CHUYN 3.

CACBON - SILIC
A. PHN L THUYT
I. CACBON
1. V tr - Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Cu hnh electron nguyn t 1s22s22p2
Cacbon th 6, chu k 2, nhm IVA ca bng tun hon
C c 4 electron lp ngoi cng
Cc s oxi ha ca C l: -4, 0, +2, +4
2. Tnh cht vt l
- C c ba dng th hnh chnh: Kim cng, than ch v fuleren
3. Tnh cht ha hc
- Trong cc dng tn ti ca C, C v nh hnh hot ng hn c v mt
ha hc.
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc C th hin hai tnh cht: Tnh oxi ha v
tnh kh. Tuy nhin tnh kh vn l ch yu ca C.
a. Tnh kh
Tc dng vi oxi

nhit thng :
0

+4

C + O2 t
CO2
nhit cao C li kh CO2 theo phn ng:
0

+4

C + C O2
Tc dng vi hp cht
0

C +4HNO3

+2

t0

2C O

+4

t0

C O2 + 4NO2 +2H2O

b. Tnh oxi ha
Tc dng vi hidro

C+2H
2

-4

t0 , xt

C H4

Tc dng vi kim loi

0

3C+ 4Al

-4

t0

Al4 C3 (nhm cacbua)

II. CACBON MONOXIT

1. Tnh cht ha hc
- Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca CO l tnh kh
+2

2 C O + O 2
+2

3C O + Fe 2 O3

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+4

t0

2 C O2
t0

+4

3C O 2 + 2Fe

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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

2. iu ch
a. Trong phng th nghim
0
HCOOH

H2SO4 (c), t
b. Trong cng nghip:
- Kh than t
C
+
H2O
- Kh l gas
C
+
O2
CO2 +
C

CO

1050

t0
t0

H2O

CO

H2

CO2
2CO

III. CACBON IOXIT

1. Tnh cht vt l
- L cht kh khng mu, nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh.
- CO2 (rn) l mt khi mu trng, gi l nc kh. Nc kh
khng nng chy m thng hoa, c dng to mi trng lnh khng c
hi m.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Kh CO2 khng chy, khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht.
- CO2 l oxit axit, khi tan trong nc cho axit cacbonic
CO2 (k) + H2O (l)
H2CO3 (dd)
- Tc dng vi dung dch kim
CO2 +
NaOH

NaHCO3
CO2 + 2NaOH

Na2CO3
+
H2 O
Note:
- Ty vo t l phn ng m c th cho ra cc sn phm mui khc nhau.
3. iu ch
a ,Trong phng th nghim
CaCO3
+
2HCl
CaCl2
+
CO2
+
H2O
b. Trong cng nghip
- Kh CO2 c thu hi t qu trnh t chy hon ton than.
IV. AXIT CACBONIC - MUI CACBONAT
1. Axit cacbonic
- L axit km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch long, d b phn hy thnh
CO2 v H2O.
- L axit hai nc, trong dung dch phn li hai nc.

H2CO
3

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H+ +HCO3-

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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

-
HCO
3

H+ +CO32-

2. Mui cacbonat
- Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi kim, amoni v a s mui
hirocacbonat u tan. Mui cacbonat ca kim loi khc th khng tan.
a. Tc dng vi dd axit
NaHCO3 + HCl

NaCl
+ CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 + 2HCl

2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

b. Tc dng vi dd kim
NaHCO3 +
NaOH

Na2CO3
+
H2O
c. Phn ng nhit phn
MgCO3(r)
MgO(r) +
CO2(k)
t
2NaHCO3(r) t
Na2CO3(r) + CO2(k)
+ H2O(k)
0
0

V. SILIC
1. Tnh cht vt l
- Silic c hai dng th hnh: silic tinh th v silic v nh hnh.
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Silic c cc s oxi ha: -4, 0, +2 v +4 (s oxi ha +2 t c trng hn).
- Trong cc phn ng ha hc, silic va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin
tnh kh.
a. Tnh kh
0

