By DR KHAIRUN NIDZAM BIN RAMLI

Solution for examples in notes Chapter 3 (AM)

Example 3.1
A carrier signal with a peak voltage of 2.0 V is amplitude modulated with a 10 kHz sine wave.
The modulation voltage has an effective value of 750 mV. Compute the following:
a. The percent modulation, m
b. The instantaneous voltage of the positive and negative envelope when the 10
kHz sine has completed 68 s of its cycle.
c. Illustrate the resulting AM waveform
Answer:
V
750 103
m m 100%
100% 53.03%
2
a.
Vc
2
V

V
sin
2

f
b. env
c
m
m t Vc (1 m sin 2f m t )
Venv 2(1 0.5303 sin( 2 10 103 68 10 6 )) 1.04V

c. AM waveform:

Example 3.2
A 400 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75%. Calculate the total power in the modulated
wave.
Answer:

m2
0.752
400 1
PT Pc 1
2
2

512.5W

Example 3.3
An AM broadcast stations peak carrier voltage of 2 kV has been amplitude modulated to an
index of 75% with a 2 kHz test tone. The station broadcast frequency is 810 kHz. Compute the
following:
a. The lower and upper sidebands frequencies, fLSB and fUSB
b. The peak modulation voltage, Vm
1

c. The peak lower and upper sideband voltages, VLSB and VUSB
d. The maximum signal amplitude, Vmax
Answer:
a. f LSB f c f m 810 2 808kHz
fUSB f c f m 810 2 812kHz

3
b. Vm mVc 0.75 2 10 1.5kV

mVc 1.5 103

0.75kV
2
2
VLSB 0.75kV

c. VLSB
VUSB

d. m

Vmax Vc
Vc

Vmax Vc (1 m) 2 103 1 0.75 3.5kV

Example 3.4
A spectrum analyzer with an input impedance of 50 is used to measure the power spectrum
of an AM signal at the output of a preamplifier circuit. The AM signal has been modulated with
a sine wave. The effective power PC is 745 mW, and each sideband, PUSB and PLSB is 125 mW.
Compute the following:
The total effective power, PT
a.
The peak carrier voltage, VC
b.
The modulation index, m, and the percentage of modulation index M
c.
The modulation voltage Vm
d.
The lower and upper sideband voltages, VLSB and VUSB
e.
Sketch the waveform that you would see with an oscilloscope if it were placed
f.
in parallel with the spectrum analyzer
Answer:
a. PT PC PUSB PLSB 745 125 125 995mW
2
VC ( peak )

b.
VC2( rms )
2
PC

R
R

C ( peak )

2 PC R

VC ( peak )

2 PC R

2 745 10 3 50 8.6313V

995
2 T 1 2
1 0.8192

745
PC

M m 100% 0.8192 100% 81.92%

c. PT PC 1

m2
2

, m

d. Vm ( peak ) mVC ( peak ) 0.8192(8.6313) 7.0708V

7.0708
5V
2
mVC ( peak )
mVC
0.8192 8.6313

2.5V
2
2 2
2 2
VLSB 2.5V

Vm ( rms )

e. VLSB
VUSB

VLSB ( peak )

2 2.5 3.5355V VUSB ( peak )

f.

Vmax( peak ) VC ( peak ) VLSB ( peak ) VUSB ( peak ) 8.6313 3.5355 3.5355 15.7023V
Vmin( peak ) VC ( peak ) VLSB ( peak ) VUSB ( peak ) 8.6313 3.5355 3.5355 1.5603V

Example 3.5
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 A when only the carrier is sent, but it increases
to 8.93 A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the percentage of
modulation and the antenna current when the percentage of modulation changes to 0.8.
Answer:
V
I R I
8.93
m m m m
1.1163 111 .63%
VC I C R I C
8
I
m m
IC
I m mI C 0.8(8) 6.4 A

Example 3.6
High-Q tuned circuit is used to keep the BW narrow to ensure that only desired signal is
passed. Assumed that 10 H coil with resistance of 20 is connected in parallel with 101.4 pF
variable capacitor.
a. The circuit resonates at what frequency?
b. What is the inductive reactance?
c. What is the selectivity of the circuit?
d. What is the bandwidth of the tuned circuit?
e. Find the upper and lower cutoff frequencies?
Answer:
a.

fr

1
2 LC

1
2 10 10 101.4 10 12
6

5MHz

b. X L 2f r L 2 5 106 10 10 6 314
X
314
15.7
c. Q L
R
20
d. BW

fr
5 106

318.47 kHz
Q
15.7

e. One half on each side of center frequency of 5 MHz is 318.47/2 = 0.159 MHz
Upper, f2 = 5 + 0.159 = 5.159 MHz
Lower, f1 = 5 - 0.159 = 4.841 MHz
Example 3.7
Determine the image frequency for a standard broadcast band receiver using 455 kHz IF and
tuned to station at 620 kHz.
Answer:
LO frequency minus the desired stations frequency of 620 kHz should equal the IF. Hence,
fLO 620 kHz = 455 kHz
fLO = 620 kHz + 455 kHz
fLO = 1075 kHz
Now determine what other frequency, when mixed with 1075 kHz, yields an output component
at 455 kHz
X 1075 kHz = 455 kHz
X = 1075 kHz + 455 kHz
X = 1530 kHz
Thus, 1530 kHz is the image frequency.
Example 3.8
From Example 2.7, calculate the image rejection in decibels, assuming that the input filter
consists of one tuned circuit with a Q of 40.
Answer:
Rejection ratio

1 Q
2

f image
f RF

f RF
f image

1 40 2.0625
2

1530 620

2.0625
620 1530

82.5061

20 log 20 log(82.5061) 38.33dB

Example 3.9
For a 100 W total available power in the sidebands, compare the power in the sidebands when
the modulation is standard AM with m = 100%, versus a SC design where 90% of the carrier
power is suppressed. How many times greater is the sideband power in the suppressed carrier
case?
Answer:
For m = 1,
PT = PC (1 + m/2) = PC (3/2)
PC = (2/3) PT = (2/3)(100) = 66.7 W
PSB =100 66.7 =33.3 W
4

DSB-SC PC = 66.7 0.9 = 60.0 W (reduced)

PSB NEW = 33.3 + 60.0 = 93.3W
PSB NEW
93.3

2.8
The power ratio =
PSB OLD
33.3
In dB = 10log(2.8) = 4.5 dB
Means in AM, information signal is transmitted only 33.3% but in DSB-SC is 93.3%.
Example 3.10
A 500 W DSB-SC system with 100% modulation suppresses 50% of the carrier and the
suppressed carrier power goes to the sidebands. How much power is in the sidebands and how
much is in the carrier? By how many dB has the sideband power increased?
Answer:
With 100% modulation, final PC = 500 W and total PSB = 250 W
If PC is diverted to SB,
New PC = 500 250 = 250 W
New PSB = 250 + 250 = 500 W
The increase in power is 500/250 = 2 = 3 dB