of the large and small ends).
107
Reducer Example
Ball Joints
Ball joints can be modeled with zero-length expansion joints, or with restraints and connecting
nodes. When using expansion joints, each ball and socket is defined with one zero-length
expansion joint having rigid axial and transverse stiffnesses and zero bending and torsional
stiffnesses.
If torsional stiffness is small, use a value of 1.0.
Results are invalid for large rotations.
108
Two Methods of Ball Joint Modeling
Method 1
Modeling a ball joint between nodes 20 and 21
using a zero-length expansion joint.
Input Specifics
Ball Joint Diagram
Node-CNode Model
109
Method 2
Modeling a ball joint between nodes 20 and 21
using axial, translational restraints with CNodes. Input Specifics
The next element starts at node 21 (the From
node).
Ball Joint Diagram
Node-CNode Model
Jacketed Pipe
Jacketed piping systems are modeled by running the jacket elements directly on top of the core
elements so that the two are concentric.
You can generate a jacketed pipe model by modeling the entire core and then duplicating the
core piping using an appropriate node increment (such as 1000). This produces a second run of
pipe which is modified to build the jacket model. For the jacket, change the pipe size,
temperature, bend radii, and so on, to finish the model. Then, attach the jacket and core by
changing the node numbers and adding restraints.
Typically, the end caps connecting the core to the jacket pipe are much stiffer than either the
core or the jacket. For this reason, node pairs like (10 and 1010), (25 and 1025), (35 and 1035),
and (40 and 1040) are often joined by using the same node for each. For example, the
displacements and rotations at the end of the core pipe are assumed to be the same as the
displacements and rotations at the end of the jacket pipe.
110
Internal spiders offer negligible resistance to bending and axial relative deformation. Node 15
might be connected to node 1015 by a restraint with a connecting node. For an X-run of pipe,
rigid restraints would exist between the two nodes for the Y- and Z-degrees of freedom.
The +Y support acting on the jacket at node 1020 does not cause any stiffnesses to be inserted
between 20 and 1020. Node 20 is included in the model so that the outside diameter
interference can be checked at the 20-1020 cross sections. If there is any concern about
interference or interference-related stresses at the 20-1020 nodes, then you can use restraints
with connecting nodes and gaps to approximate the pipe-inside-a-pipe with clearance geometry.
Because CAESAR II constructs the jacketed piping model by associating nodal degrees of
freedom, the software does not know one pipe is inside of another. Therefore, consider the
following items:
If both the jacket and the core are fluid-filled, the fluid density of the jacket must be reduced
to avoid excess (incorrect) weight.
If wind or wave loads are specified, the wind or wave loading must be deactivated for the
core so that the core does not pick up the load.
The core pipe should probably have its insulation thickness set to zero.
111
Cold Spring
See the "Technical Discussions" section of the CAESAR II User's Guide for a detailed
discussion of the method for analyzing cold springs.
Cut Short
Material 18 is used for cut short.
Connecting Equipment
Vertical Vessels
Average diameter of the skirt = 102 + 78/ 2 = 90 inches.
Average temperature of the skirt = 87 F.
Temperature of the vessel = 325 F.
Nozzle N1:
OD = 10.750.
Wall = 0.5.
Length of Flange = 4.0 inches.
112
Weight of single flange = 112.
Element 20 to 125 is rigid. The associated diameter and wall thickness is that of the vessel.
The element from 20 to 125 is stiff relative to the vessel. The element from 15 to 215 is stiff
relative to the vessel.
The rigid element from 135 to 140 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and is rigid
relative to the nozzle diameter.
The rigid element 225 to 230 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and is rigid relative
to the nozzle diameter.
Local shell flexibilities are defined between 130 and 135 and 220 and 215.
The example considers the cantilever bending, the shear in the vessel from the skirt, and
the local flexibility of the vessel shell in the vicinity of the nozzle.
Vessel Skirt
The following partial dialog boxes illustrate the modeling techniques used to define the vertical
vessel.
113
114
Vessel
Rigid Elements
These rigid elements are weightless, but they do undergo thermal expansion.
115
N1 Nozzle
Flange
116
N2 Nozzle
117
Horizontal Vessels
Horizontal vessel models are built using combinations of straight pipe and nozzle flexibility
simulations (WRC 297). The following example illustrates the most accurate way to define
horizontal vessel flexibility.
NOZZLE N3:
OD = 12.750.
Wall= 0.687.
Flange length = 5.0 inches.
Flange weight = 250 lb.
118
Elements 5 to 6, 6 to 10, 15 to 16, 16 to 20, and 20 to 22 are rigid and the associated
diameter and wall thickness is that of the vessel. These rigid elements are stiff relative to the
vessel.
The rigid element from 26 to 30 models the flange at the end of the nozzle and are rigid
relative to the nozzle diameter.
Local shell flexibilities are defined between the nodes 22 and 24.
The above model considers the flexibility of the horizontal vessel section, the free translation
horizontal restraint at 125, and the local flexibility of the vessel shell in the vicinity of the
nozzle.
The following partial dialog boxes illustrate the modeling techniques used to define the
horizontal vessel.
Vessel Legs - portion not in contact with vessel T=100F, P=0.0psi
Vessel Legs Not in Contact with Vessel
Element 15-16 is identical except for the restraints as shown above.
119
Vessel Legs in Contact with Vessel
DY = Vessel Radius
Element 16-20 is identical.
Vessel Modeled As Pipe

Vessel modeled as pipe (not rigid) P0, Fluid Density 0:
Vessel Modeled As Pipe
Zero-Weight Rigid To Nozzle Interface Location
Pipe element (not rigid) P0, Fluid Density 0:
120
Nozzle Element With WRC 297 Connection Defined
The vessel flexibilities are calculated and reported during error checking. These values are used
automatically in the analysis. This WRC297 data is available to output in the Miscellaneous
Data report.
121
122
SECTION 7
Tutorial A
This section provides a step-by step tutorial describing the piping system input. This tutorial also
includes descriptions of various output reports.
In This Section
System Overview ........................................................................... 123
Reviewing Static Results ............................................................... 146
Conclusions ................................................................................... 159
System Overview
This tutorial presents the flexibility and stress analysis of a piping system using CAESAR II. This
process includes:
Creation and entry of the pipe stress model.
Analysis and evaluation of the results.
Re-design of the system.
The system chosen for this purpose exercises common modeling situations as illustrated in the
figure below. This system illustrates part of a refining process that moves crude from the bottom
pump to a steam stripper unit. The end-suction top-discharge pump has a 10-inch suction
nozzle and an 8-inch discharge nozzle. The 8-inch line runs through a check valve with a 6-inch
bypass to a spring hanger support. It then runs over a hard support before entering the vertical
vessel.
123
Tutorial A
The boundaries of this system are the pump discharge nozzle and the vessel nozzle. The pump
support (or base) point and the vessel foundation are also acceptable choices. The pump nozzle
is a satisfactory boundary because the movement of that point (as the pump heats up in
operation) is certain and easily calculated from the thermal strain between the pump nozzle and
the base point. The vessel nozzle is an adequate boundary because of the known thermal
growth of the vessel and the greater stiffness of the vessel with respect to the 8-inch pipe. You
can take an opposite approach by running the model all the way to an immovable point, such as
the vessel foundation.
The check valve sits on top of the welding tee for the 6-inch bypass piping. The 6-inch line runs
through a gate valve before reentering the 8-inch line through a second welding tee above the
check valve. The total weight and length of this valve assembly is unknown at this time.
Because of this, the valve lengths and weights are pulled from the CAESAR II generic database.
The spring hanger above this valve assembly is quite sensitive to the weights used here. The
difference between the actual installed valve weights and modeled weights should be used to
adjust the spring pre-load. Verify that the hot load on the spring is toward the center of the
manufacturers-recommended spring working range to allow errors in load estimation. If there is
any appreciable change in these weights, the system should be reanalyzed.
The hanger is included at the top of the vertical run to carry the deadweight and absorb its
thermal growth. The hanger is attached to the elbow and in line with the vertical pipe at the near
end of the elbow.
Near is a term associated with the path used to define the elbow. By coding up the
vertical leg and then the horizontal leg, the weld point on the vertical run of the elbow is the near
end and the horizontal run weld point is the far end.
The other end of the hanger is attached to some available structure above this point. Because of
the vertical thermal growth of the hanger attachment point, a simple rod hanger is not
acceptable. The analysis is set to force CAESAR II to select a variable or constant support
hanger at this point. The software selects a variable spring support. For that reason, specify the
Anvil table for its selection.
The horizontal piping rests on an unspecified support at the far end of the next elbow. This
support, modeled as a rigid, nonlinear restraint acting on the pipe centerline, allows the piping to
grow upward but prevents downward motion. In cases where a more accurate model for
supporting structures is required, include structural steel in the model and analysis.
Preparing the Drawing

The following figure shows the drawing used to construct the model. Notice the node numbers.
These labels are assigned in the following situations:
A change in geometry, such as a pipe diameter or wall thickness.
A change in direction, such as a change in materials or temperature or pressure operating
conditions.
The application of boundary conditions such as restraints, point loads, and displacements.
Any other location for which you want output.
124
Tutorial A
For this tutorial, the progression is incremented by fives, starting with node 5 at the pump
nozzle. These nodes are the basis through which the piping stress isometric is tabulated for the
analysis. The bypass piping uses the same progression, but starts with node 600. In reviewing
the results, the 600 series indicates 6-inch pipe.
The elbows are shown squared with the node assigned to the intersection. The elbows are
defined so that output is available for the near, mid, and far points of the bend (at 0, 45, and
90-degrees). The hanger is sized at the near point (node 28) of the first elbow.
Other information required for the model is collected on this drawing before the analysis is
started. Most of the data should be readily available, but some research may be required. Items
such as pump nozzle deflections and valve data details can slow down the input session if not
noted on the drawing. The next figure shows the dimensions for this system.
125
Tutorial A
Generating CAESAR II Input

1. Set the numeric increment between nodes. This model uses an increment of 5 between
node numbers. The default nodal increment is 10, so you must change this. Click Tools >
Configure/Setup from the main menu.
The CAESAR II Configuration Editor dialog box displays.
2. Click the Geometry Directives category, and then select 5 in the Auto Node Number
Increment list.
3. Click Save and Exit

to save this change and return to the main menu.
4. Click File > New, and type Tutor as the file name in the New Job Name Specification
dialog box. Note the data directory in which to store the file. You can click Browse to
navigate to another folder in which to store your CAESAR II data files if necessary.
5. Click Input > Piping from the main menu to start the input session.
If the job is new, CAESAR II presents the list of input units that are used. Otherwise, if a job
named Tutor already exists on the computer, the Classic Piping Input dialog box opens
with the first piping element active. If this is the case, exit the Classic Piping Input dialog
box. Return to the main menu to pick an unused job name. .
The Review Current Units dialog box displays if the file is new and did not previously
exist in the data directory.
126
Tutorial A
6. If the Units File Label box on the Review Current Units dialog box does not show English
units, click Cancel, and then select Tools > Configure Setup. Next, click the Database
Definitions category and select English in the Units File Name list. If the English units are
shown, click OK to continue.
You can use the Tab key, the arrow keys, or the mouse to navigate the dialog box. Use the
graphics view to review the work that you have completed. To fix errors, navigate to the
appropriate element using PgUp and change the entry.
7. CAESAR II automatically generates the From and To nodes when you start a new element.
The cursor is initially positioned in the From box. The From box should read 5 if the node
increment is set to 5 in the CAESAR II Configuration Editor dialog box. If not, click Edit >
Insert to reset it. If it does not read 5, clear the box and type 5.
8. Use the Tab, Enter, or Down Arrow key to move to the To box. Type 10 in the To field if
necessary.
9. Type 2- in the DY box to specify the element length of 2 feet.
The dash ( - ) symbol indicates feet. Node 10 marks the centerline intersection of the
8-inch main line with the 6-inch by-pass.
10. Type 8 in the Diameter box to specify the nominal pipe size of 8 inches. When you leave
this cell, the actual outer diameter (OD) replaces the nominal value.
11. Type S in the Wt/Sch box. When you leave this cell, the S is replaced by the actual wall
thickness.
12. Type the Mill Tol% and corrosion allowance next. Fractions are allowed in the Mill Tol% cell.
127
Tutorial A
13. Type 600 in the Temp 1 box and 30 in the Pressure 1 box. Omit the units in these entries
because CAESAR II already has the units information. The completed first column of data
displays in the following figure.
14. At the top of the second column, double-click the Displacements check box to display the
Displacement Auxiliary Data tab.
15. For node 5, type 0.077 for the DY anchor displacement and 0.046 for the DZ anchor
displacement. These two numbers are calculated as the thermal growth of the pump
discharge nozzle from the base support point.
16. Type 0 for the other four degrees of freedom.
128
Tutorial A
Without the entry of zero (or any other definition of these boundaries), node 5 would be free
to move in these four directions. The figure below shows the displacements.
17. Specify the pipe material by selecting (1) Low Carbon Steel from the Material list.
Material properties are read in automatically from the CAESAR II material database. The
software fills in values for ambient Elastic Modulus, Poissons Ratio, and Pipe Density.
The material number is also referenced to pick up the coefficient of expansion for the
specified temperatures.
18. Double-click the Allowable Stress check box to activate the Allowable Stress Auxiliary
Data tab.
The first 21 materials are generic and do not have allowable stress values associated with
them in the database. However, the other materials in the list also fill in the allowable stress
values as found in the database.
19. Type 20000 in the SC box to specify the cold allowable stress of 20,000 psi (do not use
commas).
20. Type 17300 in the SH1 box to specify the hot allowable stress of 17,300 psi.
The cold and hot allowable stresses (Sc and Sh) as defined by the piping code are entered
for the type of piping material to analyze. These values are not extracted from the database
for generic materials as used in this example. You can use exponential format in these
boxes to simplify data entry and reduce mistakes.
129
Tutorial A
21. Select B31.3 from the Code list if it is not already selected by default. The default code is
defined in the CAESAR II Configuration Editor dialog box.
The material property and allowable stress entries are shown in the following figure.
Node 10 is the intersection of the 8-inch and 6-inch lines. This intersection is constructed
using an 8 x 6 welding tee. Piping codes recognize the reduced strength of this piping
component by increasing the calculated stress at this point in the system. For CAESAR II to
include this stress intensification factor in the stress calculation, the node must be identified
as a welding tee.
22. Double-click the SIFs and Tees check box to display the SIFs and Tees Auxiliary Data
tab.
23. Specify node 10 as the intersection node.
24. Select 3 - Welding from the Type list.
130
Tutorial A
CAESAR II calculates the SIFs at this intersection according to the piping code selected
(B31.3 in this case). No additional input is required.
With an insulation thickness specified, CAESAR II assumes a density for calcium silicate.
For the purposes of this tutorial.
25. Type 3 in the Insul Thk box, and select Calcium Silicate from the list in the Insulation
Density box.
CAESAR II automatically converts that selection to the density value for that particular type
of insulation.
26. Optionally, type 11.5/1728 in the Insulation Density box.
CAESAR II converts the value to 0.0067.
27. Type 0.8SG in the Fluid Density box to indicate 80% of the deadweight of water.
CAESAR II converts the value to the proper units.
28. Press ALT-C, select Edit > Continue, or click Continue

