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Bai 1:
I-CU TO PHN T
- Cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p3
- CTCT :
NN
CTPT : N2
II-TNH CHT VT L
- L cht kh khng mu , khng mi , khng v, hi nh hn khng kh ( d = 28/29) , ha lng -196 oC.
- Nit t tan trong nc , ho lng v ho rn nhit rt thp .Khng duy tr s chy v s h hp .
III-TNH CHT HO HC
1-Tnh oxi ho : Phn t nit c lin kt ba rt bn, nn nit kh tr v mt ha hc nhit thng.
a) Tc dng vi hidr :
nhit cao , p sut cao v c xc tc .Nit phn ng vi hidr to amoniac . y l phn ng thun nghch v to nhit :
0
to,p,xt
N2 + 3H2
2NH3 H = -92KJ
b)Tc dng vi kim loi
- nhit thng nit ch tc dng vi liti to liti nitrua :
- nhit cao , nit tc dng vi nhiu kim loi :
6Li + N2 2Li3N
+2
N2 + O2 2NO ( khng mu )
- iu kin thng , nit monoxit tc dng vi oxi khng kh to nit dioxit mu nu
+2
+4
2NO + O2 2NO2
Mg3N2.?
Cu 12. Mt hn hp N2 v H2 c t khi i vi H2 l 4,9. Cho hn hp i qua cht xc tc nung nng, ngi ta c mt
hn hp mi c t khi i vi H2 = 6,125. Tnh hiu sut N2 chuyn thnh NH3.
Cu 13. Cho hn hp ng th tch N2 v H2 c cho qua bt st nung nng th c 60% H2 tham gia phn ng.Hy xc nh
thnh phn % theo th tch cc kh trong hn hp to thnh.
Cu 14. Cn ly bao nhiu lt N2 v H2 (kc) iu ch c 51g NH3. Bit hiu sut phn ng l 25%.
Bai 2:
A. AMONIAC : Trong phn t NH3 , N lin kt vi ba nguyn t hidro bng ba lin kt cng ha tr c cc. NH 3 c
cu to hnh chp vi nguyn t Nit nh. Nit cn mt cp electron ha tr l nguyn nhn tnh baz ca NH 3.
I. Tnh chat vat l:
xt, to
a) N2
NH3 NO
NO2
HNO3
KNO3
b) NH3 HCl
NH4Cl
NH3
Cu
Cu(NO3)2
c) Kh Add A
B
Kh A
C
D + H2O
2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn0ng ha hc sau y
t
a) ? + OHNH3 + ?
0
t
b) (NH4)3PO4
NH3 + ?
0
t
c) NH4Cl + NaNO2
? + ?
+ ?
t0
d)
?
N 2O + H 2 O
t0
e) (NH4)2SO4
? + Na2SO4 + H2O
t0
f)
?
NH3 + CO2 + H2O
3. Cho lng d kh NH3 i t t qua ng s cha 3,2g CuO nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton ,thu c cht rn
A v hn hp kh .Cht A phn ng va vi 20 ml dd HCl 1 M.
a) Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng?
b) Tnh th tch kh nit (kc) c to thnh sau phn ng?
4. Dn 1,344 l NH3 vo bnh cha 0,672 l kh Clo (cc kh o ktc).
a) Tnh % V hn hp kh sau phn ng ?
b) tnh khi lng mui amoni clorua thu c?
5. Cho dung dch NH3 (d) vo 20ml dung dch Al2(SO4)3, lc ly kt ta v cho vo 10ml dung dch NaOH 2M th tan ht.
a) Vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra di dng phn t v ion rt gn.
b) Tnh nng mol/lt ca cc ion Al3+ , SO42 v ca Al2(SO4)3 trong dung dch.
6. Cho dd Ba(OH)2 n d vo 50 ml dd A c cha cc ion NH4+, SO42- ,NO3-.C trong 11,65g mt kt ta c to ra v un
nng th c 4,48 lt (kc) mt cht kh bay ra .
a) Vit phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra
b) Tnh nng mol/lt ca mi mui trong dd A?
7. Cho 1,12 lt NH3 ktc tc dng vi 16g CuO nung nng, sau phn ng cn mt cht rn X cn li.
a) Tnh khi lng cht rn X cn li.
b) Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M tc dng vi X.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
Nhng cu ng:
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 1, 4, 6
C. 1, 3, 4, 6
D. 2, 4, 5
Cu 10. Thm 10ml dung dch NaOH 0.1M vo 10ml dung dch NH4Cl 0.1M vi git qu tm, sau un si.
Dung dch s c mu g trc sau khi un si ?
A. thnh tm
B. Xanh thnh
C. Xanh thnh tm
D. Ch c mu xanh
Bai 3:
A. AXIT NITRIC
I. Cau tao phan t :
-
CTPT: HNO3
O
CTCT:
H-ON
O
nht la +5
Cu + 4HNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H 2O.
