GEOPHYSICAL WELL LOGGING!

Western Idaho Basin

(Stanford Workshop, 2006)

(Baker Hughes, 2002)

Cuttings

Cuttings = mud log

10 cm

(Rider, 2000)

WELL
COMPLETION

TOOLS

(Ellis and Singer, 2007)

TOOLS

(Rider, 2000)

High porosity, low

velocity

(PNNL report, 2002)

(Rider, 2000)

Log types

(Rider, 2000)

Log Resolu7on (averages)

LOG

Source-receiver Minimum bed

spacing (cm)
resolu7on (cm)

Horizontal resolu7on
(cm)

Gamma-ray

--

90

10

Density

45

60

12

Resis@vity (LLD)

80

75

210

Sonic

60

60

2-25 (depends on )

MUD INVASION

(Rider, 2000)

CALIPER LOG

 POTENTIAL RESERVOIR!!

(Huenges, 2010)

Caliper log well drilled with low salinity water

6

CAL

16 (inches)

(12 bit)

Young shale
Low porosity and
permeability sandstone
High porosity and
permeability limestone
Consolidated shale, with
layer of smec@te

Halite
Granite

GAMMA RAY LOG

(GR)

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

BOISE FRONT

Basalt
Sedimentary rock
succession
Rhyolite

Sedimentary rock
succession

Rhyolite

SHALE VOLUME (Vsh)

GRmin

GRmax

Sedimentary secGon, composed of

sandstone, carbonates and shale.
(Drill bit size= 11 inches)

DENSITY LOG
(RHOB, CDL, CDS DPHI)

Rock and fluid densities

porosity increases

_water=1 g /cc

_oil_average=0.85 g /cc (range: 0.2-0.9 g /cc)

_salt_water=1.146 g /cc
(200,000 ppm NaCl)

_methane=0.00068 g /cc

RESISTIVITY LOGS

Fluid saturations

(Baker Hughes, 2002)

Conductivity vs. salinity

(Rider, 2000)

Formation water resistivity (Rw)

(Rider, 2000)

Clay minerals and water

(Rider, 2000)

Formation factor, F
Archies Law

(Rider, 2000)

Dual laterologs (LLD, LLS)

(Ellis and Singer, 2007)

Rt/RLLD
RLLD/Rxo

Rt/Rxo

RLLD/RLLS

Estimating formation
true resistivity

SONIC LOG

Sonic log tool

(Baker Hughes, 2002)

Velocity vs. porosity

(sandstone)

(Batzle et al., 2004)

Velocity vs. porosity

(carbonates)

(Rafavich et al., 1984)

Wyllies Equation

(Rider, 2000)

Rock and fluid velocities and travel times

(Rider, 2000)

Sandstone velocity divided into classes

COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY
(km/s)

b
5

1
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

POROSITY (frac.)

0.8

(Batzle et al., 2004)

Sandstone velocity divided into classes

COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY
(km/s)

II

I Clean Sandstone
II Consolidated Sandstone
III Weakly Cemented
IV Suspensions
V Fractured

III

IV

1
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

POROSITY (frac.)

0.8

(Batzle et al., 2004)

Acous@c Impedance, AI (Kg/m2s)

[]:g/cm3 [Vp]:km/s
shale
=2.1, Vp=2.5
=2.1, Vp=3.5
=2.3, Vp=3.7

=20%
sandstone

=2.36, Vp=3.8

brine

=2.5, Vp=3.0

shale

=2.4, Vp=5.0

limestone

Reec@on Coecient, Z

AI (Kg/m2s) x106
12

[]:g/cm3 [Vp]:km/s

Z
0

5.25

shale
=2.1, Vp=2.5

0.17
7.35

=2.1, Vp=3.5

0.07
=2.3, Vp=3.7

=20%
sandstone

=2.36, Vp=3.8

8.51
0.03

brine

8.97

-0.09
=2.5, Vp=3.0

shale

7.5
0.23

=2.4, Vp=5.0

limestone

12

RC
0

AI

CALIPER:
Measures hole
diameter (d) in
inches

GAMMA RAY:
Measures natural
radioac=vity of
rocks in API.

DENSITY (g/cc):
Electron density of
rock=mineral+uid

NEUTRON (%,
frac): Amount of
hydrogen in
rocks=water in rocks
(~).
Log is only true for
water in limestone

RESISTIVITY (ohm-m):
Resistance of the rock
to ow an electric
current

ACOUSTIC OR SONIC
(s/V):
Rock slowness
(=inverse of velocity)

If d < drilling bit

size, smooth with
depth mud
cake. Permeable
and porous rock.

LOW GR due to:

Quartz sands,
carbonates,
evapora@es and
coal.

LOW DENSITY:
high , organic
mamer, coal, salt
(NaCl)

LOW NEUTRON:
Low porosity, gas has
low hydrogen index
underes@mates

HIGH RESISTIVITY:
Oil and gas in pore
space. Non-porous
rock, coal, salt,
anhydrite, mature
source rock.

LOW SLOWNESS
(high V):
Low , salt
anhydrite,

If d>bit size the

rock has been
washed-out.
Shales,
unconsolidaded.

HIGH GR due to:

Shales, feldspars,
glauconite, micas,
marine organic
mamer

HIGH DENSITY:
Low , anhydrite,
mica
(muscovite),pyrite

HIGH NEUTRON:
LOW RESISTIVITY:
High porosity.
Water lled
Neutron sees bound forma@ons, shales.
and free water, thus
shales can show high
.

HIGH SLOWNESS
(low V):
Coals, organic
mamer, high .

*Shale compac@on
(scale 1:5000). Low
compac@on=low .
*Unconformity
signicant change
in density in shale.
* Es@mate TOC

Density-Neutron
crossover gas.

*Interpret texture
*Compac@on
*Es@mate TOC

*If deep R is high and

shallow R is low
probably there is oil/
Density-Neutron
gas. If both are high,
crossplots lithology but equal non-
* Facies analysis

Caliper log well drilled with low salinity water

6

CAL

16 (inches)

(12 bit)

Young shale
Low porosity and
permeability sandstone
High porosity and
permeability limestone
Consolidated shale, with
layer of smec@te

Halite
Granite

Sedimentary secGon, composed of

sandstone, carbonates and shale.
(Drill bit size= 11 inches)

Clean sandstone (or carbonates)

Shale

Fining downward sandstone

mud cake
washout

Shale

Two thin clean sandstones (or carbonates)

Dirty sandstone

Shale

Clean sandstone (or carbonate)

Shale

Fining upward sandstone