on the Navigation Tools
toolbar to define the next length of pipe.
The To node of the previous element now appears as the From node. Also, all the
distributed data values (the information that carries on from one pipe to the next) remain.
131
Tutorial A
You only need to the add element length and any new boundary conditions or changes from
the previous element. You only need to change the distributed data when the values
change. Allowable Stress data carries forward, even though the check box on subsequent
elements is cleared. Do not select this box unless you have a change in material, code, or
temperature. Uniform Loads and Wind also carry forward without selecting the check box.
None of the other check boxes in the input carry forward.
This second element runs from the intersection point to the beginning of the check valve.
This short run finishes out the welding tee and is bounded by nodes 10 and 15 as entered
by CAESAR II. The length of this element is 7-inches in the Y direction.
29. Type 7 in the DY box to finish the description of the second element.
The next element (15-20) is the flanged check valve. This element includes the flanged
valve and the mating flanges as these piping components are stiffer than the attached pipe.
If the length and weight of this rigid element were known, this data could be specified
directly by typing the length in the DY box, enabling the Rigid box, and then typing the
Rigid Weight in the Auxiliary Data area. Here, for lack of better data and for convenience,
the CAESAR II CADWorx Valve/Flange database is accessed to automatically generate
this input.
30. Click Model > Valve, or click Valve/Flange Database
132
on the Input Tools toolbar.
Tutorial A
The Valve and Flange Database: <database name> dialog box displays. If the following
dialog box does not appear, refer to the "Configuration and Environment" section of the
CAESAR II User's Guide.
31. Select Check from the Rigid Type list, and click OK.
A 150 psi class flanged check valve is entered between nodes 15 and 20. CAESAR II
makes three entries on the dialog box; the element length, Rigid is selected, and the weight
displays in the Rigid Auxiliary Data area. The rigid element runs 2 ft. 3.75 in. in the +Y
direction and weighs 470 pounds. When FLG is selected in the End Type list, this rigid
element includes the added length and weight of the mating flanges.
32. The bypass piping rejoins the main line through a second welding tee, which sits on top the
check valve. The run of pipe to the intersection of the main line and bypass centerlines is 7
inches (half of the total length of the 8-inches x 6-inches welding tee).
The next figure shows the definition of this element 20 - 25 and the specification of the
welding tee at 25.
33. The next node is located at the intersection of the vertical pipe centerline and the horizontal
pipe centerline above it. This construction point at node 30 is not actually a node on the
piping system. Any additional input specified at 30 and all output for node 30 is located at
the far weld point of the elbow, which connects the vertical and horizontal runs. The
dimension of 10 ft. 2 in. runs from node 25 to node 30. Select the Bend check box to specify
the elbow. The bend specification automatically generates additional nodes around this
elbow locating the near weld point and the bend midpoint (designated by the letter M). Node
28 is listed in the auxiliary data box at angle 0 and the elbow midpoint is listed as node 29.
These added nodes appear as output points and they may also be used to locate restraints.
133
Tutorial A
By default, a long radius elbow (1.5 times the nominal pipe size) is added at the change in
pipe direction. You can also change the bend radius.
34. The hanger to be sized at this elbow is placed at node 28 in line with the vertical run of pipe.
To specify the hanger sizing information, double-click the Hanger check box. The Hanger
Auxiliary Data tab, like that shown in the next figure, should display node 28 in the Node
box. The Allow Short Range Springs box should not be checked.
For this first pass through the analysis, the default settings are used with no additional
hanger design data. Press F1 on any of these boxes for more information. Here, the hanger
is chosen from the table 1 ANVIL hanger catalog. Additionally, a short-range spring is not
permitted at this point as the mid-range spring is probably cheaper.
134
Tutorial A
35. The piping system continues on to the elbow at node 35. The distance is the distance
between the intersections of the pipe centerlines, not the physical length of the straight
piece of pipe between the elbows. Here, -12 ft is in the X direction.
The X run of pipe finishes off the elbow at 30 by creating a 90-degree turn.
36. Double-click the Bend check box to generate the long radius elbow at 35 with the two extra
nodes. There is also a support at the far weld point of this bend. This far end of the bend is
node 35 in the model so the restraint is specified at node 35.
This support does not allow the pipe to move downward, but it cannot prevent the pipe from
moving upward.
37. This non-linear restraint (a restraint whose stiffness is a function of load or displacement
rather than remaining constant) is specified as a +Y type. The +Y indicates that the restraint
supplies a positive Y (upward) load to the pipe. Most designers interpret the +Y as indicating
the pipe is free to move in the +Y direction.
With no stiffness specified with this restraint, CAESAR II sets this to a very stiff (rigid)
restraint. This means that under any practical load, the pipe does not push the restraint
down.
Up to four restraints can be specified in this auxiliary data tab. Except for the anchor
designation, a restraint is a vector. If there was a guide restraining lateral motion of node 35,
an X restraint would also be defined here as the second restraint.
Press F1 for more information about these restraint parameters.
135
Tutorial A
38. From the second elbow, the pipe runs in the Z direction for 18-feet where it terminates at the
intersection with the vessel wall. As with the pump connection at node 5, node 40 is a
satisfactory boundary for this model. The thermal growth of the vessel at this point is
calculated and entered as displacements of node 40.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
136
The model now returns to the 6-inch by-pass piping around the 8-inch check valve above
the pump. The welding tee nodes of 10 and 25 are completely defined as reducing tees
when these 6-inch piping elements are modeled. The figure below shows the changes
required to start the 6-inch line.
The input processor automatically shifts the previous To Node to the current From Node.
Add a new element. Change the From node to 10 because the model is no longer
continuing from node 40.
Change the To node to 605 because the 600 series of node numbers indicates 6-inch pipe.
The DX length of -2 ft is measured from the 8-inch centerline to the centerline of the vertical
6-inch line.
Type 6 in the Diameter box.
Type S in the Wt/Sch box.
Specify an elbow at node 605 by double-clicking the Bend check box.
CAESAR II automatically generates a long radius elbow for this 6-inch line. This elbow is
flanged on one end. The flange acts like a stiffening ring, which reduces the bending
flexibility of the elbow. This characteristic of flanged elbows is addressed by the piping
codes through a modification of the flexibility factor and stress intensification for the elbow.
Select 1 -Single Flange from the Type drop list in the Bend Auxiliary Data tab.
Tutorial A
46. The 6-inch piping continues up to node 610, which marks the beginning of the gate valve.
The distance between the horizontal centerline (nodes 10 to 610) and the bottom of the
valve is 9 inch in the Y direction. This 9-inch specification puts node 610 at the far end of the
bend defined on the previous element. The input locations of nodes 605 and 610 are
coincident, which would produce a zero-length element.
CAESAR II inserts a length for this element 605-610 equal to 5% of the bend radius. In this
case, the value is 0.45 in. This 5% default value, which can be changed in the CAESAR II
configuration, prevents the generation of a zero length element.
47. The next element is the 6-inch 150-psi class, flanged gate valve running from 610 to 615.
Use the Valve/Flange database (with the Valve/Flange Database
command) for this
rigid element. Select the 150 psi flanged gate valve (default), and click OK.
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CAESAR II returns from the database with rigid Y run, 17.625 in. long, weighing 225
pounds. As with the 8-in. check valve, the deadweight and length of the attached flanges
should be included in this analysis. (Select NOFLG in the End Type list if you do not want
these included.)
48. Click Distance

on the Input Tools toolbar or select Edit > Distance to find the distance
from 615 to 620. This is the length required to bring the pipe up level with the intersection at
node 25.
49. The Y-distance in this case between 615 and 25 is 15-inches, so type this distance in the
DY box for 615 to 620.
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50. Specify a bend here because the next element connects the current element to the
intersection at node 25.
The Y value of the distance between nodes 615 and 25 provides the dimension for the
element from 615 to 620.
For the element running from 620 to 25, you know from the previous Distance command
that it is 2 ft in the X-direction. If you do not have this information, you can use the Close
Loop
command (Edit > Close Loop).
CAESAR II calculates this dimension and displays it in the appropriate DX, DY, and DZ
fields.
51. Create the element and type 25 for the To node.
52. Click Close Loop
.
DX displays a value of 2 ft, as shown in the following figure.
The close loop on element 620 to 25 fills in the distances for DX, DY, and DZ boxes.
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Input Review
Two options are available on any input screen to review the data: Plot and List. While the input
can be checked by paging through each input screen, these commands are useful in confirming
or editing the entire model.
By default, a plot of the model displays to the right of the Classic Piping Input dialog box. The
size of this plot area can be increased if the Classic Piping Input dialog box is collapsed. To
collapse the dialog box, click Auto Hide
in the upper right corner of the dialog box.
To display the Classic Piping Input dialog box and the model side by side, click the Classic
Piping Input tab in the upper left corner of the dialog box and then click Auto Hide . The
volume plot of the current piping system displays. You can use the toolbar buttons and menu
commands to perform various functions.
To display the node numbers, press N or click Node Numbers on the Plot Tools toolbar. The
following figure shows the tutor model with the node numbers displayed.
Click Orbit
, and then use the arrow keys to rotate the plot. You can also use the arrow keys
or mouse to pan the plot after clicking Pan
. Scrolling the mouse zooms the model and
pressing the center mouse button pans the plot. Clicking the right mouse button, and then
clicking Operators > Pan from the pop-up menu provides an alternative method of panning the
plot. The model then follows the cursor. The plus sign (+) zooms in and the minus sign (-) zooms
out. There are toolbar buttons and menu items to alter the pan view and to display element and
restraint information on the plot. Use these different items to become familiar with them. To reset
the plot to the default, click Reset
on the Reset toolbar or click View > Reset. To print a copy
of the display click File > Print or click Print
on the Standard toolbar.
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Because the graphics are included in the input processor, the graphic must be clicked to
set the focus before printing.
The V key toggles different views. The volume plot shown below is especially useful for larger
models because it uses less of the computer's resources.
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The illustration below shows a view down the Z-axis with a zoom and pan to show the pipe
valves. This volume plot shows the nodes and identifies the tees. To see the displacements
specified in the model, click Displacements
or Options > Displacements.
Click List , or Edit > List to quickly review and edit different categories of data in the job.
Clicking on the row number to the left of a line of data highlights the entire row. Hold the Shift
key while clicking on a second row of data to highlight all rows in between the two. Different
types of data sets are available by choosing the appropriate tab along the bottom of the dialog
box. Use the scroll bar along the bottom of the list to view more element data such as
temperatures and pressures. The Element list is shown in the following figure.
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Ending the Input Session

If the input session is interrupted before all of the data is collected, save the model input before
exiting the input processor. To save the current input, click File > Save. CAESAR II interrupts
the input session and prompts you to save your work 30 minutes after the last save. Input data
can also be saved through the input exit processor, which is accessed through the File > Exit
command. The input processor can be re-entered later to continue the model creation.
After exiting and saving the input or running the Error Checker
data for this model under the filename Tutor._a.
, CAESAR II saves binary
All input files are composed of the job name with the added suffix _a. However, when you
close the piping input module the input file and the corresponding intermediate files are
compressed in .c2 format.
CAESAR II checks the job for errors and lists a variety of notes and warnings. This tutorial
should generate three notes during the error checking. Two notes are regarding the hanger in
the model, and the third one is the center of gravity report. The software must size one hanger
and certain analyses are required to perform this hanger sizing. All the error, warning, and notes
are presented in a grid format. The analysis may proceed with notes and warnings, but fatal
errors must be corrected before continuing. If no fatal errors are found, CAESAR II builds the
intermediate (scratch) files for the static analysis. With the scratch files created, the input
process is complete and control is returned to the CAESAR II piping input.
Performing the Static Analysis

1. After error checking the model, review the load cases.
2. Click Edit > Edit Static Load Cases, or click Edit Static Load Cases
on the CAESAR II
Tools toolbar to display the load case editor.
CAESAR II begins with a standard set of load cases based upon the piping code selected
and the loads defined in input. For the job Tutor, size the hanger before the standard
structural and stress analyses are performed. This hanger sizing algorithm requires two
analyses before the standard three cases are analyzed. The five recommended load cases
are shown below.
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3. Click Recommend.
CAESAR II creates load sets to analyze the operating conditions of the piping system and
the installed conditions of the piping system.
The operating condition for this analysis consists of the deadweight of the pipe, its contents
and insulation, the design temperature and pressure, and the pre-load on the just selected
hanger at node 28. The installed condition includes the deadweight and hanger pre-load. In
addition to these structural analyses, certain stress conditions must be addressed.
For the piping code used here, the sustained and expansion stresses must be calculated.
Sustained stresses include deadweight, pre-loads, and pressure. Sustained stresses can be
taken from the installed condition analysis if the pressure loads are included. CAESAR II
includes the pressure term in the installed case because pressure, in most cases, has no
impact on the structural loads on the piping. With the installed case structural analysis also
serving as the sustained case stress analysis, no additional load case must be added to
calculate the sustained stresses.
Expansion stresses reflect the change in system position from its installed position to its
operating position. Because of system non-linearity, this change in position cannot be
determined by analyzing thermal loads alone.
By default, CAESAR II constructs a third load case to calculate the expansion stress
(range). This case is not a third, complete analysis of the system. Instead, it is a product of
the operating and installed structural analyses already performed. The difference in system
displacements between these two cases is the displacements stress range from which the
expansion stresses are calculated. The third class of stress in piping occasional stresses
(as opposed to expansion and sustained) is not included in the recommended analyses
and must be specified by you. Likewise, Fatigue (FAT) stress cases are provided only when
specifically required by the active piping code (TD/12, for example).
For most systems, the recommended load cases are exactly what you want to analyze.
Case 1 calculates the deadweight carried by the proposed spring at node 28.
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Case 2 also calculates only one number, the vertical travel of the proposed spring. All the
load categories, which compose the operating load case, are used for this analysis. These
are deadweight, displacements, thermal set 1, and pressure set 1. With these two
numbersthe load carried by the hanger and the amount of travel it must accommodate
CAESAR II enters the Anvil catalog and selects the appropriate spring. This spring and its
proper pre-load are installed in the model for the remaining analyses.
Case 3 is the operating Hanger Load case. It is identical to case 2 but has the sized hanger
pre-load included in the category (H). This analysis produces the operating forces and
moments on the supports, and the deflections of all points in the system. Case 3 is a
structural analysis case and not a B31.3 stress analysis case. The refining piping code does
not recognize pipe stress in the operating condition as a test for system failure and does not
establish a limit for this state of stress.
Case 4 is both a structural and stress case. By eliminating the (assumed) thermal effects
(D1+T1), the analysis is of the cold system. By including pressure (P1), this case also has
the necessary components to be used to report the systems sustained stresses.
Case 5 (L3-L4) is an algebraic combination of two basic load cases. The displacements of
case 4 are subtracted from the displacements of case 3 to produce these results. This case
develops the displacement range of the system in its growth from the installed position to
the operating position. This displacement range is used for the calculation of the systems
expansion stresses.
4. To proceed with the analysis, click File > Analyze, or click Run the Analysis
.
The software continues with the data processing by building, sorting, and storing the
equation (matrix) data for the system and the basic load cases. This process may be
terminated at any time by clicking Cancel. When this is done, the CAESAR II Solution
Module displays.
CAESAR II analyzes the basic loads (hanger design, operating, and installed) before exiting
the dialog box. At this point, the solution dialog box is replaced with messages concerning
the post processing of this data. The displacement results of cases 3 and 4 are used with
the element stiffness matrices to calculate the forces, moments, and stresses throughout the
system. The difference between these two sets of displacements is used to establish the
displacement range of the piping system as defined in load case 5. This new displacement
set is similarly used to calculate forces, moments, and stresses. At the completion of this
step, all the results are loaded into the binary data file Tutor._p and the CAESAR II output
processor dialog box displays so that output for this job may be reviewed. The ._p file can
only be examined through the output processor. The analysis need not be rerun to review
these results at a later time. Instead, click Output > Statics from the main menu to display
the output from the TUTOR._P file.
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Reviewing Static Results

Whether entering the output processor directly from the static analysis or through the main
menu, the Static Output Processor dialog box displays.
Usually, the first look at output is to verify that the piping model is responding as expected.
Checking deflections and restraint loads in the operating and installed cases should quickly
uncover any major problems with the system layout or input. If there are unusual results,
re-examine the input for correctness. If the output verifies the model, the results can be used to
collect pipe stresses, support and equipment loads, and any other useful data found in the
output. This information is useful in documenting a good piping design or troubleshooting an
inadequate one.
1. Selecting the (OPE) load case, and then click Graphical Output
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A view of the operating displacements of this piping system displays.
As in other CAESAR II dialog boxes, both the toolbar buttons and menu items may be used
to select display options.
2. From the menu, select Show > Displacement > Deflected Shape. The plot shows the
centerline plot along with a normalized deflected shape of the system in the operating
condition.
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3. When you are finished viewing the plotted output for the operating case, change the case to
Sustained in the drop list on the left of the second toolbar.
4. Click Show > Stress > Overstress and verify that there are no over-stressed points in the
system.
5. Reset the plot, and click Show > Stress > Stress > Code to display the code-defined
stresses throughout the system.
The stress symbols appear on the screen and locate the highest stress points in the system.
6. Click Show > Stress > Maximum to list the stress values on the plot.
7. Press Enter to list the stresses one at a time starting with the highest.
The node number is shown in parenthesis following the stress value. The element
containing this node is highlighted. The highest (first) sustained stress listed is at node 40
(nozzle to vessel connection) with a value of 1591 psi.
For a quick review of the stresses as well as the displacements and restraint loads, the
Element Viewer can be displayed by clicking
on the toolbar. This information displays
in the next figure.
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8. Return to the output processor menu by clicking Window > <view>.
9. For a quick look at the selected hanger data, click Hanger Table with Text from the
General Computed Results column in the main output processor. Then, click View
Reports
.
The software reports the Anvil Fig. B-268 Size 10 spring selected at node 28.
This selection is based on the values found in the first two analyses. Both analyses provide
no load case reports in the output processor.
The expected hot load for the proposed support at node 28 (1209 lb.).
The thermal growth of node 28 (0.750 in.).
10. Return to the Output Menu, and select only the operating load case (OPE) Displacements
and Restraint Summary by holding down the Ctrl key.
The restraint loads at nodes 5 and 40 are compared to the pump and vessel load limits.
Note the different output tabs at the bottom of the screen.
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11. Return to the Output Menu, and select the sustained case (SUS) to examine the installed
condition of the piping system.
Turn off 3 and turn on 4. Both the operating and sustained cases can be reviewed
together by having both 3 and 4 highlighted at the same time.
12. Return to the Output Menu, and highlight the sustained and expansion cases (4 and 5) and
stresses.
Each stress report begins with a summary stating that the code stresses are below their
allowable stress. In the table that follows the summary, the stresses display for each node in
the system. These nodes are listed in pairs with their associated element. The last column
lists the ratio of actual stress to allowable stress in terms of percentage.
These results can be sent to the printer or to a file rather then sent to the screen. Before
creating the report, a title line for the hardcopy can be generated through Options-Title
Lines on the Output Menu.
13. Type the following two lines for the report header:
CAESAR II TUTORIAL
BOTTOMS PUMP TO STEAM STRIPPER
14. To send a specific output to the printer, click File > Print.
Use the output wizard to create a book of reports in a specific order and then send them to
an output device. Click More>> in the Static Output Processor to access the wizard.
Start the report with the hanger table by selecting it and clicking [Add].
15. Select the operating and sustained load cases and displacements and restraint summary
reports.
16. Click Add again.
17. Add the sustained and expansion stress reports by having only load cases 4, 5, and
Stresses highlighted.
18. Click Add to service this request.
This completes a typical output report after reviewing the reports order.
19. Select the output device, and then click Generate TOC, if needed.
20. Click Finish.
Segments of the output reports are included at the end of this section.
An input echo is available through the output processor. A complete input listing can start
the printed report or output file created by this processor.
To archive the static analysis electronically, the report can be sent to a data file rather than to
the printer. Use the above instructions substituting Save for Print, or use the appropriate output
choice on the wizard screen.
The first time you click Save, the software prompts you for a filename. The resulting data file,
Tutor.out, can be copied with the CAESAR II input and output files Tutor._a and Tutor._p to a
CD. These files, along with the configuration file (Caesar.cfg), and the time sequencing file
(Tutor.otl) provide a complete record of the analysis and should be stored with the drawing and
any listings.
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Static Analysis Output Listing

The following figure is a CAESAR II tutorial output report:
The output listed in the example includes significant output only.

