In-Service Condition Monitoring of Piping Systems in Power Plants Requirements and Advanced Techniques

In-service Condition Monitoring of Piping Systems
OMMI (Vol. 1, Issue 1) April 2002
In-service Condition Monitoring of Piping Systems in Power Plants Requirements and

Advanced Techniques
B. Hahn, Essener Hochdruckrohrleitungsbau GmbH Essen
G. Bhl, J. Weber, TECHNIP GERMANY GmbH Dsseldorf
D. Nerger, VEAG, SCHWARZE PUMPE Power Station
Editorial Preamble
Not surprisingly, most effort on power plant is focused on boilers and turbines; pipework has
often been overlooked; it is perceived as inert having no obvious moving parts and merely
acts as a hose-pipe to convey steam from one component to the next. Over the years some
utilities have come to realise that the pipework is a critical component. Not only would
pipework failure result in massive loss of revenue, but the consequences of a violent failure
would have devastating consequences and could result in potential loss of life.
Pipework is far from being passive. It is subject to a severe thermal range and usually
operates well into the creep range. Cyclic operation of the plant subjects the pipework to
mechanical and thermal fatigue mechanisms and poor or defective support assemblies can
impose massive loads onto the structure.
Many factors need to be considered in both the design phase and the long term maintenance
of pipework systems. Whilst current design codes, allied with modern computer aided
analysis, provide a sound basis for pipework installations, the long term integrity of pipework
is a concern. There are many variables associated with older systems, such as the residual
stresses arising from construction and repairs (loss of cold pull), variations in pipework wall
thickness, frictional effects of pipe support units, operating temperature history, and not least
the physical properties of the pipework material and its creep behaviour. It is virtually
impossible to have all this information accurately available. As a result, most utilities adopt a
strategy to monitor the condition of the pipework, backed up with engineering and
metallurgical assessments to provide a high degree of confidence in the integrity of high
temperature pipework systems.
The following paper is an example of the experience and observations of a German approach
to the subject and their attempts to more accurately model pipework behaviour taking creep
mechanisms into account.
(J. Gostling)
In-service Condition Monitoring of Piping Systems in Power Plants Requirements and

Advanced Techniques
B. Hahn, Essener Hochdruckrohrleitungsbau GmbH Essen
G. Bhl, J. Weber, TECHNIP GERMANY GmbH Dsseldorf
D. Nerger, VEAG, SCHWARZE PUMPE Power Station
Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Hahn

Head of Department of Material Engineering
>30 years experience in
determining current condition and residual lifetime
damage analyses
of components in power stations.
b.hahn@essener-hochdruck.de
Dr.-Ing. Georg Bhl

Senior Engineer for design of high pressure pipe systems in
conventional and nuclear power stations.
>15 years special experience in fluid dynamics and pipe vibration
analyses.
GBuehl@technip-coflexip.com
Dr.-Ing. Jochen Weber

Senior Engineer for design of components exposed to
high pressure / temperature suffering creep and low cycle fatigue.
Developer of life assessment software package ConLife.
jweber@technip-coflexip.com
Dipl.-Ing. Dieter Nerger

Senior Engineer for process, welding and piping
> 30 years experience in Power Station design and operation.
hanerger@veag.de
1.
Introduction
Competition in the European market and environmental protection requirements have

emerged as a driving force for focusing on producing power at the lowest possible cost by
increasing the efficiencies of the plants and
reducing the costs for maintenance.
Improvements in the efficiency of hard coal and brown coal fired powered plants result
essentially from increases in the steam pressure and temperature which lead to higher thermal
and mechanical loading of the pipe components. In order to quantify the loading and the
material degradation of the pipe components modern performance monitoring methods are
essential.
At the same time, lowering the cost of electric power requires the reduction of maintenance
costs. Preventive maintenance is replaced by condition based maintenance. The goal of
conserving a high availability of power plants despite the increased operating conditions and/or improving the availability of older plants - can be attained only by adequate
supervision of plant condition and lifetime consumption. This publication therefore provides
an overview over the state of the art for supervision of plant condition and lifetime
consumption of pipes in power stations. Reference is also made on additional demands for
further investigations.
2.
Evaluation of Component Condition, Present Situation
2.1.
German Code Requirements and Supervision Measures Derived therefrom
The fundamentals for evaluating degradation of the condition and the residual lifetime of HPcomponents exposed to creep and cyclic loading are defined in the rule TRD 508 [1] and,
especially for components belonging to a pipe system, in the VGB-guideline VGB-R 509 L
[2]. Precondition for reliable determination of the component degradation is that the design is
in accordance with the rules of the TRD 300 series and the stresses in the pipe system fulfil
the requirements of the FDBR-guideline for power plant pipe systems [3].
The code requirements in TRD 508 and VGB-R 509 L are based on an algorithm with the
following three tasks
Visual inspection of components and pipe system
Determination of consumed plant life with respect to operating hours and plant starts
Material test (NDT) on selected components, as soon as the theoretical exhaustion has
reached ew=50% for low cycle fatigue or e=60% for creep plus low cycle fatigue.
2.2.
Condition Check of Pipe Components
Pipe components are examined during and after fabrication. By checks

