Interpreting Data and

Relationships Report

http://www.theoryofknowledge.net/

Yass Hatahet
790191
Mr. Gudani
MPM1D8-B
Friday, March, 11th, 2016

Table of Contents

Section
Page
Introduction...........................................................3
Aim........................................................................3
Method and Results...............................................5
Data Table........................................................................5

Analysis of Data....................................................6
Graphs............................................................................... 6
Analysis............................................................................. 7

Conclusion.............................................................8
References...........................................................10

Introduction
There are various factors that are put into consideration when deciding
the overall wellbeing of a country. For instance, a strong economy, political
stability, health care, safety, costs of living, access to education, clean and
sustainable environment, as well as access to basic needs such as a source
of nutrition and water happen to be significant requirements a country must
offer. However, how can we utilize this information to come up with one
value that determines the overall average wellbeing of a single country?
Interestingly, the United Nations themselves have come up with a
mathematical statistic of key dimensions of human development. It is utilized
to rank countries accordingly based on life expectancy, mean years of
schooling, expected years of schooling, and the income per capita. This is
also referred to as the Human Development Index, or HDI. In this report
however, we will be utilizing three indicators of our choice and will interpret
that data and determine the relationship between each countrys indicator
and their HDI rank. Overall, the Human Development Index is an effective
tool to analyze and figure out the rank of wellbeing a country experiences in
comparison to others.

Aim
The purpose of this report is to determine and observe the relationship
between the three selected indicators as well as the Human Development
Index of twelve countries including Canada. I have voluntarily chosen the
three following indicators. Human Security, Mobility and Communication, and
3

Environmental Sustainability. Although Human Security can be broken down

to several other factors, in our case it will refer to the amount of homicides
per 100,000 people. In terms of a countrys security, I believe that a
developed country with a high overall HDI would most likely experience a
lower rate of homicides when compared to a developing country with a low
HDI rank. Similar to Human Security, Mobility and Communications can be
broken down to various sectors thus, we will focus on the percentage of the
population that has access to the internet in each country. I believe that a
well-developed country with a high HDI rank should be able to easily offer its
citizens access to the internet whereas developing countries with a low HDI
rank will have other priorities that would make public access to the internet
much more difficult in their situation. Finally, Environmental Sustainability of
any country can be dependent on and be measured upon various factors
such as Carbon Dioxide emissions per capita. A highly developed country
with an excellent overall HDI ranking tends to be more industrialized, hence
the name developed. Thus, I believe that there exists an increase of carbon
dioxide emissions in countries like such, whereas developing countries that
are not fully industrialized will have smaller and less impactful sources of
carbon dioxide emissions. Each of the following indicators determines the
rank of development a country is based at. For instance, the rate of
homicides of a country refers to the safety it offers to its citizens. The
percentage of the population that has access to the internet determines its

technological advancements. Finally, the amount of carbon emissions per

capita shows the level of industrialization a country is at.
In order to visually compare the HDI of twelve countries as well as the
three indicators, I will be utilizing a scatter plot graph. With a graph like such,
we will be able to use the line of best fit to our advantages as well as the r 2
formula to determine whether the data has a positive or a negative
coloration.
Finally, I believe that since the Internet has become such a powerful
and necessary tool in our daily lives it is simply required for any country to
have access to it. This piece of technology has enabled various countries to
become more developed and advanced with many beneficial purposes. Thus,
I believe that a country cannot develop without using the most important
tool of our generation. With that said, the percentage of the population with
access to the internet best determines the overall wellbeing of a country.

Method and Results

Data Table
The chart below represents the data of the twelve following countries.
For every country, I have researched and provided information for each of
the three indicators as well their HDI. With this data, we will be able to graph
them on scatter plots and compare using the line of best fit as well as r 2
formula.
5

Countr
y

Human
Security
(Homicides
per 100,000)

Environmental
Sustainability
(Carbon Dioxide
Emissions per Capita
in Tonnes)

HDI

2.2

Mobility and
Communicati
on
(% of
Population
Using
Internet)
96.3%

Norway

9.2 Tonnes

Australi
a
Canada

1.1

84.6%

16.5 Tonnes

1.6

87.1%

14.1 Tonnes

Algeria

0.7

18.1%

3.2 Tonnes

China

49.3%

6.7 Tonnes

Columb
ia
Bolivia

30.8

52.6%

1.5 Tonnes

12.1

39%

1.6 Tonnes

Iraq

11.3%

India

3.5

18%

1.7 Tonnes

Pakista
n
Sudan

7.7

13.8%

0.9 Tonnes

11.2

24.6%

0.4 Tonnes

Niger

4.7

2%

0.1 Tonnes

0.94
4
0.93
5
0.91
3
0.73
6
0.72
7
0.72
0
0.66
2
0.65
4
0.60
9
0.53
8
0.47
9
0.34
8

4.2 Tonnes

The method that I followed when deciding my chosen countries

revolved around the categorization of the HDI. For instance, I chose three
countries with a very high HDI, another three with a high HDI, three more
countries with a medium HDI, and finally three countries with a low HDI. I

also had to ensure that I have chosen one country from every continent
excluding Antarctica.