Notes, which discuss the results, are included with each report.
The following reports are included in this output:
Complete Hanger Report
Operating Case Displacement Report
Installed (Sustained) Case Displacement Report
Operating & Installed Restraint Summary
Sustained Stress Summary and Stress Report
Expansion Stress Summary and Stress Report. (Stresses in the operating condition are
not used in B31.3 analyses)
The hot load of 1209 lbf. was calculated in the initial weight run (load case 1) with a rigid Y
restraint installed at node 28. The load on the restraint was 1209 lbf.
A 1209 lbf. +Y load replaced the rigid Y restraint at 28 and then an operating case was analyzed
(load case 2). Node 28 moved 0.750 in. in the +Y direction in this analysis.
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CAESAR II entered the Anvil hanger table with these two values and selected an appropriate
mid-range spring. The size 10 spring has the hot load of 1209 lbf. in its working range. This
mid-range spring (short range springs were excluded) has a spring rate of 260 lbf./in. Assuming
that node 28 moves 0.750 inches between the cold to hot position, this increases the spring load
by (.750)(260) or 195 lbf. The cold load on the size 10 spring is 1222+195 or 1404 lbf. This cold
load is also within the working range of the size 10 spring so CAESAR II selects it.
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The deflections of nodes 5 and 40 were entered as input.
Tutorial A
Node 28 again moves up 0.750 in. in the Y direction with the spring installed.
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Look at the zero position of nodes 5 and 40. When the imposed displacements are not
included in the analysis, the node is fixed with zero movement in each of the defined directions.
This restraint report lists the piping forces and moments on the restraint. It does not list the
restraint loads on the piping. The loads at node 5 are the nozzle loads and can be used without
sign change to check the API 610 allowable loads. Loads for node 40 can be used to check the
vessel stresses due to the nozzle loads.
The loads at 28 show the operating load and the actual installation load (with contents) for the
selected spring. The spring carries the designed load of 1209 pounds in the operation condition.
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The +Y restraint at node 35 shows it is nonlinear nature. In the cold condition, the restraint is
active. As the piping moves to the hot position, it disengages from the support. Refer back to the
displacement reports to confirm that the Y displacement is 0.0 in the installed (sustained)
condition and +Y in the operating condition.
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The summary shows that the sustained stresses throughout the system are below their
allowable values. The sustained stress closest to its allowable limit is at the vessel node 40.
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For the previous stress detail report, note the application of the tee and bend stress
intensification factors. The tee at 25 has SIFs other than 1.00 for all three listings: 25 to 28, 20 to
25, and 25 to 620. Bend SIFs are applied only on the bend side of the node compare node 28
on 25-28 and 28-29. No stresses are listed for rigid elements as no valid moment of inertia is
provided for these elements.
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The summary shows that the expansion stresses throughout the system are below their
allowable values. The expansion stress closest to its allowable limit occurs along the header at
the node 10 tee.
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For the previous stress detail report, compare the bend side of 30 with the straight side of 30.
The SIF doubles the calculated stress. Also note the changing allowable stress. This is the
result of applying an allowable stress, which takes credit for "unused" stress in the sustained
case.
Conclusions
The review of piping stresses shows that the piping has adequate wall thickness and support to
keep within the sustained allowable stress, as well as enough flexibility to remain below the
expansion allowable stress limit. A quick review of the system displacements does not reveal
any interference problems from pipe expansion.
Equipment loads must still be checked to ensure a safe and effective design. The pump loads at
node 5 may be compared to the API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard 610 (Seventh
Edition, February 1989), Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service. The nozzle loads, too,
can be compared to the allowed maximum limits. The nozzle loads can be translated into local
stresses using Welding Research Council Bulletins 107 or 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical
Shells Due to External Loadings on Nozzles (WRC 107) or it's Supplement (WRC 297). These
local stresses can then be compared to allowable stress values established in "ASME Section
VIII Division 2 Appendix 4, Mandatory Design Based on Stress Analysis".
Because the loads on these boundary conditions are related to the piping system layout, the
piping system cannot be properly approved until these load limits are also verified. These
verifications are done in Tutorial B. For more information, see Tutorial B (on page 243).
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SECTION 8
Examples
This section provides examples for a variety of design challenges faced by piping engineers.
In This Section
Harmonic Analysis (TABLE) .......................................................... 161
Relief Valve Loads (RELIEF) ......................................................... 166
Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads (HAMMER) .............. 175
Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support Earthquake
Excitation (CRYNOS) .................................................................... 188
Structural Analysis (FRAME) ......................................................... 201
Dynamic Analysis (NUREG9) ........................................................ 208
Omega Loop Modelling (OMEGA) ................................................. 214
Jacketed Piping (JACKET) ............................................................ 219
WRC 107 ....................................................................................... 228
NEMA SM23 .................................................................................. 237
Harmonic Analysis (TABLE)
The problem in this example is taken from the following source:

I. S. Tuba and W. B. Wright, Pressure Vessel and Piping 1972 Computer Programs
Verification An Aid To Developers and Users, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, 1972. Problems 6 and 2.
Only the input that is germane to the dynamic analysis is discussed.
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Examples
This example first analyzes the following model for natural frequencies and then for harmonic
loads imposed on the top of the structure at nodes 8 and 13.
Enter the model as shown and set the material density on the pipe spreadsheet to be zero.
Enter all weights as concentrated masses. Do not enter bends; enter only straight elements.
Member Properties
Pipe Outside Diameter
2.375 in.
Pipe Wall Thickness
0.154 in.
Elastic Modulus
27.9E+06 psi
Poisson's Ratio
0.3
Run the static case, and then click Dynamic Analysis

software opens the Dynamic Analysis dialog box.
162
on the CAESAR II toolbar. The
Examples
On the Lumped Masses tab, you can add additional masses or delete degrees-of-freedom. In
the Eigensolution of larger systems, the deletion of un-needed degrees-of-freedom can be a
very important factor in keeping run times reasonable. Usually, masses must neither be added
nor deleted. The mass of the piping, fluid, and insulation is automatically calculated and included
by CAESAR II. In the current example, the weight of the pipe is zero, and all masses are
concentrated and predefined as lumped masses.
Next, use the Control Parameters tab to modify the control parameters as shown below:
Setting Frequency Cutoff (Hz) to zero turns it off, and setting Max. No. Eigenvalues
Calculated (0 - Not Used) to 5 guarantees that the first five natural frequencies are included in
the results.
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Examples
Click Run the Analysis
. When the Eigensolution is completed, the calculated natural
frequencies are printed as shown in the figure below.
Close the Dynamic Output Processor.

Click Output > Animation > Mode Shapes on the CAESAR II main menu to view the
animations of the five modes of vibration. The first mode is back and forth along the x-axis, the
second mode is transverse along the z-axis and the third mode is a twisting about the y-axis.
The next two modes are combinations of the previous three.
Harmonic Analysis of this System

In this example, a 120 Hz electric motor sits on the piping structure and acts:
FX @ 8 = (-95 cos t ) lb.
FX @ 13 = (95 cos t ) lb.
The harmonic analysis can determine the largest stress in the small piping structure subject to
these dynamic loads.
The 120 Hz vibration falls between the structural resonant frequencies 115 Hz and 137
Hz. The torsional mode is most likely excited because the sign difference on the forces
promotes a twisting of the structure. The model has already been built, so dynamic input only
requires a slight modification. There is only a single harmonic frequency of excitation to
investigate.
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Examples
You enter harmonic loads next. The software prompts you for harmonic forces first and then
prompts you for direction. In the example piping system, harmonic forces act at nodes 8 and 13.
The forces act in the X-direction with an opposite sign and with a magnitude of 95 pounds. The
force acting at node 8 can be plotted as a function of time as shown in the figure below.
In the example problem, there are 120 cycles per second.

The following figure shows the harmonic force data input. If necessary, harmonic displacements
can exist in the same problem with harmonic forces. This example has only harmonic forces.
The same force effect can be achieved by entering +95.0 pounds at each node and
entering a phase angle of 180.0 degrees at node 13.
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Examples
Calculations for the example problem take less than 30 seconds to complete. You can view the
structure in animated motion or view standard displaced shape plots in the DynPlot window
using the Display Graphical Results option (as shown below). Additionally, harmonic results,
restraint loads, forces, and stresses can be calculated for the maximum displacements due to
the harmonic loads.
Relief Valve Loads (RELIEF)

The following example analyzes the two relief valve systems, shown below, subject to the
simultaneous firing of both valves.
Process Steam Conditions - 450 psi, @ 650F
Relief Valve Orifice - JOHNSON #34A-06
2.141 in. ID.
Valve Opening Time - 8.0 milliseconds
Valve Closing Time - 8.0 milliseconds
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Examples
Relief Duration - 1.0 second
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup

You can use CAESAR II to compute the support loads, forces, and stresses in the vent piping
system when the relief valves fire simultaneously.
Venting steam stagnation properties are given. On the main menu, click Analysis > Dynamics
to open the Dynamic Analysis dialog box. In the Dynamic Analysis dialog box, click Relief
Load Synthesis
to compute the maximum thrust load magnitude at the vent pipe exit. This
dynamic load acts downward at the vent elbow nodes 65 and 100. Venting lasts for
approximately one second, and the opening and closing time for the relief valve (as provided by
the manufacturer) is 8.0 milliseconds. A static load case is run first to perform spring hanger
sizing at nodes 20 and 22. The static load case #3 is the operating case and is used to set the
nonlinear restraints for the dynamic analysis.
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CAESAR II Gas Thrust Load Calculations
The spectrum table name is arbitrarily selected as Relief and is defined as having a Frequency
range and a Force-Multiplier ordinate. A # sign precedes the name in the spectrum definition
because the shock table is to be read from an ASCII file. The spectrum definition is shown as it
appears in the Dynamic Analysis dialog box is shown below:
The DLF Spectrum Generator builds the ASCII file, Relief, which contains the relief valve
spectrum table. You must define the filename, maximum table frequency, number of points, and
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Examples
the time-history waveform. In the example shown below, a maximum frequency of 33 Hz and 20
data points are used to generate the table.
The points in the time history waveform are entered as shown below. These points represent the
opening of the valve, its one-second vent time, and its closing.
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Examples
The resulting DLF Spectrum is shown below.
The Frequency versus Dynamic Load Factors is written to the file Relief. Click Save to File, and
then click OK to close the Spectrum Table Values dialog box.
The thrust loads act at points 65 and 100. These loads are defined on the Force Sets tab and
are entered as shown below.
There is only a single load case defined on the Spectrum Load Cases tab as follows:
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Examples
Only one static/dynamic combination case is defined. It is the combination of the sustained static
load case with the dynamic load case. This is defined on the Static/Dynamic Combinations
tab as follows:
Only one item needs to be set on the Control Parameters tab. It defines the static load case for
setting the nonlinear restraints. In the following example, the setting is 3 (line 1). Alternatively,
you can set the modal combination method (line 11) to ABS instead of SRSS to produce
conservative results.
Relief Valve Loading Output

There are four key reports for a relief valve analysis:
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Examples
172
Mass Participation Report - Shows how sensitive each of the piping systems modes is to
the relief valve firing. High modal participation factors indicate that the mode is easily excited
by the applied dynamic forces. If subsequent displacement, restraint, or stress reports
indicate excessive dynamic responses, then the modes having high participation must be
dampened or eliminated. After a particular mode is targeted as being a problem, it can be
viewed in tabular form using the mode shape report or graphically using the animated mode
shape plots.
Displacement Report - Shows the maximum possible positive or negative displacement

that can occur at some time during the relief valves firing. Values in this report are always
positive.
Examples
Restraint Report - Shows the maximum dynamic load for which the support should be
designed. The top value is the maximum support reaction. The second value is the largest
support reaction due to any one mode. The last number on the left indicates which mode.
Stress Report - Shows the maximum dynamic stress due to the relief valve firing. Stresses
from a dynamic shock load case should be combined with the sustained stresses from a
static analysis and the result compared with the code defined occasional stress for the
material.
Participation Factor Report - Shows which modes tend to be excited by the applied
dynamic load.
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Examples
The following Stress report shows element stresses due to the dynamic relief loads. The top
value is the maximum stress due to the interaction of all the system modes. The second value is
the largest stress due to any one mode. The bottom number on the left indicates which mode.
In the following examples, the maximum stress at node 5 is 1481 psi. The stress at node 5 due
only to mode #1 is 1280 psi.
The maximum stress at node 40 on elements 40-50 is 6430 psi. The stress at node 40 due to
mode #4 is 3982 psi. Mode #4 is the largest contributor to the stress at node 40.
Support reactions due to the combination of the static sustained and the dynamic solutions are
shown in the following two report samples:
174
Examples
This stress combination can be compared to the B31 code allowables for occasional stresses.
Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads

(HAMMER)
In this example, the cooling water supply line shown below suffers a pressure surge when the
turbine driven pump drops offline due to a bearing temperature problem. The elbow at node 45
is observed to jump 6 to 8 inches in the X-direction when the turbine trip occurs. To eliminate the
large field displacements associated with the turbine trip, an alternative support scheme must be
designed.
Fluid Properties - 250 psi @ 140 F
Flow Velocity - 6 fps
Water Bulk Modulus - 313000 psi
175
Examples
SOLUTION
The magnitude of the pump supply side pressure wave, which emanates from the pump
discharge at node 5, can be estimated from
dp = c dv
Where:
dp = the pressure rise due to the pumps instantaneous stopping
= the fluid density
c = the speed of sound in the fluid
dv = the change in velocity of the fluid
The speed of sound in the fluid can be estimated from:
c = [Ef/(+ (Ef/E)(d/t))]0.5
Where:
Ef = the bulk modulus of the fluid (313000 psi)
E = the modulus of elasticity of the pipe (30E6 psi)
d = the pipe mean diameter
t = the pipe wall thickness
= the fluid density (62.4 lbm/ft3)
+ (Ef/E)(d/t) = 62.4 lbm/ft3
[1 + (313000/30E6)(8.62 -0.322)/0.322] = 79.1875 lbm/ft3
c = (313000 lbf/in2)(ft3/79.1875 lbm)(32.2 lbm ft/lbf sec2)(144in2/ft2)1/2 = 4281 ft/sec
For a more detailed discussion and evaluation of the speed of sound, see Piping
Handbook, Crocker & King, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill pages 3-189 through 3-191
Apply the previously mentioned equation for the magnitude of the water hammer pressure wave.
dp = c dv = (62.4 lbm/ft3)(4281 ft/sec)(6.0 ft/sec)
= (62.4 lbm/ft3)(4281 ft/sec)(6.0 ft/sec)(lbf sec2/32.2 lbm ft)(ft2/144 in2)
= 345.6 psi
176
Examples
There are two distinct pressure pulses generated when a flowing fluid is brought to a stop. One
pulse originates at the supply side of the pump, and the other pulse originates at the discharge
side of the pump. This example only deals with the supply side water hammer effect, but the
magnitude and impact of the discharge side water hammer load should likewise be investigated
when in a design mode.
The time history waveform for both types of water hammer pulses is shown as follows:
Pod - Discharge pressure

