CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

A. PHN L THUYT
I. ANDEHIT
1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha:
- Andehit l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -CH=O lin kt
trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.
- V d: HCHO, CH3CHO...
b. Danh php:
Tn thay th:
Tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh +
al
4

V d: C H 3 C H(CH3 ) C H 2 C HO (3-metylbutanal)
Tn thng thng :
Andehit + tn axit tng ng
V d: HCHO (andehit fomic)
CH3CHO (andehit axetic) . . .
2. Tnh cht ha hc
- Va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh
a. Tnh oxi ha: Phn ng cng H2 (to thnh ancol bc I):
RCHO + H2 Ni, t
RCH2OH
b. Tnh kh: Tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha
R-CHO + 2AgNO3 +H2O +3NH3 t
R-COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3
R-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH t
RCOONa + Cu2O + 3H2O
( gch)
Note:
- Cc phn ng trn dng nhn bit andehit.
3. iu ch
- iu ch andehit ta i t ancol bng phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton.
CH3CH2OH + CuO t
CH3CHO + Cu + H2O
- i t hidrocacbon.
2CH2=CH2 + O2 xt, t
2CH3CHO
0

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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

II. XETON
1. nh ngha
- L nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm
C=O lin kt trc tip
vi hai nguyn t C.
- V d:
CH3-CO-CH3 (imetyl xeton),
CH3-CO-C6H5 (metyl phenyl xeton) . . .
2. Tnh cht ha hc
Cng H2 to thnh ancol bc II.
R-CO-R + H2 Ni, t
RCH(OH)R
Ni, t
CH3-CO-CH3 + H2
CH3CH(OH)CH3
Note:
Xeton khng tham gia phn ng trng gng.
3. iu ch
Oxi ha khng hon ton ancol bc II.
CH3CH(OH)CH3 + CuO t
CH3-CO-CH3 + Cu + H2O
(en)
()
i t hidrocacbon.
0

III. AXIT CACBOXYLIC

1. nh ngha - Danh php
a. nh ngha
L nhng phn t hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm -COOH lin
kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn t H.
- V d:
HCOOH, CH3COOH, . . .
b. Danh php
Tn thay th ca cc axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h nh sau:
Axit + tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + oic
- V d:
5

C H 3 C H(CH3 ) C H 2 C H 2 C OOH (Axit-4-metylpentanoic)

2. Tnh cht vt l
- Axit tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc v tan gim
dn khi s nguyn t C tng ln.
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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

- Nhit si cao hn ancol tng ng do lin kt H gia cc nguyn t bn

hn lin kt H gia cc phn t ancol.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Tnh axit: C y tnh cht ca mt axit.
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
2CH3COOH + ZnO
(CH3COO)2Zn + H2O
2CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
2CH3COOH + Zn
(CH3COO)2Zn + H2
b. Phn ng th nhm -OH (phn ng este ha):
- PTTQ

H ,t
RCOOH + ROH
RCOOR +
H2 O

- V d:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH H , t
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
etyl axetat
4. iu ch axit axetic
a. Ln men gim
C2H5OH +
O2 men gim
CH3COOH
+
H2O
b. Oxi ha andehit axetic
2CH3CHO + O2 xt
2CH3COOH
c. Oxi ha ankan
d. T metanol
CH3OH + CO t , xt
CH3COOH
y l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic.

B. BI TP C HNG DN GII
V d 1: Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH
tc dng vi lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3, un nng. Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu?
Gii

HCHO
4Ag
0.1
0.4

HCOOH
2Ag
0.1
0.2
mAg = 0.6*108 = 64.8 (gam)
V d 2: Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic
cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
Gii
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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

nNaOH = 0.2*1 = 0.2 (mol)

t n HCOOH = x; n CH COOH = y
3

Tnh theo PTPU

HCOOH
+
x
CH3COOH +
y
Ta c h PT:

NaOH
x
NaOH
y

HCOONa

H2O

CH3COONa +

H2O

x + y = 0.2
x = 0.1 m HCOOH = 46* 0.1 = 4.6 (gam)