Analysis of Data
Graphs
The graphs below are a comparison of each indictor with the countrys
HDI. Every graph contains both the r 2 formula for further analysis as well as
the line of best fit.

HDI Value vs. Internet Usage

1
0.8

f(x) = 0.5x + 0.48 0.73

0.72
R = 0.78
0.74

0.65
0.61
0.48

0.6

HDI Value

0.4

0.94

0.91

0.94

0.66

0.54
0.35

0.2
0
0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00% 100.00% 120.00%

% of Population Using Internet

HDI Value vs. Carbon Dioxide Emissions

1

0.94

f(x) = 0.03x + 0.55

0.74
0.72
R
= 0.71

0.8

0.66
0.61
0.54
0.6
0.48
HDI Value
0.4
0.35

0.65

0.91

0.94

0.73

0.2
0

10

12

14

16

18

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

HDI Value vs. Homicide Rate

1 0.91
0.94
0.94
0.9
0.80.74
0.7

f(x) = - 0x + 0.65
0.72
0.73
0.61
0.6
R = 0.05
0.54

HDI Value 0.5

0.4

0.72

0.66
0.48

0.35

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Homicides per 100,000

Analysis
For our very first graph, it has been designed to compare both the HDI
values of each of the twelve countries with the total percentage of the
population that have access to the internet. Right away, we can easily spot
the fact that the r2 formal equals to approximately 0.78 meaning that it has
8

fairly reliable data providing us with the ability to predict the next sets of
data with decent accuracy. There is a small amount of outliers that do not
follow the line of best fit. For instance, Niger, Iraq, Algeria, and Sudan dont
follow the hypothesis we previously had. The fact that the higher the HDI
rank is, the more the percentage of the population has access to data does
not apply to every country, thus the result of four outliers on the graph. The
graph has a positive coloration meaning that the line of best fit experiences
an increase. It also shows the linear trends of data.
For the second graph, it has been designed to compare both the HDI
values of each of the twelve countries with the total amount of Carbon
Dioxide emissions per capita. Right away, we can easily spot the fact that the
r2 formal equals to approximately 0.71 meaning that it also has fairly reliable
data providing us with the ability to predict the next sets of data with decent
accuracy. There is a slightly larger amount of outliers when compared to the
previous graph that do not follow the line of best fit. For instance, Niger,
Bolivia, Columbia, Algeria, Norway, Australia, and Sudan dont follow the
hypothesis we previously had. The fact that the higher the HDI rank is, the
more the carbon dioxide emissions per capita does not apply to every
country, thus the result of seven outliers on the graph. The graph has a
positive coloration meaning that the line of best fit experiences an increase.
It also shows the linear trends of data.
For the third and final graph, it has been designed to compare both the
HDI values of each of the twelve countries with the total amount of
9

Homicides per 100,000 people. Right away, we can easily spot the fact that
the r2 formal equals to approximately 0.05 meaning that it also has an
unreliable data providing us with the no ability to predict the next sets of
data with decent accuracy. There is a slightly larger amount of outliers when
compared to the previous graph that do not follow the line of best fit. The
fact that the higher the HDI rank is, the lower the homicide rates per 100,000
people does not apply to every country, thus the result of nine outliers on the
graph. The graph has a negative coloration meaning that the line of best fit
experiences a decrease. It also shows the linear trends of data.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the following report has shown significant relationships
between the HDI and all three of my chosen indicators. As I previously
mentioned, some of my graphs above had a fairly high amount of outliers
thus decreasing the value of the r2 formula. This potentially means that our
data is not reliable enough to utilize for predicting other sets of data.
Although some graphs had countless outliers such as the Homicide graph,
the sets of data still synchronized with my previous predictions regrading the
relationships between each indicator and HDI rank. For instance, I
hypothesized that my first two graphs would basically have a positive
coloration whereas the third graph would have a negative coloration. It is
confirmed that I was correct regarding these relationships. One concept that
we must acknowledge are various reasons behind the limitations that can be
10

experienced throughout this assignment. For example, some countries

around the world may not be able to offer sufficient data and information
perhaps due to their political status. A political status can play a key role in a
countrys data. For instance, if a country is at war, statistics will experience a
drastic change or can simply not be offered to the United Nations due to
government instability. In addition, if a country has an extremely low HDI
rank, it would be more challenging for them to publicize such data as they
have much more important priorities ahead of them. Finally, some countries
can simply choose not to do so for extreme privacy reasons such as North
Korea. Its citizens have absolutely no knowledge of the outside world and
the outside world has very little data regarding its citizens.

References
Coefficient of Determination Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/coefficient-of-determination.asp

11

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved March 06, 2016, from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp
Human Development Index (HDI) Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved March 06, 2016, from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/human-development-index-hdi.asp
Human Development Reports. (2016). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://hdr.undp.org/en
Life Expectancy Definition. (n.d.). Retrieved March 06, 2016, from
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lifeexpectancy.asp
M. (n.d.). Calculating the HDI [PDF]. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Moravian College. Retrieved
March 06, 2016, from
http://home.moravian.edu/users/math/mekbs01/HDI/pdfs/MTActivitySheet1.pdf

12