Chapter 11: Fluids

Density: = m

water = 1.000 103 kg

m3

Pressure:
Pressure: P =

F
A

Patm=1.013 105 Pa = 1 atm

Pressure in a Static Fluid: P2 = P1 + gh

Pascals Principle: Any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing walls

Buoyancy:

Archimedes Principle: the magnitude of the buoyant force on an object partially or

completely immersed in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced
Buoyant Force: FB = fluidVsub g

if an object is completely submerged, Vsub = Vobj

if an object is floating, FB = w = mg

Fluids in Motion:

Equation of Continuity: 1 A1v1 = 2 A2v2

if the fluid is incompressible (1=2): A1v1 = A2 v2

Bernoullis Equation: P1 + 1 v12 + gy1 = P2 + 1 v22 + gy2

2
2

Bernoullis Principle: where the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure in the fluid
decreases

Chapter 16: Waves and Sound

Waves:

Transverse Wave: the disturbance occurs perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave
Longitudinal Wave: the disturbance occurs parallel to the direction of travel of the wave
f =

v=

1
T

T=

1
f

v=f

if the frequency is increased, the wavelength is decreased but wave speed doesnt change

Speed of waves on a string: v =

F
( m / L)

1 v0
v
Doppler Effect: f 0 = f s
vs
1
v

Numerator:

+ observer moving toward source

- observer moving away from source

Denominator: - source moving toward observer

+ source moving away from observer

Chapter 17: Linear Superposition and Interference

Linear Superposition:

The Principle of Linear Superposition: when two or more waves are present at the same place
at the same time, the resultant disturbance is the sum of the disturbances from the individual
waves
for 2 wave sources vibrating in phase:

L = n

n = 0,1, 2,...

L = ( n + 1 )
2

constructive interference

n = 0,1, 2,...

destructive interference

Beats:
f beats = f1 f 2

Standing Waves:

for standing waves on a string fixed at both ends:

2L
n

v
fn = n

2L

n = 1, 2,3,...

Chapter 25: The Reflection of Light

The Reflection of Light:

in optics, all angles are measure with respect to the normal

Law of Reflection: r = i

Images from Plane Mirrors:

the image created by a plane mirror is virtual, upright, the same size as the object, and
as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it

Images from Spherical Mirrors:

a convex mirror always produces a virtual, reduced, and upright image

a concave mirror can produce a:
real, enlarged, inverted image (if object is between C and F)
real, reduced, inverted image (if object is beyond C)
virtual, enlarged, upright image (if object is between F and mirror)
from a single mirror, real images are always inverted and virtual images are always upright.

Mirror and Magnification Equations:

mirror equation:

1 1 1
+ =
do di
f

magnification equation: m =

hi
d
= i
ho
do

f > 0 concave mirror

f < 0 convex mirror
do > 0 real object (in front of mirror)
do < 0 virtual object (behind mirror)

di > 0 real image (in front of mirror)

di < 0 virtual image (behind mirror)

m > 0 image is upright

m > 1 image is enlarged

m < 0 image is inverted

m < 1 image is reduce

Chapter 18: Electric Forces and Fields

mp = 1.673 10-27 kg

mn = 1.675 10-27 kg

me = 9.11 10-31 kg

charge on a proton:
qp = +e = 1.602 10-19 C
charge on an electron: qe = -e = -1.602 10-19 C
charge is quantized: q = + ne n = 0, 1, 2,

Charged Objects:

Law of Conservation of Electric Charge: during any process, the net electrical charge of
an isolated system remains constant
like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other
there are three ways to charge an object: charging by friction, charging by induction,
and charging by contact

Coulombs Law:

F=

k q1 q2
r2

2
k = 8.99 109 Nm

C2

the direction of the force is along a line connecting the two charges
if there are more than two charges, the net force on a charge is the vector sum of all
the forces on the charge

The Electric Field:

the electric field is defined as: E =

F
where q0 is a small test charge
q0

the force on a charge in an electric field is given by: F = qE

the electric field from a point charge is given by: E =
E points away from a positive charge
E points toward a negative charge

kq
r2

Chapter 31: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Nuclear Structure:

a special notation is used to indicate the composition of a nucleus:

Atomic number Z: # of protons in nucleus
Atomic mass number A: # of protons + # of neutrons (N)
X: chemical symbol for element

A
Z

A=Z+N

the average radius of a nucleus of atomic mass number A is give by: r (1.2 1015 m) A

Radioactivity:

there are three types of particles given off during the various processes of radioactive decay:

particle 42 He
particle

0
-1

0
+1

-ray
decay:

A
Z

A-4
Z-2

decay:

A
Z

A
Z+1

+ decay:

A
Z

A
Z-1

decay:

A
Z

P* ZA P +

Radioactive decay:

(2 protons and 2 neutrons)

(electron)

e (positron)
(high-energy photon)

D + 24 He
D + 10 e + 00 e

D + +10 e + 00 e

N (t ) = N 0e t
A(t ) = A0e t

N # of unstable nuclei
A activity

0.693
T1
2

Nuclear Binding Energy:

Binding energy: EB = (total energy of Z protons + N neutrons) (total energy of nucleus)

EB = (m)c2
Mass Defect: m = (mass of Z protons + N neutrons) (mass of nucleus)
if masses are in atomic mass units (u), you can use the following conversion: c2 = 931.494 MeV/u