the geometry (diameter, wall thickness, out of roundness) and
the material quality (microstructure, hardness)
are documented. The type and the extent of checks after service exposure depend on the
calculated exhaustion.
For a pipe system operating in the creep range visual inspections on the pipe and its supports
are defined in the guideline VGB-R 509 L, chapter 4.9. By these inspections the systems
behaviour is guaranteed to be in sufficient compliance with the flexibility calculations. In
practice the visual inspection of the pipe system is limited, very often, to a position check of
the variable supports, once in cold and once in hot pipe condition during first start up and
after outages or extraordinary events.
Significant disadvantages of this practise are:
Visual inspections are only spot checks,
Deviations from the expected vertical position can be detected only at locations where
spring or constant load supports (with position indicators) are installed,
Horizontal shifting of the pipe remains undetected,
The real loads acting at rigid supports (for example at a vertical stop) remain unknown.
If deviations are found during inspection people often act based on own their experience
without really knowing the impact on the loading of the pipe component and the lifetime.
2.3.
Determination of Plant Life Exhaustion
The evaluation of component degradation and material condition based on the operating
history contains a determination of life exhaustion and an assessment of the residual lifetime.
It is assumed in the appropriate code that - if the loading has been according to the pipe
flexibility calculations - the exhaustion and the corresponding usage factor depends only on
the service pressure and temperature.
No influences of pipe loads are considered in highly stressed components such as T-pieces,
headers and elbows. The reason for this gap in the Code is that in the past no qualified
measurements were available to derive relevant algorithms, see footnote in TRD 301,
paragraph 1.3 [4].
So the impact of the pipe loading on the remnant life of components can not be determined at
present and consequently the accuracy of identification of components to be periodically
inspected is insufficient.
2.4.
Material Examinations
First non-destructive examinations (spot checks) are mandatory for components of HP-pipe
systems after the usage factor of e = 60% or ew = 50% respectively has been attained. The
components to be examined are selected on the basis of their usage factors. There are
generalised selection hints mentioned in the VGB guideline.
The examinations consist of magnetic particle and ultrasonic examinations and replicas. By
the latter, possible incipient creep damage can be identified.
Depending on the findings of the first examination the future test period will be defined on a
usage factor basis. For components showing first irreversible creep damage of the
microstructure (pores) the period is defined on the grade of creep damage found.
Although strain measurements are mandatory for highly stressed pipe components (check of
diameter or circumference), only a few power operators carry them out. The reason for
ignoring the code is that the measurements show low accuracy and the generalised criteria of
2% irreversible strain for all materials (except 14MoV6-3 which is limited to 1%) doesnt
reflect satisfactorily the real creep behaviour of the individual steel grades.
3.
Improved Condition Evaluation
3.1.
Pipe Supervision
3.1.1. Pipe Monitoring Using MLM-System

