MECH 313 Engineering

Drawing & Design

Lecture 10 PART 1

Outline

Simplified Thread Representation

Detailed and Schematic Thread Representation

Common Threaded Fasteners

Special Fasteners

Fasteners for Light Gage Metal, Plastic, and Wood

Overview
 Threaded fasteners are the most common and most used
parts in assemblies
 Parts with counterbores, spotfaces are a direct result of
designers using these fasteners
 In this lecture, the emphasis will be on how the threaded
fasteners are going to be represented in engineering drawing
 Types of threaded fasteners available, and related
components that will be used in an assembly will be looked at
 Fastening devices are important in construction of
manufacturing products, machines and many other devices
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Simplified Thread Representation

 Permanent Fasteners
 Rivets and Welds
 Removable Fasteners
 Bolts, screws, studs, pins, keys
 Due to requirements like industrial progress and need for
automated assembly tools, fasteners became standardized
over time
 A favorite cost-reducing method, standardization, not only
cuts the cost of parts but reduces paperwork and simplifies
inventory and quality control.
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Simplified Thread Representation

Screw Threads


A screw thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on

the external or internal surface of a cylinder (Fig. 10-1-2).

The lead L is the distance the threaded part would move parallel to
the axis during one complete rotation in relation to a fixed mating part
(the distance a screw would enter a threaded hole in one turn).

Simplified Thread Representation

Screw Threads
2
3

0
7

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Simplified Thread Representation

Screw Threads


The helix of a square thread is shown in

Fig. 10-1-3.

Lead screw on a lathe, (mainly used to

transmit motion or power

Simplified Thread Representation

Screw Threads


The pitch of a thread P is the distance from a point on the thread form
to the corresponding point on the next form, measured parallel to the
axis (Fig. 10-1-4).

Simplified Thread Representation

Thread Forms


Shows some common thread forms

ISO Metric is the most common of all

Inch & Metric have same proportion

Knuckle thread is rolled or cast

(used in light bulbs and sockets)

Square and Acme threads are

used for transmitting power

Buttress thread takes pressure on

one side ( to the axis)
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Simplified Thread Representation

Thread Representation


In Engineering drawing true representation

of threads are seldom done

There are three types of conventions to

represent threads

Simplified representation is used, if it gives

all the necessary information

Detailed representation is done while

dimensioning enlarged views, layouts

Schematic is the same as detailed but easy

to draw in case of manual drafting

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Simplified Thread Representation

Right and Left Hand Threads


If it is not stated in the drawing, it is

always assumed to be right hand
thread

A bolt threaded into a tapered hole

should be turned clockwise

Some special cases (where the

torque may loosen the fastener) may
require Left hand threads

If Left hand threads are necessary it

is indicated in the drawing by the
letters LH after the thread
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designation

Simplified Thread Representation

Single and Multiple Threads


If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always

assumed to be single thread

Single thread has a single ridge in the form of

helix and lead is equal to the pitch

Double thread has 2 ridges in the form of 2

helices starting 180apart and the lead is equal
to twice the pitch

Triple thread has 3 ridges in the form of 3 helices

starting 120apart and the lead is equal to three
times of the pitch

Multiple threads are required when small rotation

must gives faster movement (Example
mechanism for opening and closing
windows

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Simplified Thread Representation

Single and Multiple Threads

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Simplified Thread Representation

Simplified Thread Representation


Thread crests, except in hidden

views, are represented by a thick
outline and the thread roots by a
thin broken line (Fig. 10-1-10).

