Optimal generation scheduling

in a microgrid

Lucian Toma, Ion Tritiu,

Constantin Bulac, Andreea tefana
Department of Electrical Power Systems
University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest

2016 ITEC ASIA, Busan, June 1-4

The future of power systems

Transmission network
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Distribution
network

The future of power systems

Dispatching and Strategy

Main
electrical
network

OPTIMIZATION
& CONTROL

Communication

Substation

AMI
AMI

Battery
AMI

Microgrid

Wind

RTU
Gas Engine

RTU
AMI
AMI

AMI
AMI

RTU

PV

Microgrid University Politehnica of Bucharest

Cable 1

Gas Engine P.P

2 x 800 kWel
el = 38%
Microgrid
Substation
Cable 2

PV power plant
Militari
Distrib. St.

Pinst = 30 kW

CF = 20%

Cotroceni
Distrib. St.

Microgrid University Politehnica of Bucharest

Cable 1

Gas Engine P.P

PolyGrid
Substation
25

Cable 2

20

15

PV power plant
Militari
Distrib. St.

10

Cotroceni
Distrib. St.

The mathematical model

The optimization objective:
60x24

MIN

GE (t )

t 1

subject to load-generation balance:

Pload (t ) Ppv (t ) Pw (t ) PGE (t ) Pbat (t ) Psurplus (t )

Ppv power generation from PV power plant
Pw power generation from wind power plant
PGE power generation from gas engine
Pbat power from battery (positive = generation; negative = load)
Psurplus power unbalance
and capability limits

Pgen Pmax

The mathematical model

Characteristics of the wind and solar power plants
- have the highest priority and are given by
generation profiles

Characteristics of the gas engine

- installed power from hundreds of kW to few MW
- very fast; can change the generation within few seconds
- it has the lowest priority, thus they produce power when

Pload (t ) Ppv (t ) Pw (t ) Pbat (t )

The mathematical model

Characteristics of the battery
- is characterized by the total installed energy Ebat,inst, in MWh, and the
maximum instantaneous power Pbat,max, in MW.

- battery charges when there is a surplus of energy from the renewable energy
units only

Ppv (t ) Pw (t ) Pload (t )
- in order to increase the lifetime of the battery, a minimum and a maximum
state of charge, SOCmin and SOCmax, are considered

The mathematical model

Two algorithms are used:

Algorithm 1 assumes that the batterys operating mode is

changed when it completes a full charging / discharging;
no charging is allowed when in discharging mode, and no
discharging is allowed when in charging mode;
Algorithm 2 assumes that the battery is charging any time there
is a surplus from renewables, and discharging when the
load is greater than the available generation from
renewables.

Microgrid case studies

Main data
gas engine installed power, PGE,inst = 1.4 MW;
batterys size is decided
battery minimum state o charge, SOCmin = 25%;
battery maximum state of charge, SOCmax = 75%;
load, wind generation and solar generation profiles are given

Wind
Photovoltaic
Gas Engine

Uncontrolled: Load, Wind, Solar

Controlled: Gas engine, Battery

Microgrid case studies

Case 1
installed power Pbat,max = 0.6 MW;
installed energy, Ebat,inst = 1 MWh;
rule: full charging/discharging is required until the battery changes its
operating mode: Algorithm 1 is applied

Microgrid case studies

Case 1

Battery state of charge

0.9

2.5

0.8

1.5

Battery - state of charge [-]

PGE = 5.65 MWh

Psurplus = 0.523 MWh

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

500

1000

1500

Time [minutes]

Battery operating mode

1
1
0.9

0.5

0.8
0.7
Charging mode

Generation-Load profile [MW]

Ppv
Pw
Pgas
Pbat
Pload
Surplus

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

-0.5

0.1

500

1000
Time [minutes]

1500

500

1000
Time [minutes]

1500

Microgrid case studies

Case 2
installed power Pbat,max = 0.6 MW;
installed energy, Ebat,inst = 1 MWh;
rule: full charging/discharging is required until the battery changes its
operating mode: Algorithm 1 is applied

Microgrid case studies

Battery state of charge

Case 2

0.9

2.5

1.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

500

1000

1500

Time [minutes]

Battery operating mode

1
1
0.9

0.5

0.8
0.7
Charging mode

Generation-Load profile [MW]

Ppv
Pw
Pgas
Pbat
Pload
Surplus

PGE = 5.37 MWh

Psurplus = 0.437 MWh

Battery - state of charge [-]

0.8

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

-0.5

1000

500
Time [minutes]

1500

0.2
0.1
0

500

1000
Time [minutes]

1500

Microgrid case studies

Case 3
installed power Pbat,max = 0.6 MW;
installed energy, Ebat,inst = 1 MWh;
rule: the battery charges any time there is a surplus of generation from
renewables: Algorithm 2 is applied

Microgrid case studies

Battery state of charge

Case 3

0.9

0.8

1.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

500

1000

1500

Time [minutes]

Battery operating mode

1

0.5

0.9
0.8
0.7

-0.5

Charging mode

Generation-Load profile [MW]

Ppv
Pw
Pgas
Pbat
Pload
Surplus

PGE = 4.98 MWh

Psurplus = 0 MWh

Battery - state of charge [-]

2.5

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

500

1000
Time [minutes]

1500

0.2
0.1
0

500

1000
Time [minutes]

1500

Conclusions

the microgrid allows a local generation-load balancing

thus reducing the negative effects of the intermittency
shown by RES
the first algorithm involves a smaller number of
charging/discharging cycles
the second algorithm achieves minimum generation from
the gas engine unit and thus less fuel

Thank you