An improved pipe inspection is attained by lifetime monitoring systems as, for example, the
MLM of TECHNIP. The system has been implemented in Scholven, Schkopau, Schwarze
Pumpe, Lippendorf and Niederaussem power plants. The system is essentially based on
measuring pressure and temperature, and the additional recording of pipe movements and
support loads at selected points.
Pipe movement measurements supply information about the pipe behaviour in both, vertical
and horizontal directions. Force measurements serve to check support loads with regard to the
proportion caused by dead weight and thermal expansion. In addition, force measurements
can also be used to evaluate the hysteresis of the spring or constant load hangers, the friction
forces in guides, and the extent of relaxation of the pipe system.
Fig. 1 Part of the visualisation of measurements in the Hot Reheat Pipe, Unit A of the
VEAG, Schwarze Pumpe PS
Fig. 1 shows a window (screen hardcopy) visualising the measurements for the boiler legs of
the Hot Reheat pipe from one boiler outlet header end up to the first constant load support in
the downcomer. For the opposite boiler legs and the adjacent pipe leg two other windows may
be opened. The general operating mode is described by the readings for pressure, temperature
and mass flow. As significant information on the pipe behaviour 5 vertical and 4 horizontal
pipe movements and two support loads are shown. In total 23 pipe movement measurements
and 7 load measurements are installed for the HR pipe.
For each measured parameter there exist four indicators. The first indicator (on the left)
defines the target (expected value gained from flexibility calculations), while the third
indicators shows the measured value.
The pipe behaviour is within the allowable if the measurement is encompassed by the Max- /
Min- values, shown by the adjacent indicators. Compared to the common practice without a
monitoring system the pipe supervision is significantly improved since
the pipe behaviour check is not limited to cold and hot (MCR) condition and
there are now tolerance ranges given to evaluate the measured deviations.
The tolerance ranges result from taking into account the effect of inclination of the pipe
hangers - derived from the existing hanger rod lengths - and hysteresis due to friction.
Nowadays both effects are considered when doing the flexibility calculations for modern
power stations with temperatures in main steam and hot reheat piping being >540C. Fig 1
shows a situation with an acceptable overall pipe behaviour. If at one location the
measurement should exceed the tolerance range, then the colour of the measurement will turn
to yellow.
3.1.2. Targets for Pipe movements and Pipe Loads
The measurements gained by all MLM-systems show, already soon after the first start up of
the power plants, tendencies leading to significant deviations from the targets originally
defined by the as built flexibility analyses:
the horizontal pipe deflections for hot condition decrease
the vertical pipe levels stabilise at levels lower than calculated
loads generated at rigid supports by thermal expansion die down
Two well known mechanisms are responsible for the observed pipework behaviour: local
creep and pipe relaxation. However, they arent considered by flexibility calculations based
on linear elastic material behaviour. The mechanisms need detailed knowledge about the
creep behaviour of the material versus time.
For the pipe systems of the PS Schwarze Pumpe assessments supplied satisfying results. The
calculation procedure was adopted from the specification for the German Liquefied Metal
Fast Breeding Reactor [5].
Relaxation in complex pipe systems is mainly caused by local creep in the elbows.
Assessments take advantage of this by assuming creep hinges at each highly stressed elbow in
order to simulate the additional deformation caused by local creep. Using state of the art
program systems for the flexibility calculation hinges may be obtained by increasing the
flexibility factors of the elbows by a factor 50 or higher (a factor 50 is defined by the
American LMFBR-specification). Results gained by these flexibility factors represent the
pipe behaviour in relaxed hot condition after several 100 hours of service.
Pipe movements
Table 1 shows the pipe movements in hot condition calculated and measured for 3 selected
locations. The measurements 002/GZ and 005/GZ are related to the boiler leg shown in Fig. 1
and the measurement 016/GY is located at the vertical stop in the downcomer on turbine
level.
The comparison of the measurements make evident that the deviations between as-built
calculation and measurements are not due to friction effects. The MLM-measurements agree
sufficiently well with the results of the flexibility assessment using hinges. The existing
relaxation is slightly higher than assessed since the measured z-deflections of the pipe are
greater and the measured x-deflections are less than calculated.
Location
Pipe 13
k Factor
002/ GZ
005/ GX
016/ GY
Table1:
Assessment
Deviation
assuming hinges
MLM to As - Built
with H. I. without Measurewith H.I.
Fr.
ment 1)
without Fr.
1
1
50
100
-180
-225
-224
-17 ( 8%)
-214
-231
238
171
158
-97 (42%)
+232
135
179
+134
+120
-79 (42%)
+189
+110
Pipe Movements(mm), MLM-measurement and Results Obtained by
Flexibility Calculations
As Built
with H. I.
with Fr.
As Built
with H. I.
without Fr.
1) The MLM- Measurement of the pipe movement results from the shown values (compare
Fig.1) minus the reference value for erection status: The later amount to
13 /002/GZ: 115 mm, 13/005/GX: 234 mm, 13/ 016/ GY: 276 mm
As Built: As built flexibility calculation according to common practice,
H.I.: Hanger inclination in hot condition; Fr.: Friction in hangers and guides
Loads at rigid support