American Standard thread convention

ISO Standard thread convention

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Simplified Thread Representation

Inch Threads


In North America still design is based on

inch threads

Here the pitch is equal to the 1/No of

Threads per inch

Based on the No of threads per inch for a

set of diameters coarse threaded series or
fine threaded series are available

Thread Class


Thread class basically differs in allowance and tolerance in size in

each class

For external threads the classes are 1A, 2A, and 3A

For internal threads the classes are 1B, 2B, and 3B

Each class have specific characteristic and used in different situations

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Simplified Thread Representation

Thread Class
Classes 1A and 1B


These classes produce the loosest fit, that is, the greatest amount of
play (free motion) in assembly. Such as for stove bolts and other
rough bolts and nuts.
Classes 2A and 2B

These classes are designed for the ordinary good grade of

commercial products, such as machine screws and fasteners, and for
most interchangeable parts.
Classes 3A and 3B

These classes are intended for exceptionally high-grade commercial

products, where a particularly close or snug fit is essential and the
high cost of precision tools and machines is warranted.
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Simplified Thread Representation

Thread Designation


In drawing it is designated in the following order; with 3-4 decimal places no of TPI form and series class of fit (number 1,2, or 3 and letter a,or b)

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Simplified Thread Representation

Metric Threads


Based on the diameter-pitch combination metric threads are

grouped into coarse thread and fine thread series
Coarse-Thread Series

This series is intended for use in general engineering work and

commercial applications.
Fine-Thread Series

For general used when thread finer than coarse thread is

desirable.

In comparison with a coarse-thread screw, the fine-thread screw

is stronger in both tensile and torsional strength and is less likely
to loosen under vibration.
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Simplified Thread Representation

Thread Grades and Classes


A fit of a screw is the amount of clearance when internal and external

threads are assembled

The number of the tolerance grades reflects the size of the tolerance.

For example, grade 4 tolerances are smaller than grade 6 tolerances,

and grade 8 tolerances are larger than grade 6 tolerances.

Grade 6 tolerances should be used for medium-quality length-ofengagement applications.

The tolerance grades below grade 6 are intended for applications

involving fine quality and/or short lengths of engagement.

Tolerance grades above grade 6 are intended for coarse quality

and/or long lengths of engagement.
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Simplified Thread Representation

Thread Grades and Classes


In addition to the tolerance grade, a positional tolerance is

required

This controls the MMC limits of the pitch and crest diameters of
the internal and external threads

For external threads:

Tolerance position e (large allowance)

Tolerance position g (small allowance)

Tolerance position h (no allowance)

For internal threads:



Tolerance position G (small allowance)

Tolerance position H (no allowance)

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Simplified Thread Representation

ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation


ISO metric threads are defined in the

drawing by nominal size and pitch, both
express in millimeter

For example, a 10-mm diameter, 1.25-pitch,

fine-thread series is expressed as M10 X
1.25.

A 10-mm diameter, 1.5 pitch, coarse-thread

series is expressed as M10; the pitch is not
shown unless the length of thread is
required.

If the latter thread were 25 mm long and this

information was required on the drawing,
the thread callout would be M10 X 1.5 X 25.
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Simplified Thread Representation

ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation


A complete designation for an ISO metric

screw thread comprises, in addition to the
basic designation, an identification for the
tolerance class.

The tolerance class designation is

separated from the basic designation by a
dash and includes the symbol for the pitch
diameter tolerance followed immediately by
the symbol for crest diameter tolerance.

Each of these symbols consists of a

numeral indicating the grade tolerance
followed by a letter representing the
tolerance position (uppercase - internal
threads and lower case - external threads)

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Simplified Thread Representation

ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation


For external threads, the length of thread may be

given as a dimension on the drawing.

The length given is to be the minimum length of

full thread.

For threaded holes that go all the way through

the part, the term THRU is sometimes added to
the note.

If no depth is given, the hole is assumed to go all

the way through.

For threaded holes that do not go all the way

through, the depth is given in the note, for
example, MI2 X 1.75 X 20 DEEP. The depth
given is the minimum depth of full thread.

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Simplified Thread Representation

ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation


The chamfer or the undercut sizes

need not be shown in the drawing.

A comparison of metric and

inch thread sizes is given.
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Simplified Thread Representation

Pipe Threads


Pipe is universally used in inch

size.

