HISTORY OF

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

NATURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT URBAN GROWTH

PRESENCE OF FERTILE SOIL, BODIES OF WATER

AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES

POTENTIAL FOR NATURAL CALAMITIES

SLOPE TERRAIN AND OTHER FORMS

OF NATURAL DEFENCES

CLIMATE

Prehistoric Times
Man lived in groups for
protection against elements,
security from rival tribes,
ease of food gathering and
natural need for companionship

La Caux Cave

farming

THE BEGINNINGS

SETTLEMENT DESIGN

Agricultural Societies
Rectilinear Plotting

LAYOUT
Grid (or Rectilinear) product of the farmer
Circular (Fencing) product of the herdsman
-- defensive role
Radiocentric when circular settlements enlarge
-- fortress cities (i.e. Paris)

Catal Huyuk, Turkey

Catal Huyuk

Nile Delta and the Nile River

Egyptian Dwellings

Culture of preparing for the afterlife

Aryans inhabited the Indus Valley

Mohendro Daro: Indus Civilization

Yellow River Valley

Courtyard House

3-sided courtyard

4-sided courtyard

1 entry
2 servants quarters
3 first courtyard
4 east-west side rooms
5 inner hall
6 main building
7 small side rooms

Forbidden City

Fertile Crescent

Euphrates River

Tigris River

Minoan civilization

Palace of King Minos, Knossos

Acropolis

THE PARTHENON

THE PROPYLAEA

THE TEMPLE OF NIKE

Hippodamus of Miletus

The Gridiron

Priene

Greek House after Vitruvius

Roman Forum

Forum Romanum Magnum

Capitoline

Republican Forum:
Architectural Masses as Character
Full of Odd Corners
Layout is Informal

Imperial Forum:
Urban Space as Character
Spacious and Open
Layout is Orderly

Trajans Forum
Apollodorus of Damascus

Medieval Planning

Florence City

Thriving commercial, travel and trade center

11TH CENTURY
PORT TOWNS

City of Sienna

PIAZZA DEL CAMPO, SIENA

PIAZZA DEL CAMPO

The city of culture and the arts

Vienna University Town

City of Jerusalem

RENAISSANCE ERA
IDEAL CITIES
-- 1440 (beginning of Renaissance)
-- Leon Battista Alberti foremost theoretician
-- Albertis De Architectura treats architecture and town design
as single theme (just like Vitruvius)

Ideal City of Sforzinda

Laurana Ideal City

Scamozzis Palmanova Italy

RENAISSANCE ERA
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE
-- Public Works
-- Civic improvement projects

REBUILDING FERRARA
-- Palazzo Diamenti most famous structure
-- Biaggio Rossetti architect and town planner
regarded as one of the worlds
earliest modern urban designers
-- Rossettis plan:
1. Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement
2. Enlarge the town
3. Carry on with the plan

LESSONS FROM ROSSETTIS EFFORT

-- Repair an existing city
-- Plan for enlargement
-- Decide which to concentrate effort
-- Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable
-- Provide framework for others to build upon
Ferrara is the first MODERN city in Europe
Jacob Burckhardt, 1860

Domenico Fontana:
Baroque Rome

FRENCH, ENGLISH & ITALIAN LANDSCAPE

FRENCH Regarded natural landscape as barbaric
-- Man-made, preferably geometric creations
-- PHILOSOPHY absolute command of nature
ENGLISH -- Characterized by an attitude of sympathy with nature
-- PHILOSOPHY practice of taming nature
ITALIAN Terraced garden is best model of gardening in limited space

Law of the Indies

pueblo

presidio
mission

Plaza complex consists of:

Catholic Church
Municipal Hall
Market Place
School
Principalia Homes
Government Buildings

French Bastides

Courtyard

Common
Arrabales
Community facilities
.

Bastide Monflaquin

Familistere by
Jean Baptiste Andre Godin

Familistere de Guise

Phalanx by Charles Fourier

Une Cite Industrielle by Tony Garnier

Barrio de Vivendas na Cidade Industrial

Ebenezer Howard

Elementary school
as focal point
grade separation

Radburn City, New Jersey

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright

High density development

Le Corbusiers
The Age of Automobile

Voisin

Le Contemporaine

La Guerre Arriene

Chandigarh City, India

City of Brasilia

Canberra City

Walter Griffin

Linear City
Don Arturo Soria y Mata

Broadacre City
FL Wright

Daniel Burnham

City Beautiful Movement

Chicago

Frederick Law Olmstead

New Urbanism: Andres Duany,Elizabeth Plater Zyberk

Walking City Ron Herron 1964

Montreal Expo 67

Coruscant

Los Angeles 2019

Mont Royale Avenue

Settlement Heirarchy

Isolated dwelling an isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2

buildings or families in it. It would have negligible services, if any.

Hamlet a hamlet has a tiny population

(<100) and very few (if any) services, and
few buildings.

Village a village generally does not

have many services, possibly only a small
corner shop or post office. A village has a
population of 100 to 1,000

Town a town has a population of 1,000

to 20,000

Large town a large town has a

population of 20,000 to 100,000

growth of the city

URBAN MORPHOLOGY
The internal organization or "anatomy" of a city, including the pattern of land
uses, ethnic and income groups, infrastructure, housing types, industrial types,
and so on.
ETHNIC AND ECONOMIC SEGREGATION
Despite laws prohibiting racial segregation by realtors and investors, American
cities remain racially divided because of the interaction of the following:
the income differential between different groups
the segregation of neighborhoods by income
zoning laws that protect high-income neighborhoods from "incompatible landuses"
like apartments and duplexes
perception of higher land as "better"
inertia created by segregation established by realtors and lenders in earlier
decades
perception of social distance between groups
URBAN ETHNIC ENCLAVES
Ethnic enclaves in the city expand and contract over time
Commonly minority populations struggle for access to a
limited supply of affordable housing
This keeps some groups in older, central parts of the city

A ghetto is formed in three ways:[4]

1. As ports of entry for racial minorities,
and immigrant racial minorities.
2. When the majority uses compulsion
(typically violence, hostility, or legal
barriers) to force minorities into particular
areas.
3. When economic conditions make it
difficult for minority members to live in nonminority areas.