The supports are subjected to loading from dead weight and thermal expansion of the pipe
system. The latter contribute the reaction forces generated by the pipe itself and the reaction
forces generated by the hangers once the rods are no longer vertically orientated due to the
horizontal pipe movement (hanger inclination). Both reaction forces are reduced by the
relaxation.
The loads can be assessed taking relaxation into account by the same approach as mentioned
before, i.e. by assuming hinges in the high stressed elbows. In addition, the loads at each rigid
support may be easily derived from the as-built calculation for reasonable ratios of relaxation
(R). Therefore, the loads due to thermal expansion have to be multiplied with the factor (1-R)
and to be superimposed on the dead weight load. In table 2 the results for the flexibility
assessment with hinges (factor 50) and ratios of relaxation amounting to 66% and 100%
respectively are compared with the MLM measurements. For simplification only load cases
without friction are considered here.
The comparison of the calculated support loads shows that the loads obtained by the
flexibility assessment with hinges lie within the load range defined by 66% and 100%
relaxation. Considering that the load measurement for the vertical stop has to be corrected by
>5kN due to friction in the adjacent constant load supports, then the overall relaxation of the
pipe may be derived to be about 66%.
Location
Pipe 13
001 / WY
006 / WZ
017 / WZ
Table 2:
As Built Assessment
with H. I. Using hinges
without Fr.
with H. I.
without Fr.
k = 50
Static with
Relaxation
with H. I.
without Fr..
66%
100%
MLM Relaxation ratio

Measurederived from
ment 1) MLM - Interpolation
8,7
15,6
5,7
75 % Relaxation
+ 33,3
( -) 13
- 35,3
- 35,4 - 51,2
61 % Relaxation
- 3,2
(+) 33
-210,0
- 216,0 -206,0 (+) 211
80 % Relaxation
- 236,0
Loads (kN) at Support Showing Significant Relaxation Influences
1) MLM signs indicate tension (+) and compression (-), while the signs of the flexibility
calculation results are related to the global co-ordinate system used (x- in flow direction
at boiler outlet header, z vertical up wards)
The MLM movement and load measurements prove that target values for the pipe supervision
derived from the as built flexibility analysis may lead to wrong conclusions and - even worse
- to inadmissible remedial measures.
Fig. 2 Movement measuring at

constant load hanger
Fig. 3 Load measuring at strut
In Fig. 2 and 3 two examples for the installed sensors of the VEAG PS Schwarze Pumpe are
shown.
3.2.
Possibilities of lifetime assessment by calculation
The assessment of lifetime by calculation is based on the TRD 508, Appendix 1, first
published in the year 1978. The developments in measuring technique, process automation as
well as in data processing and computation allow a much more detailed analysis of the
loading. Today the measured data can be sent directly to a lifetime monitoring system, which
analyses the data and automatically calculates the increase of creep and fatigue damage.
Available systems with current references in power plants include ERNA, ConLife and
ALIAS [7].
For the determination of the creep damage one may use the traditional classification of service
hours by pressure and temperature classes. In order to get a reliable result the width of the
classes should be as small as possible. Alternatively relating service hours directly to pressure
and temperature (without classification) is possible by means of suitable filters.
Concerning the fatigue damage the lifetime monitoring systems have the advantage that the
lavish classification of the numbers of load cycles per stress range class and per average
temperature class of the cycle can be omitted. By means of the Rainflow- or the Range-Paircounting method closed load cycles, the related temperatures of the cycles and the resulting
increase of fatigue damage are calculated online. Load cycles which do not contribute to the
fatigue damage (because the stresses range within the endurance) are excluded from the
calculation by means of a filter.
3.3.
Supervision of strain
With the availability of detailed information of the real pipe behaviour obtained by a modern
monitoring system the supervision of the creep strain of highly stressed components gets a
greater importance than in the past where only the increase of the pipe diameter could be
measured. The knowledge of the existing forces and moments allows the calculation of real
stresses and strains in a component. The knowledge of the local strains in the highly stressed
areas of the component under consideration is of decisive significance. They may be
measured by the use of capacitive high temperature strain gauges (HT-DMS). Their
application will be limited however to a few selected components and special cases, due to the
high costs.
For a more complex application to determine the irreversible local strains the triangulation
measurement was developed by TECHNIP. It is successfully implemented in the research
project KOMET 650 Dampfschleife Kraftwerk Westfalen [8], figure 4. The measuring
principle is as follows:
With a special welding machine three bolts of stainless steel (size 3x4 mm) are applied on the
area of the component under consideration. These bolts mark the corners of a triangle of a size
of approximately 20x20x30 mm. With a digital camera and a special pattern a zero picture
is taken. This picture is evaluated automatically by a software. The measuring error depends
on the type of camera. With the Kodak DCS410c camera used in the project Dampfschleife
the measuring error is below 1/20 mm. This is about 0,1 times the accuracy of the high
temperature strain gauges as comparative measurements have shown. For the monitoring of
the local strains more than 400 triangulation points are installed in conjunction with the high
10
temperature strain gauges. With this new measuring method it is possible to measure the
irreversible strains (at low cost) for further use in finite-element-analyses.
Fig. 4 Triangulation measurement

