Guided By:

Prof. N.A. Gajjar

Enrollment No.

Name

130230109013Gajera Marvin
130230109014Golakiya Dushyant
130230109015Gosai Mayur
130230109016Goswami Drashti
130230109017Hathaliya Bharat

Symbol:
Non-inverting
input

Positive voltage
supply

Output

Negative voltage supply

At a minimum, op-amps have 3 terminals: 2 input

and 1 output.
An op amp also requires dc power to operate.
Often, the op-amp requires both positive and
negative voltage supplies (V+ and V-).

V1
Input
V2

Input
Stage

Intermediate
Stage

Level
Shifting
Stage

Out put
Stage

Output

An Op-Amp can be conveniently divided into

Four main blocks:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Input Stage
Intermediate Stage
Level Shifting Stage
Output Stage

 Input Stage:
The input stage is Dual input, balanced
output differential. The two inputs are
inverting & Non-inverting input terminals.
this stage provides most of the voltage gain
of the op-amp and decides the input
resistance value Ri
Intermediate Stage:
This is usually another differential amplifier.
It is driven by the output of the input stage
the stage is dual input unbalanced output
differential amplifier.

Level Shifting Stage:

Due to direct coupling between the first
two stages, the input of level shifting stage
is an amplified signal with some non-zero
DC level. Level shifting stage is used to
bring this DC level to zero with respect to
ground.
Output Stage:
This stage is normally a complementary
output stage. It increases the magnitude of
voltage and raises the current supplying
capability of the op-amp. It also provides a

741

VCC+

VCC+

VEE4

VEE5

Dot marked Package

Notched Package

1.
2.
3.
4.

Offset Null
Inverting Input
Non-Inverting Input
-VEE

5. Offset Null
6. Output
7. +VCC
8. N/C

Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used

to remove the Offset voltage.

Pin 2: Inverting input (-Vin), signals at this
pin will be inverted at output Pin 6.
Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+Vin), signals at
pin 3 will be processed without inversion.
Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE).
Pin 6: Output (Vout) of the Op-Amp
Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC)
Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to
make it a standard 8-pin.

Op-Amp:
An active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical
operations
of
addition,
subtraction,
multiplication,
division,
differentiation and integration.
High performance linear amplifier that requires
a power source to operate.
Gain:
Amount of amplification produced by an OpAmp. Gain is independent from the supply
voltage (power given for the Op-Amp to
operate).

 Open-Loop Mode:

Function of an Op-Amp when the feedback

resistor (Rf) is zero. The Op-Amp operates as a
comparator and not as a linear amplifier.
Comparator:

Compares the V and +V inputs to see

which is greater and returns a result.
Bandwidth:

The range of frequency at which an OpAmp will function. (Ideal = )

 Input Offset Voltage:

Even when there is no input voltage the OpAmp gives off a small voltage. This can be
canceled out by use of the Offset Null pin on the
chip.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):

Ability of an Op-Amp to reject a signal applied

to both inputs simultaneously.
Slew Rate (V/s):

Amount of time it takes for the Op-Amp to step

to another voltage level. (Non-Ideal)

Parameter

Variable

Typical
Ranges

Ideal
Values

Open-Loop
Voltage
Gain

105 to 108

Input
Resistance

Ri

105 to 1013

Output
Resistance

Ro

10 to 100

Supply
Voltage

Vcc/V+
-Vcc/V-

5 to 30 V
-30V to 0V

N/A
N/A

Maximum Ratings:
Supply Voltage
Power Dissipation
Diff. Input Voltage
Input Voltage
Operating Temperature

Offset
Null
- IN

1
2

+ IN

-V

8
+
-

Unused

+V

Out

Offset
Null

18 V
500 mW
30 V
15 V
0C to 70C

Characteristics:
Input Offset Voltage
2 to 6
mV
Input Resistance
3 to 2 M
CMMR
70 to 90 dB
Bandwidth
0.5 to 1.5
MHz

The ICs are broadly Categorized into TWO classes as:

1. Digital ICs
2. Linear ICs
Linear ICs are equivalent of Descrete Transistor circuits
such as amplifier, filters, etc.
The linear ICs are also known as the Analog ICs of all
the available linear ICs almost all are operational
amplifier.
We can classify the integrated circuits into TWO
classes based on the technology used. The Two classes
are:
1. Monolithic Technology

2. Hybrid Technology

Further Classification of IC technology is shown below.

Monolithic ICs:
In this type of ICs, all the circuit components,

and their interactions are manufactured into or

on top of a single chip of Silicon. that is why the
name monolithic.
The technology is ideally suitable when identical
circuits are required in a very large number.
The monolithic circuits are further classified into
TWO categories namely Bipolar & Unipolar.
The advantages of monolithic technology are:
1. Low per unit cost 2. Very high reliability

Hybrid ICs:
The hybrid circuits are completely different from the

monolithic ones.
In hybrid circuits, separate component parts are first
attached to a Ceramic substrate. Then these parts are
interconnected by means of either metallization pattern
or wire bonds to form the circuits.

Classification based on Active devices:

Depending upon the type of active device being used,

the ICs can be classified as Bipolar ICs (which use

bipolar junction transistor) and Unipolar ICs (which use
field effect transistors).
The bipolar and Unipolar ICs are further classified
depending on the isolation technique or type of FET
(JFET or MOSFET)

There are many applications of an OP-

AMP.
1.Voltage Adder (Summing Amplifier)
2.Difference Amplifier
3.Integrator
4.Differentiator
5.Voltage Follower & etc

Application : For Noise

Cancellation

If R1 = R2 and Rf =
Rg:

Vin
Vo

he input is integrated with respect to time.

R2
R1
Vin
C
R3

Vo

Vo

Vin

It is a non inverting amplifier with gain=1

So the output is the same as input.