+4

Si+2F
2
0

Si+ O 2

Si F4
+4

t0

Si O 2

+4

Si+ 2NaOH + H 2O

Na 2 Si O3 + 2H 2

b. Tnh oxi ha
0

2Mg + Si

t0

-4

Mg 2 Si

3. iu ch
- Kh SiO2 nhit cao
SiO2 + 2Mg

t0

Si

MgO

VI. HP CHT CA SILIC

1. Silic ioxit
- SiO2 l cht dng tinh th.
- Tan chm trong dung dch kim c nng, tan d trong kim nng chy.
SiO2
+
2NaOH t
Na2SiO3 + H2O
- Tan c trong axit HF
0

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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

SiO2

4HF

SiF4

2H2O

Note:

2.
3.

Ngi ta dng dung dch HF khc ch ln thy tinh.

HF l axit duy nht c kh nng n mn thy tinh
Khng ng HF bng l thy tinh.
Axit silixic
H2SiO3 l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc. Khi mt mt phn nc
to thnh vt liu xp l silicagen. Dng ht hi m trong cc thng ng
hng ha.
Axit silixic l axit yu, yu hn c axit cacbonic nn b axit ny y ra khi
dung dch mui.
Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SiO3
Mui silicat
- Dung dch m c ca Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 c gi l thy tinh lng.
- Vi tm thy tinh lng s kh chy, ngoi ra thy tinh lng cn c
dng ch to keo dn thy tinh v s.
B. BI TP C HNG DN GII

I. Dng bi tp CO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim

Cc PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra
CO2 +
NaOH

NaHCO3
CO2 +
2NaOH

Na2CO3
nOH
t T =
:

nCO2

H2O

Nu T 1
to mui duy nht NaHCO3
Nu 1 < T < 2 to hn hp hai mui NaHCO3 v Na2CO3

Nu T 2

to mui duy nht Na2CO3

Note: Mt s lu khi gii bi tp ny:

- Xc nh sn phm no c to thnh bng cc tnh gi tr T.
- Nu to thnh hn hp hai mui thng ta gii bng cch lp h PT.
V d: Sc 2.24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c
dung dch A. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong A.
Gii
2.24
nCO =
=0.1(mol); nNaOH =0.15*1=0.15(mol)

22.4
2

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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

T =nOH =0.15 =1.5 to hn hp hai mui
nCO
0.1

t n
NaHCO =x; nNa CO =y
3

CO2 +
x
CO2 +
y
Ta c h PT:

NaOH
x
2NaOH
2y

NaHCO3
x
Na2CO3
y

H2O

x +y =0.1
x =0.05 mNaHCO3 =0.05*84 =4.2 (gam)

x
+
2y
=
0.15
y
=
0.05

mNa2CO3 =0.05*106 =5.3(gam)

II. Dng bi tp kh oxit kim loi bng kh CO
Oxit KL

CO

KL

CO2

p dng cc nh lut tnh cc gi tr sau:

moxit Kl +mCO =mKl +mCO2

v m
OxitKl =mKl +mO
nO (oxit) =nCO nCO2
V d: Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe 3O4 v CuO nung nng n
khi phn ng hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi
bnh c dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng
khi lng 2 oxit trong hn hp u.
Gii
5
Cch 1: n
0.05(mol) nO (oxit) =nCO2 =nCaCO3 =0.05(mol)
CaCO3 =

100
moxit =mKl +mO =2.32 +16* 0.05=3.12 (gam)
5
Cch 2: n
=
0.05(mol) nO (oxit) =nCO =nCO =nCaCO =0.05(mol)
CaCO