46x + 60y = 10.6 y = 0.1 m CH3COOH = 60*0.1 = 6 (gam)

C. PHN BI TP C BN
Cu 1. Vit CTCT ca cc andehit c CTPT l C4H8O v gi tn.
Cu 2. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thng:
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH2=CHCHO.
Cu 3. Gi tn cc andehit sau theo danh php thay th:
1, HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO,
2, CH3CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO, CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CHO.
Cu 4. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a. Andehit acrylic, andehit propionic, andehit axetic, 2-metylbutanal.
b. 2,2-imetylbutanal, andehit fomic, 3,4-imetylpentanal, andehit oxalic.
Cu 5. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:
a. CH3CHO +
AgNO3
+
NH3
b. RCHO +
AgNO3
+
NH3
c. CH3CHO +
H2 Ni, t
d. RCHO +
H2 Ni, t
e. CHCH +
H2O Hg
f. CH2=CH2 +
O2 xt
Cu 5. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Ancol etylic, ancol iso-propylic, ancol n-propylic, andehit axetic, andehit fomic.
Cu 6. Vit CTCT, gi tn cc axit (theo danh php thay th) c CTPT C4H8O2.
Cu 7. Gi tn cc axit sau theo danh php thng:
1, HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH,
0

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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

2, CH2=CHCOOH, CH2=C(CH3) COOH, HOOC-COOH.

Cu 8. Vit CTCT cc andehit c tn gi sau:
a, Axit acrylic, axit propionic, axit axetic, axit -2-metylbutanoic.
c. Axit - 2,2-imetylbutanoic, axit fomic
d. axit - 3,4-imetylpentanoic, axit oxalic.
Cu 9. Hon thnh cc PTHH ca cc phn ng sau:

a. CH3COOH
+
Na

b. HCOOH
+
KOH

H SO (c), t C
c. CH3COOH
+
C2H5OH

H SO (c), t C
d. RCOOH
+
ROH

e. C2H5OH
+
O2
men gim
Cu 10. Vit PTHH iu ch cc cht sau t cc cht hu c tng ng:
Etyl axetat, axit axetic, axit fomic.
Cu 11. Hon thnh chui phn ng sau:
a. Metan
(1)
metyl clorua
(2)
metanol
(3)
metanal
(4)
axit fomic.
(1)
b. Etanol

andehit axetic
(2) axit axetic
(3) etyl axetat.
c. Propen
(1) propan-2-ol
(2) axeton.
d. Etilen
(1) andehit axetic
(2) axit axetic
(3) etyl axetat.
Cu 12. Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc:
a. Andehit axetic, axit axetic, glixerol v etanol.
b. Axit fomic, andehit axetic, axit axetic, ancol etylic
c. Propan-1-ol, propan-1,2-iol, andehit axetic, axit axetic.
Cu 13. T metan v cc ha cht v c cn thit khc c th iu ch c axit
fomic v axit axetic. Vit PTHH ca cc phn ng xy ra.
Cu 14. Trung ha 16,6 gam hn hp axit axetic v axit fomic bng dung dch
natri hiroxit thu c 23,2 gam hn hp hai mui. Xc nh thnh phn % khi
lng mi axit trong hn hp u.
Cu 15 (CA-09). Cho 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch
h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3
trong NH3, un nng thu c 32,4 gam Ag. Xc nh CTPT ca anehit trong
X.
Cu 16. Cho 0,94 g hn hp hai anehit n chc, no, k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 3,24 gam Ag.
a. Xc nh CTPT ca hai anehit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi andehit trong hn hp u.
Cu 17. t chy hon ton 4,4 gam mt andehit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2
(ktc) v 3,6 gam nc. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
3

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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