Ps - Source (tank or static) pressure
Pos - Suction pressure (while running)
dp - Pressure fluctuation due to the instantaneous stoppage of flow through the pump
Pv - Liquid vapor pressure at flow temperature
There is an unbalanced load on the piping system due to the time it takes the pressure wave to
pass successive elbow-elbow pairs. The magnitude of this unbalanced load can be computed
from:
F unbalanced = dp x Area
The duration of the load is found from t = L/c, where L is the length of pipe between adjacent
elbow-elbow pairs. For this example, the elbow-elbow pairs most likely to cause the large
deflections at node 45 are nodes 45-75 and nodes 90-110.
The rise time for the unbalanced dynamic loading should be obtained from the pump
manufacturer or from testing, and it can be determined from graphs such as those shown above.
For this example, a rise time of 5 milliseconds is assumed.
CALCULATIONS
L 45-75 = 7 + 4(20) + 4 = 90 ft.
L 90-110 = 3(20) + 15 = 75 ft.
Area = /4di2; di = 8.625-(2)(0.322) = 7.981 in.
Area = /4(7.981)2 = 50.0 in2
F unbalanced = dp x Area = (345.6) (50.0) = 17289 lbf
t duration = L/c
= (90)/(4281) = 21 milliseconds, on leg from 45 to 75
= (75)/(4281) = 17.5 milliseconds, on leg from 90 to 110
t rise = 5.0 milliseconds
Because the piping in this example is ductile low carbon steel, the major design variable is the
large displacement. The problem is assumed to be solved when the restraint system is
redesigned to limit the large displacements due to water hammer without causing any
subsequent thermal problem due to over-restraint.
177
Examples
1. Generate the DLF spectrum files as shown in the following examples.
178
Examples
179
Examples
2. Define the spectrum on the Spectrum Definitions tab:
3. Define the force sets on the Force Sets tab.
Three spectrum load cases are of interest in this example: each spectrum separately and
the two of them in combination.
180
Examples
The sustained static load case is now combined with each dynamic load case for code
stress checks. For operating restraint loads, the static operating case is combined with each
dynamic load case, if necessary.
181
Examples
4.
182
Set the options on the Control Parameters tab as shown below:
Examples
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads

On the pump or valve supply side, the magnitude of the pressure wave is calculated as shown in
this example using the following formula:
dp = c dv
On the pump or valve discharge side, the maximum magnitude of the pressure wave is the
difference between the fluid vapor pressure and the line pressure.
On the supply side, a positive pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound
in the fluid. The magnitude of the pressure wave is equal to the sum of the suction side pressure
and dp.
On the discharge side, a negative pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of
sound in the fluid. The maximum magnitude of this negative pressure wave is the difference
between the pump discharge pressure and the fluid vapor pressure. After the pump shuts down,
the pressure at the discharge begins to drop. The momentum of the fluid in the downstream
piping draws the discharge pressure down. If the fluid reaches its vapor pressure, the fluid
adjacent to the pump flashes. As the negative pressure wave moves away from the pump, these
vapor bubbles collapse instantly. This local vapor implosion can cause extremely high pressure
pulses. In addition, there can be a fluid backflow created due to the rapid drop in pressure. In
this case, the backflow slap at the idle pump can be accentuated by the collapse of created
vapor bubbles, resulting in an extremely large downstream water hammer loading.
Water hammer loadings cycle to some extent. The pressure wave passes through the system
once at full strength. Reflections of the wave can then cause secondary pressure transients.
Without a transient fluid simulation or field data, the usual procedure is to assume one or two
significant passes of the pressure wave.
Where critical piping is concerned, or where the maximum loads on snubbers and restraints is to
be computed, the independent effect of a single pass of the pressure wave should be analyzed
for each elbow-elbow pair in the model. A separate force spectrum load set is defined for the
elbow with the highest pressure as the wave passes between the elbow-elbow pair. The
direction of the applied force is away from the elbow-elbow pair. An individual dynamic load
case is run for each separate force set; combinations of different force sets are usually not run.
This approach is satisfactory when applied to large, hot steam piping systems that have very
few fixed restraints and a high number of low modes of vibration. Extrapolation to other types of
piping systems should be made at the discretion of the piping designer.
CAESAR II does not check the integrity of the piping system due to the local increase in hoop
stress that occurs as the fluid pressure wave passes each pipe cross-section. Slowing the
mechanism that tends to reduce the flow rate can reduce the magnitude of the water hammer
loads. In the case of valve closing, it means slowly closing the valve. In the case of a pump
going off line, it means slowly removing power from the pump. Slowly in each of these instances
can be estimated from:
T = 2L/c
Where:
T = Time of one wave cycle sec.
L = Characteristic length of piping system. This is usually the length between the pump or
valve and the source or sink.
c = Speed of sound in the fluid.
If the pump or valve stops in a time shorter than T, then the water hammer should be analyzed
as shown in this example for instantaneous closure. Calculations for this problem are given
below.
183
Examples
Of primary interest is the largest time segment that must be used to close a valve or bring a
pump flow rate to a halt such that water hammer type pressure pulses are not generated.
Calculations using the lengths of several reflecting systems are made to determine the variation
of the computed Ts. The longest time is for the wave to leave the supply side at node 5 and
move to the tank connection at node 125. This represents a total L of about 270-feet.
T = (2) (270) ft./(4281)ft/sec = 126 milliseconds
The length through which the wave passes that causes the most trouble is the length between
nodes 45 and 75:
T = (2) (90)/(4281) = 42 milliseconds
If the pump or valve can slow down in greater than 126 milliseconds, the tendency for water
hammer in the piping system is usually abated. If the pump or valve can slow down in greater
than 42 milliseconds then the tendency for water hammer in the 45-75 length is abated.
Water hammer excitation initially produces axial acoustic waves in the steel pipe wall that can
induce locally very high, very short duration forces and stresses. These short duration loads are
usually not a design problem in ductile steel piping systems. Where crack propagation in welds
and material due to water hammer loads is a concern, use the following rules:
A very high number of natural frequencies must usually be included in the analysis. Cutoff
frequencies of 300 Hz are not unusual. These are the axial natural modes of the pipe
between the excited elbow-elbow pairs. Higher modes must be computed until the inclusion
of extra modes does not produce an appreciable change in the force/stress response. The
maximum frequency cutoff can be estimated using
184
SQRT (E/)/L
Where:
E = Pipe material modulus of elasticity
p = Pipe material density
L = Length of a single pipe element in the primary run that is to have accurate stresses
computed due to the passing of the water hammer originated acoustic stress wave.
Calculation of the maximum cutoff frequency for the 45-75 elbow-elbow pair for the 20-foot
pipe lengths is given as follows:
fcutoff = SQRT (E/)/L
= SQRT ((30E6)(32.2)(12)/(0.283))/20
= (202388 in./sec) / (20 ft. 12 in/ft)
= (843.3 rad./sec) / (2 p rad./cycles)
= 134.2 Hz
Alternatively, including the Missing Mass Correction approximates the contribution from the
omitted modes.
The length of any element in the primary axial runs should not be greater than about ct/4,
where c equals the speed of sound in the pipe and t equals the duration of the water
hammer load. Calculation of the greatest element length for the 45-75 elbow-elbow pair is
given as follows:
Lmax= ct/4
= (4281) ft/sec (0.021) sec/(4)
= 22.5 ft
To get an accurate estimate of the stresses due to the passing of the stress wave in the
pipe, individual element lengths should be smaller than about 20 feet. Shorter duration loads
require shorter elements to monitor the passing of the stress wave.
Examples
The inclusion of the response due to the higher modes does not affect the displacement
results (only the force and stress results). Displacement results, such as the 6- to 8-inches in
this example, can usually be computed accurately after the inclusion of the low frequency
modes with participation factors greater than about 0.01.
Water Hammer Loading Output

Mass Participation Report
This report illustrates the sensitivity between each of the modes in the piping system and the
water hammer dynamic loading. High modal participation factors indicate that the mode is easily
excited by the applied dynamic forces. If subsequent displacement reports indicate high
dynamic responses, then the modes having high participation must be dampened or eliminated.
After a particular mode is targeted as being a problem, you can view it in table format using the
mode shape report. You can view it graphically using the animated mode shape plots.
185
Examples
Restraint/Force/Stress Reports
If high modes are included, as discussed in Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer Loads (on page
183), then these reports give the maximum values of the forces and stresses in the system due
to gross deformation and the propagation of an acoustic stress wave in the pipe. If the high
modes are not included, then these reports give the maximum values of forces and stresses in
the system due to gross deformation alone.
Displacement Report
This report gives the maximum possible positive or negative displacement that can occur at
some time during the event. Values in this report are always positive.
186
Examples
Combination Cases
The force spectrum approach to the water hammer problem does not include consideration of
the time relationship between modal or directional maximums. Conservative results can be
guaranteed by taking the absolute summation of both the modal and directional response
properties. Running one load case for each main piping run and a final load case, including all of
the individual load cases, can typically provide a good indication for where problems exist.
In this example, the main piping run between nodes 45 and 75 added the major contribution to
the system dynamic responses. The combination load case, which included the 45-75 and
90-110 contributions together, yielded little extra information.
Solution Summary
A guide and axial limit stop at nodes 45 and 105 produces little increase in thermal stresses,
which were low to begin with, and serves to attenuate the large axial displacements in the line
due to the water hammer load. Loads on this support due to the low mode displacements are
seen to be small. Local, very short duration loads may not be so small. The restraint should be
designed with this in mind.
A few simple design rules are usually sufficient:
Flexible is optimal. The restraint should only be stiff enough to sufficiently attenuate the low
frequency gross deformation.
Areas of local discontinuities, such as the weld of the support to the pipe, should have extra
weld or support plate area. Discontinuities at other restraints in a problem area should also
be reinforced to withstand the local passing of the impact stress wave.
187
Examples
Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support

Earthquake Excitation (CRYNOS)
This example explains how to model a cryogenic piping system in accordance with B31.3 using
specific ground, building, and envelope spectra. The two analyses that are run in this example
assume the pipe (structural steel) supports are rigid and include the flexibility of the structural
steel supports by including the steel frames in the analysis. Finally, compare the results from
the two analyses. The design parameters are:
Ambient temperature: 100F
Operating temperature: -59F
Pipe: 8-inches Sch 10S
Insulation: 4-inches 22.3 lb/cu feet
Insulation: 0.232 SG
Columns: W14x82
Beams: W10x12
The isometric of the complete model is shown in the following figure. This drawing shows the
piping, pipe supports, and the structural steel frames
.
The following table lists the excitation spectra to be applied to this model:
Ground Response Spectra
Ground Response
T sec
0.05
188
V in/sec
0.787
Building Response Spectra

Building Response
T sec
0.05
Envelope Response Spectra

Envelope Response
V in/sec
0.787
T sec
0.05
V in/sec
0.787
Examples
Ground Response Spectra
Ground Response
T sec
Building Response Spectra

Building Response
V in/sec
T sec
Envelope Response Spectra

Envelope Response
V in/sec
T sec
V in/sec
0.2
7.874
0.2
1.3
0.2
7.874
0.5
21.653
0.5
3.4
0.5
21.653
39.37
27.3
39.37
18.89
30.4
30.4
3.5
43.7
3.5
21.12
3.5
43.7
11.8
21.3
21.3
10
5.9
10
5.359
10
5.9
189
Examples
The necessity for the various spectra can be best understood by investigating the difference
between independent support excitation and uniform support excitation. These excitation
methods are shown in the following figures.
190
Examples
For the analysis with steel supports, the structural steel must be included as part of the piping
model. Click Environment > Include Structural Input Files. The structural data input is shown
below:
SECID=1, W14 X 82; COLUMN CROSS SECTION
SECID=2, W10 X 12; BEAM CROSS SECTION
MATID=1, YM=29E6 POIS=0.3 G=11E6 DENS=0.283
DEFAULT SECID=1
ANGLE=90
EDIM 1038 1039 DY=15-0; DEFINE ALL COLUMNS
EDIM 1043 1044 DY=15-0
EDIM 1048 1049 DY=15-0
EDIM 1053 1054 DY=15-0
DEFAULT SECID=2
ANGLE=0
EDIM 1039 1040 DZ=-2-0;DEFINE ALL BEAMS
EDIM 1044 1045 DZ=-2-0
EDIM 1054 1055 DZ=-2-0
FIX 1038 ALL
FIX 1043 ALL
FIX 1048 ALL
FIX 1053 ALL_
The dynamics input for this example is summarized in the following figure:
Details of the dynamics input are shown in the next four figures.
191
Examples
192
Examples
Only the results for the uniform support excitation case are shown. Using this load case, the
model with and without structural steel supports is compared. The results from these two models
are shown in the following tables.
193
Examples
With Structure
194
Examples
Without Structure
195
Examples
With Structure
196
Examples
Without Structure
197
Examples
With Structure
198
Examples
Without Structure
199
Examples
Results
These comparison tables illustrate the differences that can exist when the structural steel
models are not included in the analysis. In some cases, the results with the structural steel
included are many times higher than the results computed without the structural steel. The steel
models add flexibility to the piping system. More flexibility means lower natural frequencies and
more modes to be excited by the shock. A comparison of the natural frequencies of the two
models is given as follows:
With Structure
200
Examples
Without Structure
In the previous table, there are only five extra mode shapes for the system.
The restraint moment at node 55 in the Z-direction is much larger without the steel model than it
is with the steel model. Even though the piping is tied to the steel, the steel frame does not
support much moment in the Z-direction. The steel frame bends slightly about the Z-axis, and
the moment is carried through from the pipe. In the piping only model, the rigid anchor at node
55 does not rotate about the Z-axis (or any other axis), and ends up carrying the entire moment
load.
Structural Analysis (FRAME)

The following example uses CAESAR II to analyze the braced frame shown below, subject to
the given uniform load and self weight.
Column section data area = 15 in2 inertias = 250 in.4
Column section data area = 10 in2 inertias = 500 in.4
Brace section data area = 5 in2 inertias = 1 in.4
Material density: 490 pcf
Material density: 200 lb/inches
This example shows how to model a structure using the CAESAR II Structural Preprocessor.
The figure below displays a single-bay, braced space frame. All beam and column lengths are
50-inches. This frame is subject to its own weight load as well as a uniform load of 200 pounds
per inch on all of the top-level beams. You need to determine the displacements, reactions, and
element forces for three load cases: self weight, uniform load, and self weight plus uniform load.
201
Examples
This example illustrates how to use most of the keyword directives in the structural
preprocessor. A standard finite element modeling approach is followed, where the system nodes
are defined first, followed by materials and section properties, elements, and finally the loading.
Process the Input File

1. In CAESAR II, click File > Open and open the structural file Frame.str.
Example files are delivered to the [Product Directory]\Examples folder during

installation.
Select Structural(*.str) in the Files of type list.
2. Click Input > Structural Steel.
202
Examples
The Structural Modeler dialog box displays the frame model.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click Save
on the Structural Modeler toolbar to error check and save the model.
Click Yes in the Save changes to FRAME? message box.
Click OK in the Model Generation Status message box.
Click File > Exit to exit the structural steel input processor.
7. Click Static Analysis
on the CAESAR II toolbar.
203
Examples
CAESAR II reads the binary files created by the structural preprocessor and displays
recommended load cases in the Static Analysis dialog box.
CAESAR II recommends load cases to satisfy piping code compliance and not
necessarily loads that you would want to use for structural analysis.
8. Edit the load cases as shown in the example below.
Load case 2 (L2) consists only of U1, which is designated as an operating case
(OPE). This is a construction case and is segregated here because it may be interesting to
see the loads produced by the Uniform Load.
9. Click Run Analysis
204
to begin processing.
Examples
The software displays the results for the analysis.
205
Examples
206
Examples
207
Examples
Dynamic Analysis (NUREG9)

This example analyzes the piping system shown below, subjected to a series of shock spectra.
The example problem, taken from NUREG/CR -1677, BNL-NUREG-51267, VOL II, August
1985, is one of the NRC benchmark problems run to verify the dynamic capabilities of CAESAR
II. The detailed input is neither shown nor discussed in this example. The required input files are
located in the [Product Directory]\Examples folder.
208
Examples
NRC Example NUREG 9

NRC Example NUREG 9
The example is a three-branch system, composed of 20 pipe elements and 14 support
elements. The support elements are divided into four groups that correspond to four distinct
input excitation spectra sets. This example demonstrates the independent support motion
feature of CAESAR II. In modeling this problem, the 14 support elements are input as restraints
with stiffnesses. All bend elements include a node at the "near" point to ensure mass and
stiffness computations consistent with the NRC example. In addition to the pipe density, there is
a single lumped mass applied at node 18. In this example, the contributions from the
pseudo-static anchor point displacements are not included. The three solutions presented
represent the following:
Envelope spectrum; spatial then modal combinations
ISM (independent support motion); directional, spatial, then modal combinations using
SRSS
ISM directional, spatial, then modal combinations using ABS
NRC Example Problem 2A