3
100
moxit =mKl +mCO2 - mCO =2.32 +44* 0.05- 28* 0.05=3.12 (gam)
2

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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:

a. NaHCO3
+
NaOH

b. NaHCO3
+
HCl

c. SiO2
+
HF

d. CO2
+
NaOH

e. CO2
+
2NaOH

f. CO2
+
Ca(OH)2
g. CO2
+
2Ca(OH)2

h. CO (d)
+
Fe2O3

i. CO (d)
+
Fe3O4
Cu 2. t mt mu than (cha tp cht khng chy) c khi lng 0,6 gam
trong oxi d thu c 1,06 m3 (ktc) kh cacbonic. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng
ca cacbon trong mu than trn.
Cu 3. Cho 224 ml kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht trong 100 ml dung dch KOH 0,2M.
Tnh khi lng ca nhng cht trong dung dch to thnh.
Cu 4. Cho 5,6 lt kh CO2 (ktc) sc vo dung dch NaOH d thu c dung dch
A. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui. Tnh gi tr m.
Cu 5. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 150 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung
dch D. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dch D.
Cu 6. Sc 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung
dch D. Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc cht tan trong dung dch D.
Cu 7. Sc 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo 400 ml dung dch NaOH C M thu c dung
dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c 19 gam hn hp hai mui.
a. Tnh khi lng mi mui.
b. Tnh nng dung dch NaOH em dng.
Cu 8. Nung 52,65 gam CaCO3 10000C v cho ton b kh thot ra hp th ht
vo 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M. Hi thu c mui no? Khi lng l bao
nhiu. Bit hiu sut ca phn ng nhit phn CaCO3 l 85%.
Cu 9. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 4,48 lt kh CO2
Cu 10. Kh hon ton 23,2 gam Fe3O4 bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m.
Cu 11. Kh hon ton m gam Fe2O3 bng kh CO d. Kh thu c sc vo dung
dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 30 gam kt ta. Tnh m.
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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

Cu 12. Kh hon ton 2,32 gam Fe3O4 bng kh CO d thu c m gam cht rn.
Ha tan hon ton cht rn thu c bng dung dch axit HNO 3 thu c V lt NO
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tnh m v V.
D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO
Cu 1. Dn mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng Fe 3O4 v CuO nung nng n
khi phn ng hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra khi
bnh c dn qua dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Tnh tng
khi lng 2 oxit trong hn hp u.
Cu 2. Cho kh CO qua ng cha 15,2g hn hp gm CuO v FeO nung nng. Sau
mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh B v 13,6g cht rn C. Cho B tc dng vi
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 3. Dn mt lung kh CO qua ng s ng m gam hn hp CuO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4
v Al2O3 ri cho kh thot ra hp th ht vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c
15 gam kt ta. Cht rn cn li trong ng s c khi lng 215,0 gam. Xc nh
gi tr ca m.
Cu 4. Cho V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht vo 500 ml dung dch Ca(OH) 2 0,02 M
th thu c 0,5 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca V.
Cu 5. Cho 1,344 lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th ht vo 2 lt dung dch X cha NaOH
0,04M v Ca(OH)2 0,02M thu c m gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca m.
Cu 6. Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam CaO vo H2O thu c dung dch A. Sc V lt
kh CO2 (ktc) vo dung dch A thu c 15 gam kt ta. Xc nh gi tr ca V.
Cu 7 (C-2010). Hp th hon ton 3,36 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) vo 125 ml dung dch
Ba(OH)2 1M, thu c dung dch X. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i. Xc
nh nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch X.
Cu 8 (A-09). Cho 0,448 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) hp th ht vo 100 ml dung
dch cha hn hp NaOH 0,06M v Ba(OH)2 0,12M, thu c m gam kt ta.
Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 9 (A-08). Hp th hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) vo 500 ml dung dch
hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)2 0,2M, sinh ra m gam kt ta.Tnh gi tr
ca m.
Cu 10 (A-07). Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch
Ba(OH)2 nng a mol/l, thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Tnh gi tr ca a.

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CHUYN 3. CACBON - SILIC

THE END

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