Cu 18. Cho hn hp X gm 2 anehit ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H 2 (Ni,

t0), thu c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton Y thu c 6,6 gam CO 2 v 4,5 gam
H2O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit trong X.
b. Tnh khi lng ca mi andehit trong hn hp X.
Cu 19. Trung ha hon ton 10,6 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic v axit fomic
cn 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M.
a. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp ban u.
b. Tnh khi lng mui thu c.
Cu 20. trung ho 8,8 gam mt axit cacboxylic mch khng nhnh thuc dy
ng ng ca axit fomic cn 100ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Xc nh cng thc cu
to v tn gi ca axit .
Cu 21. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k
tip thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mi axit.
b. Tnh % theo khi lng mi axit trong hn hp u.
Cu 22 (CA-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH3COOH vi 6,0 gam C2H5OH (c H2SO4
lm xc tc, hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to
thnh.
Cu 23. Hn hp A gm X, Y l 2 axit no, n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng. Cho 10,6 gam hn hp A tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt kh
H2 (ktc).
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
b. Tnh khi lng mi axit trong hn hp A.
Cu 24. t chy hon ton 6 gam mt axit X thu c 4,48 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v
3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 25. t chy hon ton 0,88 gam 2 axit l ng phn ca nhau thu c 1,76
gam CO2 v 0,72 gam H2O.
a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca 2 axit.
b. Vit CTCT ca 2 axit .
Cu 26. t chy hon ton 8,8 gam mt axit no, n chc X cn 11,2 lt kh O 2
(ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit.
Cu 27. Cho 90 gam axit axetic tc dng vi 69 gam ru etylic (H 2SO4 xc tc).
Khi phn ng t ti cn bng th 66% lng axit chuyn thnh ete, khi lng
este sinh ra l bao nhiu gam?
Cu 28. Trung ha hon ton 3 gam mt axit cacboxilic no n chc X cn dng
va 100ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Tn gi ca X l g?

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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

Cu 29. Cho 1,74gam mt anehit no, n chc phn ng hon ton vi

AgNO3/NH3 sinh ra 6,48 gam bc kim loi. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca
anehit.
Cu 30. Cho 0,92 gam hn hp gm axetilen v anehit axetic phn ng hon ton
vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c 5,64gam hn hp rn. Xc nh thnh
phn % cc cht trong hn hp u.

D. PHN BI TP NNG CAO

Cu 1 (C-08). Cho hn hp gm 0,1 mol HCHO v 0,1 mol HCOOH tc dng
vi lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3, un nng. Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to thnh l bao nhiu?
Cu 2 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gam anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng
d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3 un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho
tan hon ton m gam Ag bng dung dch HNO3 c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2 (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca X.
Cu 3 (B-07). Khi oxi ho 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit
tng ng. Xc nh cng thc ca anehit.
Cu 4 (B-08). Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi
500 ml dung dch gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu
c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Cu 5 (C-2010). Cho 45 gam axit axetic phn ng vi 69 gam ancol etylic (xc
tc H2SO4 c), un nng, thu c 41,25 gam etyl axetat. Tnh hiu sut ca phn
ng este ho.
Cu 6 (C-08). un nng 6,0 gam CH3COOH vi 6,0 gam C2H5OH (c H2SO4
lm xc tc, hiu sut phn ng este ho bng 50%). Tnh khi lng este to
thnh.
Cu 7 (A-2010). Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi
lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch
cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai axit hu c. Tnh gi tr ca m.
Cu 8 (C-09). Hiro ho hon ton hn hp M gm hai anehit X v Y no,
n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng (MX < MY), thu c hn
hp hai ancol c khi lng ln hn khi lng M l 1 gam. t chy hon ton
M thu c 30,8 gam CO2. Xc nh cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X
trong hn hp M.
Cu 9 (A-08). Cho 3,6 gam anehit n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng
d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3) trong dung dch NH3 un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho
tan hon ton m gam Ag bng dung dch HNO3 c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO2 (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca X.
Cu 10 (A-08). Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit
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CHUYN 8: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXYLIC

benzoic, cn dng 600 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng,
thu c m gam hn hp cht rn khan. Tnh gi tr m.

THE END

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