NATURAL FREQUENCY REPORT (Hz)
MODE
NRC
CAESAR II
9.360
9.362
12.71
12.708
15.38
15.379
17.80
17.800
21.60
21.606
25.10
25.102
32.03
32.039
209
Examples
MODE
NRC
CAESAR II
38.07
38.075
40.29
40.299
10
48.90
48.905
11
57.51
57.524
12
61.50
61.510
13
62.54
62.550
14
69.35
69.359
15
77.44
77.456
16
78.88
78.893
17
101.7
101.731
18
103.6
103.598
19
108.0
107.983
20
115.1
115.116
21
135.2
135.265
22
155.2
155.244
23
160.6
160.626
24
203.8
203.820
25
209.9
209.957
NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
210
DY
DZ
NODE NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II
.0105
.0105
.0
.0
.0250
.0250
.0431
.0431
.0049
.0049
.0907
.0907
.0475
.0475
.0253
.0252
.0327
.0327
.0280
.0280
.0379
.0379
.0491
.0491
10
.0108
.0107
.0249
.0249
.0631
.0631
12
.0285
.0285
.0186
.0186
.0633
.0633
14
.0849
.0849
.0085
.0085
.0635
.0635
Examples
DX
DY
DZ
16
.0476
.0476
.0001
.0001
.0402
.0401
18
.0286
.0286
.0318
.0318
.0421
.0421
20
.0131
.0131
.0095
.0095
.0001
.0001
Problem 2A NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
ROTATIONS (deg)
RX
RY
RZ
NODE NRC
CAESAR II
NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II
.0457
.0457
.0260
.0260
.0190
.0190
.0515
.0515
.0688
.0688
.0269
.0268
.0389
.0389
.1012
.1012
.0268
.0267
.0309
.0309
.0950
.0949
.0217
.0217
10
.0201
.0201
.0289
.0289
.0203
.0203
12
.0105
.0105
.0328
.0328
.0224
.0224
14
.0102
.0102
.0514
.0511
.0299
.0299
16
.0359
.0359
.0496
.0496
.0476
.0476
18
.0105
.0105
.0343
.0343
.0128
.0127
20
.0215
.0214
.0273
.0273
.0090
.0090
Problem 2A NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL. II 1980.
SUPPORT FORCES (lb)

FX
FY
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II
90
90
65
64
177
177
708
707
446
445
11
206
206
13
164
164
15
188
187
188
187
263
262
17
58
58
198
197
103
103
21
378
377
192
191
245
245
Problem 2A NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL. II 1980.
211
Examples
NRC Example Problem 2B

TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
DY
DZ
NODE NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
.0064
.0064
.0002
.0
0158
0158
.0267
.0267
.0031
.0031
.0574
.0574
.0295
.0295
.0162
.0162
.0207
.0207
.0170
.0170
.0242
.0242
.0311
.0311
10
.0029
.0029
.0152
.0152
.0399
.0399
12
.0103
.0103
.0110
.0110
.0400
.0400
14
.0530
.0530
.0053
.0053
.0401
.0401
16
.0301
.0301
.0001
.0001
.0255
.0255
18
.0103
.0103
.0187
.0187
.0267
.0267
20
.0033
.0033
.0057
.0057
.0
.0
Problem 2B NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL. II 1980.
ROTATIONS (deg)
RX
RY
RZ
NODE NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR II
.0289
.0289
.0165
.0165
.0116
.0116
.0326
.0326
.0435
.0435
.0172
.0171
.0247
.0247
.0641
.0640
.0171
.0171
.0199
.0199
.0599
.0598
.0132
.0132
10
.0134
.0134
.0075
.0075
.0120
.0120
12
.0071
.0071
.0204
.0204
.0134
.0134
14
.0062
.0062
.0307
.0307
.0184
.0184
16
.0228
.0228
.0276
.0276
.0301
.0301
18
.0070
.0070
.0208
.0208
.0079
.0079
20
.0128
.0128
.0074
.0074
.0053
.0053
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Examples
SUPPORT FORCES (lb)
FX
FY
FZ
NODE NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR II
53
53
46
46
113
112
441
440
257
256
11
123
123
13
98
98
15
111
111
111
111
156
155
17
32
32
124
123
66
66
21
103
103
114
113
116
115
NRC Example Problem 2C

NRC BENCHMARK SERIES
NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL.II 1980.
NRC PROBLEM 2C CAESAR II JOB NUREG9
TRANSLATIONS (in)
DX
DY
DZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR II NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
.0090
.0090
.0
.0
.0220
.0220
.0373
.0372
.0044
.0044
.0800
.0800
.0411
.0411
.0235
.0235
.0289
.0288
.0237
.0237
.0355
.0355
.0434
.0434
10
.0043
.0043
.0227
.0227
.0556
.0556
12
.0148
.0148
.0164
.0164
.0558
.0558
14
.0741
.0740
.0074
.0074
.0560
.0560
16
.0420
.0420
.0001
.0001
.0355
.0355
18
.0148
.0148
.0281
.0372
.0372
.0372
20
.0049
.0049
.0085
.0085
.0001
.0001
Problem 2C NRC BULLETIN NUREG-51267 VOL. II 1980.
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Examples
ROTATIONS (deg)
RX
RY
RZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
.0402
.0402
.0229
.0229
.0163
.0163
.0456
.0455
.0606
.0605
.0244
.0244
.0347
.0346
.0894
.0893
.0252
.0252
.0282
.0282
.0835
.0835
.0196
.0196
10
.0197
.0197
.0112
.0112
.0179
.0179
12
.0104
.0104
.0285
.0285
.0199
.0199
14
.0092
.0092
.0429
.0429
.0260
.0260
16
.0318
.0317
.0387
.0387
.0421
.0420
18
.0104
.0104
.0291
.0291
.0116
.0116
20
.0191
.0191
.0110
.0110
.0079
.0079
SUPPORT FORCES (lb)

FX
FY
FZ
NODE
NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
NRC
CAESAR
II
76
76
70
69
156
155
607
607
350
350
11
184
184
13
146
146
15
151
151
151
151
212
211
17
45
45
169
168
91
90
21
152
151
170
169
158
157
Omega Loop Modelling (OMEGA)

The Omega expansion loop consists of a series of back to back 135 degree bends. This
example illustrates how to generate a piping model of an Omega loop according to the following
sketches.
Pipe: 3-inches, standard wall
Bend radius: 24-inches
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Examples
Material: Low carbon steel
Temperature: 200F, 300F, 400F
The example uses an Omega loop as shown below. The given dimensions are the 6-ft 10-in.
height, the 2-ft bend radius, and the bend angles of 135 and 270. Using this information, you
can derive the other dimensions shown in the following figure.
Equation 1: Figure 1
When coding a series of back-to-back bends, it is important to remember that the delta
dimensions should be measured from the tangent intersection point (TIP) to the tangent
intersection point.
For more information about the proper coding of bends, see Bends (on page 11).
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Examples
Figure 2 shows the node points, which are coded on the Classic Piping Input dialog box to
model the Omega loop. The model is anchored at nodes 1 and 35. The first bend (lower left
bend) spans between nodes 5 and 10. The TIP 10 is to the far right of the bend. For analysis
and output, the actual location of node 10 is at the far weld line, as shown in Figure 3.
The second bend (upper left bend) spans between nodes 10 and 15. Because you can code TIP
to TIP, the delta coordinates entered in the Classic Piping Input dialog box are the X and Y
distances between nodes 10 and 15 (Figure 2). The actual location of node 15 is at the far weld
line, shown on Figure 3. Node 15 is the TIP for this bend and lies to the left of the pipe.
The third bend (upper right bend) spans between nodes 15 and 20, where node 20 is the TIP. In
coding from TIP to TIP, only a delta x is required. Figure 3 shows the actual location of node 20
on the pipe.
The fourth and final bend (lower right bend) spans between nodes 20 and 25. In this case, a
delta X and a delta Y are required. The actual location of node 25 is shown on Figure 3. The
element from 25 to 30 is a straight element necessary to finish off the bend.
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Examples
A bend in CAESAR II requires an element beyond the far weld line to determine its
orientation.
Below is an input listing for the model. The delta dimensions shown were obtained from Figure
1. Three additional, equally-spaced points are located on each bend.
This example requires a change in the CAESAR II Configuration Editor to allow the error
checker to accept large angle (> 95) bends. \
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Examples
Click Tools > Configure / Setup to open the CAESAR II Configuration Editor. In the
Categories pane, click Geometry Directives and set Maximum Allowable Bend Angle to
135.
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Examples
Jacketed Piping (JACKET)

This example guides you through the modeling techniques used in the analysis of jacketed
piping systems. Where applicable, various alternatives are discussed that can benefit specific
systems or problems.
The piping system to be analyzed is shown in the following figure. It consists of an 8-inch,
schedule-40 crude oil line and a 12-inch, schedule-40 steam jacket. The section of piping from
the pump to the valve is completely jacketed, while the section from the valve to the vessel has
only the straight sections jacketed. This variation in the jacket is used to illustrate the two
common types of jacketed systems. The core pipe is supported in the jacket using spiders.
These spiders provide translational restraints in two directions, normal to the axis of the pipe.
For this system, the spiders are located at each elbow weld line and in the straight runs such
that the spider spacing does not exceed six feet. For this system, both the jacket and the core
are low carbon steel.
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Examples
In some systems, the jacket and the core consist of different materials. This condition
must be modeled very carefully because the thermal growth in the core is different from the
thermal growth of the jacket. Improper axial restraints in such a system can cause extremely
large loads in the pipe.
Modeling Plan
The first step in modeling any system is to consider the most efficient way to create the input
and, more importantly, how to best review the results. After you determine how to best review
the results, you can define the input node numbering scheme. Based on the node numbering
scheme, you can then decide how to generate the model to take advantage of the various
rotate, duplicate, and include options.
For this example system, the core piping is modeled using node numbers from 1000 to 1999,
and the jacket is modeled using node numbers starting at 2000. Additionally, similar locations on
the two systems will have the same base node number, that is, nodes 1110 and 2110 describe
the same point on both the core and the jacket. Setting up the node numbers in this manner
enables one of the systems to be generated from the other, using either the duplicate or the
include options of the input preprocessor. You can also view the system individually in the plot
by the Range command and breaking the model at node 1999. The other advantage to this
numbering scheme is that when reviewing the output, you can immediately tell from the node
number whether the point in question belongs to the core or the jacket.
Although not necessary for a small system such as this, additional node number ranges can be
defined to differentiate parts of the model. To illustrate, the following additional constraints can
be placed on the node numbers. The ground level piping will have nodes in the 100-400 series,
while the second level piping will have nodes in the 500-900 series. For example, node 1110 will
be a core node at ground level and node 2550 will be a jacket node on the second level. To
indicate locations where external supports are applied to the system, node numbers will end in
5; all other points will be multiples of 10. Similar node numbering schemes can be used to
differentiate branches from headers, pipe from structural steel, and various line sizes. Starting
the modeling process with a clearly defined plan can ease both input verification and output
review. For example, consider reviewing the input for this system and finding a spring hanger at
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Examples
node 1530. You can quickly recognize this as an error because the 1000 series nodes make up
the core piping and cannot use spring hangers. Additionally, support node numbering should
end with a 5.
Node Layout
The system as defined in the preceding figure consists of nine segments of piping. Each
segment is shown in the following figure with the node numbers assigned to the various points
for the core piping. Each segment is discussed individually.
The term segment is used solely to assist in discussing this example.

CAESAR II does not require the segregation of a piping system into segments. There are no
such input requirements or restrictions in CAESAR II.
Segment A - This segment runs from the pump to the first elbow. Because this section is at
ground level, the 100 series nodes are used. Because the pump acts as an anchor, the start
node of this segment ends in 5, so the pump is assigned node 1105. The length of the
segment requires an intermediate node point for a spider, so node 1110 is assigned 5-feet
from the pump. Nodes 1120 and 1115 are assigned to the elbow. The positive Y support is
not at node 1115 because 1115 is part of the core piping. The positive Y is applied at node
2115 (the jacket), so we assign the 5 to this node point.
Segment B - This segment is the six-foot vertical section, beginning with the elbow at node
1120. This section can be modeled by coding to the top elbow and assigning nodes 1500
and 1510. The 500 series nodes are used here because the 2nd level piping is now being
modeled.
Segment C - The first horizontal run in the 2nd level requires a node at mid-span to
accommodate a spring hanger (on the jacket). This mid-span node divides the segment into
two 9-foot lengths, which exceed the maximum spider spacing of 6-feet. Therefore, the
eighteen-foot span is divided into four elements, each one 4-feet, 6-inches. The nodes
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Examples
assigned are 1520, 1525 (for the hanger location), and 1530. The segment is finished off
with the elbow modeled by nodes 1540 and 1550.
Segment D - This horizontal segment in the 2nd level is modeled using nodes 1560, 1570,
and nodes 1575 and 1580 at the elbow. The nodes 1560 and 1570 are for spiders, while
1575 is a hanger location
Segment E - This horizontal segment contains the valve. Nodes for this segment are 1590,
1600, 1610, and 1615. Node 1615 terminates the elbow and is also a hanger location. The
element from 1590 to 1600 should be declared rigid with a weight of 452 pounds. Starting
with the elbow at nodes 1610 through 1615, all of the elbows are modeled as individual
elements. This eases the subsequent coding of the jacket. The elbows in this part of the
model consist of two straight pieces of pipe, equal in length to the radius of the elbow.
Segment F -The third horizontal leg of the expansion loop is modeled using nodes 1620,
1630, 1640, and 1650.
Segment G -The last horizontal run of the 2nd level is modeled using nodes 1655, 1660,
and 1670. Node 1655 is a hanger location.
Segment H - The second vertical section of piping returns the system to ground level. The
only additional nodes required for this section are for the elbow at nodes 1130 and 1135.
Node 1135 is a positive Y location on the jacket.
Segment I - This is the last segment that terminates at the vessel nozzle. The nodes used
to model this segment are 1140, 1150, and 1155.
Core Piping Input

During the input of the above data, make frequent use of the CAESAR II plot facility. Doing so
ensures that the system is being modeled correctly and that any input errors are detected as
soon as possible. The following figure shows a volume plot of the completed core piping, with
node numbers and anchors.
Figure 21: Completed Core Piping
At this phase of the input, save the input file if you have not already done so. We also
recommend running the error checker at this time because the core piping model serves as the
basis for generating the jacket piping model. If any errors exist in the core, they are duplicated in
the jacket, thus doubling your correction efforts.
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Examples
The additional data required to finish the model, such as allowable stresses, temperatures,
pressures, and so forth, are contained in the CAESAR II input file, which is delivered with the
software. This data is found in the [Installation Driver]\ProgramData\Intergraph Cas\CAESAR
II\5.30\Examples Jacket._a file.
Jacket Input (1st Half)