Picture on top: austenitic bolts welded to a pipe surface with measuring pattern
Picture beneath: picture with automatically determined distances
4.
Development requirements to achieve an effective concept for condition and

lifetime assessment
4.1.
Consideration of pipe system loads
Several attempts have been made in the past to evaluate the influence of pipe loads on the
lifetime of pipe components operating in the creep range, however only with minor success.
Generally the pipe loads are limited during the design of the piping system. Philosophies
differ from one design code to another. The American ASME B31.1 only limits the stresses
11
due to the primary loads (internal pressure, dead weight) and the stress range due to the
secondary loads. Investigations that have been done during the last 10 years and also
experience with lifetime monitoring systems confirm the up to now assumption that only
between 1/4 and 1/3 of the secondary stresses remain in the piping system for a long time.
The German FDBR-guideline [3] and the future European standard prEN 13480-3 contain the
limitation of the sum of primary and unrelaxed secondary stresses to be not greater than the
design stress Sm as additional criterion.
The problem of the evaluation of the influence of system loads on the piping component starts
with the survey of real loading. The first precondition is the realisation of the measuring
equipment mentioned under 3.1. With a sufficient number of sensors the stresses at the critical
components can be derived from the measuring signals by using a mathematical model of the
piping. These stresses can be considered for the lifetime assessment in addition to the stresses
due to internal pressure. The application of the Tresca (shear-stress) hypothesis in the actual
codes however denies the consideration of stresses due to system loads, because they mostly
occur as the second principal stress. Because of that they have no influence on the equivalent
stress [11]. The idea in the late 80's and the early 90's was to superimpose the sum of stresses
due to internal pressure and the stresses due to system loads after relaxation concerning the
creep damage. It has been proved that this approach was too conservative and physically
doubtful. A solution could be the evaluation based on the von Mises equivalent stress, as
shown in the GDR-Code TGL 22160/02 [12].
Consideration of the real component geometry also contributes to a more exact lifetime
assessment. The measured wall thickness influences the calculation of exhaustion as a local
effect. The significance of the survey of real geometry and its mathematical consideration is
proven by pipe bends failures. The ovality leads to additional stresses and may decrease the
lifetime of a bend significantly. Damage as shown in Fig. 5 are predictable and avoidable with
a more accurate calculation.
Fig. 5 Damaged bend