3Cu + 8HNO3long
3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H 2O.
- Khi tac dung vi nhng kim loai co tnh kh manh hn nh : Mg, Zn, Al.
+ HNO3 ac b kh en NO2 ;
+ HNO3 loang c th b kh n N2O , N2 hoc NH4NO3.
Vd:
V. ieu che
1-Trong phong th nghiem:
0
NaNO3t r + H2SO4
HNO3 + NaHSO4
4
2NO + O 2 2NO2
1. Tnh chat vat ly: De tan trong nc , la chat ien li manh trong dung dch, chung
phan li hoan toan thanh cac ion
V du:
Ca(NO3)2 Ca2+ + 2NO3- Ion NO3- khong co mu, mau cua mot so muoi nitrat la do mau cua cation kim loai.
Mot so muoi nitrat de b chay ra nh NaNO3, NH4NO3.
2.. Tnh chat hoa hoc: Cac muoi nitrat de b phan huy khi un nong
a) Muoi nitrat cua cac kim loai hoat ong (trc Mg):
0
Nitrat t Nitrit + O2
t0
2KNO3
2KNO2 + O2
t
Nitrat
t0
t
Nitrat
2AgNO
3
t0
2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
BI TP T LUN
1.Thc hin chui phn ng sau (ghi iu kin nu c)
a) (NH4)2SO4 NH3 NO NO2 HNO3 NaNO3 NaNO2
b) NH4Cl NH4NO3 N2 NH3 Cu Cu(NO3)2 CuO
c) NaNO3 NO NO2 NH4NO3 N2O
NH3 (NH4)3PO4
d)
NH3 NH4NO3NaNO3 NH3 Al(OH)3 KalO2
2. B tc v cn bng cc phng trnh ha hc sau:
a) Ag
+ HNO3 (c)
NO2
+ ? + ?
b) Ag
+ HNO3 (long) NO
+ ? + ?
c) Al
+ HNO3
N2O
+ ? + ?
d) Zn
+ HNO3
NH4NO3 + ? + ?
e) FeO
+ HNO3
NO + Fe(NO3)3 + ?
*
f ) Fe3O4
+ HNO3
NO + Fe(NO3)3 + ?
g) FeO + HNO3long
NO
+
?
+ ?
h) FeS2 + HNO3
Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O
3. Bng phng php ha hc hy nhn bit :
a) Cc dung dch : NH3 , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4Cl ,Na2SO4 .
b) Cc dung dch : (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3, K2SO4, Na2CO3, KCl.
5
c) Ch dung mot hoa chat duy nhat nhan biet cac dung dch mat nhan sau:
NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl.
4. Nhng cp cht no sau y khng tn ti trong dung dch. Vit phng trnh ion thu gn.
a) NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2
b) Cu(NO3)2 + KOH
c) NaNO3 + HCl
d) KNO3 + H2SO4 + Cu
e*) Al(NO3)3 + NaOHd
f) FeCl3
+ KOHd
5. Cho 24,6 gam hn hp Al v Cu tc dng va vi 2 lt dung dch HNO 3 long th thu c 8,96 lt kh NO thot ra
(kc).
a) Tnh % khi lng ca Al v Cu trong hn hp.
b) Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 dng.
6. Ha tan 21,3 g hn hp Al v Al2O3 bng dung dch HNO3 long, va to dung dch A v 13,44 lt kh NO (ktc).
a) Tnh thnh phn % v khi lng mi cht trong hh ban u.
b)Tnh th tch dung dch HNO3 2M dng.
c) Cn cho vo dung dch A bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 2M thu c 31,2 g kt ta.
7. Hoa tan 1,52g hon hp ran A gom sat va magie oxt vao 200ml dung dch HNO 3 1M th
thu c 0,448 lt mot kh khong mau hoa nau ngoai khong kh.
a. Tm thanh phan phan tram khoi lng cua moi chat co trong hh ran A.
b. Tm CM cua dung dch muoi va dung dch HNO 3 sau phan ng ( coi the tch dung dch sau
phan ng khong thay oi).
8. T NH3 iu ch HNO3 qua 3 giai on .
a) Vit phng trnh iu ch .
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch HNO3 60% iu ch c t 112000 lt NH3(kc) bit Hp/ng= 80%
9. Ho tan hon ton 3,84 kim loi M trong dung dch HNO 3Ld thu c 0,896 lt kh NO(kc), c cn dung dch sau phn
ng thu c m gam mui khan .Xc nh kim loi M v gi tr m .
10. Ho tan ht 9,6g Cu ngi ta dng mt lng va 250ml dd Axit HNO 3 thu c kh NO v dd A.
a- Tnh th tch kh NO sinh ra 27,3oC v 2,2atm.
b- Tnh nng mol/l dd HNO3 cn dng .
c- C cn dd A ri nung nng n khi ngng bay hi. Tnh khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung .
11. Khi ha tan 30,0g hn hp ng v ng (II) oxit trong 1,50 lt dung dch axit nitric 1,00M ( long) thy thot ra 6,72 lt
nit monooxit (ktc). Xc nh hm lng phn trm ca ng (II) oxit trong hn hp, nng mol ca ng (II) nitrat v
axit nitric trong dungdich5 sao phn ng, bit rng th tch dung dch khng thay i.
12. Nhit phn hon ton 34,65g hn hp gm KNO2 ,Cu(NO3)2 thu c hn hp kh X c t khi ca X i vi H2bng
18,8 . Tnh khi lng mui Cu(NO3)2 c trong hn hp u ?
13. Nung 15,04g Cu(NO3)2 mt thi gian thy cn li 8,56g cht rn
a) Tnh hiu sut phn ng nhit phn?
b) Xc nh thnh phn % cht rn cn li ?
c) Cho kh sinh ra hp th hon ton vo 193,52g dd NaOH 3,1% c dd X .Tnh C% cht tan trong dung dch X?
14. Cho 2,16g Mg tc dng vi dd HNO3 d, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 0,896 lt kh NO (kc) v dung
dch X .Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi lm bay hi dung dch X?
15. Hn hp X gm Fe v MgO .Ho tan hon ton X vo dung dch HNO 3 va thu c 0,112 lt kh khng mu ho nu
ngoi khng kh ( o 27,3oC ; 6,6 atm). Hn hp mui c cn cn nng 10,2g.
a) Xc nh % khi lng mui trong hn hp?
b) Tnh V dung dch HNO3 0,8M phn ng ?
16.
a)Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng sau l: Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + NO 2 + H 2 O
A. 5
B. 8
C. 9
D. 10
b)Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng sau l: Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + NO + H 2 O
A. 5
B. 11
C. 9
D. 20
c)Tng h s cn bng ca phn ng sau l: Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3 ) 2 + N 2 O + H 2 O
A. 14
B. 24
C. 38
D. 10
d)Tng h s cn bng ca cc sn phm trong phn ng sau l: Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3 ) 2 + N 2 O + H 2 O
A. 14
B. 24
C. 38
D. 10
e)Tng h s cn bng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng trong phn ng sau l:
Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3 ) 2 + N 2 O + H 2 O
6
A. 14
B. 24
C. 38
D. 10
Bai 4:
photphat
A. PHT PHO:
1/ Tnh cht ha hc :
Do lin kt trong phn t photpho km bn hn phn t nit nn iu kin thng photpho hot ng ho hc
mnh hn nit.
a) Tnh oxi ho: Photpho ch th hin r rt tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi mt s kim loi hot ng, to ra
photphua kim loi.
0
Vd: 2 P 3Ca
to
Ca3 P2
canxi photphua
b) Tnh kh:
Photpho th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc phi kim hot ng nh oxi, halozen, lu hunh cng nh vi cc
cht oxi ha mnh khc
Tc dng vi oxi: Khi t nng, photpho chy trong khng kh to ra cc oxit ca photpho :
3
diphotpho trioxit
D Oxi : 4 P 5O2
2 P2O5
diphotpho pentaoxit
Tc dng vi clo: Khi cho clo i qua P nng chy, s thu c cc hp cht photpho clorua:
3
photpho triclorua
D clo
: 2 P 5Cl2
2 P Cl5
photpho pentaclorua
2. iu ch : Trong cng nghip, photpho c sn xut bng cch nung hn hp qung photphorit, ct v than
o
3 2 P 5CO
cc khong 1200oC trong l in: Ca3 PO4 2 3SiO2 5C t 3CaSiO
Hi photpho thot ra c ngng t khi lm lnh, thu c photpho trng dng rn.
B/ AXIT PHTPHORIC :
Cng thc cu to :
HO
HO
P=O
Hay
HO
1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht rn dng tinh th trong sut, khng mu, nng chy 42,5oC. d chy ra v tan v hn
trong nc.
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a) Tnh oxi ha kh:
Axt photphoric kh b kh (do P mc oxi ha +5 bn hn so vi N trong axit nitric) , khng c tnh oxi ha.
b) Tnh axit: Axt photphoric l axit c 3 ln axit, c mnh trung bnh. Trong dung dch n phn li ra 3 nc:
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- k1 = 7, 6.10-3
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- k2 = 6,2.10-8
nc 1 > nc 2 > nc 3
2+
3-13
HPO4 H + PO4
k3 = 4,4.10
Dung dch axt photphoric c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit nh lm qu tm ha , tc dng vi oxit
baz, baz, mui, kim loi.
Khi tc dng vi oxit baz, baz ty theo lng cht tc dng m axt photphoric to ra mui trung ha,
mui axit hoc hn hp mui:
H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O
H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O
3. iu ch :
a) Trong phng th nghim: P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + H2O + 5NO2
7