There are several ways to obtain the jacket model. The most obvious method is to continue
using the Classic Piping Input dialog box to build the jacket. A second method is to duplicate
the core pipe input file, and then use the CAESAR II include feature to combine the two models.
Another method is to use the List processor and duplicate the necessary elements from within
the preprocessor. The latter method is the one used for this example.
To begin modeling the jacket, click Edit > List. The software opens the List Option dialog box,
which displays all of the applicable input data. Click the Elements tab to view a list of elements
and their associated delta coordinates as shown below:
For the first half of the jacket, the core piping is duplicated using the steps below. The duplicated
region starts at the pump and ends at the valve.
1. Click in the row for the element from 1105 to 1110.
2. Press Shift and click the row for the element from 1580 to 1590. This is the element just
before the valve.
The software highlights all rows between the two selections.
3. Right-click the highlighted list and select Duplicate.
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Examples
4. In the Block Duplicate dialog box, click Identical.
5. Click At End of Input to place the duplicate block.
6. Specify 1000 for the node increment, and then click OK.
CAESAR II duplicates the block and increments all of the node numbers by 1000. This
results in a section of pipe identical to the pipe from 1105 to 1590 with node numbers from
2105 to 2590.
Three changes must be made to the new section of pipe to obtain the jacket piping. First, the
diameter and wall thickness must be changed to 12-inches, schedule 40. You can use the List
Editor to find the element from 2105 to 2110, and then type new values. Next, you must also
specify the following values: jacket temperature, jacket pressure, jacket insulation, and jacket
fluid weight. Finally, you must change all the jacket bend radii from long to short. The most
straightforward way to do this is to click the Bends tab on the List Options dialog box to open
the Bends list. Then, starting with the bend at node 2120, change the radius from Long to
12.0-inches. You must make this change to all of the remaining bends.
After the above changes have been made, the first half of the jacket is finished. A volume plot of
the system now shows the core piping overlaid by the jacket piping.
Although the two models are correctly positioned with respect to one another, they are
not connected. All you have done so far is duplicate several pipes. From the standpoint of
CAESAR II, there are simply two discontinuous systems in the same input file. The graphics
module plots discontinuous systems such that they all start from the same point, which is why
the jacket and core line up properly in this case.
The next step is to correctly connect the jacket to the core and apply any external restraints. The
connection between the jacket and the core piping must model the spiders that align the two in
the real system. These connections can be modeled in CAESAR II using restraints with
connecting nodes (CNodes).
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Examples
A CNode associates degrees-of-freedom. If a CNode connects two nodes in the
Y-direction, they experience identical displacements in the Y-direction. Use CNodes to restrain
two nodes to each other without restraining them to the "outside world."
The modeling of the connection between the jacket and the core begins at the pump. In the
Classic Piping Input dialog box, enter the restraint field. Then add a restraint at node 1105 with
a CNode at 2105 of type anchor. This associates all six degrees-of-freedom between nodes
1105 and 2105.
Next, add two restraints at node 1110. Both of these restraints have a CNode at 2110, one in
the Y-direction and one in the Z-direction. These two restraints model the spider between the
core and the jacket.
The spider was not modeled using gaps. The actual clearance between the spider and
the pipes is very small, and attempting to numerically model this clearance using restraints with
gaps causes the job to be highly non-linear. Models with gaps at each spider have convergence
problems and are unlikely to reach a solution.
Nodes 1110 to 1120 define the first elbow. Add four restraints to this spreadsheet as follows:
At node 1115, put a CNode of 2115 with Y- and Z-direction restraints
At node 1120, put a CNode of 2120 with X- and Z-direction restraints. These restraints are
perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. Also, at node 2115 there is a positive Y external restraint.
Add this support to the system on the spreadsheet containing node 2115.
Similarly, add the remaining spiders to the model.
An example of the completed input file, JACKET._A, is delivered to the [CAESAR II
Directory]\Examples folder.
When node 1590 is reached, the CNode at 2590 is connected with an anchor. Also add the
spring hangers at nodes 2525 and 2575.
Aside from the two anchors at the pump and the valve, all of the spider connections between the
jacket and the core are modeled using two perpendicular restraints with connecting nodes. How
are the other four degrees-of-freedom restrained? What keeps this model from undergoing rigid
body motion? These questions can be resolved by considering two points. First, the jacket is
continuous over the core from the pump to the valve. At both of these points, you have
connected all six degrees-of-freedom. Second, the translational restraints prevent motion in the
three translational directions. Additionally, these restraints also prevent rotation because the
jacket is continuous.
Whenever a model is constructed, you must insure that the model, or parts of the model,
cannot undergo rigid body motion. Such a model produces a singular stiffness matrix, and the
solution cannot be attained. An example of such a poor model is a cantilever beam with a hinge
at mid span.
At this point in the data input process, we recommend that you click Error Check
to run the model through interactive error checking. CAESAR II saves the input and reports
the results in the Error and Warnings dialog box. All reported errors should be corrected before
modeling the second half of the piping jacket.
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Examples
Jacket Input (2nd Half)

Modeling the second half of the jacket is more complex than the first half because the jacket
only covers the straight runs of piping. For this reason, the jacket elements are coded manually,
as opposed to any form of duplication. Although duplicating portions of the model is feasible, the
time required to delete the jacket from the elbows is greater than the time required to input only
the straight sections. By modeling the jacket directly, the restraints for the spiders can be input
as you encounter them.
To start entering the necessary data in the Classic Piping Input dialog box, press Ctrl + End to
go to the last spreadsheet in the model. At this point, click Continue
and change the node
numbers to 2600 and 2610, with a DX of 5 ft. Where is the element from 2600 to 2610? Return
to the spreadsheet and temporarily change the diameter of nodes 2600 to 2610 to 24-inches
and try the volume plot. The element 2600-2610 has been positioned at the plot origin because,
at this time, it is not connected to anything. Return to the dialog box and correct the diameter by
changing it back to 12-inches.
To properly connect the jacket to the core, you must add restraints at nodes 2600 and at 2610.
At node 2610, add a CNode of 1610 with restraints in the Y- and Z-directions. At node 2600, add
a CNode of 1600. Do not associate nodes 2600 and 1600 in the Y- and Z-directions. Associating
the nodes in such a way allows the jacket to move freely in the X-direction and to spin about the
X-axis, producing an unstable model. This problem did not exist in the first half of the model
because the jacket was continuous over the elbows and the model was three-dimensional in
nature. In the second half of the model, you must ensure that the appropriate axial and torsional
restraints are applied to the jacket. At node 2600, model an anchor to 1600. This is simpler than
modeling separate X, Y, Z, and RX restraints. This causes the 8-inch line to be physically
connected to the 12-inch line in all six degrees-of-freedom.
The next jacket element covers the core from node 1616 (the end of the elbow) to node 1640.
Node 2615 is anchored to node 1616 with a CNode.
The next two elements, 2620-2630 and 2630-2640, are standard pipe elements with a DZ of
-4.333 ft. Each To node is connected to the corresponding core node with a CNode associating
the X- and Y-directions.
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Examples
The remaining three sections of jacket are modeled in exactly the same manner. The final step
in the modeling is to add the spring hangers at nodes 2615 and 2655 and the positive Y-restraint
at 2135. The completed model is shown in the following figure.
Completed Jacketed Piping System

An example of the completed input file, JACKET._A, is delivered to the [CAESAR II
Directory]\Examples folder.
After the input task has been completed, you must error check the job and analyze it for the
specified loading conditions. Check the results to ensure that the system is modeled correctly.
These checks should include the following:
Verify the weight of the core system, the jacket system, and the combined system. You can
use the Sustained Restraint report for this check. Be sure that the jacket pipe fluid density
accounts for the volume lost due to the core. Because CAESAR II does not do this
automatically; you must reduce the density of the jacket fluid accordingly.
Verify that the piping system does not develop large axial loads in the core, the jacket, or the
equipment anchors. This can be caused by improperly over restraining the pipe in the axial
direction or by the effects of thermal growth on dissimilar metals.
Check the displacements at the elbows in the operating case and verify that the core pipe
does not have a tendency to move through the jacket. CAESAR II does not perform
interference checking.
Check the displacements at the spiders where the jacket and the core are connected. In the
direction of the spiders, the displacements should be the same for both the jacket and the
core.
Verify that wind and wave loads, if any are specified, are disabled on the core piping.
Ensure that the insulation thickness of the core pipe is set to zero.
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Examples
WRC 107
The following example illustrates a comprehensive local stress analysis of a vessel/nozzle using
WRC 107 and ASME Section VIII, Division 2 criteria.
To determine whether the WRC 107 Bulletin is appropriate for the computation of the local
stress state in the vessel due to external loading, review the geometry guidelines:
D = 120.0 in., T = 0.625 in., d = 12.75 in., t = 0.375 in.
d / D = 0.10625 < 0.33
Dm/ T = (D-T) /T = 191 > 50
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Examples
In the example, both conditions are satisfied. The actual preparation of the WRC 107 calculation
input can now begin. One of the most important steps in the WRC 107 procedure is to identify
the correlation between the CAESAR II global coordinates and the WRC 107 local axes.
CAESAR II performs this conversion automatically. You must, however, identify the vectors
defining the vessel as well as the nozzle centerline. The following figure illustrates the definition
of the direction vectors of the vessel and the nozzle.
Convert Forces/Moments from CAESAR II Global

Coordinates to WRC 107 Local Axes
In order to define a vessel direction vector, you first need to designate the output data points
(A-D), as defined by the WRC 107 Bulletin. The line between data points B and A defines the
vessel centerline (except for nozzles on heads, where the vessel centerline has to be defined
along a direction that is perpendicular to that of the nozzle). Because, in the vessel/nozzle
configuration shown, point A is assigned to the bottom of the nozzle, the vessel direction vector
can be written as (0.0, -1.0, 0.0), while the nozzle direction vector is (1.0, 0.0, 0.0).
The nozzle direction vector is always defined as the vector pointing from the vessel
nozzle connection to the centerline of the vessel.
In the previous figure, there are two nodes occupying the same space at the nozzle/vessel
surface junction: nodes 55 and 56. You can use an anchor at node 55 with a connecting node at
56 to model the local vessel flexibility as rigid.
If you are not familiar with this modeling approach, see "Piping Input" in the CAESAR II
User's Guide for more details.
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Examples
You can then replace the anchor with a WRC 297 local vessel flexibility model, and re-run the
job to see the range of loads and displacements that exist in the system around the vessel
nozzle. In either case, the restraint loads forces and moments can be obtained from the
CAESAR II Restraint report. These loads reflect the action of the piping on the vessel. The
following figure displays the restraint report of the rigid anchor model.
Figure 22: CAESAR II RESTRAINT REPORT: EX107 WRC 107 EXAMPLE PROBLEM
The total sustained axial load on the nozzle may not be reflected in the restraint report. A
pressure thrust load contributes an additional axial load to the nozzle. The pressure thrust force
always tends to push the nozzle away from the vessel. For example, with a pressure of 275 psi
over the inside area of the 12-inch pipe, the total P load becomes:
P = -26 - P(A)
= -26 - 275p (122)/4
= -31,128
If needed, the P load can be adjusted automatically for the input using the WRC 107/297
analysis module. To begin the analysis, click Analysis > WRC 107/297 on the CAESAR II main
menu. The software first prompts you to create a new WRC job and then prompts you to enter
230
Examples
geometric data that describes the nozzle (Nozzle Data tab) and the vessel (Vessel Data tab),
followed by loadings data (Loads Data tab).
To do a WRC 297 calculation, click
dialog box.
, and a new tab appears on the left side of the
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Examples
You can enter up to three sets of loadings representing Sustained (SUS), Expansion (EXP), and
Occasional (OCC) load cases. CAESAR II automatically performs the stress calculation of each
of the load cases consecutively and then performs the WRC 107 stress summation routine to
compare the computed stress intensities against the stress allowables as required in Appendix 4
of ASME Section VIII, Division 2.
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Examples
The focus in the current example is only on the sustained and thermal expansion cases. The
loads are shown in the figure below. You can elect to leave any boxes blank if they are not
applicable. If a static analysis has been performed on the system you are analyzing with
WRC-107, CAESAR II can import the loads directly from the output file. To do this, click Import
Loads from Job for each load case. CAESAR II reads in the loads for the nozzle node number
that was specified on the Nozzle Data tab.
To run the analysis, click Local Stress Analysis

on the WRC 107/297 toolbar. The
software opens an output dialog box and displays the processing results.
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Examples
You can also click View Report Using Microsoft Word
on the WRC 107/297 toolbar
to perform the initial WRC 107 calculation and summation and send the results directly to
Microsoft Word .
After the input echo, the parameters extracted from the WRC 107 figures are printed to this
report. This step is similar to collecting the data by hand. These non-dimensional values are
combined with the nozzle loads to calculate the two normal and one shear stress. The stresses
are reported on the outer and inner vessel surfaces of the four points A, B, C and D located
around the nozzle. CAESAR II provides the normal and shear stresses and translates them into
stress intensities, which can be used for comparisons against material allowables. The outputs
of the stress computations are shown in the following examples. As the output shows, the
largest expansion stress intensity (117485 psi) occurs at the outer surface of point B (Bu).
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Examples
WRC 107 Stress Calculation for SUStained Loads
235
Examples
WRC 107 Stress Calculation for EXPansions Loads
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Examples
WRC 107 Stress Summations: Vessel Stress Summation at Nozzle Junction
Failed items display in red.

Because the present nozzle loading causes stress intensities that are not acceptable to the
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 criteria, the nozzle loading must be corrected. One option is to
adjust the nozzle loading from its source; another option is to reinforce the nozzle connection on
the vessel side either by increasing the vessel thickness or by adding a reinforcing pad. You can
repeat the same analysis procedure until the final results are acceptable.
After a reinforcing pad is selected, the CAESAR II automatically computes the stress at
the edge of the pad as well.
NEMA SM23
This example illustrates the use of the NEMA SM-23 computations of the CAESAR II Equipment
module. Two examples are given. The first example can be found in the NEMA SM-23
Standard, 7th edition Example 8A, beginning on page 47. The second example illustrates the
use of metric units and the correct implementation of paragraph 8.4.6.2.
Click Analysis > NEMA SM23 on the CAESAR II main menu to enter a NEMA SM23 problem.
The software displays the NEMA SM23 dialog box.
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Examples
NEMA Example PT69M
The input data is shown in the following figures and illustrates the computations for Dc and De,
the use of metric units, and the correct computation of the total moment loads resolved about
the discharge nozzle.
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The output from this analysis is shown below:
Nozzle Results for PT69M

The first item of interest in this output report is the variation in the units systems used. The input
values are reflected in the user-defined set of units, which in this example is millimeters,
newtons, and newton-meters. The computed values are reported in inches, pounds, and
foot-pounds. This is necessary because of the equations used to determine code compliance.
These equations combine forces and moments and then compare the sum to a dimension. In
essence, pounds plus foot-pounds must be less than inches. The results can be interpreted
correctly only if presented in English units.
For the exhaust nozzle, the input value of 254 millimeters converts to a 10-inch nominal pipe.
Because this is larger than 8 inches, De is equal to (16 + 10) divided by 3, or 8.667 inches. This
yields an allowable of 500 x 8.667, or 4333.
The square root of the sum of the squares of the forces acting on the exhaust nozzle yields
7922 newtons, which converts to 1781 pounds. Similarly, the square root of the sum of the
squares of the moments acting on the exhaust nozzle yields 3000 newton-meters, which
converts to 2213 foot-pounds. Applying the 3F + M equation yields 7556. Because 7566 is larger
than 4333, this nozzle fails the requirements of the SM-23 Standard.
The same computations must also be performed on the inlet nozzle. The output displayed above
shows that this nozzle also fails the SM-23 Standard requirements. Also shown for the inlet
nozzle are the moments about the discharge nozzle caused by the inlet nozzle forces. Applying
the standard right-hand rule sign convention, a positive Y-force offset a positive Z-distance
causes a negative X moment. Similarly, a positive Z-force offset a positive Y-distance causes a
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positive X moment. Therefore, the inlet nozzle forces cause an MX-moment about the exhaust
nozzle of -(3296*.6) + (3999*0), which yields -1978 newton-meters. The MY- and MZ-moments
caused by the suction nozzle forces about the exhaust nozzle can be computed in a similar
fashion. These moments are needed to correctly comply with Section 8.4.6.2.
The previous report is repeated for each extraction nozzle specified. This particular example
does not contain extraction nozzles, so these reports are not produced. Following the individual
nozzle reports is the summation of forces and moments about the exhaust nozzle. This report is
shown in the following figure:
Nozzle Load Summation Report

This report shows the force summations in the three global directions as well as the resultant
force, computed by the SRSS method discussed in Nozzle Results for PT69M (on page 240).
These forces are shown in the user-defined set of units on the left side of the report, followed by
the forces in pounds. The next column shows the allowable for each force, as a function of Dc,
which is defined above.
Following the force summation is the moment summation. This summary reports the total
moment about the three global directions and the resultant moment, computed by the SRSS
method. The total moment is the sum of the individual moments plus the contribution from the
forces multiplied by their distances from the discharge nozzle. Consider, for example, the MX
moment of 721 newton-meters. This value is obtained using the following calculation:
1200 + 1499 + -1978
The final line of this report combines the resultant force and resultant moment and compares the
result to its allowable.
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242
SECTION 9
Tutorial B
This section continues the tutorial by guiding you through equipment checks and the redesign of
the system analyzed previously.
In This Section
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads ............................................... 243
Creating Accurate Models ............................................................. 254
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at the End of Error Checking . 257
Checking Nozzle Loads ................................................................. 263
System Redesign ........................................................................... 265
Conclusion ..................................................................................... 275
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads

Collecting pump and load information is the first step in reviewing the pump loads. API 610 (10th
Edition) examines pump loads at two levels:
Individual nozzle loads
Combined nozzle loads on the pump housing
The suction and discharge nozzles have a set of allowable load limits based on nozzle
orientation and nozzle size. Both the individual X, Y, and Z components and the resultant forces
and moments are checked. Additionally, to assure maintenance of proper pump/motor
alignment, all loads on the pump are resolved about a base point and compared to their
allowable values.
The CAESAR II API 610 processor requires the suction and discharge size, position, and
orientation and the loads on these nozzles. The processor provides the load limits. For this
evaluation only, the discharge nozzle loads have been calculated. Therefore, only the discharge
nozzle is checked and neither the suction limits nor the resolution to the base point are
evaluated.
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Even though all the loads are not known, the entire description of the pump is collected for the
API 610 processor in CAESAR II. The dimensioned isometric shown in the next figure defines
the orientation of this pump with its end suction nozzle and top discharge nozzle. Both nozzles
are dimensioned back to the base point which is the intersection of the shaft axis and the
support line for the pump. This pumps drive shaft is along the X-axis.
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The discharge nozzle loads are found in the static analysis output from Tutorial A. Because the
discharge nozzle served as a boundary condition for this analysis, the nozzle loads are
conveniently listed in the restraint reports. These forces and moments on the restraint at node 5
are the piping loads acting on the discharge nozzle. No sign change is required. The operating
loads and installation loads must both fall below the defined limits. Examination of the restraint
summary for the operating and sustained (installed) cases reveals that the operating loads are
the controlling case. The terminal output showing these numbers is found in the following figure.
The operating case loads are used for the discharge nozzle analysis.
1. Before starting Tutorial B, create a new folder called Tutorial B.