With pipe bends, which in piping systems always have the important function to compensate
the thermal expansion, an additional global effect occurs. The change of the wall thickness
and the ovality lead to a change of the sectional moment of the bend and influences the
behaviour of the piping system. With it the stresses resulting from system loads change [13].
12
Up to now calculations, with few exceptions, are based on linear elastic material behaviour.
They dont give a correct description of the loading of components of relaxing piping. Also
the overall consideration of relaxed amounts of stresses or the analysis with creep joints as
mentioned above dont change anything. The preconditions for the consideration of non linear
material behaviour are given today. Mathematical descriptions of creep curves can be created
and integrated in software based on creep rupture strength tests where creep strains have also
been recorded. Relevant experience is available for example at the MPA Stuttgart and the IfW
Darmstadt. So its possible to calculate the creep strains and relaxation of a piping as it is
already done with the research project KOMET 650 [8].
4.2.
Creep strain as a forward-looking criterion
The assessment of lifetime is traditionally based on stress (creep rupture strength). Final
failure of a component are not caused by the stresses that remain constant or decrease with
ongoing time but by the increasing creep strains that lead to crack initiation. The most
meaningful failure criterion would be the creep strain, because its easy to verify by
measuring. But the criterion of the TRD 2% creep strain = end of life is too general as
mentioned above. A lot of questions have to be answered from the material scientists before
an applicable theory will be available. Instead of the now available creep rupture strengths
and 1% creep strains material specific creep laws and creep curves must be worked out to
allow the simulation of the long-time behaviour of the piping and its components. First
experiences of the research project KOMET 650 KW Westfalen show the correctness of
doing this. Another step in this direction is the VGB / FDBR research project pipe bends in
the creep range.
5.
Summary
The intent of this paper is to show the possibilities for improving the assessment of the service
condition and lifetime assessment by use of actual monitoring systems for piping. With the
MLM monitoring system it is possible, in addition to the measurement of the lifetime relevant
values of pressure and temperature, to survey movements and support loads at representative
locations to get quantitative information concerning local stresses and strains. The last
mentioned allows the efficient use of material monitoring e.g. metallographic examination in
conjunction with the described possibilities of measuring strains.
To get an obvious mathematical linkage of the experiences resulting from the MLM
monitoring system research work must be done in the field of material sciences as well as in
the field of stress analyses. One important precondition is the availability of material specific
creep curves.
6.
References
[1]
Technische Regeln fr Dampfkessel; TRD 508, Zustzliche Prfungen an Bauteilen,

berechnet mit zeitabhngigen Festigkeitswerten; Verband der Technischenberwachungsvereine e.V. Essen
VGB-Richtlinie R 509 L; Wiederkehrende Prfungen an Rohrleitungen in fossil
befeuerten Wrmekraftwerken; VGB Technische Vereinigung der Grokraftwerksbetreiber e.V. Essen
FDBR-Richtlinie Berechnung von Kraftwerksrohrleitungen,
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
13
Vulkan-Verlag Essen 1987

Technische Regeln fr Dampfkessel; TRD 301, Zylindrische Schalen unter
Innendruck; Verband der Technischen-berwachungsvereine e.V. Essen
LMFBR Piping Design Guide 1971
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI-Gesellschaft Energietechnik; Betriebsmanagementsysteme in der Energiewirtschaft, Marktbersicht 2000, CD-ROM
Advanced Life Assessment System,
http://www.mpa.uni-stuttgart.de/mpa/mpa-lebensdauermanagement.htm
Forschungsprojekt KOMET 650, Grorohrversuchsstrecke 650C im KW Westfalen
Peters, K., Weber, J.: Berechnung von Kraftwerksrohrleitungen fr sehr hohe
Temperaturen nach FDBR-Richtlinie, 11. Rohrleitungstechnische Tagung, Zwickau,
05.-06.03.1996
ASME Code for Power Piping, B 31.1, 1998
Draft DIN EN 13480-3, Metallische industrielle Rohrleitungen, Teil 3: Konstruktion
und Berechnung, German Version prEN 13480-3, 1999
TGL 22160, Rohrleitungen aus Stahl, Festigkeitsberechnung, Ausg. 04.84
Weber, J.: Festigkeitsberechnung von Rohrbgen (Rohrbiegungen) in FD- und HZRohrleitungen vor dem Hintergrund steigender Dampfparameter, VGB-Fachtagung
Rohrleitungen, Armaturen, Pumpen und Druckbehlter, Essen, 10.11.1998
FDBR / VGB Gemeinschaftsforschungsvorhaben - Berechnungsmethode zur
Beurteilung des Festigkeitsverhaltens von Rohrbiegungen bei Betrieb im
Zeitstandbereich; Forschungsantrag / Projektbeschreibung 15.09.2000 (unpublished)

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In-service Condition Monitoring of Piping Systems

OMMI (Vol. 1, Issue 1) April 2002