Nominal diameter and wall

thickness is given

While calling for size of the

thread note is used that is
similar to screw threads

When calling a pipe for a thread

on a metric drawing the
abbreviation IN follows the pipe
size

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Simplified Thread Representation

Pipe Threads

Example 1
4 x 8NPT
Example 2
4 x 8NPS
Where

4 = nominal diameter of pipe, in inches

8 = number of threads per inch
N = American Standard
P = Pipe
S = Straight pipe thread
T = Taper pipe thread
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Detailed Thread Representation

Detailed Thread Representation


Close approximation of how

thread looks in real

The form is simplified by helices

as straight lines and truncated
or rounded crests as Vs

Detailed Representation of V
Threads

The threads are represented by

sharp Vs

The pitch is generally

approximated and not drawn to
scale
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Detailed Thread Representation

Detailed Representation of V Thread


Step 1

Establish the pitch and half pitch, add crest lines

Step 2

Locate the root dia and add the V profile (60)

Step 3

Add one side of remaining Vs, and then the

other side, to complete thread profile

Step 4

Complete the root lines

and the detailed
representation is done
Fig 10-2-1 Detailed Representation of Threads

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Detailed Thread Representation

P
60

Root
Major

P/2

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Detailed Thread Representation

Detailed Representation of Square Threads


Note that the depth of the square thread

is one half of the pitch (P/2)

Step 1 - Establish spaces equal to P /2

along the diameter and add construction
lines to locate the depth (root dia.) of
thread

Step 2 - Add the crest lines

Step 3 - Add the root lines, as shown

Step 4 - Internal square thread is shown

in section.

Note the reverse direction of the crest

and root lines.
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Fig 10-2-2 Detailed Representation of square Threads

Detailed Thread Representation

Detailed Representation of Acme Threads


Note that the depth of the acme thread

is one half of the pitch (P/2)

Step 1 Locate root dia and outside dia

Step 2 Locate the Pitch dia midway

between the two

Step 3 locate P/2 spaces on the pitch

dia and draw root and crest lines, as
shown (F shows enlarged view)

Step 4 Sectional views of an internal

acme thread is shown. It is optional to
show root and crest lines beyond cutting
plane

Note the reverse direction of the crest

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Fig 10-2-2 Detailed Representation of Acme Threads
and root lines.

Detailed Thread Representation

Threaded Assemblies


It is often desirable to show

threaded assembly drawings in
detailed form, that is, in
presentation or catalog
drawings

Hidden lines are omitted to

improve clarity of these
drawings

One type of thread

representation is used in one
drawing

If required, all three methods

can be used in one drawing

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Detailed Thread Representation

Schematic Thread Representation

The root and crest lines are

perpendicular to the axis of the
thread

The spacing between the root

and crest lines are drawn to
convenient size

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Common Threaded Fasteners

Fastener Selection


Fastener selection is done at

design stage keeping in the
interests of designer, production,
and purchase personnel.

Designer optimum performance

Production Ease of assembly

Purchase minimize initial and stocking

cost

It is important to determine the objectives and functions of the fastener

This can be done in consultation with fastener suppliers

The key things are the load that the screw should withstand and the type of
load (tension, shear, impact shock or vibration)

Once this is determined, then the size, strength, head shape and thread
type can be selected

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Common Threaded Fasteners

Fastener Definitions
Machine Screws


Machine screws have either fine or

coarse threads and are available in a
variety of heads. They may be used in
tapped holes as shown, or with nuts
Cap Screws

A cap screw is threaded fastener that

joins two or more parts by passing
through a clearance hole in one part and
screwing into a tapped hole in the other

A cap screw is tightened or released by

torquing the head. Cap screw sizes start
at .25 in. (6 mm) in diameter and are
available in five basic types of head.

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Common Threaded Fasteners

Fastener Definitions
Captive Screws


Captive screws remain attached to the panel or parent material

even when the mating part is disengaged.

They are used to meet military requirements, to prevent

screws from being lost, to speed assembly and
disassembly operations, and to prevent damage
from loose screws falling into moving parts or electrical circuits.
Bolts

A bolt is a threaded fastener that passes through clearance

holes in assembled parts and threads into a nut
Studs

Studs are shafts threaded at both ends, and they are used in
assemblies. The exposed end is threaded over with a nut
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