2. Open the Tutorial A file and save it in the Tutorial B folder.
3. Rename the file to Tutorial B.
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads

1. Select Analysis-API 610 in the CAESAR II main menu to enter the API 610 processor.
The software displays the Open dialog box.
2. Type in Tutorpump, and then click Open.
3. Click Yes to create the new file named Tutorpump.
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The API 610 dialog box displays.
4. Type in the Equipment Description related to the analysis as shown in the example figure
above.
5. Click the Input Data tab, and enter the information as described below. Arbitrary node
numbers are assigned for the pump base point and for the pump suction nozzle (1 & 105
respectively).
6. Use the data shown in the following figure to add the remaining values. It is best to enter as
much data as is currently available so that when the remaining (suction) data is determined,
recollection of data is minimal.
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The factors for the Table 4 load multipliers are left blank. CAESAR II uses the default values
established in API 610. If the pump manufacturer defines pump load limits that are different
from those defined in API 650, enter the modified limit here (This value must be between 1.0
and 2.0).
7. Define the pump shaft centerline direction, the nozzle types, node numbers, and nominal
diameters on the Input Data tab.
8. Click the Suction Nozzle tab, and enter the distance from the base point to the suction
nozzle (not from the nozzle to the base point) and the nozzle loads.
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Because the nozzle loads are unknown at this time, no forces and moments are
entered.
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The next figure shows the Discharge Nozzle tab with the Nozzle location from the center of
the pump. The nozzle location is taken from the piping isometric described at the beginning
of the chapter. The Nozzle locations are in global coordinates.
9. Click Select Loads Job and Load Case.
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10. Navigate to and choose the name of the output file that contains the restraint loads for this
pump. In this case, select TUTOR-B.C2 from the list, and then click Open.
The next dialog box allows you to choose the appropriate load case for inclusion in the
API-610 analysis.
11. Select the operating case, and click OK.
The loads from the restraint report at node 5 are read automatically. This is the end of the
input for the API Standard 610 pump load evaluation.
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Tutorial B
12. Click Analyze
to perform the API-610 equipment check.
You can select Analyze from the menu or from the EQP toolbar.
The results are available on the Equipment Report tab.
With no suction nozzle data entered, the suction nozzle cannot be evaluated. This report has
some value in that the individual load component limits for the suction nozzle are listed. The
discharge nozzle report is complete in its comparison of the operating loads on the nozzle and
the defined limits. If the nozzle load components are less than the Table 4 limits, no additional
checks must be made. If the nozzle load components are greater than the Table 4 values but
less than two times the Table 4 values, the pump may still pass if other checks are within their
allowable values.
The CAESAR II report first compares these loads to the Table 4 limits. If the ratios in the report
(see the following figure) are all less than 1.0, the pump is adequate. If all the ratios are less
than 2.0, the pump must pass additional checks.
Two times the Table 4 limits were not used in this analysis because the loading on the
suction side of the pump is unknown.
The moments about the X-, Y-, and Z-axes are greater than the API 610 standards and
additional checks are not valid. The moment about the X-axis is 10,174 ft-lbf and the
(conditional) limit is 2600 ft-lbf. The moment about the Y-axis is 5905 ft-lbf and the limit is 1300
ft-lbf. The discharge nozzle loads must be reduced.
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The pump loading shown below is in the pump local coordinate system.
If the analysis was using two times the Table 4 values, the checks shown in the next part of the
report would be used to qualify the pump loads. Here, the resultant of the applied nozzle forces
and moments on each nozzle are compared to their related Table 4 limits (Condition F.1.2.2).
Both the suction and discharge loads are also resolved to the pump base point and again
compared with a Table 4 limit (Condition F.1.2.3). For this analysis, these data have no
significance as the components of the discharge loads are greater than the Table 4 values.
After the output has been reviewed, you can review the reports again or send the report to a file
or to the system printer (File > Print). For this tutorial, the limits on the discharge nozzle are
noted for quick checks on future redesign analysis. After this piping system is redesigned so that
the discharge nozzle is not overloaded, the existing data in the equipment file TUTOR can be
updated for the final pump verification report.
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Tutorial B
Creating Accurate Models

The operating moments (X, Y, and Z) on the pump nozzle are too large. The system appears to
be modeled correctly, so it must be modified to reduce these loads. You first need to determine
the causes of these large loads to make the most effective change to the system. Return to the
static output for the operating load case. There are two major clues as to the cause of these
excessive loads:
1. Compare the operating loads on the pump to the installed loads on the pump. If they are
vastly different, the thermal effects are the cause of the overload. If they are similar, the
sustained effects cause the high loads. In this case, only the operating loads are high.
Therefore, this system has a thermal expansion problem. For a given amount of thermal
growth, the thermal forces and moments are reduced by adding flexibility to the system. F =
KX, so for a given X the thermal growth between the end points F or M can be reduced by
reducing K. If the system was overloading the pump due to sustained effects, the system
pressure or deadweight is causing the problem. Systems with pressure problems usually
include untied expansion joints. Deadweight problems can be traced back to improper
system support. Typically, this is either spring pre-loads or support locations.
2. Go back to the displaced shapes plot of the operating load case to examine the source of
the high moments. Most engineers and analysts find it easier to understand system
response to loads in terms of system displacements rather than internal forces and
moments. The displacement plot is useful in identifying which runs of pipe are generating
the thermal strain and which runs of pipe are turning that thermal strain into the large forces
and moments on the pump.
The next figure makes it clear that the large moment about the Z-axis at the pump is caused by
the thermal growth of B working against the stiffness of legs A and C. The large moment about
the X-axis is due to the thermal growth of A working against the stiffness of legs B and C. The
thermal growth of the vessel connection may also contribute to these high loads.
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How can these excessive loads be reduced? How can additional flexibility be added to the
system so that these loads drop? Two possible solutions are:
Addition of an expansion loop to the piping.
Installation of an expansion joint.
Before either of these choices is made, a much simpler and cheaper solution is
examinedimproving the model to incorporate the inherent flexibilities found in the
vessel/nozzle intersection. The pump loads due to expansion would drop if the thermal growth of
the three legs A, B, and C could deflect the vessel nozzle. Such nozzle flexibilities are defined in
Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 297, "Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings on Nozzles" (Supplement to WRC Bulletin No. 107). WRC Bulletin 297
supplies curves by which the outer diameters and thicknesses of the vessel and nozzle are used
to define local nozzle flexibilities. These curves are limited to certain ratios of nozzle and vessel
terms, such as the following:
d/D < 0.5
d/t > 20
20 < D/T > 2500
d/T > 5
Where:
d = nozzle OD (= 8.625 in.)
t = nozzle thickness (= 0.322 in.)
D = vessel OD (= 60 in.)
T = vessel thickness (= 7/16 in.)
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Tutorial B
In this system where the vessel is vertical and the nozzle is in the Z direction, flexibilities are
defined at node 40 for translation in the Z direction and rotation about the X- and Y-axes. The
other three degrees-of-freedom (the three local shear terms) remain rigid as in the original
model where this nozzle was modeled as a rigid connection with its thermal deflections. The
vessel wall thickness is 3/16 in. but the nozzle has a 1/4 in. pad reinforcing the connection; this
produces an effective vessel wall of 7/16 in.
Before any costly system modification is made, the model is refined to incorporate these WRC
297 nozzle flexibilities. It is possible that a more thorough and accurate model of the system
shows that redesign is not needed. To assist in this model update, CAESAR II provides a
processor which calculates and inserts these flexibilities into the system. This change
constitutes the second analysis of this layout.
Save the TUTOR-B.c2 file as TUTOR-B2.c2. Open TUTOR-B2.c2. Return to the input processor
for the job TUTOR-B2. Go to the nozzle node (40) and double-click the Nozzle Flex check box.
Type the correct data in the Auxiliary Data.
The nozzle pipe size is imported from the spreadsheet. If this nozzle connection had no
associated thermal growth, the vessel node number need not be entered. Because this vessel
has thermal growth, the vessel node number must be identified and the thermal displacements
previously assigned to node 40 must be reassigned to this new node number.
1. Type the vessel node number as node 6000.
The calculated nozzle flexibilities are applied between nodes 40 and 6000. The vessel
dimensions are entered here in terms of outer diameter, wall thickness, and reinforcing pad
thickness. WRC 297 flexibilities are also sensitive to the proximity of stiffeners to the nozzle.
Here, a tray in the vessel is closest to the nozzle and is 4 feet above the nozzle. On the
other side of the nozzle, the bottom head tangent and skirt connection is 6 feet below.
The vessel orientation, based on a direction vector, is entered next.
2. Type 1 in the Y direction to indicate a vertical vessel.
This Z nozzle and Y vessel define the orientation of the local stiffnesses assigned through
WRC 297. This completes the definition of the nozzle. There is no piping element defined
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Tutorial B
between nodes 40 and 6000.
The displacements provided at node 40 must be moved to node 6000.

3. Click Displacements and change node 40 to 6000.
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at the End of Error

Checking
With the nozzle specification and the node number change for the vessel deflections, the job is
ready for analysis.
1. Click File > Error Check to start the error checker.
The error checker again produces the two notes regarding the hanger sizing. Additionally
there is a warning generated regarding the specification of a vessel node number in the
WRC 297 input when this node number is not included on any piping element. This warning
message (75E) is shown in the following figure. There is no trouble with this job because the
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Tutorial B
displacements of the vessel node (node 6000) are defined.
The figure below shows the nozzle flexibility calculations performed by the CAESAR II error
processor.
The previous report lists the flexibilities extracted from WRC 297:
Axial stiffness of 319, 226 lb./in.
Longitudinal bending stiffness of 291,036 in.lb./deg.
Circumferential bending stiffness of 58,665 in.lb./deg.
These three numbers are much less than the magnitude of the default rigid stiffness, which
is 10E12.
The local coordinate system is defined by the nozzle/vessel orientation. With the nozzle in
the Z-direction and the vessel in the Y-direction, this new axial stiffness is in the global Z
direction (the nozzle centerline), longitudinal bending is about the global X-axis (bending into
the vessel centerline or long axis), and circumferential bending is about the global Y-axis
(about the vessel centerline).
After the display of the WRC 297 calculations, CAESAR II shows the error processor is
completed by summarizing the type and number of messages.
2. With no fatal errors encountered, close the piping input processor and return to the
CAESAR II main menu.
The model is now ready for a second static analysis.
3. Click Analysis > Statics to proceed.
There are five analyses - two for the hanger sizing followed by the operating case, the
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installed or sustained case, and the expansion case.
4. Click Analyze
.
After the analysis is completed, the Output Processor dialog box displays for output
review.
5. With only a minor change to the input, a rigorous, error-checking review of the results should
not be necessary. Instead:
a. Check the sustained and expansion stresses to confirm that they are still below their
allowable limits.
b. Check the hanger selection.
c. When the operating and sustained restraint summary is displayed, check the loads on
the pump nozzle and node 5.
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The highest sustained and expansion stresses are 1282 psi and 14,103 psi, respectively.
This is well below the allowable limits. The software selected a lighter spring for installation
at node 28. Previously, a size 10 spring was selected, now a size 9 is recommended. In the
first analysis, the spring carried 1209 lb. in the hot position, now it carries only 904 lb. The
system should still weigh the same, so why is the spring load smaller? The reduced
longitudinal bending stiffness at the nozzle may explain this change.
Something can be said about each of these restraints:
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Tutorial B
The pump discharge nozzle loads at node 5 reveal the impact of the change in flexibility
at node 40.
The operating moment about the Z-axis shows the greatest change dropping to 747
ft.lb. from 5905 ft.lb.
The shear force in the X-direction has also been reduced by 50%.
The axial force in the Y direction, however, has risen from 1556 lb. to 1809 lb. This
higher pump load is tied directly to the hanger selection, which was also affected by the
WRC 297 nozzle flexibilities.
The spring support at node 28 is shown next. While the previous analysis had the spring
carrying 1209 lb. in the operating position, it now carries only 904 lb. This 300 lb.
reduction in the spring load returns as an additional 300 lb. load on the pump nozzle.
With the spring installed directly above the pump nozzle, simply increasing the load
carried by the spring reduces the load on the nozzle. If another analysis is required, the
hanger sizing procedure is adjusted so that the hanger carries more load so that the
pump load drops.
The +Y support at node 35 reveals why the hanger load has changed so much. In the
first analysis, the support at node 35 was not active in the operating case; the pipe
rested on the support in its installed position but lifted off the support as it went into
operation. The hanger sizing algorithm readjusted the spring load so that it would carry
its portion of the system no longer resting at 35. In this second analysis, the restraint at
35 remains active in the operating position, therefore the hanger at 28 does not carry
any additional load from 35. The added longitudinal bending flexibility at node 40 is what
allows the pipe to rest at node 35.
The support definition at node 40 shows the changes inherent in the WRC 297 nozzle
flexibility calculations. Flexibilities are added in the axial and bending directions (Z, RX,
and RY) while the shear terms remain rigid (X, Y and RZ). This added flexibility greatly
reduces the bending moments about the X and Y-axes at node 40. Again, these
reduced loads are not a result of design modifications but modeling refinements. If the
vessel nozzle connection meets the requirements of Welding Research Council Bulletin
297, there is much to gain in nozzle flexibility.
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6. To further investigate the effect of the nozzle flexibilities, show the displaced position of the
piping system in its operating condition.
The final report from this analysis shows the displacements of node 40. The imposed
thermal growth of the nozzle was removed from node 40 and redefined at node 6000. This
output shows the operating position of node 6000 as (0, 0.28, -0.10; 0, 0, 0) [defined as (X,
Y, Z; RX, RY, RZ)]. Comparing these numbers with node 40 above, you can see the impact
of the nozzle flexibilities. The biggest difference is due to the circumferential bending
flexibility (RY) but the longitudinal bending flexibility (RX) plays a large role in the weight
distribution of the system.
Do the new pump loads meet the allowable limits defined in API 610?
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Checking Nozzle Loads

The operating moments (X, Y, and Z) on the pump nozzle were too large in the initial model. A
quick run through the API 610 processor quickly evaluates the refined model. In the TUTOR
input, only the discharge loads need be changed.
1. Click the Discharge Nozzle tab, and then click Refresh Loads from Current Job to obtain
the new loads.
2. Click Analyze
to run the Nozzle analysis.
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The API 610 report is shown below.
The situation is better but not good enough. The Y-moment on the discharge nozzle is well
below the limit. The X-moment, however, remains more than twice the allowable load. The
Z-moment also exceeds the allowable. Exceeding twice the allowable load would be fine if
Condition F.1.2.b is satisfied, but it is not.
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Condition F.1.2.b states that even though the individual load components can be more than
twice their individual limit, the loads are satisfactory if the resolved forces divided by their
resolved limits plus the resolved moments divided by their resolved limits is less than two. The
sum of the ratios for the discharge nozzle is 2.822, so the pump loads are still too high.
There is a quick "what if" check that may prove the pump loads can be brought within their
allowable values. The discussion of the restraint loads mentioned that the set load directly
controls the vertical load on the discharge nozzle on the spring at node 28. This spring pre-load
could be ideally set so that when the pump is in operation, there is no pump load in the
Y-direction. At this point the hanger carries 904 lb. in the operating position while the pump
carries 1809 lb. If the spring load carried 2713 lb., the load on the pump would be zero in Y.
Would that satisfy Condition F.1.2.b? Rerunning the API 610 processor with the Y-load set to
zero shows the Condition F.1.2.b reduced to 2.33, which still remains above the limit. Spring
load adjustment is useful but system redesign is indicated.
System Redesign
The probable causes of the large X-moment at node 5 were discussed in earlier topics. This
excessive load is caused by the thermal expansion of the leg from node 35 to 40 (the A leg)
working against the stiffness of the remainder of the system (legs B and C). If the thermal strain
of leg A is fixed, only the system stiffness can be changed to reduce the operating load at node
5. You can reduce this stiffness by adding an expansion loop or an expansion joint. For this
tutorial, an expansion loop is chosen.
Where should the expansion loop be added? As a rule of thumb, the best location for an
expansion loop is determined by the orientation of the leg which produces the thermal strain
causing the problem. Here, leg A sets the orientation of the loop. The added piping to generate
the expansion loop lays perpendicular to leg A. For this system, pipe can be added in either the
X- or Y-direction. This added pipe effectively increases the cantilever length which is displaced
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Tutorial B
by leg A. By increasing the cantilever length, the stiffness is reduced and loads drop. Therefore,
add a loop on the A run of pipe (nodes 35 - 40) by adding pipe in the X-direction.
How long should the loop legs be? There are several conditions which set the loop size:
Available support location
Maximum distance between supports
Cost of pipe
Available space
For this tutorial, an eight-foot by eight-foot loop is used. For systems that are not analyzed, the
recommended maximum spacing between supports for 8-inch water-filled pipe is 19 feet (see
ASME B31.1 121.5 or MSS SP-69). The 8-foot loop run lengthens the 30 - 35 pipe from 12 feet
to 20 feet, which is close to this recommended spacing.
1. Return to the CAESAR II main menu, and start the input processor with TUTOR-B as the
current job.
When testing layout modifications which may not prove successful, create a new input set
with the proposed changes and leave the original model intact. If the proposed changes do
not produce the required results, the original model is still available for the next attempt.
That way, you do not have to delete the proposed changes from the model.
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2. Click File > Save As, and give the model a new name of TUTOR-B2.
The current model is copied to TUTOR-B2. Changes can be made to this new model.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Press PgDn to move through the elements to display the element from 30 to 35.
Change the length of 30 - 35 from 12 feet to 20 feet.
Change the DX value to -20-.
Move the +Y support from node 35 to node 33.
The recommended maximum spacing between supports for this size pipe is 19 feet. Leaving
the support at node 35 would place the support 21-feet from the hanger at node 28 so the
support is moved closer to node 33.
7. Select the Restraints box.
The Auxiliary Data tab displays the current +Y restraint at node 35.
8. Select the Node box and change 35 to 33.
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9. Break the element from nodes 30 - 35 by adding node 32 at the midpoint. Node 32 is added
as an output point to check mid-span sag. While you are still on element 30-35, click Model
> Break
to add node 32 to this line 10-feet from node 30 with no restraints at node 32.
The maximum distance between supports as specified in ASME B31.1 and MSS SP-69
ensures a very low sustained stress in the line. Because CAESAR II calculates these
sustained stresses, the output would confirm that much greater distances between supports
are safe. The recommended spacing also limits the pipe sag between supports to 0.1 inch.
The recommended spacing is conservative but it serves as a useful guideline.
10. Break 35 - 40 eight-feet down the line by adding node 135.
Press PgDn to display the element 35 - 40. Break this element and add the new node 135,
8 feet (8-) from node 35.
11. Double-click the Bend check box to add the bend specification at node 135.
12. Insert an 8-foot element after 35 - 135.
13.
14.
15.
16.
268
While still on element 35 - 135, click Edit > Insert to start the Insert command. Click
After to place this new element after the element 35 - 135.
CAESAR II displays a new dialog box for the new element.
Type the To node as 235.
Type the length in the DX box as 8-feet (8-).
Double-click the Bend check box to add the bend at node 235.
Press PgDn to the next element (135 - 40) and change the From node (135) to the new
node 235.
Tutorial B
This change finishes the new element.
17. Add a support to the new run 135 - 235.
Both ASME B31.1 and MSS SP-69 provide limits to spacing between supports. These
guidelines were used to set the size of this expansion loop (maximum support spacing for
8-inch carbon steel water line is 19-feet). These guidelines also state that the maximum run
of pipe where bends are included is 3/4 of the straight run limit. Here, that limit is about
15-feet. There are over 26 feet of pipe between 35 and 40 so a new support should be
added. The support is added about halfway between 35 and 40 - 13-feet from the nozzle at
40 or 3-feet back from 235.
18. With display element 135 - 235 highlighted, click Model > Break.
19. Define a single node 140, 5-feet (5-) from node 135.
20. Type 33 in the Get Support From Node box.
CAESAR II duplicates the +Y support entered at node 33 at this new node 140.
A large vertical load remains on the pump nozzle after the hanger at node 28 is sized and
installed by CAESAR II. The spring selected from the Anvil Hanger Table should carry more
of the deadweight of the pipe and valving. The sizing algorithm can be adjusted so that the
pump nozzle carries no load when the software calculates the load to be carried by the
spring. This change greatly reduces the final nozzle load by sizing a larger spring at 28.
21. Go to element 25 - 30 and click the Hanger Auxiliary Data tab.
22. Type 5 in the Free Restraint at Node box.
23. Select Y from the Free Code list.
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CAESAR II disconnects the Y restraint at node 5 while it calculates the deadweight load
carried by the proposed spring at 28.
24. Click File > Error Check, or click

on the CAESAR II Tools toolbar, to start the error
checker.
This data should now process without error. If any errors do occur, carefully read the error
messages and return to the input processor to correct them.
25. If everything looks correct, close the piping input processor and return to the main menu.
The job is again ready for static analysis.
26. Click Analysis > Statics from the main menu, and run Tutor2 with the same load cases that
were created for Tutor.
Do this by accepting the default setting on the Static Analysis dialog box.
The Output Processor dialog box displays after the analysis is complete.
As previously recommended, the sustained and expansion stresses are first checked to
confirm that they remain below their allowable limits. The hanger selection and the operating
and sustained (installed) restraint summary display to examine the impact of this model
modification on the pump nozzle loads at node 5. The highest sustained and expansion
stresses are 2017 psi and 5419 psi, respectively; well below the allowable limits. The
sustained stresses increased a small amount because of the longer spans between
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supports while the expansion stresses show a significant reduction. The added system
flexibility caused this reduction in expansion stress. That is a good indication that the nozzle
loads have dropped as well.
27. Click Hanger Table with Text from under the General Computed Results column.
271
Tutorial B
The software selected a heavier spring for installation at node 28. In the last analysis, a size
9 spring was selected. Now, a size 12 spring is recommended. The spring now carries 2202
pounds in its hot position. This greater load is the result of the modification to the spring
hanger selection criteria where the pump is disconnected when the springs hot load is
calculated. The added load-carrying capability of the spring reduces the vertical load on the
pump nozzle. The spring loads can be further manipulated if the nozzle load needs
additional adjustment.
272
Tutorial B
28. Click Operating and Sustained Load Cases and Restraint Summary to display the
restraint summary report.
273
Tutorial B
29. Display the displaced shape of the piping system in its operating condition to check the
effect of the loop on the overall displacement.
The pump discharge nozzle loads at node 5 look much better; revealing the impact of the
change in flexibility at node 40. The loop adds flexibility in the Z-direction. The Z-force on the
pump fell from 747 pounds to 235 pounds. The large operating moment about the X-axis and
the target of this redesign dropped from almost 10,000 pounds to 2,755 pounds.
Another interesting effect of this added flexibility is the increase in the Z-moment from -300
foot-pounds to +1519 foot-pounds. The pump load in the Y-direction exhibits the adjustment to
the hanger selection. The hot load on the pump is -206 pounds and the cold load on the pump is
+337 pounds. The absolute magnitude of the pump load could not be much smaller. If
necessary, the hanger load could be adjusted to bring the pump installation load to zero or the
pump operating load to zero. The spring support at node 28 now shows a hot and cold load of
2,202 pounds and 2,540 pounds, respectively.
By releasing the anchor in the initial weight analysis, the spring carries the riser load. This load
was only 904 pounds in the previous analysis. The extra flexibility has also changed the support
load at node 33. Previously, the support load dropped as the pipe became hot. Now, the load
increases as the pipe heats up. The vessel nozzle loads at node 40 shows a similar pattern of
change as the pump nozzle. Most loads drop, but there is one moment (in this case it is X) that
increases.
Are the nozzle loads adequate?
You do not need to use the API 610 processor to confirm that the discharge nozzle loads are
below their maximum allowed values. Refer back to either of the previous analyses to quickly
locate the individual limits and compare them to the new operating loads on node 5:
274
Tutorial B
Direction
API Limit
Model Results
X (lb.)
1700
136
Y (lb.)
2200
-206
Z (lb.)
1400
-235
RX (ft.lb.)
5200
-2755
RY (ft.lb.)
3800
-1540
RZ (ft.lb.)
2600
1520
For this exercise, the loading on the suction side of the pump is assumed to meet
allowable loading; therefore two times the API allowable loading was used.
Because all six components of the discharge nozzle loads are below their limits, no additional
checks (conditions F.1.2.b. and F.1.2.c.) need to be made. The discharge nozzle is no longer
overloaded. The final pump evaluation cannot be made until the suction nozzle loads are
compared with their API 610 limits.
Conclusion
The pump discharge loads are now within their allowable limits. The vessel loads from the
nozzle at node 40 should also be checked to ensure they are not too high. These loads cannot
be compared to a fixed load limit as with the pump. Instead, these loads must be converted to
local stresses on the vessel and these stresses compared with their limits as defined by ASME
Section VIII, Division 2. As a very rough guide for evaluating local vessel stresses, you can
check the code defined stress on the pipe connected to the vessel. If those stresses are below
about 6000 psi, the vessel stresses should be adequate.
Looking at the operating, sustained, and expansion stresses at node 40, the maximum stress is
less than 2500 psi. The vessel loads seem fine. If the stresses are to be checked, the Welding
Research Council Bulletin 107 (WRC 107) can be used to convert the applied forces and
moments to the appropriate local stresses. CAESAR II provides a processor to convert these
loads into WRC 107 stresses and a second processor to combine the different stress categories
(general or local primary membrane stress intensity, primary membrane plus primary bending
stress intensity, and primary plus secondary stress intensity) for comparison with their design
limits.
Final reports should now be made to document this design change. As shown earlier in this
tutorial, the input listing could be generated from the Input Processor or from the Output
Processor. Include the current status of the softwares default settings in this input echo. A hard
copy of a few input plots would also help in defining this model and analysis. Structural and
stress results from the Output Processor substantiate the current design.
Structural output includes the system displacements and restraint loads for both the operating
and installed cases. The code-defined pipe stresses are generated for the sustained and
expansion cases. The hanger report should also be generated from the Output menu. The data
files from this analysis can also be archived with the hard-copy reports.
Copy the files TUTOR-B2.C2 and Caesar.cfg to a CD to archive a copy of the CAESAR II input,
load case definition, CAESAR II output, and software default settings. Often upon release of a
new version of CAESAR II, archived files must be converted to the new version and
subsequently re-analyzed. This is primarily due to frequent format changes within CAESAR II as
new features are added. To avoid this, keep the old version of the software available, and use
newest version for new jobs.
275
Index
1
180 Return Fitting-to-Fitting 90 Bends 14
A
Anchors 22
Anchors with Displacements 23
B
Ball Joints 108
Bend Definition 11
Bend Flexibility Factor 20
Bends 11
Bi-Linear Restraints 56
C
Checking Nozzle Loads 263
Closely-Spaced Mitered Bend 15
Cold Spring 112
Combination Cases 187
Conclusion 275
Conclusions 159
Connecting Equipment 112
Constant Effort Support Design 67
Constant Effort Supports - No Design 68
Convert Forces/Moments from CAESAR II
Global Coordinates to WRC 107
Local Axes 229
Core Piping Input 222
Creating Accurate Models 254
D
Displacement Report 186
Double-Acting Restraints 32
Dual Gimbal 99
Dynamic Analysis (NUREG9) 208
Dynamic Analysis of Independent Support
Earthquake Excitation (CRYNOS) 188
Dynamic Analysis of Water Hammer Loads
(HAMMER) 175
E
Elbows - Different Wall Thickness 19
Ending the Input Session 143
Evaluating Pump Discharge Loads 243
Examples 161
Existing Springs - No Design 69

Expansion Joints 81
F
Flexible Anchors 24
Flexible Anchors with Predefined
Displacements 25
Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297 26
Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel
Model 29
Flexible Nozzle with Predefined
Displacements 28
G
General Information 64
Generating CAESAR II Input 126
Gimbal Joints 96
Guides 34
H
Hanger Between Two Pipes 73
Hanger Design with Anchors in
the Vicinity 74
Hanger Design with Support Thermal
Movement 73
Hanger Design with User-Specified
Operating Load 76
Hangers 63
Harmonic Analysis (TABLE) 161
Harmonic Analysis of this System 164
Hinged Joint 90
Horizontal Dummy Leg on Bends 52
Horizontal Vessels 118
I
Input Review 140
J
Jacket Input (1st Half) 223
Jacket Input (2nd Half) 226
Jacketed Pipe 110
Jacketed Piping (JACKET) 219
L
Large Rotation Rods - Basic Model 53
Large Rotation Rods - Chain Supports 55
277
Index
Lift Off Spring Can 78
Limit Stops 36
M
Mass Participation Report 185
Miscellaneous Models 107
Mitered Bends 15
Modeling Plan 220
Modeling Spring Cans with Friction 79
Multiple Can Design 70
N
N1 Nozzle 116
N2 Nozzle 117
NEMA SM23 237
Node Layout 221
Notes for Analyzing Water Hammer
Loads 183
Nozzle Load Summation Report 241
Nozzle Results for PT69M 240
NRC Example NUREG 9 209
NRC Example Problem 2A 209
NRC Example Problem 2B 212
NRC Example Problem 2C 213
O
Old Spring Redesign 71
Omega Loop Modelling (OMEGA) 214
Overview 9
P
Performing the Static Analysis 143
Pipe and Hanger Supported From
Vessel 72
Plastic Hinges 59
Preparing the Drawing 124
Pressure-Balanced Tees and Elbows 104
R
Reducers 107
Relief Valve Example Problem Setup 167
Relief Valve Loading Output 171
Relief Valve Loads (RELIEF) 166
Restraint between Two Pipes Using
CNodes 45
Restraint between Vessel and Pipe
Models 46
Restraint Settlement 42
Restraint/Force/Stress Reports 186
Restraints 21
278
Restraints on a Bend at 30 and 60 48

Restraints on a Bend at 45 46
Results 200
Reviewing Static Results 146
Rigid Elements 115
Rotational Directional Restraints
with Gaps 39
S
Simple Bellows with Pressure Thrust 101
Simple Bottomed Out Spring 77
Simple Hanger Design 65
Single and Double Flanged Bends or
Stiffened Bends 12
Single Can Design 66
Single-Directional Restraint and Guide with
Gap and Predefined Displacement 41
Single-Directional Restraint with Predefined
Displacement 40
Single-Directional Restraints 33
Skewed Double-Acting Restraint
with Gap 43
Skewed Single-Directional Restraint 44
Slip Joint 95
Slotted Hinge Joint - Comprehensive
Model 93
Slotted Hinge Joint - Simple Model 92
Solution Summary 187
Static Analysis Output Listing 151
Static Snubbers 58
Structural Analysis (FRAME) 201
Sway Brace Assemblies 60
System Overview 123
System Redesign 265
T
Tied Bellows - Simple vs. Complex
Model 94
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Complex
Model 97
Tied Bellows Expansion Joint - Simple
Model 87
Tutorial A 123
Tutorial B 243
U
Universal Expansion Joints - Simple
Model 81
Universal Joint - Comprehensive Tie
Rod 105
Index
Universal Joint with Lateral Controls Stops Comprehensive Tie Rod Model 88
V
Vertical Dummy Leg on Bends 49
Vertical Leg Attachment Angle 52
Vertical Vessels 112
Vessel 115
Vessel Modeled As Pipe 120
Vessel Skirt 113
W
Water Hammer Loading Output 185
Widely-Spaced Mitered Bend 16
Windows 38
WRC 107 228
WRC 297 Calculations Completed at the
End of Error Checking 257
279

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CAESAR II

Version 2014 (7.0)

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CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Single and Double Flanged Bends or Stiffened Bends

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

180 Return Fitting-to-Fitting 90 Bends

CAESAR II Applications Guide

equivalent miter bend radius

spacing of the miter cuts along the centerline

code-defined half-angle between adjacent miter cuts: / 2N

total bend angle

outside radius of pipe cross-section

Closely-Spaced Mitered Bend

CAESAR II Applications Guide

= 15.913 / [2 tan (11.25)]

Closely Spaced Miter Bend:

Widely-Spaced Mitered Bend

spacing between miter points along the miter segment

average cross section radius (ri+r)/2

one-half angle between adjacent miter cuts

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Assuming closely spaced:

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Figure 2: Between the First and Second Cuts

Figure 3: Coming Out of the Second Cut

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Elbows - Different Wall Thickness

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Bend Flexibility Factor

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Anchors with Displacements

CAESAR II Applications Guide

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Flexible Anchors with Predefined Displacements

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Flexible Nozzle - WRC Bulletin 297

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Example WRC 297 output is shown below.

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Flexible Nozzle with Predefined Displacements

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Flexible Nozzle with Complete Vessel Model

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Figure 4: Pipe Entering Nozzle

Figure 5: WRC 297 Auxiliary Input

Figure 7: Rigid Weight is Blank (0,0)

Figure 6: Vessel Radius Element

CAESAR II Applications Guide

Figure 8: Vessel Element